2023届高考英语阅读理解复习：科教科普类阅读（含解析）

2023届高考英语阅读理解复习：科教科普类阅读（含解析）
一、
Mice and rats have long been used in medical research because of their biological similarities to humans. Now, scientists have trained rats to drive small vehicles created for them. One of the main findings of the experiment was that the driving activity seemed to help the rats relax.
Researchers at the University of Richmond in Virginia led the experiment. The team built tiny cars out of plastic and other materials. The vehicles had an opening at one end where electrical wires were attached. By touching one of the three different wires, the rat could control the direction of the vehicle.
Researchers trained 17 rats over several months to drive around the experiment containers. The animals proved that they could be trained to drive forward as well as in other directions to get to the sweet treats placed inside the containers.
The researchers examined levels of two hormones(荷尔蒙) in the rats—one causes stress and another reduces it. All rats that took part in the training had higher levels of the hormone that reduces stress. The research suggests the increased relaxation levels could be linked to the enjoyment of successfully learning a new skill. The team also found that the rats that drove themselves showed higher levels of the stress-fighting hormone than those that simply rode in small cars controlled by humans.
Lambert said the most exciting result of the experiment for her was about the possible effects on humans. The research may open new areas of non-drug treatments for people suffering from mental health problems.
"There's no cure for schizophrenia or depression and we need to catch up," she said. "And I think we need to look at different animal models and different types of tasks and really respect that behaviour can change our neurochemistry(神经化学)."
Speaking to the British-based magazine New Scientist, Lambert said her team is planning to continue experiments to learn more about how the rats learn to drive. The new research will also examine why some activities appear to reduce stress, and which areas of the brain are involved in the process.
1.What did the experiment find
A.Rats are able to drive vehicles. B.Rats feel relaxed when driving.
C.Rats can be used in medical research. D.Rats are biologically similar to humans.
2.What does the finding of the hormone examination of the rats suggest
A.One hormone causes stress and another reduces it.
B.Acquiring a new skill brings about joy.
C.Levels of hormone are controlled by stress.
D.Relaxation contributes to enjoyment.
3.Why is the research significant
A.It may lead to a way to treat human mental problems.
B.It will affect the way that humans drive their cars.
C.It may help people train animals better.
D.It can surely change neurochemistry.
4.What does Lambert's team want to find out next
A.Which parts of the rats' brains control their emotions.
B.Why rats have the ability to fight stress.
C.When activities affect the levels of stress.
D.Why certain activities reduce stress.
二、
The history of microbiology begins with a Dutch cloth maker named Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, a man of no formal scientific education. In the late 1600s, Leeuwenhoek, inspired by the magnifying lenses(放大镜) he used to examine cloth, built some of the first microscopes. He developed a technique to improve the quality of tiny, rounded lenses, some of which could magnify an object up to 270 times. After removing some plaque(牙菌斑) from between his teeth and examining it under a lens, Leeuwenhoek found tiny twisting creatures, which he called “animalcules”.
His observations, which he reported to the Royal Society of London, are among the first descriptions of microbes(微生物), Leeuwenhoek discovered an entire universe invisible to the human eye. He found different microbes in samples of pond water, rain water, and human blood. He gave the first description of red blood cells, observed plant tissue, examined muscle, and investigated the life cycle of insects.
Nearly two hundred years later, Leeuwenhoek‘s discovery of microbes helped French chemist and biologist Louis Pasteur to develop his “theory of disease”. This concept suggested that disease originates from tiny organisms attacking and weakening the body. Pasteur‘s theory later helped doctors to fight infectious diseases including anthrax, diphtheria, polio, smallpox, tetanus, and typhoid. All these breakthroughs were the result of Leeuwenhoek‘s original work. Leeuwenhoek did not foresee this legacy.
In a 1716 letter, he described his contribution to science this way: “My work, which I‘ve done for a long time, was not pursued in order to gain the praise I now enjoy, but chiefly from a strong desire for knowledge, which I notice lives in me more than in most other men. And therefore, whenever I found out anything remarkable, I have thought it my duty to put down my discovery on paper, so that the scientific community might be informed of it.”
1.Which of the following best describes Leeuwenhoek
A.A trained researcher with an interest in microbiology.
B.A curious amateur who made pioneer studies of microbes.
C.A talented scientist interested in finding a cure for disease.
D.A bored cloth maker who accidentally made a major discovery.
2.The underlined phrase “this legacy” in paragraph 3 refers to _______.
A.the discovery of microbes. B.Pasteur‘s theory of disease.
C.Leeuwenhoek‘s contribution. D.the origin of the tiny organism.
3.What does the quote from Leeuwenhoek‘s letter suggest
A.He admitted that many of his discoveries happened by chance.
B.He considered his work to be central to later medical breakthroughs.
C.He was greatly concerned with improving people‘s living conditions.
D.He believed the sharing of knowledge was a key to scientific progress
4. What is the correct order for the following events
a. Magnifying lenses were built.
b. The “theory of disease” was put forward.
c. Microbes were discovered in samples of waters.
d. Leeuwenhoek‘s first microscopes were successfully developed.
e. Leeuwenhoek explained his thoughts upon his own contribution.
A.a-d-c-e-b. B.d-a-c-e-b. C.a-d-c-b-e. D.d-a-e-b-c
三、
African penguins bear the unfortunate nickname "jackass penguins" because they communicate through donkey-like calls, but a new study suggests that their jackass language actually follows the same basic linguistic rules as ours.
In a new study, researchers recorded nearly 600 voices from 28 adult male penguins. The scientists knew from previous research that African penguins talked using three types of sounds, similar to human syllables. But the researchers wanted to know whether those "syllables" followed two common linguistic rules.
One of those rules, called Zipf's law, was presented by linguist George Zipf. It states that the more frequently a word is used in any language, the shorter it tends to be (think of words like "the", "to" and "of" in English). Previous studies have analyzed more than 1,000 world languages for evidence of Zipf's law, and the rule holds up in all of them.
The other rule, known as the Menzerath-Altmann law, says that the longer a word is, the shorter its syllables are, while shorter words are more likely to have longer syllables. A syllable is a word or a part of a word that has only one vowel. For example, "son" has one syllable and "father" has two syllables. According to the law, the word "onomatopoeia" is made up of six very short syllables, while "couch" is made up of one longer one. Earlier studies have shown that non-human primates(灵长目动物) follow both these rules when they communicate with each other, but what about jackass penguins The researchers in the new study found that the songs of the male jackass penguin follow both Zipf's and Menzerath's laws: The shortest calls tended to be the most common, and the longest phrases were made up of the shortest syllables.
This jackass study provided the first non-human primate evidence that these common linguistic patterns apply to other species in the animal kingdom.
1.How does Zipf's law explain the words like "big", "or" and "as"
A.They let people think of shorter words.
B.They are commonly used and thus short.
C.They are frequently replaced by other words.
D.They have only one meaning and are less important.
2.What does the Menzerath-Altmann law show
A.The link between longer words and shorter words.
B.The link between longer syllables and shorter syllables.
C.The link between a word's pronunciation and its vowels.
D.The link between a word's length and its syllables' length.
3.What is the last paragraph mainly about
A.The limitation of the study. B.The importance of the study.
C.The development of linguistic patterns. D.The doubt about animals' language abilities.
4.What can be the best title for this text
A.Humans and animals share similar sounds
B.Jackass penguins make three types of sounds
C.Scientists have made a new discovery about syllables
D.African penguins' talk follows the same rules as human speech
四、
The word "orange" describes both a color and a fruit. Which one came first might be surprising. "Orange" when used as the name of the fruit came before "orange" as a word to describe color. While the shade itself existed before the fruit, there was not a name in the English language for the color. Before the introduction of the fruit to English-speaking countries, the color was usually described as a shade of red or yellow.
In the early 16th century, Portuguese traders brought oranges from India to Europe. The Europeans had not seen the bright colored fruit before and didn't have a name for it. The fruits were named "narancia" by Italians and "narange" by the French and were sometimes referred to as "golden apples" by English speakers.
"Orange" was first used in a phrase to describe shades of colors, including in a third-cen-tury Greek text translated into English, in 1576. It describes Alexander the Great's servants as dressed in "orange colour velvet (天鹅绒)". In 1578, a Latin-American dictionary defined "melites" as "a precious stone of orange color". While orange represents the color of the objects, it needed the word "color" to follow it in order for the meaning to be clear. In the mid-1590s, Shakespeare described a beard as "orange tawny", one of the first instances of "orange" without the word "color" as part of the expression. Tawny is a brown color often used on its own. Orange was not yet a color, just a shade of brown.
In 1616, in an account describing varieties of tulips(郁金香)that can be grown, orange was used as a stand-alone color. When Isaac Newton performed his experiments on the color spectrum(色谱), he listed it as one of the seven basic colors. After almost half a century, orange was recognized as a color on its own.
1.Which is the right time order of the appearance of "orange"
A.As a fruit→as a color→the shade itself.
B.The shade itself→as a color→as a fruit.
C.As a color→the shade itself→was a fruit.
D.The shade itself→as a fruit→was a color.
2.What were oranges called by the British in the early 1500s
A.Melites. B.Narange. C.Golden apples. D.Narancia.
3.Which of the following would be the right usage of "orange" in the 16th century
A.My ball is a melite. B.The ball is orange colour.
C.The orange ball is beautiful. D.I have an orange ball.
4.What is the best tile for the text
A.How to plant oranges B.The spread of oranges
C.Orange used as a color D.Shakespeare and oranges
五、
"Baby signing" classes established to improve language skills actually make little difference to children's development, according to new research. Scholars claimed there was no evidence that the lessons—in which babies are taught simple gestures to communicate their everyday needs—enable children to talk quicker than others.
In a three-year study, it was claimed that the method could make mothers more responsive to their children's behaviour but failed to actually increase babies' vocabulary. An active home environment in which parents regularly talk to their children was much more effective, researchers warned. The findings will cast doubt on the movement—born in the United States—which has proved hugely popular among middle-class parents.
Baby signing is now a multi-million-pound industry, with thousands of mothers and fathers paying for classes, books and DVDs. Young children are taught simple gestures for words and phrases to communicate their everyday needs, such as "milk" "more" "all gone" "food" and "tired". It is claimed that the technique brings great benefits, including improving the relationship between mother and child, helping language development and even increasing a child's intelligence.
But research from the University of Hertfordshire has found no evidence that using baby signing helps to improve their language development. The scholars added, "Baby signing has become big business and mums, particularly first-time mums, or less confident parents feel the pressure to do it. Some even think 'If I don't do it and everyone else does, I must be a bad mother.' "
Nevertheless, baby signing experts barely sustained the findings. Wendy Moat, 45, who has been running baby signing classes for three years, said that the classes encouraged speech development, and might help develop a higher IQ. She said, "So many mums say that their children talk so well because they did baby signing when they were babies. Parents wouldn't say it if they didn't believe it."
1.Which of the following may help improve children's language skills
A.Using simple words and phrases. B.Talking to them as much as possible
C.Buying them more books and DVDs. D.Creating a serious home environment.
2.According to Paragraph 4, what may cause some new mothers to choose baby signing classes
A.They are influenced by others. B.They are sure of the effects of the classes.
C.They don't want to be looked down upon. D.They don't know how to teach their children.
3.What does the underlined word "sustained" in the last paragraph mean
A.Obtained. B.Sought. C.Approved of. D.Figured out.
4.What's the main idea of the text
A.How to teach children to communicate effectively.
B.Baby signing classes increase children's intelligence.
C.How to improve the relationship between mother and child.
D.Baby signing classes fail to improve children's language skills.
六、
Scientists often compare coral reefs(珊瑚礁)to underwater rainforests, yet unlike the leafy plant base of a forest, corals are animals. The soft creatures are naturally half-transparent and get their brilliant color from algae(藻类)living inside them. When corals experience stress from hot temperatures or pollution, they halt the interdependent relationship with algae, typically pushing them out and turning white. Corals are still alive when they are white, but they’re at risk and many eventually die, turning dark brown.
Scientists around the world are looking for means to protect and maybe increase corals. One common option is to create more protected areas-----especially national parks in the ocean. Beyond nature preserves, some conservationists are looking to more hands-on methods. One research center in the Florida Keys is exploring a form of natural selection to keep corals remaining. The reef system in the Keys has been hit hard by climate change and pollution, which is especially tough, because corals there help support fisheries worth $ 100 million every year.
To keep the wild ecosystem alive, Erinn Muller, the center’s director, and her team are harvesting samples of the corals that survived the environmental stress naturally, keeping them to make them reproduce, and then reattaching them to the reef. They have 46,000 corals on plastic frames under the sea. So far, the center has regrown over 70,000 corals from five different species on damaged reefs.
In The Bahamas, Ross Cunning, a research biologist at Chicago’s Shedd Aquarium, focuses on corals with genes that could make them natural candidates for restoration projects. He published a study of two Bahamian reefs, one that survived an extreme 2015 heat wave, and one that didn’t. “We think their ability to deal with these higher temperatures is built into their genes,” says Cunning. There’s evidence of corals evolving more quickly to resist rapidly warming climate. The big question scientists need investigate(调查), adds Cunning, is how much more heat corals can adapt to.
1.What does the underlined word “halt” in the first paragraph mean
A.End. B.Develop. C.Strengthen. D.Weaken.
2.What do Muller and her team do to save corals
A.Grow corals by hand underwater. B.Restore the damaged reefs.
C.Move corals to unpolluted areas. D.Create more protected areas.
3.What do Cunning’s words suggest
A.Many corals have been genetically improved.
B.Cooling down the waters is the key to rescuing corals.
C.Reasons for corals surviving heat waves are shocking.
D.The highest temperature corals can survive is unclear.
4.Which can be a suitable title for the text
A.Relationship between corals and algae
B.Efforts made to save corals
C.Impact of climate warming on corals
D.Survival crisis faced by coral reefs
七、
Scientists, psychologists and English academics at the University of Liverpool have found that reading the works of the classical writers like Shakespeare and Wordsworth has a great effect on the mind, catches the reader's attention and triggers moments of self-examination.
Using a special machine, they monitored the brain activity of 30 volunteers as they read works by William Shakespeare, William Wordsworth, T.S.Eliot and others.
In the first part of the research, the brain activity of 30 volunteers was monitored as they read passages from Shakespeare's plays, including King Lear, Othello, Coriolanus and Macbeth, and again as they read the texts rewritten in a simpler form or modern language.
While reading the common texts, normal levels of electrical activity were shown in their brains. When they read the works of Shakespeare, however, the levels of activity jumped because of his use of words which were unfamiliar to them. The result of the test showed that the more challenging passages cause a greater degree of electrical activity in the brain than the common ones.
The researchers went on to study the brain activity as it responded to each word and recorded how it lit up as the readers came across unusual words, surprising phrases or difficult sentences in the classical works. As a result, this lightening-up process of the mind lasted longer than when volunteers read common texts, encouraging further reading.
The research also found that reading poetry especially increases activity in the right hemisphere(半球) of the brain, an area connected with "autobiographical memory", driving the readers to think carefully about their own experiences based on what they have read. The academics said this meant the classical works of literature are more useful than self-help books.
Philip Davis, an English professor who has worked on the study in the university's Magnetic Resonance Imaging Centre, announced this week: "Classical literature acts like a rocket booster(火箭助推器) to the brain, which provides extra power for the brain. You may never imagine how powerful it is. The research shows such kind of literature can create new thoughts and connections in the young and the old."
1.What does the underlined word "triggers" in Paragraph 1 probably mean
A.Depends on. B.Picks up. C.Sets off. D.Changes into.
2.Which of the following is NOT true about reading classical literature
A.It makes readers'brains more active than when they are reading common texts.
B.It makes readers' electrical activity of the brain return to normal.
C.It's helpful for readers to come up with new ideas.
D.It's an activity that is suitable for people of all ages.
3.What can we learn from the research
A.The readers prefer Shakespeare's works to other writers' works.
B.The words of classical works make it hard for volunteers to read further.
C.Reading classical works produces a good and long-lasting effect on the mind.
D.Poetry increases left-brain activity more than other literary forms.
4.What does the author mainly tell us in this passage
A.Shakespeare's plays deserve to be read. B.Common books are unpopular anymore.
C.Poetry is best for developing one's brain. D.Classical works help the brain develop better.
八、
When school closes, poor pupils lose the last social institution—one that educates, feeds, and sometimes clothes them—whereas richer pupils are gaining relatively more advantages. Disruptions to schooling tend to lower achievements while increasing inequality.
A new industry of "Learning Pods", where a group of families pool cash to pay for an in-person tutor, is deepening that inequality. Scoot Education, whose normal business is providing substitute teachers for schools, quickly developed a sideline in learning pods in California. For younger pupils, the total cost of a pod, shared among all parents, is $349 a day, which is beyond what a poor family can afford. "Rich families can always find a way to educate their children, even if COVID-19 pandemic had not started," says Sarah Cohodes, a professor at Teachers College, Columbia University.
Thus, if there would be no extraordinary interventions in the closing of schools, the long-term effects on those poor students are predictable.
A team of five education scholars recently calculated that American schoolchildren in 2020 learnt 30% less reading and 50% less maths than they would in a typical year. Despite that, the top third of pupils posted gains in reading. Data from Opportunity Insights, an economic-research team at Harvard University, shows that after lockdowns began in March pupils from low-income neighbourhoods fell permanently behind on online maths coursework, while those from richer areas quickly rebounded.
Then there is the problem of access to online classes. Nearly half of native American pupils and 35% of black and Hispanic ones do not have access to either a computer or the Internet at home, compared with 19% of whites. Worsening mental health among poorer families will also hurt achievements. Elizabeth Ananat of Barnard College and Anna Gassman-Pines of Duke University surveyed part-time workers in Philadelphia who had young children; half were showing their anxiety or depression for children's schooling.
1.What do we know about Learning Pods
A.It was started as the key business by Scoot Education.
B.Families can afford this teaching model with $349 a day.
C.It is a long-existing method to find an in-person tutor.
D.It worsens educational inequality to some extent.
2.What does the underlined word "rebounded" in Paragraph 4 mean
A.Learned maths in advance. B.Performed poorly in maths.
C.Regained improvement in maths. D.Showed permanent love to maths.
3.What is Paragraph 5 mainly about
A.Effects of educational inequality. B.Psychological problems of the pupils.
C.Opportunities to use online resources. D.Low academic achievement of the poor.
4.Where is the text probably selected from
A.A health magazine. B.An educational report.
C.A science textbook. D.A learning guide.
九、
When we think of flavor, it is our noses and taste buds that we think of first. Isn’t it obvious that taste and smell are the dominant senses when we enjoy food and drink Well, perhaps not.
“Years ago, flavor was a table with two legs—taste and odor (气味),” Terry E. Acree, PhD, who is with Cornell University’s Department of Food Science, told National Geographic. “Now we are beginning to understand that flavor depends on parts of the brain that involve not only taste, smell and touch, but vision. These signals, plus our emotions and past experiences, result in perception (感受) of flavors, and decide whether we like or dislike foods.”
A good example of “the first bite is taken with the eye” is that if we were shown two plates of strawberries, one red and the other pinkish, the majority of us would be attracted to red because “it signals ripeness, sweetness and calories”, explained The Guardian.
The findings of a German study seem to back this up. Its subjects said wine tasted 50 percent sweeter if drunk under red light, rather than under blue or white.
In another study published in the journal Flavour, scientists found that the color of your coffee mug (马克杯) can change the way your coffee tastes, reported The Washington Post. And it is not just the color of the food that matters.
Specifically, a white mug was associated with a more “intense” (or bitter) tasting cup of coffee, while a clear glass mug was not.
A blue mug, meanwhile, was “kind of an intermediate (中等的)”, Charles Spence, an experimental psychologist at Oxford University, told the newspaper.
The opposite was true for perceived sweetness – the participants tasted less sweetness when they drank from a white mug than they did when they drank from both a blue mug and a clear glass mug.
It’s also possible that certain colors are associated with certain experiences. In the case of coffee, the researchers believe the color brown might be something people associate with bitterness.
“A white mug may have affected the perceived brownness of the coffee and this, in turn, may have affected the perceived intensity (and sweetness) of the coffee,” the researchers wrote.
1.Which of the following statements might Terry E. Acree agree with most
A.The flavor of food mainly depends on taste and smell.
B.The link between flavor and vision has not been proved yet.
C.Our emotions can influence the flavor of the food we are eating.
D.Our perception of flavor has nothing to do with our past experiences.
2.What does the strawberry experiment in Paragraph 3 show
A.We are usually tricked by our eyes about the flavor of food.
B.Food flavor varies greatly between different people.
C.The color of food can affect the way we perceive its flavor.
D.Food flavor is closely associated with our past experiences
3.According to the article, it might help people who want their coffee sweet to serve it in a ______ mug.
A.black B.red C.clear D.white
4.What is the article mainly about
A.Methods that can help to make food taste better.
B.Factors that affect our perception of flavor.
C.How coffee mugs influence the taste of coffee.
D.A new study about our perception of flavor.
十、
The flight of butterflies has so far been somewhat of a secret to researchers, given their unusually large and broad wings relative to their body size. Now researchers at Lund University in Sweden have studied the aerodynamics(空气动力) of butterflies in the wind tunnel (风洞). The results suggest that butterflies use a highly helpful clap technique, therefore making use of their unique wings. This helps them rapidly take off when escaping natural enemies.
The researchers studied the wingbeats of freely flying butterflies during takeoff in the wind tunnel. During the upward process, the wings cup, creating an air-filled pocket between them. When the wings strike each other, the air is forced out, resulting in a backward strong stream of air that pushes the butterflies forward. The downward wingbeat has another function: the butterflies stay in the air and do not fall to the ground.
The wings' striking was described by researchers almost 50 years ago, but it is only in this study that the theory has been tested on real butterflies in free flight. Until now, it has been generally believed that butterfly wings are aerodynamically inefficient. However, the researchers suggest that the opposite is actually true.
"That the wings are cupped when butterflies clap them together, makes the wing clap much more effective. It is an elegant mechanism that is far more advanced than we imagined, and it is fascinating,” says biology researcher Per Henningsson, who studied the butterflies’ aerodynamics. "The results of the study could help inspire improved performance and flight technology in small unmanned aircraft," he continues.
In addition to studying the butterflies, the researchers designed mechanical wings that are modeled on real ones. The shape and flexibility of the mechanical wings as they are cupped and folded confirm the efficiency. Their measurements show that the pushing force created by the flexible wings is 22 percent higher and the efficiency 28 percent better compared to if the wings had been rigid.
1.What does the researchers' study focus on？
A. The butterfly's body size. B. The butterfly's escape technique.
C. The butterfly's flying principle. D. The butterfly's frequency of wingbeats.
2.For what purpose do butterfly wings strike？
A. To circle steadily in the air. B. To form an air pocket.
C. To release their additional energy. D. To empty the air pocket for forward force.
3.Why were the mechanical wings made？
A. They might draw public attention.
B. They could be used to test the findings.
C. They'd show results in line with popular belief.
D. They helped avoid experimenting on live butterflies.
4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text？
A. Butterfly Adapts Itself to the Wild Survival
B. Butterfly Wing Clap Explains Secret of Flight
C. Flexible Wings Boost Aircraft Making Industry
D. New Discoveries Are Made Based on Aerodynamics
答案以及解析
一、
答案：1-4 BBAA
解析：1.细节理解题。由第一段中的One of the main findings of the experiment was that the driving activity seemed to help the rats relax.可知, 该研究的发现之一是驾驶活动有助于老鼠放松。故选B。
2.推理判断题。由第四段中的The research suggests the increased relaxation levels could be linked to the enjoyment of successfully completing a new skill.(研究表明, 放松程度的提高可能与成功学习一项新技能带来的愉悦感有关)可可推知, 学到一项新技能会带来快乐。故选B。
3.细节理解题。由第五段Lambert said the most exciting result of the experiment for her was about the possible effects on humans. The research may open new areas of non-drug treatments for people suffering from mental health problems.可知, 这项研究的重要性在于它可能为精神疾病患者开辟了非药物治疗的新领域。故选A。
4.细节理解题。由最后一段中的The new research will also examine why some activities appear to reduce stress, and which areas of the brain are involved in the process.可推知, 他们将继续研究老鼠大脑的哪部分区域与减轻压力情绪有关。故选A。
二、
答案：1.B; 2.C; 3.D; 4.A
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第一段中"The history of microbiology begins with a Dutch cloth maker named Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, a man of no formal scientific education. In the late 1600s, Leeuwenhoek, inspired by the magnifying lenses he used to examine cloth, built some of the first microscopes. (微生物学的历史始于一位名叫Antoni van Leeuwenhoek的荷兰制布师,他没有受过正规的科学教育。17世纪晚期,Leeuwenhoek受他用来检查布料的放大镜的启发,制造了第一批显微镜)"以及"After removing some plaque from between his teeth and examining it under a lens, Leeuwenhoek found tiny twisting creatures, which he called "animalcules".(列文虎克从牙齿间取出一些菌斑,并用透镜检查后,他发现了微小的扭曲生物,他称之为"微生物")"可知,Leeuwenhoek是一个好奇的业余爱好者,他对微生物进行了开创性的研究。故选B.
2.词义猜测题。根据画线词上文"Nearly two hundred years later, Leeuwenhoek's discovery of microbes helped French chemist and biologist Louis Pasteur to develop his "theory of disease". This concept suggested that disease originates from tiny organisms attacking and weakening the body. Pasteur's theory later helped doctors to fight infectious diseases including anthrax, diphtheria, polio, smallpox, tetanus, and typhoid. All these breakthroughs were the result of Leeuwenhoek's original work. (近两百年后,Leeuwenhoek对微生物的发现帮助法国化学家和生物学家Louis Pasteur提出了他的"疾病理论"。这一概念认为,疾病起源于微小的生物体攻击和削弱身体。巴斯德的理论后来帮助医生对抗了包括炭疽、白喉、小儿麻痹症、天花、破伤风和伤寒在内的传染病。所有这些突破都是Leeuwenhoek的原创性工作的结果)"以及下一段中"In a 1716 letter, he described his contribution to science this way(在1716年的一封信中,他这样描述自己对科学的贡献)"可知,Leeuwenhoek的发现对后来的疾病理论取得了重要的突破,而他本人并没有预见到他会有这些贡献。即画线词指的是"Leeuwenhoek的贡献"。故选C.
3.推理判断题。根据最后一段中"And therefore, whenever I found out anything remarkable, I have thought it my duty to put down my discovery on paper, so that the scientific community might be informed thereof.(因此,每当我发现任何值得注意的事情时,我都认为我有责任把我的发现写在纸上,以便让科学界知道)"可推知,引用的Leeuwenhoek信中的话表明他相信分享知识是科学进步的关键。故选D.
4.细节理解题。根据第一段中"In the late 1600s, Leeuwenhoek, inspired by the magnifying lenses he used to examine cloth, built some of the first microscopes. He developed a technique to improve the quality of tiny, rounded lenses, some of which could magnify an object up to 270 times.(17世纪晚期,Leeuwenhoek受他用来检查布料的放大镜的启发,制造了第一批显微镜。他发明了一种技术来提高微小圆角透镜的质量,其中一些可以将物体放大270倍)"可知,a"制造了放大镜"排在第一,d"Leeuwenhoek的第一批显微镜被成功研制出来"排在第二,故排除B、D选项;根据第二段中"He found different microbes in samples of pond water, rain water, and human blood.(他在池塘水、雨水和人类血液的样本中发现了不同的微生物)"可知c"在水的样本中发现了微生物"排在第三;根据最后一段中"In a 1716 letter, he described his contribution to science this way(在1716年的一封信中,他这样描述了自己对科学的贡献)"可知,e"Leeuwenhoek 解释了他对自己的贡献的看法"排第四;以及第三段中"Nearly two hundred years later, Leeuwenhoek's discovery of microbes helped French chemist and biologist Louis Pasteur to develop his "theory of disease".(近200年后,列文虎克对微生物的发现帮助法国化学家和生物学家巴斯德发展了他的"疾病理论")"可知,b"提出了疾病理论"排第五。可知,事件的正确顺序是a-d-c-e-b。故选A.
三、
答案：1-4 BDBD
解析：1.根据第三段中的"One of those rules...tends to be"可知, 一个单词被用得越频繁, 它就会越短。故"big", "or"和"as"等简短的词用Zipf定律来解释就是这些词由于被经常使用, 因此也短一些, 故B项正确。
2.根据第四段中的"Menzerath-Altmann law...to have longer syllables"可知, Menzerath-Altmann定律主要研究了单词长度和音节长度之间的联系, 故D项正确。
3.根据最后一段的内容尤其是"provided the first non-human primate evidence"可知, 本段主要讲述了本次研究提供了第一份的非人灵长目动物证据, 证明这些常见的语言模式也适用于动物王国中的其他物种。故最后一段讲述的是本次研究的重要性, 故B项正确。
4.本文讲述了一项新的研究结果。根据第一段中的"a new study...linguistic rules as ours"可知, 本文主要讲述了非洲企鹅的语言规则遵循人类的基本语言规则, 故D项适合作本文的标题。
四、
答案：1.D; 2.C; 3.B; 4.C
解析：1.细节理解题。由文章第一段"Orange" when used as the name of the fruit came before "orange" as a word to describe color. While the shade itself existed before the fruit, there was not a name in the English language for the color. Before the introduction of the fruit to English-speaking countries, the color was usually described as a shade of red or yellow." ("Orange"作为水果的名称出现在作为描述颜色的单词之前。虽然这种色调在水果之前就已经存在了,但在英语中并没有专color. Before the introduction of the fruit to English-speaking countries, the color was usually described as a shade of red or yellow." ("Orange"作为水果的名称出现在作为描述颜色的单词之前。虽然这种色调(颜色)在水果之前就已经存在了,但在英语中并没有专门的名称来形容这种颜色。在这种水果被引入英语国家之前,它的颜色通常被描述为红色或黄色的某种色调)可知,"这种色调(the shade itself)"是最早存在的,其次是"作为水果"的名称(as a fruit),最后是"作为描述颜色"的单词(as a color),故选 D.
2.细节理解题。由文章第二段In the early 16th century, Portuguese traders brought oranges from India to Europe. The Europeans had not seen the bright colored fruit before and didn't have a name for it. The fruits were named "narancia" by Italians and "narange" by the French and were sometimes referred to as "golden apples" by English speakers." (在16世纪早期,葡萄牙商人把橙子从印度带到欧洲。欧洲人以前没有见过这种颜色鲜艳的水果,也没有给它起名字。这种水果被意大利人命名为"narancia",法国人命名为"narange",有时也被说英语的人称为"金苹果")可知,在1 500年代(16世纪)早期,橙子这种水果被说英语的人(the British)叫为"金苹果"。故选C.
3.推理判断题。根据文章第三段中的"Orange" was first used in a phrase to describe shades of colors, including in a third-century Greek text translated into English, in 1576." ("Orange"一词最初用于描述颜色的深浅,这包括在1576年被翻译成英语的三世纪希腊文本中。)以及While orange represents the color of the objects, it needed the word "color" to follow it in order for the meaning to be clear. (虽然橙色代表物体的颜色,但它需要"颜色"(color)这个词来跟随着它,以便让意思更清楚)可知,"orange"16世纪时就被用来描述颜色,但是还需要跟有"color"一词来让意思更清楚。由此可推出B项表述正确。故选B.
4.标题确定题。根据文章总领句The word "orange" describes both a color and a fruit. Which one came first might be surprising. "Orange" when used as the name of the fruit came before "orange" as a word to describe color." ("orange"这个词既描述一种颜色,也描述一种水果。哪一个先出现可能会令人惊讶。"orange"作为水果的名称出现在作为描述颜色的单词之前)以及下文展开的一系列关于"orange"用于描述颜色的历史起源及经过可知本文主要围绕"Orange used as a color"("Orange"用作颜色/用于描述颜色)来展开的。作为文章标题彰显文章大意。故选C.
五、
答案：1-4 BACD
解析：1.细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的An active home environment in which parents regularly talk to their children was much more effective可知, 尽可能多地和孩子交谈可能有助于提高儿童的语言技能。故选B项。
2.推理判断题。根据第四段中的Some even think 'If I don't do it and everyone else does, I must be a bad mother.'可推知, 一些新手妈妈选择婴儿手语课是受他人影响, 是一种盲目跟风的行为。
3.词义猜测题。首先需要明确画线词后的the findings指的是第四段提到的研究发现, 即赫特福德大学的研究发现没有证据表明使用婴儿手语有助于加快他们的语言发展。但根据提示词Nevertheless可知, 婴儿手语专家说的话和研究发现应是对立的。因此可推知, sustain与approve of意思相近, 意为"赞成"。
4.主旨大意题。本文是一篇说明文, 文章第一段已明确给出本文主要话题—为提高语言能力而开设的"婴儿手语"课程对儿童的发展几乎没有什么作用。通读全文可知, 下文所述的各项研究结果都围绕这一观点展开。因此本文主旨是婴儿手语课不能提高儿童的语言技能。
六、
答案：1.A; 2.A; 3.D; 4.B
解析：1.词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“The soft creatures are naturally half-transparent and get their brilliant color from algae living inside them.(这种柔软的生物天生是半透明的,它们鲜艳的颜色来自于体内的藻类。)”和下文“typically pushing them out and turning white.(通常会把它们赶走,然后变成白色。)”可知,当珊瑚受到高温或污染的压力时,它们会停止与藻类的相互依赖关系,通常会将它们赶走,然后变成白色。halt 意为“结束,停止”。故选 A。
2.细节理解题。根据文章第三段“To keep the wild ecosystem alive, Erinn Muller, the center's director, and her team are harvesting samples of the corals that survived the environmental stress naturally, keeping them to make them reproduce, and then reattaching them to the reef. They have 46,000 corals on plastic frames under the sea.(为了保持野生生态系统的活力,该中心主任艾琳·穆勒(Erinn Muller)和她的团队正在收集那些在环境压力下自然存活下来的珊瑚样本,让它们繁殖,然后将它们重新附着在珊瑚礁上。他们在海底的塑料框架上有 46000 个珊瑚。)”可知,穆勒和她的团队在水下手工种植珊瑚来拯救珊瑚。故选A。
3.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The big question scientists need investigate, adds Gunning, is how much more heat corals can adapt to.(Gunning 补充说,科学家需要调查的最大问题是珊瑚还能适应多高的温度。)”可推知,Gunning 的话暗示了珊瑚能生存的最高温度目前还不清楚。故选 D。
4.主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Scientists around the world are looking for means to protect and maybe increase corals.(世界各地的科学家都在寻找保护甚至增加珊瑚的方法。)”可知,文章主要讲述了科学家们为了拯救珊瑚所做出的种种努力。“拯救珊瑚的努力”最适合作文章标题。故选 B。
七、
答案：1-4 CBCD
解析：1.词义猜测题。根据第一段Scientists, psychologists and English academics...triggers moments of self-examination.可知, 利物浦大学的科学家、心理学家和英语学者发现, 阅读莎士比亚和华兹华斯等古典作家的作品对人们的思维有很大的影响, 它能引起读者的注意并引发自我反省。故trigger是"引发"的意思, 与set off意思相近。故选C。
2.细节理解题。根据第四段中的The result of the test showed that the more challenging passages cause a greater degree of electrical activity in the brain than the common ones.可知, 测试结果表明, 更具挑战性的段落会比普通段落在大脑中产生更强烈的电活动。故选B。
3.细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中的As a result, this lightening-up process of the mind lasted longer than when volunteers read common texts, encouraging further reading.可知, 阅读经典作品会对心智产生良好而持久的影响。故选C。
4.主旨大意题。根据第一段中的reading the works of the classical writers like Shakespeare and Wordsworth has a great effect on the mind, catches the reader's attention and triggers moments of self-examination和下文的研究结果可知, 作者引述了一些人的观点和研究成果来证明古典文学作品对人们大脑的发展非常有益。故选D。
八、
答案：1-4 DCAB
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知, 在学习舱中, 数个家庭共同筹集资金, 请一名私人家教。根据is deepening that inequality可知, 学习舱这个新行业在某种程度上正在加剧教育不平等。
2.词义猜测题。根据画线词上文介绍可知, 哈佛大学一团队的研究数据显示, 自2020年3月实行封锁以来, 来自低收入社区的学生在在线数学课程上一直落后于其他学生, 表示转折的提示词while说明富裕地区和低收入社区的学生情况正好相反, 由此可以推断画线词意为"反弹; 回升", 此处指在数学课程上"获得进步"。
3.主旨大意题。第五段首先介绍了网络课程的使用问题。文章提及近一半的美国原住民学生、35%的黑人和西班牙裔学生无法使用电脑或无法上网, 而白人学生的这一比例仅为19%; 此外, 文章还提及贫困家庭中不断恶化的心理健康状况也会影响成绩; 同时介绍了调查显示, 费城一半的有年幼子女的兼职工作者会对孩子的上学问题感到焦虑或抑郁。综上所述, 第五段的主要内容是教育不平等所带来的影响。
4.推理判断题。文章主要说明了学校关闭导致了教育不平等问题加剧的现象, 并从多个角度剖析此问题, 指出教育的不平等不仅体现在学习内容的多少上, 还体现在在线课程的使用上。因此本文最有可能选自一份教育报告。
九、
答案：1.C; 2.C; 3.C; 4.B
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第二段"These signals, plus our emotions and past experiences, result in perception(感受） of flavors, and decide whether we like or dislike foods.（这些信号，除了我们的情绪和过往的经历，会影响我们对食物的感受，并且决定我们对事物的好恶。）"可知，我们的情绪会影响我们对食物的味觉。故选C项。2.推理判断题。根据第三段"if we were shown two plates of strawberries ,one red and the other pinkish , the majority of us would be attracted to red because "it signals ripeness , sweetness and calories"，(如果我们面前有两盘草莓，一盘盛放红色的草莓，一个盛放粉色草莓，我们大部分人会选择红色的那盘，因为它表明成熟、甜蜜和卡路里。）"可知，食物的颜色会影响我们对食物味道的判断。故选C项。3.细节理解题。根据第六段"Specifically，a white mug was associated with a more "intense" (or bitter ) tasting cup of coffee , while a clear glass mug was not.（尤其是，一个白色马克杯往往让人联想到味道更苦涩的咖啡，而一个透明的马克杯则不会让人有这样的感觉。）"可知，顾客点餐之后，可以选用透明的杯子盛放咖啡，让人不会感到它很苦。A.black黑的；B.red红的；C.clear清晰的，透明的；D.white白色的。故选C项。4.主旨大意题。根据第二段"These signals , plus our emotions and past experiences , result in perception（感受）of flavors, and decide whether we like or dislike foods.(这些信号，除了我们的情绪和过往的经历，会影响我们对食物的感受，并且决定我们对事物的好恶。）"和第五段"In another study published in the journal Flavour , scientists found that the color of your coffee mug（马克杯）can change the way your coffee tastes,（另一项发表在《味道》月刊上的研究表明，马克杯的颜色会改变你感受到的咖啡的味道。）"可知，本文主要关于几个影响我们对食物味道判断的因素。故选B项。
十、
答案：1.B; 2.D; 3.B; 4.B
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第一段"The flight of butterflies has so far been somewhat of a secret to researchers, given their unusually large and broad wings relative to their body size. Now researchers at Lund University in Sweden have studied the aerodynamics(空气动力) of butterflies in the wind tunnel(风洞)."(到目前为止,蝴蝶的飞行对研究人员来说还是一个秘密,因为它们的翅膀相对于它们的体型来说是非常大和宽阔的。现在,瑞典隆德大学的研究人员已经研究了蝴蝶在风洞中的空气动力学。)可知,研究人员的研究重点是蝴蝶的飞行原理。故选B项。
2.细节理解题。根据第二段"When the wings strike each other, the air is forced out, resulting in a backward strong stream of air that pushes the butterflies forward."(当蝴蝶的翅膀相互撞击时,空气被挤出,产生一股强大的向后气流,推动蝴蝶前进。)可知,蝴蝶翅膀撞击的目的是清空气穴以获得前进的力量。故选D项。
3.推理判断题。根据最后一段"mechanical wings that are modeled on real ones. The shape and flexibility of the mechanical wings as they are cupped and folded confirm the efficiency. Their measurements show that the pushing force created by the flexible wings is 22 percent higher and the efficiency 28 percent better compared to if the wings had been rigid."(除了研究蝴蝶,研究人员还模仿真实的蝴蝶设计了机械翅膀。机械机翼的形状和灵活性,因为他们是杯状和折叠确认效率。他们的测量结果显示,与刚性机翼相比,柔性机翼产生的推力提高了22%,效率提高了28%。)可推断,制造机械机翼可以用来测试这些发现。故选B项。
4.标题归纳题。根据第一段"The flight of butterflies has so far been somewhat of a secret to researchers, given their unusually large and broad wings relative to their body size."(到目前为止,蝴蝶的飞行对研究人员来说还是一个秘密,因为它们的翅膀相对于它们的体型来说是非常大和宽阔的。)及全文可知,本文主要是解答蝴蝶拍翅说明飞行的秘密。故选B项。