2023届高考英语复习之语法透析：句子成分课件(28张PPT)

(共28张PPT)
句子成分
2023届高考复习之语法透析
01
知识导图
句子成分
主语
在句子中，主语是谓语所表示动作或状态的执行者。
谓语
谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、状态或具有的特征，常位于主语之后。
宾语
宾语表示谓语动作、行为的对象，一般位于及物动词和介词的后面，受到主语的限制和制约。
表语
定语
状语
补语
表语一般位于系动词(如be、become、get、look、grow、turn、seem等)之后，用来说明主语这个“主子”的身份、特征和状态。
修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫作状语。
同位语
补语也叫补足语，主要起补充说明的作用，最常见的是宾语补足语和主语补足语，所以说它寄人篱下，成不了“主人”。
对句子中的名词或代词做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词或代词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。
句子有若干个组成部分，分别承担着不同的作用，这些组成部分叫作句子成分。英语中的句子成分分为主语(Subject)、谓语(Predicate)、宾语(Object)、表语(Predicative)、定语(Attribute)、状语(Adverbial)、补语(Complement)和同位语(Appositive)。
02
考点精析
一、主语
在句子中，主语是谓语所表示动作或状态的执行者。主语一般位于句子开头，且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里，如：疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等，句子主语也可以“下台”或位于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、主格代词、数词、动词 ing(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。当主语为从句时，为避免头重脚轻，可用it作形式主语。
02
考点精析
①I'm writing to ask for your guidance on a short play.
②The route went from our school gate to the foot of the South Mountain.
③Taking part in a fruit picking activity on a farm is meaningful and rewarding.
02
考点精析
代词作主语
名词作主语
动词 ing短语作主语
④To bring a small gift is a good idea.
⑤To start with, what I intend to stress is that we are about to start our next lesson in Classroom 8 of the Teaching Building at 10 am next Friday.
02
考点精析
动词不定式作主语
从句作主语
二、谓语
谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、状态或具有的特征，常位于主语之后。谓语可由动词和动词短语、系表结构以及“助动词/情态动词＋实义动词”充当，有时态、语态和语气的变化，同时又受到主语人称和数的制约。语态判断的依据是看主语和动词之间的关系，如果两者之间是主动关系就用主动语态，如果是被动关系就用被动语态。谓语的构成如下：
02
考点精析
①I can give a brief introduction of these masterpieces from the perspective of a native speaker of China.
②I have good news to tell you that a music festival will be held in our school hall on June 5th at 2 pm.
③I am good at English and familiar with Chinese paintings.
02
考点精析
“情态动词＋实义动词”作谓语
实义动词作谓语
系表结构作谓语
三、宾语
宾语表示谓语动作、行为的对象，一般位于及物动词和介词的后面，受到主语的限制和制约。宾语一般由名词(短语)、宾格代词、动词 ing(短语)、动词不定式或从句充当，根据需要也可用it作形式宾语。宾语在被动结构中才会“翻身农奴把歌唱”。
02
考点精析
①Most of the racers finished the whole course.
②I'm glad to know that you've come to China to learn kung fu in a school in my hometown.
③Don't forget to praise your friend for the delicious foods he offers.
02
考点精析
名词作宾语
从句作宾语
不定式作宾语
④双宾语(间接宾语＋直接宾语)
Mr.Smith gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing.
⑤复合宾语(宾语＋宾语补足语)
Doctors often advise us to pay more attention to our diets and mental health and to take regular examinations.
02
考点精析
him为间接宾语； advice为直接宾语
us为宾语； to pay more attention...examinations为宾语补足语
四、表语
表语一般位于系动词(如be、become、get、look、grow、turn、seem等)之后，用来说明主语这个“主子”的身份、特征和状态，一般由名词、名词性物主代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式(短语)、动词 ing、介词短语、副词及表语从句等充当。
02
考点精析
①Needless to say, they were deeply moved.
②His main duty is to measure body temperature and check the passes for exit and entry.
02
考点精析
形容词作表语
不定式作表语
③My favourite sport is running.
④That's why I think the trip along the Yangtze River will be a better choice.
⑤We are confident that we can win this competition.
02
考点精析
动词 ing作表语
从句作表语
形容词作表语
五、定语
修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。定语服务于它所修饰或限定的名词或代词，可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词(短语)或定语从句等充当。定语有前置和后置两种情况，如短语结构、从句等作定语时，常置于被修饰词之后。
02
考点精析
①I have achieved satisfactory results in recent examinations.
②He is a volunteer who works as a gate guard in our community during the epidemic of COVID 19.
02
考点精析
形容词作定语
从句作定语
③The exhibition will be held in the City Museum located in the north of our city.
④Paper cutting has a history of over 1，500 years, which belongs to traditional art in China.
02
考点精析
过去分词作定语
从句作定语
六、状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫作状语。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、程度、伴随等意义。状语可由副词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词、状语从句等充当。
状语在句子中的位置很灵活，所以说它“行踪飘忽不定”。常见情况：通常在句子基本结构后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般放在时间状语之前；一些表示频度的副词(如often、almost等)作状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后、实义动词之前。
02
考点精析
①Thanks to his efforts in epidemic prevention and control, our neighborhood has been in a good state.
②Looking forward to seeing you soon.
③To let us experience the life in the countryside, our school organized a fruit picking activity on a farm last weekend.
02
考点精析
介词短语作状语
副词作状语
不定式短语作状语
④Having known that a traditional Chinese painting exhibition will be held at the gallery in London during the summer holiday, I'm extremely excited.
⑤If you want a deep experience in the city, shared bikes would be the best choice.
02
考点精析
现在分词短语作状语
从句作状语
七、补语
补语也叫补足语，主要起补充说明的作用，最常见的是宾语补足语和主语补足语，所以说它寄人篱下，成不了“主人”。补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式(短语)、分词、介词短语或从句充当。
02
考点精析
①We sincerely wish you a quick recovery and an early return to China.
②We'll try our best to make our country more and more beautiful.
02
考点精析
名词短语作宾补
形容词作宾补
八、同位语——总是玩失踪，特殊场合还是“显露原形”
对句子中的名词或代词做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词或代词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。英语句子表达中一般情况下是没有同位语的，所以说它爱玩失踪，如果要对前面的名词的具体内容做进一步的说明，这时候就需要同位语，可谓“显露原形”。可以用作同位语的有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、动词 ing和从句等。
02
考点精析
①I'm Li Jin, a student at Chenguang High School.
②There is no doubt that I will improve its reputation through my efforts.
02
考点精析
名词短语作同位语
从句作同位语
04
演练提升
分析下列句子中加黑词的句子成分
1.Since he didn't know his town's name, finding a small neighborhood in a vase country proved to be impossible.
2.Three months later I found myself on a plane to Phoenix, Arizona.
3.And the person I respect most is my physics teacher.
主语
宾语补足语
定语
04
演练提升
4.Those are why she deserves our respect.
5.Then Mrs. Meredith searched the internet and ordered a household popcorn machine.
6.She always talks to us patiently and helps us to find a solution.
表语
谓语
宾语
04
演练提升
7.If you will join, you may send your information to intlposs ppt @ .
8.Personally，I prefer the tour along the Yangtze River, the longest river and one of the mother rivers of Chinese civilization.
状语
同位语
Thank You！