北京高考英语阅读表达专项模拟训练（word版附答案解析）
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| 名称 | 北京高考英语阅读表达专项模拟训练（word版附答案解析） |  | |
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| 资源类型 | 试卷 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2022-06-27 09:51:53 | ||
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阅读表达
一、阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
For millions of Facebook users, choosing which photo to use for an online profile is an important decision. According to a study by researchers at the UT Dallas Center, the photos we select may reflect individual preferences, but they also appear to reflect more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences. Previous research has shown that culture can affect not only language and custom, but 7also how we experience the world and process information. Western cultures, for example, condition people to think of themselves as highly independent entities (实体), whereas East Asian cultures stress collectivism and interdependence.
Dr. Denise Park, co-director of the Center at UT Dallas, and former graduate student Dr. Chih-Mao Huang of the University of Illinois, were curious about whether these patterns of cultural influence extend to cyberspace. In a paper published in the International Journal of Psychology, they examined the profile photographs of more than 500 active Facebook users from the United States and East Asia. Overall, they found that profile photos of Americans are more likely to focus on the individual’s face, while the profiles of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users.
The findings show marked cultural differences in the focus of attention among East Asian and American Facebook users. Moreover, they echo previous research on cultural influences on visual perception (感知), attention, and reasoning in the offline world.
“We believe these findings relate to a cultural bias to be more individualistic and independent in the US and more communal and interdependent in Asia,” said Park.
The research also found that cultural influences over our self-presentation online can shift over time and from place to place. In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan and Japanese studying in the United States both showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country.
“Facebook constitutes an extended social context in which personal profiles mirror various individual characteristics, private thoughts, and social behaviors,” noted Huang. “As such, the study presents a new approach to investigate cognition and behaviors across cultures by using Facebook as a data collection platform.”
1．What may an online profile photo reflect
2．According to the research, how are American and East Asian Facebook users different in choosing their profile photos
3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of America.
4．Apart from cultural differences, what other factors might influence one’s choice of profile photo on social media
二、阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
Teenagers are learning new communication skills every day. It is important for them to have opportunities to network, or to meet and get to know new people. Online networking, which is very popular with teens today, makes short, superficial connections. But offline networking better encourages meaningful connections that will increase hope, develop skills, and open avenues to career opportunity. Teens need to practice more offline networking. It will prepare them to be confident face-to-face communicators in the real world.
A survey of almost 7,000 teens was conducted in 2019 by three Swiss researchers, and they found that teens were spending too much time on social networking sites. So, they suggested that teens should spend more time with others in real life. It not only contributes to a stronger sense of identity and a happier mood, but also gives us the chance to share happiness with other people. In other words, offline networking seems to actually benefit a teen’s emotional health.
Face-to-face communication also gives teens an opportunity to learn to read people. Everyone communicates in person differently than communicating over the phone, through texting, or in online posts. Being face-to-face requires a person to think and respond more quickly—without the safety net of a delete key.
And much of our communication is nonverbal anyway. Facial expressions, gestures, and vocal tones are just a few examples. Teens need to have face-to-face interactions so they can learn to read these nonverbal cues(暗示), which are sometimes even more important than the words a person is saying. A time will come when the teen will need to enter the job market, and this usually means a face-to-face interaction, including interacting naturally with customers, hearing and understanding their words as well as their nonverbal cues in many different kinds of businesses.
Offline networking is important because it can improve a teenager’s well-being and help prepare him for the future. That’s why every teen should spend time practicing real-world interactions.
1．What is the disadvantage of online networking
2．What was the researchers’ suggestion to teens
3．Read the following statement, underline the false part of it and explain the reason.
Hearing and understanding what a person is saying is necessarily involved in communication, so people get less from nonverbal expressions.
Please present what you can do to make effective face-to-face communication in your daily life. (about 40 words)
三、阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
The last thing I wanted to hear when my government-sponsored scholarship was withdrawn during my final year of college was: "Things are working out for your own good. Just give them some time." Those words just stirred a lot of anger in me.
Then I read the story of the Chinese bamboo farmer, which gave me a different view on life. The seed of the Chinese bamboo is planted in the ground like every seed. It is watered, and fed with nutrients daily, but it shows no immediate physical response and doesn't appear to grow. The farmer continues to water and feed the seed in year one, year two, and year three. No growth is seen until the fourth year, when the seed finally breaks through the ground. Then, in the space of just five weeks, it grows ninety feet tall. The Chinese bamboo grows to its full capacity within 5 years.
Despite not seeing an immediate result, the farmer had trust in what he was doing. He continued to water and feed the plant for four years, because he believed that if he played his own role and did all that a farmer was supposed to do, then he would be given his reward at the right time. That trust and patience is what kept the farmer persistently feeding his seed for four years before enjoying the reward in the end.
Life is not always straightforward. Most often, it's not a matter of 5+5 =10 (Sum 1).
Life can be more like 2+1+2+0+0+0+1+2+0+0+1 + 1=10 (Sum 2).
Both sums lead to the same result, but through quite different paths and processes. To be mature is to accept that things might look rough right now but the story can still have a great ending.
We might live in a microwave generation where everything seems to happen instantly; but many things still obey the laws of nature. Just doing what you are supposed to be doing, having patience like the Chinese bamboo farmer, and trusting that things will work out for you can help you get through the toughest times.
1．What happened to the author in the final year of college
2．How does the Chinese bamboo grow in the fourth year
3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
To overcome difficulties, we need to trust that things will work out and simply wait patiently for the great ending to come.
Which is your life more like, Sum 1 or Sum 2 Explain why. (about 40 words)
四、阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
Shared Services Need More Imagination
Suppose you need to drill a hole in the wall to hang an item but do not own a power drill. You may regard it as expensive to buy a power drill and consider renting one. Sharing is the solution. The sharing industry is an emerging, highly flexible economic network that allows people to share resources, either free or for a fee.
The important idea of the sharing industry is that people might only need an item for a relatively short period. The private part of shared services has been moving towards this area since the beginning of the 1980s, and then the public part has taken note of the benefits and continued for best practice. The United States and Australia among others have had shared services in government since the late 1990s.
With the rise of the sharing industry, the best-known shared bikes and shared cars have got a lot of public attention. This kind of transportation is so environmentally-friendly that it is increasingly popular among people in many cities.
Of course shared services don’t need to be limited to machines. The real pay-off in shared services probably lies in renting out smaller, less heavy items. For example, in today’s casual environment, you don’t need a tie unless you’re going to a wedding or a job interview. So some companies would let you pick up a tie when you needed it and only when you needed it. Another example is an umbrella-sharing service. Since visitors don’t want to be carrying umbrellas all the way, it would be cheaper and easier to simply borrow an umbrella on one street corner and drop it off on another.
Recently organisations that have centralised their IT functions have begun to take a close look at the technology services that their IT departments provide for customers, evaluating where it makes sense to provide technology components. E-mail and scanning (扫描) operations were obvious early candidates. Many organisations are now offering their document-intensive operations as a shared service. There is no doubt that people are calling for the expansion of shared services to more and more areas.
1．What is the sharing industry
2．Why does shared transportation receive attention from people
3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
* Shared services are getting increasingly popular for their convenience, but there are still calls for expansion to wider areas because they are currently restricted to machines.
Please provide another example of shared services and explain your reason. (about 40 words)
五、阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
Judgement is a quality that is hard to define but important to possess. Sir Andrew Likierman of the London Business School suggests that judgment is “the combination of personal qualities with relevant knowledge and experience to form opinions and take decisions”. And he argues that, thus defined, judgment involves a process—taking in information, deciding whom and what to trust, summarizing one’s personal knowledge, checking any prior beliefs or feelings, summarizing the available choices and then making the decision.
Expert knowledge can be useful in making judgments. But it is not the same thing. “Academics have expert knowledge,” Sir Andrew observes. “They don’t necessarily have judgment.” People with judgment know when they are out of their depth in making a decision and typically then seek the advice of someone who has the right background and knowledge. “While good judgment is important to success,” Sir Andrew cautions, “success is not a signal that there has been good judgment.”
The degree of judgment required tends to increase as people take on more responsibility. Those with routine tasks generally have limited scope for judgment. Line supervisors have some discretion (自行决定权). For a chief executive, the proportion of decisions involving judgment is high. Deciding not to take action is also a judgment with potentially serious consequences (for example, “I won’t get vaccinated” or “I won’t pay my bills”). The world is full of people whose lack of judgment brought their careers or personal life crashing down. Many made the common mistake of assuming everything was fine.
As artificial intelligence gets used for more and more routine tasks in the service sector, exercising judgment may be one area where humans retain an edge over machines. This is far from certain, however. With enough practice, machines may be able to recognize these implicit cues and thus display the equivalent of good judgment. But then, perhaps humans can be taught, too. In the long run, one of the trickiest aspects of human judgment may be knowing precisely when to let machines take decisions and when to leave it to people.
1．What’s Sir Andrew’s definition of judgement
2．Why does Andrew say that expert knowledge is not the same as making judgements
3．Please decide which part of the following statement is false, then underline it and explain why.
Good judgement is important to success and a successful person definitely has good judgement.
Please list a factor except “judgement” that can lead to success and explain why. (about 40 words)
参考答案：
一．1．It may reflect individual preferences and more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences.
2．Facebook users in America are more likely to use profile photos that focus on their faces, while the photos of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users.
3．In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of America.
Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country because the culture of their host country has an influence on their self-presentation online.
4．I think apart from cultural differences, age and one’s working area may affect one’s choice of profile photos on social media.
解析：
本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了我们在社交媒体选择的照片作为自己的头像可能反映了个人偏好，但它们似乎也反映了更根深蒂固的、无意识的文化差异。
1．考查细节理解。根据第一段“According to a study by researchers at the UT Dallas Center, the photos we select may reflect individual preferences, but they also appear to reflect more deeply rooted unconscious cultural differences.(根据德克萨斯大学达拉斯中心研究人员的一项研究，我们选择的照片可能反映了个人偏好，但它们似乎也反映了更根深蒂固的、无意识的文化差异。)”可知，在线个人资料照片会反映出个人偏好和更加根深蒂固，无意识的文化差异。故答案为It may reflect individual preferences and more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences。
2．考查细节理解。根据第二段“Overall, they found that profile photos of Americans are more likely to focus on the individual’s face, while the profiles of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more backgroundfeatures. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users.(总的来说，他们发现美国人的头像照片更倾向于关注个人的面部，而东亚人的头像往往不太强调面部，包含更多的背景特征。与东亚脸书用户相比，美国人的微笑程度也更高。)”可知，Facebook用户在美国的档案照片更有可能关注他们的脸，而东亚人的照片往往不太强调面部，包括更多的背景特征。与东亚脸书用户相比，美国人的微笑程度也更高。故答案为Facebook users in America are more likely to use profile photos that focus on their faces, while the photos of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users。
3．考查细节理解。根据第五段“The research also found that cultural influences over our self-presentation online can shift over time and from place to place. In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan and Japanese studying in the United States both showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country.(研究还发现，文化对我们在线自我表达的影响会随着时间和地点的变化而变化。在其中一个研究样本中，在日本留学的美国人和在美国留学的日本人都倾向于根据所在国的总体喜好来调整自己的头像。)”可知，在日本留学的美国人倾向于根据所在国的总体喜好来调整个人资料照片，因为所在国的文化会影响他们在网上的自我表现。故答案为In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of America.
Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country because the culture of their host country has an influence on their self-presentation online。
开放性题目。我认为除了文化差异之外，年龄和一个人的工作领域可能会影响一个人在社交媒体上选择个人资料照片。故答案为I think apart from cultural differences, age and one’s working area may affect one’s choice of profile photos on social media。
二、1．Online networking makes short, superficial connections, which is not helpful in real life.
2． They suggested that teens should spend more time with others in real life.
3．Hearing and understanding what a person is saying is necessarily involved in communication, so people get less from nonverbal expressions.
According to the text"And much of our communication is nonverbal anyway. Facial expressions, gestures, and vocal tones are just a few examples. Teens need to have face-to-face interactions so they can learn to read these nonverbal cues(暗示), which are sometimes even more important than the words a person is saying." , we know that the nonverbal expressions are more imprtant than the words.
First of all, we should know ourselves well, such as the talent and hobbies. Then, we should take part in some relevant activities which are suitable for us. And from these experience, we can make friends and improve our ability to face-to-face communication.
解析：
这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了线下人与人之间面对面的交流对于青少年的重要性。
1．考查细节理解。根据第一段中“Online networking, which is very popular with teens today, makes short, superficial connections. ”可知，如今，网络社交在青少年中非常流行，它只建立了短暂而肤浅的联系。故答案为Online networking makes short, superficial connections, which is not helpful in real life.
2．考查细节理解。根据第二段中“So, they suggested that teens should spend more time with others in real life. ”可知，因此，他们建议青少年应该花更多的时间在现实生活中与他人相处。故答案为They suggested that teens should spend more time with others in real life.
3．考查推理判断。根据第四段中“And much of our communication is nonverbal anyway. Facial expressions, gestures, and vocal tones are just a few examples. Teens need to have face-to-face interactions so they can learn to read these nonverbal cues(暗示), which are sometimes even more important than the words a person is saying.”可知，我们的很多交流都是非语言的，比如面部表情、手势和语调。青少年需要面对面的交流,这样他们就可以学习阅读这些非语言的暗示(暗示),有时甚至比这个人说的话更重要。故答案为Hearing and understanding what a person is saying is necessarily involved in communication, so people get less from nonverbal expressions.According to the text"And much of our communication is nonverbal anyway. Facial expressions, gestures, and vocal tones are just a few examples. Teens need to have face-to-face interactions so they can learn to read these nonverbal cues(暗示), which are sometimes even more important than the words a person is saying." , we know that the nonverbal expressions are more imprtant than the words.
4．考查生活常识。本篇文章主要内容讲述了现实生活中面对面的沟通，可以锻炼青少年的各种能力，对将来的就业和生活都有好处。因此从这个角度出发，青少年平时应该增加线下交流的方式，参考方法如下：首先要了解自己擅长和喜欢什么领域，然后多参加相关的活动，多交该领域的朋友，从而锻炼自己的沟通能力。故答案为First of all, we should know ourselves well, such as the talent and hobbies. Then, we should take part in some relevant activities which are suitable for us. And from these experience, we can make friends and improve our ability to face-to-face communication.
三、1．The author's government-sponsored scholarship was withdrawn.
2．The seed finally breaks through the ground and the bamboo grows ninety feet tall in five weeks.
3．To overcome difficulties, we need to trust that things will work out and simply wait patiently for the great ending to come.
(1)According to the passage, to overcome difficulties, we need to do what we are supposed to be doing rather than simply wait patiently for the great ending to come.
(2)To overcome difficulties, we need to trust things will work out, have patience and do what we are supposed to be doing.
4．Sum 2. My life is also full of ups and downs. For example, I was never good at chemistry and failed the mid-exam in senior 1. With patience and determination, I made every effort to turn the tide. It was not a smooth path, but I got an A in the final exam in senior 3.
解析：
这是一篇夹叙夹议文。在大学最后一年作者的政府奖学金被取消了，这让他很生气，但是在读了一篇中国竹农的故事后，作者明白了生活并不是一帆风顺的，通常情况下，做你应该做的事，像中国的竹农一样有耐心，相信事情会解决的，这能帮助你度过最艰难的时刻。
1．考查细节理解。根据第一段第一句“The last thing I wanted to hear when my government-sponsored scholarship was withdrawn during my final year of college was(当我的政府奖学金在大学最后一年被取消时，我最不想听到的就是)”可知，在大学最后一年作者的政府奖学金被取消了。故答案为The author's government-sponsored scholarship was withdrawn.
2．考查细节理解。根据第二段倒第三句和倒第二句“No growth is seen until the fourth year, when the seed finally breaks through the ground. Then, in the space of just five weeks, it grows ninety feet tall. (直到第四年，种子终于破土而出时，才开始生长。然后，仅仅5个星期，它就长到了90英尺高)”可知，在第四年种子最终破土而出，竹子在5个星期后长到了90英尺高。故答案为The seed finally breaks through the ground and the bamboo grows ninety feet tall in five weeks.。
3．考查推理判断。根据最后一段最后一句“Just doing what you are supposed to be doing, having patience like the Chinese bamboo farmer, and trusting that things will work out for you can help you get through the toughest times. (做你应该做的事，像中国的竹农一样有耐心，相信事情会解决的，这能帮助你度过最艰难的时刻)”可知，并不是只要耐心地等待就好了，还要做你应该做的事，耐心等待，相信事情会解决的。所以“simply wait patiently for the great ending to come”处错误，答案为(1)According to the passage, to overcome difficulties, we need to do what we are supposed to be doing rather than simply wait patiently for the great ending to come. (2)To overcome difficulties, we need to trust things will work out, have patience and do what we are supposed to be doing.
4．考查开放性回答。根据最后一段最后一句“Just doing what you are supposed to be doing, having patience like the Chinese bamboo farmer, and trusting that things will work out for you can help you get through the toughest times. (做你应该做的事，像中国的竹农一样有耐心，相信事情会解决的，这能帮助你度过最艰难的时刻)”可知，生活不是一蹴而就，而是通过一点一点的努力，耐心的等待和坚定的信念来达到目标，所以答案最好是回答你的生活像Sum 2一样，并按照最后一段最后一句来解释原因，可以通过举出生活中的具体例子来体现。故答案为Sum 2. My life is also full of ups and downs. For example, I was never good at chemistry and failed the mid-exam in senior 1. With patience and determination, I made every effort to turn the tide. It was not a smooth path, but I got an A in the final exam in senior 3.
四、1．The sharing industry is an economic network that allows people to share resources, either free or for a fee.
2．Because it offers environmentally-friendly means of transportation to people in cities.
3．Shared services are getting increasingly popular for their convenience, but there are still calls for expansion to wider areas because they are currently restricted to machines.
According to the passage, presently shared services include not only machines but also smaller, less heavy items, such as ties and umbrellas.
4．(1) Sharing books is a good type of shared services. People can share and read the books they like without pay or with only a little money, so that they will improve their knowledge and enrich their life. Thus I think it is well worth spreading.
(2) Sharing platforms is a good type of shared services. For example, resources can be shared there. Another example is that in a community, old people can learn how to use computers and smartphones with the help of it. Thus I think it is well worth spreading.
解析：
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了共享服务的理念及发展，指出共享服务需要更多的想象力，人们正在呼吁将共享服务扩展到越来越多的地区。
1．考查细节理解。根据第一段最后一句“The sharing industry is an emerging, highly flexible economic network that allows people to share resources, either free or for a fee. (共享产业是一个新兴的、高度灵活的经济网络，允许人们免费或收费共享资源)”可知，共享产业是一个经济网络，允许人们免费或收费共享资源。故答案为The sharing industry is an economic network that allows people to share resources, either free or for a fee.
2．考查细节理解。根据第三段第二句“This kind of transportation is so environmentally-friendly that it is increasingly popular among people in many cities. (这种交通工具非常环保，在很多城市越来越受欢迎)”可知，因为它为城市里的人们提供了环保的交通工具，所以共享交通受到人们的关注。故答案为Because it offers environmentally-friendly means of transportation to people in cities.
3．考查推理判断。根据第四段第二句“The real pay-off in shared services probably lies in renting out smaller, less heavy items. (共享服务的真正回报可能在于出租较小、较轻的物品)”，第四句“So some companies would let you pick up a tie when you needed it and only when you needed it. (因此，一些公司会让你在需要的时候挑选领带，而且只在你需要的时候)”和第五句“Another example is an umbrella-sharing service. (另一个例子是雨伞共享服务)”可知，共享服务并不仅仅是局限于机器，因为现在的共享服务不仅包括机器，还包括较小、较轻的物品，如领带和雨伞。所以“because they are currently restricted to machines”处错误，应在此处画下划线，原因是现在的共享服务不仅包括机器，还包括较小、较轻的物品，如领带和雨伞。故答案为According to the passage, presently shared services include not only machines but also smaller, less heavy items, such as ties and umbrellas.
4．考查开放性回答。答题时应先举出文中没有提到的一个共享服务的例子，再解释原因。参考答案为(1) Sharing books is a good type of shared services. People can share and read the books they like without pay or with only a little money, so that they will improve their knowledge and enrich their life. Thus I think it is well worth spreading.
(2) Sharing platforms is a good type of shared services. For example, resources can be shared there. Another example is that in a community, old people can learn how to use computers and smartphones with the help of it. Thus I think it is well worth spreading.
五、1．He defines judgment as the combination of personal qualities with relevant knowledge and experience to form opinions and take decisions.
2．Because some people may have expert knowledge, but they don’t necessarily have judgment.
3．Good judgement is important to success and a successful person definitely has good judgement.
According to the passage, success is not a signal that there has been good judgment.
略
解析：
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了判断对于成功的重要性。
1．考查细节理解。根据第一段“Sir Andrew Likierman of the London Business School suggests that judgment is “the combination of personal qualities with relevant knowledge and experience to form opinions and take decisions”.（伦敦商学院的Andrew Likierman爵士认为，判断力是“个人素质与相关知识和经验的结合，以形成意见和作出决定”。）”可知，安德鲁爵士对判断的定义是他将判断定义为个人素质与相关知识和经验的结合，以形成意见和作出决定。故答案为He defines judgment as the combination of personal qualities with relevant knowledge and experience to form opinions and take decisions.
2．考查细节理解。根据第二段““Academics have expert knowledge,” Sir Andrew observes. “They don’t necessarily have judgment.”（“学者拥有专业知识，”安德鲁爵士说。“他们不一定有判断力。”）”可知，安德鲁说专业知识和判断是不一样的是因为有些人可能有专业知识，但他们不一定有判断力。故答案为Because some people may have expert knowledge, but they don’t necessarily have judgment.
3．考查细节理解。根据第二段““While good judgment is important to success,” Sir Andrew cautions, “success is not a signal that there has been good judgment.”（“虽然良好的判断力对成功很重要，”安德鲁爵士警告说，“成功不是一个有良好判断力的信号。”）”可知，成功不是有良好判断的信号。故答案为Good judgement is important to success and a successful person definitely has good judgement.
According to the passage, success is not a signal that there has been good judgment.
4．开放题。列出除“判断”之外的一个能导致成功的因素，并解释原因。例如态度，性格，情商等，言之有理即可。
一、阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
For millions of Facebook users, choosing which photo to use for an online profile is an important decision. According to a study by researchers at the UT Dallas Center, the photos we select may reflect individual preferences, but they also appear to reflect more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences. Previous research has shown that culture can affect not only language and custom, but 7also how we experience the world and process information. Western cultures, for example, condition people to think of themselves as highly independent entities (实体), whereas East Asian cultures stress collectivism and interdependence.
Dr. Denise Park, co-director of the Center at UT Dallas, and former graduate student Dr. Chih-Mao Huang of the University of Illinois, were curious about whether these patterns of cultural influence extend to cyberspace. In a paper published in the International Journal of Psychology, they examined the profile photographs of more than 500 active Facebook users from the United States and East Asia. Overall, they found that profile photos of Americans are more likely to focus on the individual’s face, while the profiles of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users.
The findings show marked cultural differences in the focus of attention among East Asian and American Facebook users. Moreover, they echo previous research on cultural influences on visual perception (感知), attention, and reasoning in the offline world.
“We believe these findings relate to a cultural bias to be more individualistic and independent in the US and more communal and interdependent in Asia,” said Park.
The research also found that cultural influences over our self-presentation online can shift over time and from place to place. In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan and Japanese studying in the United States both showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country.
“Facebook constitutes an extended social context in which personal profiles mirror various individual characteristics, private thoughts, and social behaviors,” noted Huang. “As such, the study presents a new approach to investigate cognition and behaviors across cultures by using Facebook as a data collection platform.”
1．What may an online profile photo reflect
2．According to the research, how are American and East Asian Facebook users different in choosing their profile photos
3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of America.
4．Apart from cultural differences, what other factors might influence one’s choice of profile photo on social media
二、阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
Teenagers are learning new communication skills every day. It is important for them to have opportunities to network, or to meet and get to know new people. Online networking, which is very popular with teens today, makes short, superficial connections. But offline networking better encourages meaningful connections that will increase hope, develop skills, and open avenues to career opportunity. Teens need to practice more offline networking. It will prepare them to be confident face-to-face communicators in the real world.
A survey of almost 7,000 teens was conducted in 2019 by three Swiss researchers, and they found that teens were spending too much time on social networking sites. So, they suggested that teens should spend more time with others in real life. It not only contributes to a stronger sense of identity and a happier mood, but also gives us the chance to share happiness with other people. In other words, offline networking seems to actually benefit a teen’s emotional health.
Face-to-face communication also gives teens an opportunity to learn to read people. Everyone communicates in person differently than communicating over the phone, through texting, or in online posts. Being face-to-face requires a person to think and respond more quickly—without the safety net of a delete key.
And much of our communication is nonverbal anyway. Facial expressions, gestures, and vocal tones are just a few examples. Teens need to have face-to-face interactions so they can learn to read these nonverbal cues(暗示), which are sometimes even more important than the words a person is saying. A time will come when the teen will need to enter the job market, and this usually means a face-to-face interaction, including interacting naturally with customers, hearing and understanding their words as well as their nonverbal cues in many different kinds of businesses.
Offline networking is important because it can improve a teenager’s well-being and help prepare him for the future. That’s why every teen should spend time practicing real-world interactions.
1．What is the disadvantage of online networking
2．What was the researchers’ suggestion to teens
3．Read the following statement, underline the false part of it and explain the reason.
Hearing and understanding what a person is saying is necessarily involved in communication, so people get less from nonverbal expressions.
Please present what you can do to make effective face-to-face communication in your daily life. (about 40 words)
三、阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
The last thing I wanted to hear when my government-sponsored scholarship was withdrawn during my final year of college was: "Things are working out for your own good. Just give them some time." Those words just stirred a lot of anger in me.
Then I read the story of the Chinese bamboo farmer, which gave me a different view on life. The seed of the Chinese bamboo is planted in the ground like every seed. It is watered, and fed with nutrients daily, but it shows no immediate physical response and doesn't appear to grow. The farmer continues to water and feed the seed in year one, year two, and year three. No growth is seen until the fourth year, when the seed finally breaks through the ground. Then, in the space of just five weeks, it grows ninety feet tall. The Chinese bamboo grows to its full capacity within 5 years.
Despite not seeing an immediate result, the farmer had trust in what he was doing. He continued to water and feed the plant for four years, because he believed that if he played his own role and did all that a farmer was supposed to do, then he would be given his reward at the right time. That trust and patience is what kept the farmer persistently feeding his seed for four years before enjoying the reward in the end.
Life is not always straightforward. Most often, it's not a matter of 5+5 =10 (Sum 1).
Life can be more like 2+1+2+0+0+0+1+2+0+0+1 + 1=10 (Sum 2).
Both sums lead to the same result, but through quite different paths and processes. To be mature is to accept that things might look rough right now but the story can still have a great ending.
We might live in a microwave generation where everything seems to happen instantly; but many things still obey the laws of nature. Just doing what you are supposed to be doing, having patience like the Chinese bamboo farmer, and trusting that things will work out for you can help you get through the toughest times.
1．What happened to the author in the final year of college
2．How does the Chinese bamboo grow in the fourth year
3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
To overcome difficulties, we need to trust that things will work out and simply wait patiently for the great ending to come.
Which is your life more like, Sum 1 or Sum 2 Explain why. (about 40 words)
四、阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
Shared Services Need More Imagination
Suppose you need to drill a hole in the wall to hang an item but do not own a power drill. You may regard it as expensive to buy a power drill and consider renting one. Sharing is the solution. The sharing industry is an emerging, highly flexible economic network that allows people to share resources, either free or for a fee.
The important idea of the sharing industry is that people might only need an item for a relatively short period. The private part of shared services has been moving towards this area since the beginning of the 1980s, and then the public part has taken note of the benefits and continued for best practice. The United States and Australia among others have had shared services in government since the late 1990s.
With the rise of the sharing industry, the best-known shared bikes and shared cars have got a lot of public attention. This kind of transportation is so environmentally-friendly that it is increasingly popular among people in many cities.
Of course shared services don’t need to be limited to machines. The real pay-off in shared services probably lies in renting out smaller, less heavy items. For example, in today’s casual environment, you don’t need a tie unless you’re going to a wedding or a job interview. So some companies would let you pick up a tie when you needed it and only when you needed it. Another example is an umbrella-sharing service. Since visitors don’t want to be carrying umbrellas all the way, it would be cheaper and easier to simply borrow an umbrella on one street corner and drop it off on another.
Recently organisations that have centralised their IT functions have begun to take a close look at the technology services that their IT departments provide for customers, evaluating where it makes sense to provide technology components. E-mail and scanning (扫描) operations were obvious early candidates. Many organisations are now offering their document-intensive operations as a shared service. There is no doubt that people are calling for the expansion of shared services to more and more areas.
1．What is the sharing industry
2．Why does shared transportation receive attention from people
3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
* Shared services are getting increasingly popular for their convenience, but there are still calls for expansion to wider areas because they are currently restricted to machines.
Please provide another example of shared services and explain your reason. (about 40 words)
五、阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
Judgement is a quality that is hard to define but important to possess. Sir Andrew Likierman of the London Business School suggests that judgment is “the combination of personal qualities with relevant knowledge and experience to form opinions and take decisions”. And he argues that, thus defined, judgment involves a process—taking in information, deciding whom and what to trust, summarizing one’s personal knowledge, checking any prior beliefs or feelings, summarizing the available choices and then making the decision.
Expert knowledge can be useful in making judgments. But it is not the same thing. “Academics have expert knowledge,” Sir Andrew observes. “They don’t necessarily have judgment.” People with judgment know when they are out of their depth in making a decision and typically then seek the advice of someone who has the right background and knowledge. “While good judgment is important to success,” Sir Andrew cautions, “success is not a signal that there has been good judgment.”
The degree of judgment required tends to increase as people take on more responsibility. Those with routine tasks generally have limited scope for judgment. Line supervisors have some discretion (自行决定权). For a chief executive, the proportion of decisions involving judgment is high. Deciding not to take action is also a judgment with potentially serious consequences (for example, “I won’t get vaccinated” or “I won’t pay my bills”). The world is full of people whose lack of judgment brought their careers or personal life crashing down. Many made the common mistake of assuming everything was fine.
As artificial intelligence gets used for more and more routine tasks in the service sector, exercising judgment may be one area where humans retain an edge over machines. This is far from certain, however. With enough practice, machines may be able to recognize these implicit cues and thus display the equivalent of good judgment. But then, perhaps humans can be taught, too. In the long run, one of the trickiest aspects of human judgment may be knowing precisely when to let machines take decisions and when to leave it to people.
1．What’s Sir Andrew’s definition of judgement
2．Why does Andrew say that expert knowledge is not the same as making judgements
3．Please decide which part of the following statement is false, then underline it and explain why.
Good judgement is important to success and a successful person definitely has good judgement.
Please list a factor except “judgement” that can lead to success and explain why. (about 40 words)
参考答案：
一．1．It may reflect individual preferences and more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences.
2．Facebook users in America are more likely to use profile photos that focus on their faces, while the photos of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users.
3．In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of America.
Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country because the culture of their host country has an influence on their self-presentation online.
4．I think apart from cultural differences, age and one’s working area may affect one’s choice of profile photos on social media.
解析：
本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了我们在社交媒体选择的照片作为自己的头像可能反映了个人偏好，但它们似乎也反映了更根深蒂固的、无意识的文化差异。
1．考查细节理解。根据第一段“According to a study by researchers at the UT Dallas Center, the photos we select may reflect individual preferences, but they also appear to reflect more deeply rooted unconscious cultural differences.(根据德克萨斯大学达拉斯中心研究人员的一项研究，我们选择的照片可能反映了个人偏好，但它们似乎也反映了更根深蒂固的、无意识的文化差异。)”可知，在线个人资料照片会反映出个人偏好和更加根深蒂固，无意识的文化差异。故答案为It may reflect individual preferences and more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences。
2．考查细节理解。根据第二段“Overall, they found that profile photos of Americans are more likely to focus on the individual’s face, while the profiles of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more backgroundfeatures. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users.(总的来说，他们发现美国人的头像照片更倾向于关注个人的面部，而东亚人的头像往往不太强调面部，包含更多的背景特征。与东亚脸书用户相比，美国人的微笑程度也更高。)”可知，Facebook用户在美国的档案照片更有可能关注他们的脸，而东亚人的照片往往不太强调面部，包括更多的背景特征。与东亚脸书用户相比，美国人的微笑程度也更高。故答案为Facebook users in America are more likely to use profile photos that focus on their faces, while the photos of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users。
3．考查细节理解。根据第五段“The research also found that cultural influences over our self-presentation online can shift over time and from place to place. In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan and Japanese studying in the United States both showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country.(研究还发现，文化对我们在线自我表达的影响会随着时间和地点的变化而变化。在其中一个研究样本中，在日本留学的美国人和在美国留学的日本人都倾向于根据所在国的总体喜好来调整自己的头像。)”可知，在日本留学的美国人倾向于根据所在国的总体喜好来调整个人资料照片，因为所在国的文化会影响他们在网上的自我表现。故答案为In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of America.
Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country because the culture of their host country has an influence on their self-presentation online。
开放性题目。我认为除了文化差异之外，年龄和一个人的工作领域可能会影响一个人在社交媒体上选择个人资料照片。故答案为I think apart from cultural differences, age and one’s working area may affect one’s choice of profile photos on social media。
二、1．Online networking makes short, superficial connections, which is not helpful in real life.
2． They suggested that teens should spend more time with others in real life.
3．Hearing and understanding what a person is saying is necessarily involved in communication, so people get less from nonverbal expressions.
According to the text"And much of our communication is nonverbal anyway. Facial expressions, gestures, and vocal tones are just a few examples. Teens need to have face-to-face interactions so they can learn to read these nonverbal cues(暗示), which are sometimes even more important than the words a person is saying." , we know that the nonverbal expressions are more imprtant than the words.
First of all, we should know ourselves well, such as the talent and hobbies. Then, we should take part in some relevant activities which are suitable for us. And from these experience, we can make friends and improve our ability to face-to-face communication.
解析：
这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了线下人与人之间面对面的交流对于青少年的重要性。
1．考查细节理解。根据第一段中“Online networking, which is very popular with teens today, makes short, superficial connections. ”可知，如今，网络社交在青少年中非常流行，它只建立了短暂而肤浅的联系。故答案为Online networking makes short, superficial connections, which is not helpful in real life.
2．考查细节理解。根据第二段中“So, they suggested that teens should spend more time with others in real life. ”可知，因此，他们建议青少年应该花更多的时间在现实生活中与他人相处。故答案为They suggested that teens should spend more time with others in real life.
3．考查推理判断。根据第四段中“And much of our communication is nonverbal anyway. Facial expressions, gestures, and vocal tones are just a few examples. Teens need to have face-to-face interactions so they can learn to read these nonverbal cues(暗示), which are sometimes even more important than the words a person is saying.”可知，我们的很多交流都是非语言的，比如面部表情、手势和语调。青少年需要面对面的交流,这样他们就可以学习阅读这些非语言的暗示(暗示),有时甚至比这个人说的话更重要。故答案为Hearing and understanding what a person is saying is necessarily involved in communication, so people get less from nonverbal expressions.According to the text"And much of our communication is nonverbal anyway. Facial expressions, gestures, and vocal tones are just a few examples. Teens need to have face-to-face interactions so they can learn to read these nonverbal cues(暗示), which are sometimes even more important than the words a person is saying." , we know that the nonverbal expressions are more imprtant than the words.
4．考查生活常识。本篇文章主要内容讲述了现实生活中面对面的沟通，可以锻炼青少年的各种能力，对将来的就业和生活都有好处。因此从这个角度出发，青少年平时应该增加线下交流的方式，参考方法如下：首先要了解自己擅长和喜欢什么领域，然后多参加相关的活动，多交该领域的朋友，从而锻炼自己的沟通能力。故答案为First of all, we should know ourselves well, such as the talent and hobbies. Then, we should take part in some relevant activities which are suitable for us. And from these experience, we can make friends and improve our ability to face-to-face communication.
三、1．The author's government-sponsored scholarship was withdrawn.
2．The seed finally breaks through the ground and the bamboo grows ninety feet tall in five weeks.
3．To overcome difficulties, we need to trust that things will work out and simply wait patiently for the great ending to come.
(1)According to the passage, to overcome difficulties, we need to do what we are supposed to be doing rather than simply wait patiently for the great ending to come.
(2)To overcome difficulties, we need to trust things will work out, have patience and do what we are supposed to be doing.
4．Sum 2. My life is also full of ups and downs. For example, I was never good at chemistry and failed the mid-exam in senior 1. With patience and determination, I made every effort to turn the tide. It was not a smooth path, but I got an A in the final exam in senior 3.
解析：
这是一篇夹叙夹议文。在大学最后一年作者的政府奖学金被取消了，这让他很生气，但是在读了一篇中国竹农的故事后，作者明白了生活并不是一帆风顺的，通常情况下，做你应该做的事，像中国的竹农一样有耐心，相信事情会解决的，这能帮助你度过最艰难的时刻。
1．考查细节理解。根据第一段第一句“The last thing I wanted to hear when my government-sponsored scholarship was withdrawn during my final year of college was(当我的政府奖学金在大学最后一年被取消时，我最不想听到的就是)”可知，在大学最后一年作者的政府奖学金被取消了。故答案为The author's government-sponsored scholarship was withdrawn.
2．考查细节理解。根据第二段倒第三句和倒第二句“No growth is seen until the fourth year, when the seed finally breaks through the ground. Then, in the space of just five weeks, it grows ninety feet tall. (直到第四年，种子终于破土而出时，才开始生长。然后，仅仅5个星期，它就长到了90英尺高)”可知，在第四年种子最终破土而出，竹子在5个星期后长到了90英尺高。故答案为The seed finally breaks through the ground and the bamboo grows ninety feet tall in five weeks.。
3．考查推理判断。根据最后一段最后一句“Just doing what you are supposed to be doing, having patience like the Chinese bamboo farmer, and trusting that things will work out for you can help you get through the toughest times. (做你应该做的事，像中国的竹农一样有耐心，相信事情会解决的，这能帮助你度过最艰难的时刻)”可知，并不是只要耐心地等待就好了，还要做你应该做的事，耐心等待，相信事情会解决的。所以“simply wait patiently for the great ending to come”处错误，答案为(1)According to the passage, to overcome difficulties, we need to do what we are supposed to be doing rather than simply wait patiently for the great ending to come. (2)To overcome difficulties, we need to trust things will work out, have patience and do what we are supposed to be doing.
4．考查开放性回答。根据最后一段最后一句“Just doing what you are supposed to be doing, having patience like the Chinese bamboo farmer, and trusting that things will work out for you can help you get through the toughest times. (做你应该做的事，像中国的竹农一样有耐心，相信事情会解决的，这能帮助你度过最艰难的时刻)”可知，生活不是一蹴而就，而是通过一点一点的努力，耐心的等待和坚定的信念来达到目标，所以答案最好是回答你的生活像Sum 2一样，并按照最后一段最后一句来解释原因，可以通过举出生活中的具体例子来体现。故答案为Sum 2. My life is also full of ups and downs. For example, I was never good at chemistry and failed the mid-exam in senior 1. With patience and determination, I made every effort to turn the tide. It was not a smooth path, but I got an A in the final exam in senior 3.
四、1．The sharing industry is an economic network that allows people to share resources, either free or for a fee.
2．Because it offers environmentally-friendly means of transportation to people in cities.
3．Shared services are getting increasingly popular for their convenience, but there are still calls for expansion to wider areas because they are currently restricted to machines.
According to the passage, presently shared services include not only machines but also smaller, less heavy items, such as ties and umbrellas.
4．(1) Sharing books is a good type of shared services. People can share and read the books they like without pay or with only a little money, so that they will improve their knowledge and enrich their life. Thus I think it is well worth spreading.
(2) Sharing platforms is a good type of shared services. For example, resources can be shared there. Another example is that in a community, old people can learn how to use computers and smartphones with the help of it. Thus I think it is well worth spreading.
解析：
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了共享服务的理念及发展，指出共享服务需要更多的想象力，人们正在呼吁将共享服务扩展到越来越多的地区。
1．考查细节理解。根据第一段最后一句“The sharing industry is an emerging, highly flexible economic network that allows people to share resources, either free or for a fee. (共享产业是一个新兴的、高度灵活的经济网络，允许人们免费或收费共享资源)”可知，共享产业是一个经济网络，允许人们免费或收费共享资源。故答案为The sharing industry is an economic network that allows people to share resources, either free or for a fee.
2．考查细节理解。根据第三段第二句“This kind of transportation is so environmentally-friendly that it is increasingly popular among people in many cities. (这种交通工具非常环保，在很多城市越来越受欢迎)”可知，因为它为城市里的人们提供了环保的交通工具，所以共享交通受到人们的关注。故答案为Because it offers environmentally-friendly means of transportation to people in cities.
3．考查推理判断。根据第四段第二句“The real pay-off in shared services probably lies in renting out smaller, less heavy items. (共享服务的真正回报可能在于出租较小、较轻的物品)”，第四句“So some companies would let you pick up a tie when you needed it and only when you needed it. (因此，一些公司会让你在需要的时候挑选领带，而且只在你需要的时候)”和第五句“Another example is an umbrella-sharing service. (另一个例子是雨伞共享服务)”可知，共享服务并不仅仅是局限于机器，因为现在的共享服务不仅包括机器，还包括较小、较轻的物品，如领带和雨伞。所以“because they are currently restricted to machines”处错误，应在此处画下划线，原因是现在的共享服务不仅包括机器，还包括较小、较轻的物品，如领带和雨伞。故答案为According to the passage, presently shared services include not only machines but also smaller, less heavy items, such as ties and umbrellas.
4．考查开放性回答。答题时应先举出文中没有提到的一个共享服务的例子，再解释原因。参考答案为(1) Sharing books is a good type of shared services. People can share and read the books they like without pay or with only a little money, so that they will improve their knowledge and enrich their life. Thus I think it is well worth spreading.
(2) Sharing platforms is a good type of shared services. For example, resources can be shared there. Another example is that in a community, old people can learn how to use computers and smartphones with the help of it. Thus I think it is well worth spreading.
五、1．He defines judgment as the combination of personal qualities with relevant knowledge and experience to form opinions and take decisions.
2．Because some people may have expert knowledge, but they don’t necessarily have judgment.
3．Good judgement is important to success and a successful person definitely has good judgement.
According to the passage, success is not a signal that there has been good judgment.
略
解析：
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了判断对于成功的重要性。
1．考查细节理解。根据第一段“Sir Andrew Likierman of the London Business School suggests that judgment is “the combination of personal qualities with relevant knowledge and experience to form opinions and take decisions”.（伦敦商学院的Andrew Likierman爵士认为，判断力是“个人素质与相关知识和经验的结合，以形成意见和作出决定”。）”可知，安德鲁爵士对判断的定义是他将判断定义为个人素质与相关知识和经验的结合，以形成意见和作出决定。故答案为He defines judgment as the combination of personal qualities with relevant knowledge and experience to form opinions and take decisions.
2．考查细节理解。根据第二段““Academics have expert knowledge,” Sir Andrew observes. “They don’t necessarily have judgment.”（“学者拥有专业知识，”安德鲁爵士说。“他们不一定有判断力。”）”可知，安德鲁说专业知识和判断是不一样的是因为有些人可能有专业知识，但他们不一定有判断力。故答案为Because some people may have expert knowledge, but they don’t necessarily have judgment.
3．考查细节理解。根据第二段““While good judgment is important to success,” Sir Andrew cautions, “success is not a signal that there has been good judgment.”（“虽然良好的判断力对成功很重要，”安德鲁爵士警告说，“成功不是一个有良好判断力的信号。”）”可知，成功不是有良好判断的信号。故答案为Good judgement is important to success and a successful person definitely has good judgement.
According to the passage, success is not a signal that there has been good judgment.
4．开放题。列出除“判断”之外的一个能导致成功的因素，并解释原因。例如态度，性格，情商等，言之有理即可。