阅读填空题指导
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文档简介
阅读填空题指导
考纲解读
能力测试要求为
1．对所提供文章中关键信息的正确判断和采集。
2．适当的句型转换。
3．正确地使用英语解释英语。
4．原文细节信息的正确理解。
5．主旨大意的归纳。
阅读填空题的答题原则
在阅读填空题的答题过程中，需注意五个原则：
1．简洁性原则：要压缩整合信息，尽量用最少的词来表达最重要的最关键的信息，保证每空不得超过3个单词。
2．语法形式一致性原则：可以参照前后左右所给出的其他信息表达形式从而确定需要表达的形式。但要注意横纵栏目内的表达形式在语法上要一致，例如，要么都是形容词短语，要么都是名词短语，要么都是动词的 ing形式等。
3．概括针对性原则：概括词在最大限度上覆盖行和列的信息。
4．信息一致性原则：横纵栏目内的表达信息要一致。
5．忠于原文原则：答案不唯一，但要忠于原文，即如果能够在原文中找到相关信息表达要点，那么就不宜采用其他同义或近义词来表达该信息词。
阅读填空题解题步骤
1. 浏览全文,领略大意.快速理顺每段(层) 的总结句, 即层次要点 .并归纳话题或标题或主旨
2.研读表格,了解要求 .理顺小标题与细节之间的关系, 即细节对总结句的支撑关系 :
3.搜索和分析整理信息, 规范答题
4.通读全文, 检查核对
题型探究
探究考点一 直接信息题
所谓直接信息题，即能直接从文章中找到答题信息句，且能直接套用文中信息句中的某个原词或词组而不需改变其词性，甚至不需改变其词形。
①What comes first is to keep an open mind, because everyone’s ideas deserve consideration and each group member can make his or her own contribution.
→ “Keep an open mind to ________”．
②A format for exchanging information (e.g. photocopies of notes, oral discussion, etc.)is also important, for a well chosen method not only strengthens what you present but also makes yourself easily understood.
③Poor service.
“It’s part of the image of the place.” says professor Tony Seaton
→ _____________is part of the image of London.
④Still in the number one complaint.
No air-conditioning. So that even splendid summers becomes as unbearable as the downpours.
→Hot summers are as ___________ as downpours.
探究考点二 归纳概括题
一、归纳概括题的种类
1．标题归纳题：根据“文章主旨句大多出现在三个位置：文章首段，一段末二段首转折后信息，文章末段”的特点，可有意识地从上述三个位置找到文章主题句，再加以准确概括，确定语篇标题。此外，常用于概括文章标题的词有：development, history, introduction, study, research, experiment, information, future。需注意的是，阅读填空题的标题表达常以(动)名词词组形式为主。
2．段落归纳题：段落归纳概括题常位于表格的左栏，能最大限度覆盖相应行、列或单元格的全部信息，常为名词、名词词组或动(名)词词组。例如下列短文设表格如下：
Activities like investigations are most effective when done by small groups. Here are some more suggestions for effective team performance during these activities: Make sure each group member understands and agrees to the task given to him or her, and everyone knows exactly when, why and what to do; take turns doing various tasks during similar and repeated activities; be aware of where other group members are and what they are doing so as to ensure safety; be responsible for your own learning, though it is by no means unwise to compare your observations with those of other group members.
二、归纳概括词的判断与选用
注意：在实际做题时要根据表格的要求作出合适的改变，如名词的单复数，首字母的大小写等。
2．判定归纳概括词的方法
(1)根据段落主题句的关键词判定概括词。
① Volunteering does much good to a volunteer. For example, volunteering offers you chance to develop ability, skill and personal strengths. As part of a volunteer group, you get first hand exposure to use and learn communication and teamwork dynamics.
②“Volunteering is required to promote human rights and equality, and respected the rights, dignity(尊严)and culture of others as well.
(2)根据文中信息词判定概括词。例如，根据how判断用ways, tips, methods，solutions, etc.；根据why, because, result in, lead to, be caused by等判断用reasons, causes；根据in short, all in all判断用summary；根据refer to, be, be called判断用definition；根据therefore, thus, so, as a result判断用result, conclusion；根据find, discover判断用findings。例如：
③ Then, how to solve the problem To a large degree, it is the fashion producers that really have the power and the responsibility to shape our future. There are numerous ways in which these producers can reduce their ecological footprint, from switching to green energy and reducing energy use, through selecting sustainable(可持续使用的)materials and choosing local suppliers, to recycle and minimize waste. On the other hand, as consumers we can all make contributions by selecting environmentally friendly clothing and reducing clothing consumption.
探究考点三 信息组织题
所谓组织信息题，即能从文中找到信息句，但需转换原词的词性或另用新词填空。
1．be responsible for your own learning, though it is by no means unwise to compare your observations with those of other group members
Take ___________________ for one’s own learning.”
2. to protect the environment 名词结构_______________________________
3. Boys, for whom guns hold a great interest,….
→boys are___________________ guns
4.One likely development will be a gradual change in the family unit.
→_______________________
5.The other likely development will be a change in the proportion of the nation’s workforce. →___________________________
6.Parking is usually free, and the weather inside is always fine.
→_____________and fine weather
7.the first big harvest → __________________________
8.Aimed at entering Massachusetts Institute of Technology, many students study very hard. → ______________, many students work diligently.
9.The surprisingly overcrowded tube crossing the centre of the city is another problem.
→Another problem is ____________________________.(within 3 words)
10.The woman who had got the first-hand information of this crime was an excellent police officer working far in the neighboring state.(抓中心词)
→ The woman was _______________________(within 3 words).
11.Pop music.
Britain is the only country to match the US on this score.
→ Pop music in Britain is almost ________________ that in the US.
12.Black cabs.
London taxi drivers know where they are going even if there are never enough of them at weekends or night
→London’s taxi drivers are very _______________ with London. Therefore they won’t lose their way even at night.
语篇巩固练习
（2011湖南卷）
A person searches various websites for different reasons, such as school, work, or entertainment. For teenagers, many information resources on the Internet can be used. As a matter of fact, there are educational, music and art websites that are truly helpful to teenagers, because they can help make one’s life easier.
Educational websites are helpful to a teenager in doing school work and searching for a college. Some can help studying for testes, explaining a lesson , and doing homework .Some can help find the right school based on one’s interests. And still others have pages devoted to the social life at each colleges or the species activities that at a certain school.
Some free music sites enable a teenager to diversify their musical tastes. On these sites, all types of music are available such as pop, jazz and country．One can type in a song, category or artist and his or her entire catalog appears. Then, the listener can make multiple play lists without creating an account(账户) with the site.
There various art web, sites that can help students to appreciate and create art pieces. On these sites, a student can view numerous photos and art pieces from different. Mediums or create an account with the website to upload their art pieces for people to see. In addition, one can enjoy various art people have created on display for the rest of the world.
Truly informative resources offered on the Internet. The best suggestion one can receive is to try to look for new websites that can help in the educational, music, or art area so one can become well-rounded and informed.
Truly Helpful Websites for Teenagers Many 71 are available on various websites. I. Educational sites: helping one 72 and search for a college Study for tests, explain a lesson , and do homework Find the right school that one 73 Learn information about college social life and 74 II. Free music sites: 75 to diversify musical tastes Listen to all types of music Type in a song, category, or artist to get an entire catalog Make multiple playlists 76 III. 77 : helping one appreciate and create works View photos and works from mediums 78 for others to see 79 on display Helpful websites can make teenagers 80
（2012湖南卷）
Since the earliest civilizations, people have controlled rivers to meet society's demands. Today, rivers are controlled for many reasons, primarily to maintain reliable water supplies for daily, agricultural and industrial needs, for power generation, for navigation (航行), and to prevent flooding.
River control is achieved by channelization, a term that covers a range of river engineering works, including widening, deepening, straightening and stabilization of banks, and by the construction of dams.
An important period of channelization took place in Europe during the l9'th century, when many large rivers were straightened and their beds deepened. One of the most dramatically changed was the Tisza River, a branch of the Danube that flows through Hungary. The controlling of the Tisza, designed to reduce flooding and make land for agriculture, included cutting off more than 100 meanders (河曲), shortening the river's length by nearly 400 kilometers.
One of the most common ways in which people control rivers is by damming them. The past 50 years or so has seen an increase in dam construction worldwide, and at the beginning of the 21st century, there were about 800,000 dams globally, some towering more than 200 meters in height.
Despite their successes, many dams also cause significant environmental changes that prove harmful. Some particularly deep reservoirs (水库) can bring about earthquakes due to the stress on their bottom rocks caused by huge volumes of water. Downstream of a reservoir, the river is certainly influenced in many ways: water volume, speed and quality are all affected, leading to changes in the landscape and among plants and animals.
解题步骤及注意事项
1.略读—快速浏览抓住中心大意及每段大意有意识地在细节处和关键处做标记
2.浏览表格格式 —理清短文结构和信息分布
3.分析填表找读要求
1）带着问题找读
2）细读—分析整合信息， 准确表达
3）归纳概括—高度概括， 严谨表达
4）复查（大小写,单词数量，书写规范，拼写错误,答案是否对称等）
阅读填空常用词汇
Age 年龄 Type 型，类型
Place 地点 Advantage 优势，好处，有利
Character 人物 Disadvantage 劣势，不利
Time 时间 Example 例子
Sex 性别 Comment 评价
Characterisitic/feature 特征 Name 名字
Date 日期 Place 地方
Date of birth 出生日期 Male 男性
Place of birth 出生地 Female 女性
Nationality 国籍 Size 尺寸，大小
Address 地址 Area 面积
Speed 速度 Requirement 要求
Distance 距离 Content 内容
Event 事件 Use 用途
Destination 目的地 Activity 活动
Location 位置 Attitude 态度
Function 功能，作用 Opinion 观点
Fact 事实 Advice/Tip/Suggestion 建议
Factor 因素 Analysis 分析
Problem 问题 Condition 条件
Solution 解决办法 Achievement 成就，成绩
Measure 措施 Point/Viewpoint 论点，观点
Way/Means/Method 方式，方法 Color 颜色
Reason 原因 Benefit 利益，好处
Result 结果 Shape 形状，模样
Cause 起因 Conclusion 结论
Effect 影响 Similarity 相似之处
Arrangement 安排 Difference 差异，差别
Agreement 协议 Origin 起源，来源，出身
Disagreement 分歧 Number 数字
Phenomenon 现象 Topic 话题，主题
Percentage 百分率 Form 形式
Rate 比率 Consequence 结果，后果，影响
Aim/Purpose 目的 Profession/Occupation 职业
Goal/Target 目标 Influence 影响
Weather 天气 Major 专业
Temperature 温度 Degree 学位，程度
Climate 气候 Dos 允许做的事
Step 步骤 Don’ts 不允许做的事
Procedure 过程，步骤 Experience 经历
Kind 种，种类 Hope/Wish 希望
Title:
__71_
_72
ways
__79__:
·achievements:800,00 dams built
·problems: causing harmful changes to__80__
to stop rivers from __75__
channelization:
·engineering works:
·widening,__76__and straightening rivers
·__77__river banks
·an example: the _78_of the Tisza by nearly 400 km
to _73_ adequate water for:
daily life, __74__ and industry
power generation
navigation
考纲解读
能力测试要求为
1．对所提供文章中关键信息的正确判断和采集。
2．适当的句型转换。
3．正确地使用英语解释英语。
4．原文细节信息的正确理解。
5．主旨大意的归纳。
阅读填空题的答题原则
在阅读填空题的答题过程中，需注意五个原则：
1．简洁性原则：要压缩整合信息，尽量用最少的词来表达最重要的最关键的信息，保证每空不得超过3个单词。
2．语法形式一致性原则：可以参照前后左右所给出的其他信息表达形式从而确定需要表达的形式。但要注意横纵栏目内的表达形式在语法上要一致，例如，要么都是形容词短语，要么都是名词短语，要么都是动词的 ing形式等。
3．概括针对性原则：概括词在最大限度上覆盖行和列的信息。
4．信息一致性原则：横纵栏目内的表达信息要一致。
5．忠于原文原则：答案不唯一，但要忠于原文，即如果能够在原文中找到相关信息表达要点，那么就不宜采用其他同义或近义词来表达该信息词。
阅读填空题解题步骤
1. 浏览全文,领略大意.快速理顺每段(层) 的总结句, 即层次要点 .并归纳话题或标题或主旨
2.研读表格,了解要求 .理顺小标题与细节之间的关系, 即细节对总结句的支撑关系 :
3.搜索和分析整理信息, 规范答题
4.通读全文, 检查核对
题型探究
探究考点一 直接信息题
所谓直接信息题，即能直接从文章中找到答题信息句，且能直接套用文中信息句中的某个原词或词组而不需改变其词性，甚至不需改变其词形。
①What comes first is to keep an open mind, because everyone’s ideas deserve consideration and each group member can make his or her own contribution.
→ “Keep an open mind to ________”．
②A format for exchanging information (e.g. photocopies of notes, oral discussion, etc.)is also important, for a well chosen method not only strengthens what you present but also makes yourself easily understood.
③Poor service.
“It’s part of the image of the place.” says professor Tony Seaton
→ _____________is part of the image of London.
④Still in the number one complaint.
No air-conditioning. So that even splendid summers becomes as unbearable as the downpours.
→Hot summers are as ___________ as downpours.
探究考点二 归纳概括题
一、归纳概括题的种类
1．标题归纳题：根据“文章主旨句大多出现在三个位置：文章首段，一段末二段首转折后信息，文章末段”的特点，可有意识地从上述三个位置找到文章主题句，再加以准确概括，确定语篇标题。此外，常用于概括文章标题的词有：development, history, introduction, study, research, experiment, information, future。需注意的是，阅读填空题的标题表达常以(动)名词词组形式为主。
2．段落归纳题：段落归纳概括题常位于表格的左栏，能最大限度覆盖相应行、列或单元格的全部信息，常为名词、名词词组或动(名)词词组。例如下列短文设表格如下：
Activities like investigations are most effective when done by small groups. Here are some more suggestions for effective team performance during these activities: Make sure each group member understands and agrees to the task given to him or her, and everyone knows exactly when, why and what to do; take turns doing various tasks during similar and repeated activities; be aware of where other group members are and what they are doing so as to ensure safety; be responsible for your own learning, though it is by no means unwise to compare your observations with those of other group members.
二、归纳概括词的判断与选用
注意：在实际做题时要根据表格的要求作出合适的改变，如名词的单复数，首字母的大小写等。
2．判定归纳概括词的方法
(1)根据段落主题句的关键词判定概括词。
① Volunteering does much good to a volunteer. For example, volunteering offers you chance to develop ability, skill and personal strengths. As part of a volunteer group, you get first hand exposure to use and learn communication and teamwork dynamics.
②“Volunteering is required to promote human rights and equality, and respected the rights, dignity(尊严)and culture of others as well.
(2)根据文中信息词判定概括词。例如，根据how判断用ways, tips, methods，solutions, etc.；根据why, because, result in, lead to, be caused by等判断用reasons, causes；根据in short, all in all判断用summary；根据refer to, be, be called判断用definition；根据therefore, thus, so, as a result判断用result, conclusion；根据find, discover判断用findings。例如：
③ Then, how to solve the problem To a large degree, it is the fashion producers that really have the power and the responsibility to shape our future. There are numerous ways in which these producers can reduce their ecological footprint, from switching to green energy and reducing energy use, through selecting sustainable(可持续使用的)materials and choosing local suppliers, to recycle and minimize waste. On the other hand, as consumers we can all make contributions by selecting environmentally friendly clothing and reducing clothing consumption.
探究考点三 信息组织题
所谓组织信息题，即能从文中找到信息句，但需转换原词的词性或另用新词填空。
1．be responsible for your own learning, though it is by no means unwise to compare your observations with those of other group members
Take ___________________ for one’s own learning.”
2. to protect the environment 名词结构_______________________________
3. Boys, for whom guns hold a great interest,….
→boys are___________________ guns
4.One likely development will be a gradual change in the family unit.
→_______________________
5.The other likely development will be a change in the proportion of the nation’s workforce. →___________________________
6.Parking is usually free, and the weather inside is always fine.
→_____________and fine weather
7.the first big harvest → __________________________
8.Aimed at entering Massachusetts Institute of Technology, many students study very hard. → ______________, many students work diligently.
9.The surprisingly overcrowded tube crossing the centre of the city is another problem.
→Another problem is ____________________________.(within 3 words)
10.The woman who had got the first-hand information of this crime was an excellent police officer working far in the neighboring state.(抓中心词)
→ The woman was _______________________(within 3 words).
11.Pop music.
Britain is the only country to match the US on this score.
→ Pop music in Britain is almost ________________ that in the US.
12.Black cabs.
London taxi drivers know where they are going even if there are never enough of them at weekends or night
→London’s taxi drivers are very _______________ with London. Therefore they won’t lose their way even at night.
语篇巩固练习
（2011湖南卷）
A person searches various websites for different reasons, such as school, work, or entertainment. For teenagers, many information resources on the Internet can be used. As a matter of fact, there are educational, music and art websites that are truly helpful to teenagers, because they can help make one’s life easier.
Educational websites are helpful to a teenager in doing school work and searching for a college. Some can help studying for testes, explaining a lesson , and doing homework .Some can help find the right school based on one’s interests. And still others have pages devoted to the social life at each colleges or the species activities that at a certain school.
Some free music sites enable a teenager to diversify their musical tastes. On these sites, all types of music are available such as pop, jazz and country．One can type in a song, category or artist and his or her entire catalog appears. Then, the listener can make multiple play lists without creating an account(账户) with the site.
There various art web, sites that can help students to appreciate and create art pieces. On these sites, a student can view numerous photos and art pieces from different. Mediums or create an account with the website to upload their art pieces for people to see. In addition, one can enjoy various art people have created on display for the rest of the world.
Truly informative resources offered on the Internet. The best suggestion one can receive is to try to look for new websites that can help in the educational, music, or art area so one can become well-rounded and informed.
Truly Helpful Websites for Teenagers Many 71 are available on various websites. I. Educational sites: helping one 72 and search for a college Study for tests, explain a lesson , and do homework Find the right school that one 73 Learn information about college social life and 74 II. Free music sites: 75 to diversify musical tastes Listen to all types of music Type in a song, category, or artist to get an entire catalog Make multiple playlists 76 III. 77 : helping one appreciate and create works View photos and works from mediums 78 for others to see 79 on display Helpful websites can make teenagers 80
（2012湖南卷）
Since the earliest civilizations, people have controlled rivers to meet society's demands. Today, rivers are controlled for many reasons, primarily to maintain reliable water supplies for daily, agricultural and industrial needs, for power generation, for navigation (航行), and to prevent flooding.
River control is achieved by channelization, a term that covers a range of river engineering works, including widening, deepening, straightening and stabilization of banks, and by the construction of dams.
An important period of channelization took place in Europe during the l9'th century, when many large rivers were straightened and their beds deepened. One of the most dramatically changed was the Tisza River, a branch of the Danube that flows through Hungary. The controlling of the Tisza, designed to reduce flooding and make land for agriculture, included cutting off more than 100 meanders (河曲), shortening the river's length by nearly 400 kilometers.
One of the most common ways in which people control rivers is by damming them. The past 50 years or so has seen an increase in dam construction worldwide, and at the beginning of the 21st century, there were about 800,000 dams globally, some towering more than 200 meters in height.
Despite their successes, many dams also cause significant environmental changes that prove harmful. Some particularly deep reservoirs (水库) can bring about earthquakes due to the stress on their bottom rocks caused by huge volumes of water. Downstream of a reservoir, the river is certainly influenced in many ways: water volume, speed and quality are all affected, leading to changes in the landscape and among plants and animals.
解题步骤及注意事项
1.略读—快速浏览抓住中心大意及每段大意有意识地在细节处和关键处做标记
2.浏览表格格式 —理清短文结构和信息分布
3.分析填表找读要求
1）带着问题找读
2）细读—分析整合信息， 准确表达
3）归纳概括—高度概括， 严谨表达
4）复查（大小写,单词数量，书写规范，拼写错误,答案是否对称等）
阅读填空常用词汇
Age 年龄 Type 型，类型
Place 地点 Advantage 优势，好处，有利
Character 人物 Disadvantage 劣势，不利
Time 时间 Example 例子
Sex 性别 Comment 评价
Characterisitic/feature 特征 Name 名字
Date 日期 Place 地方
Date of birth 出生日期 Male 男性
Place of birth 出生地 Female 女性
Nationality 国籍 Size 尺寸，大小
Address 地址 Area 面积
Speed 速度 Requirement 要求
Distance 距离 Content 内容
Event 事件 Use 用途
Destination 目的地 Activity 活动
Location 位置 Attitude 态度
Function 功能，作用 Opinion 观点
Fact 事实 Advice/Tip/Suggestion 建议
Factor 因素 Analysis 分析
Problem 问题 Condition 条件
Solution 解决办法 Achievement 成就，成绩
Measure 措施 Point/Viewpoint 论点，观点
Way/Means/Method 方式，方法 Color 颜色
Reason 原因 Benefit 利益，好处
Result 结果 Shape 形状，模样
Cause 起因 Conclusion 结论
Effect 影响 Similarity 相似之处
Arrangement 安排 Difference 差异，差别
Agreement 协议 Origin 起源，来源，出身
Disagreement 分歧 Number 数字
Phenomenon 现象 Topic 话题，主题
Percentage 百分率 Form 形式
Rate 比率 Consequence 结果，后果，影响
Aim/Purpose 目的 Profession/Occupation 职业
Goal/Target 目标 Influence 影响
Weather 天气 Major 专业
Temperature 温度 Degree 学位，程度
Climate 气候 Dos 允许做的事
Step 步骤 Don’ts 不允许做的事
Procedure 过程，步骤 Experience 经历
Kind 种，种类 Hope/Wish 希望
Title:
__71_
_72
ways
__79__:
·achievements:800,00 dams built
·problems: causing harmful changes to__80__
to stop rivers from __75__
channelization:
·engineering works:
·widening,__76__and straightening rivers
·__77__river banks
·an example: the _78_of the Tisza by nearly 400 km
to _73_ adequate water for:
daily life, __74__ and industry
power generation
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