高考英语阅读理解分类突破：说明文类（含答案）
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| 名称 | 高考英语阅读理解分类突破：说明文类（含答案） |  | |
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| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2022-07-14 18:37:48 | ||
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Teaching children to empathize with others measurably improves their creativity, and could potentially lead to several other benefits, new research suggests.
The findings are from a year-long University of Cambridge study with Design and Technology (D&T) year 9 pupils at two London schools. Pupils at School A spent the year following the standard curriculum, while School B's D&. T lessons used a set of engineering design thinking tools to foster students' creativity and empathy in solving real-world problems.
Both sets of pupils were assessed for creativity at the start and end of the school year using the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking: a well-established psychological test.
The results showed a significant increase in creativity among pupils at School B．At the start, the creativity scores of pupils in School A were 11% higher than those at School B．By the end, however, creativity scores from School B were 78% higher.
Pupils from School B again scored higher in categories such as "emotional expressiveness" and "open-mindedness", indicating an improvement in empathy was driving the overall creativity scores.
Meanwhile, the study suggests encouraging empathy can deepen pupils' general engagement with learning. They found that boys in School B showed an improvement in emotional expression, scoring 64% higher at the end of the year than at the start, while girls improved more regarding cognitive empathy, showing 62% more perspective-taking.
The research is part of a long-term cooperation between the Faculty of Education and the Department of Engineering at the University of Cambridge, led by Bill Nicholl and Ian Hosking. "Teaching for empathy has been problematic despite being part of the National Curriculum for over two decades. It's vital if we want education to encourage the designers and engineers of tomorrow." said Nicholl.
1．What was the purpose to introduce engineering design thinking tools in D&T lessons
A．To assess the pupils' creativity accurately.
B．To train pupils to empathize with others in reality.
C．To show the superiority of standard curriculum.
D．To improve pupils' involvement with class activities.
2．How did the researchers get the result
A．By giving out questionnaires. B．By conducting interviews.
C．By doing an experiment. D．By referring to related literature.
3．What can we infer from the study result
A．The creativity of pupils in School B always took the lead.
B．The empathy of pupils in School A promotes their creativity.
C．Teaching for empathy has already achieved a lot due to education reform.
D．Boys and girls differed in their change due to the D&T course.
Lonely You’re hardly alone. Since COVID-19 struck, few teens have been able to spend as much time at school or with friends as they used to. But even before the COVID-19, loneliness was becoming a growing problem for teens. And the trend(趋势) appears throughout industrial nations across the world. That’s the finding of a new study.
In America, the share of lonely teens jumped from 18 percent in 2012 to 37 percent in 2018. Overall, during those years, the share of girls reporting loneliness basically doubled in the countries studied. The increase in boys was somewhat smaller.
The new study connected rising loneliness to a greater use of smartphones and the Internet. Jean Twenge works at San Diego State University. He and his team found that since 2012, U.S. teens have been spending less time together face-to-face. So this increase in loneliness started long before the COVID-19 made such meet-ups unsafe.
“Smartphones can help us connect with friends,” says Twenge. “But they can also make us feel excluded(受排挤的).” Girls, especially, may feel this way. One reason may be that they post more photos than boys. Studies have shown that if those images don’t get many “likes’’, it can affect a teen’s mental health. And then there’s “phubbing”(低头族). It’s that moment in which a friend or a family member takes out a phone and plays with it, ignoring everybody else.
The new study mainly refers to a survey called the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Some one million teenage students from 37 countries took this survey in 2000, 2003, 2012, 2015 and 2018. Its questions mostly dealt with education. But they also included six statements about loneliness, such as, “I feel awkward and out of place in my school.” The good news: Even in 2018, most teens around the world still felt liked and included at school. But the fact that so many were reporting loneliness is a worrisome trend.
4．What’s a finding of the new study
A．People struggle with COVID-19. B．More girls than boys suffer loneliness.
C．Teens are eager to connect with friends. D．There are more girls than boys in the U.S.
5．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about
A．What leads to friends’ ignorance. B．What benefits girls’ mental health.
C．How smartphones lead to loneliness. D．How smartphones help teens communicate.
6．What can we infer about PISA mentioned in the last paragraph
A．It explains the problems teens face. B．It is the reference(参考) of the new study.
C．It lists the statements about loneliness. D．Its result brings us much concern about teens.
7．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A．A Growing Number of Teens Feel Lonely. B．Loneliness Contributes to Failure at School.
C．COVID-19 Greatly Affects American Teens. D．A New Study Shows Teens’ Life on the Internet.
The Oscar-nominated movie Soul (《心灵奇旅》) deals with passion, purpose and the meaning of life — topics that aren’t usually seen in animated films.
The movie centers on Joe, a middle school band teacher who feels unsatisfied because his dream is to be a full-time jazz musician. On the day he finished the biggest concert of his career, Joe nearly dies — but then gets the chance to return to his body if he can find out the purpose of his life.
Pete Docter, who co-wrote and co-directed the film with Kemp Powers, says the film was inspired by the emotional disorder he experienced after writing and directing Inside Out (《头脑特工队》). “Having so much success in Inside Out, I found myself wondering: Why didn’t it bring me a sense of satisfaction Why couldn’t the success fix everything in my life ” Director Pete Docter says.
Soul has created success of its own. The film won the Golden Globe Award for best animated film, and is named for three Academy Awards. But Kemp Powers, who’s also up for an Oscar for his film for One Night in Miami, says Soul is actually meant to challenge traditional ideas of success and failure. “We were trying to help not just Joe, but the whole audience, understand that it’s not about winners or losers and that everyone’s life has value,” Powers says. “That was really a powerful driving force from the very beginning.”
Docter says the film’s message is that life has meaning that goes beyond personal ambition. “The movie’s aim is really to say that we’re already enough,” he says. “We all can walk out of the door and enjoy life without needing to achieve or prove anything. And that’s really freeing.”
8．In what way is Soul different from many other animated films
A．It is based on imagination rather than reality. B．It is the only Oscar-nominated animated film.
C．It is about a man who dreams to be a musician. D．Its topics are not usually found in animated films.
9．Why did Pete Docter make the film Soul
A．Because he wanted to create another award-winning film.
B．Because he noticed success couldn’t solve all problems.
C．Because his friend experienced an emotional disorder.
D．Because he was inspired by his former film Inside Out.
10．What does Soul intend to tell us
A．Life in itself is meaningful. B．Not everyone’s life is valuable.
C．Success can bring us happiness. D．Personal ambition is above all else.
11．Where is the article probably taken from
A．A magazine. B．A writing guide. C．A tour brochure. D．A science textbook.
If you thought running was just great for the body, then think again. Scientists have found that the sport not only keeps people fit but also improves your brain power (脑力).
The research found that people who keep fit are more likely to have larger brains, better memories and clearer thinking. They also found that unfit people tended to have smaller brains and reduced cognitive skills. The findings add to a growing body of evidence which links exercise with helping protect the brain against ageing (老化) and also helping it replace dying cells (死细胞). This might reduce the risk of many illnesses and diseases such as Alzheimer’s.
One research paper within its latest issue sees scientists at Kentucky University putting 30 adults aged 59-69 on a treadmill (跑步机). Their heart and lung capacity was measured and an MRI scanner was used to assess the blood flow to their brains. Those who were less fit had smaller brains compared to the fitter volunteers who had larger brains. Scientists in Germany followed 21 adults aged between 60-77. As they went through a three-month fitness program, they saw improvements in their memory.
Researchers are not yet sure why exercise helps to protect brain cells but some research in mice has produced results. Mice, examined at the National Institute on Ageing, in Baltimore, found that cells in the hippocampus (海马体), an area of the brain used for memory, were actively reproducing while their fatter peers were in decline.
Linda Clare, professor of clinical psychology of ageing and dementia at Exeter University and a member of the Global Council on Brain Health told The Sunday Times: “Moderate intensity aerobic (有氧的) activity such as walking, cycling or running can produce changes in brain structure and function.”
12．Who tend to have larger brains, better memories and clearer thinking
A．People who are healthy. B．People who are thin.
C．People who are unhealthy. D．People who are fat.
13．What do we learn from the experiment in paragraph 3
A．Those who were less fit had larger brains.
B．Those who were fitter had smaller brains.
C．Exercise helps people improve their memory.
D．Old people doing exercise improve memory better than young people.
14．Accord to Linda Clare, what kind of activity can NOT produce changes in brain structure and function
A．Walking. B．Singing.
C．Cycling. D．Running.
15．What’s the author’s purpose in writing the text
A．To tell you sport improves your brain power.
B．To introduce some good ways to keep healthy.
C．To teach you how to best spend time in doing sports.
D．To introduce several ways to improve your memory.
Human activity has shrunk (缩小) the size of wild animals worldwide, and yet recent research has found many mammals (哺乳动物) living near cities have gradually become larger, both in length and in weight. The findings are unexpected. Spreading urban environments can grow much hotter than natural habitats, and warmer temperatures usually benefit mammals that have a smaller, more energy-saving figure—a principle of biology known as Bergmann’s rule.
As the world grows warmer, scientists have worried that mammals living near cities are going to grow smaller, possibly reducing their fitness and the fitness of their predators (捕食者). Even with climate change that might not happen. As it turns out, there is another factor affecting a mammal’s size that might exceed temperature, and that is food. In and around places with dense populations, where high-calorie human foods are more widely available and predators are fewer and farther in between, new research discovered that most of the mammal species studied appear to be growing in size, not shrinking. According to careful measurements of more than 100 species from North America, gathered from museum collections over the past 80 years, the main reason is not a city’s temperature. Instead, the greatest increases in weight and body length appear to lie among those mammals that live near humans, regardless of how hot their surroundings are.
As climate change grows worse, there is, of course, the possibility that that might change, but at least for now, it seems wolves, deer, bats, and other mammals in North America could be affected more by city populations than city climates.
If we want to protect mammals that exist today for the future, it’s important we know how human civilization is influencing their size, behavior, and well-being. In a rapidly changing world, that knowledge could mean the difference between ongoing life and dying out.
16．Why are the findings unexpected according to Paragraph 1
A．The temperature in cities is hotter than that in nature.
B．Mammals around cities grow against Bergmann’s rule.
C．The animals living in nature become bigger in size.
D．The city temperature makes animals become smaller.
17．What does the underlined word “dense” in Paragraph 2 mean
A．Large. B．Young. C．Working. D．Educated.
18．Which of the following best supports the main idea of the text
A．Human activity has shrunk the size of wild animals.
B．Climate matters most in determining the size of mammals.
C．Mammals become larger with more food near cities.
D．Living in hot surroundings shapes the size of mammals.
19．What will the passage most probably talk about next
A．Human’s impact on the mammals’ development.
B．Different ways to rescue the endangered city animals.
C．How to help mammals adjust to the climate change.
D．What healthy food can be given to city mammals.
In looking through your social media, there’s a good chance you’ve noticed pictures accompanied by texts. The pictures are likely made possible by a text-to-image program called DALL-E. For example, Twitter user posted a tweet with the text, “To be or not to be, rabbi holding avocado, marble sculpture.” Then a matching picture appears below.
The AI models come from Google’s Imagen software as well as OpenAI. a start-up backed by Microsoft. On its website, OpenAI calls DALL-E “a new Al system that can create realistic images and art from a description in natural language.” But most of what’s happening in this area is coming from a relatively small group of people sharing their pictures. That’s because Google and OpenAI have not made the technology broadly available to the public.
The text-to-picture services identify the most important parts of a user’s text and then guess the best way to picture those terms. There’s generally a text box, a button to start the generation process and an area below to display images. To indicate the source. Google and OpenAI add watermarks in the bottom right comer of images from DALL-E and Imagen.
Engineers trained the models on various collections of words and pictures from the web. OpenAI recognizes the potential for harm that could come from a model. To avoid the risk, employees removed violent content from training data, and there are filters（筛选）stopping DALL-E from producing images if users submit（提交）violent or illegal content.
Boris Dayma, a developer from Texas spelled out the problems in an explanation of their software. Despite the risks, Dhariwal, a research scientist at OpenAI, said it could open up creative opportunities for individuals and could help with commercial applications for dressing up websites. Results should continue to improve over time.
参考答案：
1．B
2．C
3．D
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究，研究表明，教会孩子与他人产生共鸣可以显著地提高他们的创造力，并可能带来其他一些好处。
1．
推理判断题。根据第二段中的“while School B’s D&T lessons used a set of engineering design thinking tools to foster students’ creativity and empathy in solving real-world problems.”(而B 学校的D&T课程使用了一套工程设计思维工具来培养学生来解决现实问题的创造力和同情心。)”可知，B学校D&T课程使用了一套工程设计思维工具的目的是培养学生在现实生活中对别人富有同情心。故选B项。
2．
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Both sets of pupils were assessed for creativity at the start and end of the school year using the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking: a well-established psychological test.”(这两组学生在学年开始和结束时都使用Torrance创造性思维测验对创造力进行了评估，该测验是一个公认的心理测验。)”可知，研究人员通过做实验得到结果的。故选C项。
3．
推理判断题。根据第六段中的“They found that boys in School B showed an improvement in emotional expression, scoring 64% higher at the end of the year than at the start, while girls improved more regarding cognitive empathy, showing 62% more perspective-taking.”(他们发现，B学校的男生在情感表达方面有所改善，年末的分数比年初高出64% ，而女生在认知移情方面的改善更多，表现出62% 的观点采纳能力。)”可知，因为D&T课程的引入，男孩和女孩在他们的变化上有所不同。故选D项。
4．B
5．C
6．B
7．A
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项新的研究发现。研究表明，近些年来，越来越多的青少年感到孤独，其中女孩多于男孩。
4．
细节理解题。根据第二段中“Overall, during those years, the share of girls reporting loneliness basically doubled in the countries studied. The increase in boys was somewhat smaller.”(总的来说，在那些年里，在被研究的国家中，报告孤独的女孩的比例基本上翻了一番。男孩的增幅略小一些。)可知，孤独的女孩比男孩多。故选B。
5．
主旨大意题。根据第四段中““Smartphones can help us connect with friends,” says Twenge. “But they can also make us feel excluded(受排挤的).””(智能手机可以帮助我们与朋友联系，但他们也会让我们感到被排斥)，以及第四句“One reason may be that they post more photos than boys. ”(其中一个原因可能是她们比男孩上传更多的照片。)可知，本段主要讲述的是智能手机是如何导致女孩们孤独的。故选C。
6．
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“The new study mainly refers to a survey called the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA).”(这项新研究主要参考的是一项名为国际学生评估项目的调查。)可知，提到PISA主要是为了介绍本研究的参考来源，即新研究主要是参考了PISA。故选B。
7．
主旨大意题。根据第一段中“But even before the COVID-19, loneliness was becoming a growing problem for teens. And the trend(趋势) appears throughout industrial nations across the world. That’s the finding of a new study.”(但即使在COVID-19之前，孤独就已经成为青少年日益严重的问题。这一趋势在全世界的工业国家都出现了。这是一项新研究的发现。)，以及第二段中“Overall, during those years, the share of girls reporting loneliness basically doubled in the countries studied. ”(总的来说，在那些年里，在被研究的国家中，报告孤独的女孩的比例基本上翻了一番。)。可知本文主要讲述的是一个新的研究发现。即近些年来，越来越多的青少年感到孤独，其中女孩的数量要多于男孩，所以A项“A Growing Number of Teens Feel Lonely.(越来越多的青少年感到孤独。)”适合做文章标题，故选A。
8．D
9．B
10．A
11．A
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了奥斯卡提名电影《心灵奇旅》。这部电影区别于传统动画电影，主要讲述激情、目标和生命的意义。
8．
细节理解题。根据文章第一段的“The Oscar-nominated movie Soul (《心灵奇旅》) deals with passion, purpose and the meaning of life — topics that aren’t usually seen in animated films.(奥斯卡提名电影《心灵奇旅》讲述的是激情、目标和生命的意义——这些话题在动画电影中并不常见)”可知，与其他动画电影不同的是，《心灵奇旅》的主题在动画电影中并不常见。。故选D项。
9．
细节理解题。根据文章第三段的“Pete Docter, who co-wrote and co-directed the film with Kemp Powers, says the film was inspired by the emotional disorder he experienced after writing and directing Inside Out (《头脑特工队》). “Having so much success in Inside Out, I found myself wondering: Why didn’t it bring me a sense of satisfaction Why couldn’t the success fix everything in my life ” Director Pete Docter says.(皮特·多克特与坎普·鲍尔斯共同编剧和导演了这部电影，他说这部电影的灵感来自于他在编剧和导演《头脑特工队》后经历的情感障碍。“在《头脑特工队》获得如此大的成功后，我发现自己在想：为什么它没有给我带来满足感？为什么成功不能改变我生活中的一切？”导演皮特·多克特说)”可知，Pete Doctor是因为在自己的《头脑特工队》获得巨大成功后，心理却没什么满足感，反而经历了情感障碍，觉得成功并不能改变自己生活的一切，因此才拍摄了《心灵奇旅》。故选B项。
10．
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的“Docter says the film’s message is that life has meaning that goes beyond personal ambition.(多克特说，这部电影传达的信息是，生命的意义超越了个人野心)”可知，《心灵奇旅》想告诉我们的是生命本身就十分有意义。故选A项。
11．
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The Oscar-nominated movie Soul (《心灵奇旅》) deals with passion, purpose and the meaning of life — topics that aren’t usually seen in animated films.(奥斯卡提名电影《心灵奇旅》讲述的是激情、目标和生命的意义——这些话题在动画电影中并不常见)”可知，这篇文章实际上是在介绍《心灵奇旅》这部电影；第二段介绍了电影主要内容；第三段介绍了电影的灵感来源；第四段介绍了电影所获成就；最后一段再次点名电影的主题。由此可推断，这篇文章最有可能出现在杂志上。故选A项。
12．A
13．C
14．B
15．A
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了运动不仅可以让人保持健康，还可以提高人们的脑力。
12．
细节理解题。根据第二段“The research found that people who keep fit are more likely to have larger brains, better memories and clearer thinking.(研究发现，保持健康的人更有可能拥有更大的大脑、更好的记忆力和更清晰的思维)”可知，健康的人可能拥有更大的大脑、更好的记忆力和更清晰的思维。故选A项。
13．
细节理解题。根据第三段“As they went through a three-month fitness program, they saw improvements in their memory.(当他们进行为期三个月的健身计划时，他们的记忆力有所改善)”可知，从实验中可以得知，锻炼有助于人们提高记忆力。故选C项。
14．
细节理解题。根据最后一段“Moderate intensity aerobic activity such as walking, cycling or running can produce changes in brain structure and function.(中等强度的有氧运动，如步行、骑自行车或跑步，可以改变大脑结构和功能)”可知，步行、骑自行车或跑步可以改变大脑结构和功能，没有提及唱歌。故选B项。
15．
推理判断题。根据第一段“Scientists have found that the sport not only keeps people fit but also improves your brain power.(科学家已经发现，这项运动不仅能让人保持健康，还能提高你的脑力)”以及文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了运动不仅可以让人保持健康，还可以提高人们的脑力，作者写作的目的是告诉你，运动可以提高你的脑力。故选A项。
16．B
17．A
18．C
19．A
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，城市周围的哺乳动物的体型在不断变大。本文主要探讨了其变大的原因及人类该如何保护现存的哺乳动物。
16．
推理判断题。根据第一段的“Human activity has shrunk (缩小) the size of wild animals worldwide, and yet recent research has found many mammals (哺乳动物) living near cities have gradually become larger, both in length and in weight.(人类活动缩小了世界范围内野生动物的体型，然而最近的研究发现，许多生活在城市附近的哺乳动物在长度和重量上都逐渐变大。)”和“Spreading urban environments can grow much hotter than natural habitats, and warmer temperatures usually benefit mammals that have a smaller, more energy-saving figure—a principle of biology known as Bergmann’s rule.(不断扩张的城市环境比自然栖息地要热得多，而温暖的气温通常有利于体型更小、更节能的哺乳动物——生物学原理被称为伯格曼法则。)”可知，调查结果出乎意料是因为城市里的哺乳动物生长违背了伯格曼法则。故选B。
17．
细节理解题。根据第二段的“where high-calorie human foods are more widely available and predators are fewer(在那里，高热量的人类食物更容易获得，而捕食者更少)”可知，高热量的人类食物更容易获得，这说明这里人口多，因此“places with dense populations”是人口较多的地方，因此dense populations的意思是“人口很多”，即large populations，dense和large意思相近，故选A。
18．
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“recent research has found many mammals (哺乳动物) living near cities have gradually become larger, both in length and in weight(最近的研究发现，许多生活在城市附近的哺乳动物在长度和重量上都逐渐变大)”和第二段的“In and around places with dense populations, where high-calorie human foods are more widely available and predators are fewer and farther in between, new research discovered that most of the mammal species studied appear to be growing in size, not shrinking.(新的研究发现，在人口密集的地区及其周边地区，高热量的人类食物更容易获得，而捕食者更少，距离更远。研究发现，大多数被研究的哺乳动物物种的体型似乎在增长，而不是在缩小。)”可知本文主要讲的是研究发现，随着城市附近食物的增加，哺乳动物的体型变得更大。故选C。
19．
推理判断题。根据最后一段的“If we want to protect mammals that exist today for the future, it’s important we know how human civilization is influencing their size, behavior, and well-being.(如果我们想要保护现存的哺乳动物，了解人类文明是如何影响它们的体型、行为和福祉的，这很重要。)”可知，文章接下来会谈论人类对哺乳动物发展的影响。故选A。
20．B
21．C
22．B
23．A
【解析】
【分析】
本文是说明文，介绍了人工智能系统DALL-E的功能。
20．
细节理解题。根据第一段“The pictures are likely made possible by a text-to-image program called DALL-E.” （这些图片可能是由名为DALL-E的文本转换图像程序实现的。）可知，AI系统DALL-E的功能是把人类的文字转换成图片，故选B项。
21．
主旨大意题。根据第三段“There’s generally a text box, a button to start the generation process and an area below to display images. To indicate the source. Google and OpenAI add watermarks in the bottom right comer of images from DALL-E and Imagen.”(通常有一个文本框，一个按钮来开始生成过程，下面有一个区域来显示图像。表示源。谷歌和OpenAI在DALL-E和Imagen图片的右下角添加水印。)可知，第三段主要描述了DALL-E的工作过程。故选C项。
22．
细节理解题。根据第四段“To avoid the risk, employees removed violent content from training data, and there are filters stopping DALL-E from producing images if users submit violent or illegal content.”(为了避免风险，员工从培训数据中删除了暴力内容，如果用户提交暴力或非法内容，DALL-E还会使用过滤器阻止其生成图像。)可知，DALL-E的训练数据是事先选定的，以此来确定产生的图片都是合法的，故选B项。
23．
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Despite the risks, Dhariwal, a research scientist at OpenAI, said it could open up creative opportunities for individuals and could help with commercial applications for dressing up websites. Results should continue to improve over time.” (尽管存在风险，OpenAI的研究科学家达利瓦说，它可以为个人打开创造性的机会，并可以帮助美化网站的商业应用。随着时间的推移，结果应该会继续改善。)可知Dhariwal对于DALL-E的未来抱有积极态度，故选A项。
20．What is the function of the the AI system DALL-E
A．Beautifying pictures at users’ request.
B．Producing pictures from human words.
C．Changing pictures into vivid descriptions.
D．Providing pictures for users to choose from.
21．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about concerning DALL-E
A．Its users’ rights. B．Its operating conditions
C．Its working process. D．Its company’s prospect.
22．How could DALL-E ensure the images it produces legal
A．All images come from a unified model.
B．The training data is selected beforehand.
C．Improper requests can’t be submitted.
D．Filters remove the unhealthy description.
23．What is Dhariwal’s attitude to the future of DALL-E
A．Positive. B．Objective. C．Uncertain. D．Worried.
Teaching children to empathize with others measurably improves their creativity, and could potentially lead to several other benefits, new research suggests.
The findings are from a year-long University of Cambridge study with Design and Technology (D&T) year 9 pupils at two London schools. Pupils at School A spent the year following the standard curriculum, while School B's D&. T lessons used a set of engineering design thinking tools to foster students' creativity and empathy in solving real-world problems.
Both sets of pupils were assessed for creativity at the start and end of the school year using the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking: a well-established psychological test.
The results showed a significant increase in creativity among pupils at School B．At the start, the creativity scores of pupils in School A were 11% higher than those at School B．By the end, however, creativity scores from School B were 78% higher.
Pupils from School B again scored higher in categories such as "emotional expressiveness" and "open-mindedness", indicating an improvement in empathy was driving the overall creativity scores.
Meanwhile, the study suggests encouraging empathy can deepen pupils' general engagement with learning. They found that boys in School B showed an improvement in emotional expression, scoring 64% higher at the end of the year than at the start, while girls improved more regarding cognitive empathy, showing 62% more perspective-taking.
The research is part of a long-term cooperation between the Faculty of Education and the Department of Engineering at the University of Cambridge, led by Bill Nicholl and Ian Hosking. "Teaching for empathy has been problematic despite being part of the National Curriculum for over two decades. It's vital if we want education to encourage the designers and engineers of tomorrow." said Nicholl.
1．What was the purpose to introduce engineering design thinking tools in D&T lessons
A．To assess the pupils' creativity accurately.
B．To train pupils to empathize with others in reality.
C．To show the superiority of standard curriculum.
D．To improve pupils' involvement with class activities.
2．How did the researchers get the result
A．By giving out questionnaires. B．By conducting interviews.
C．By doing an experiment. D．By referring to related literature.
3．What can we infer from the study result
A．The creativity of pupils in School B always took the lead.
B．The empathy of pupils in School A promotes their creativity.
C．Teaching for empathy has already achieved a lot due to education reform.
D．Boys and girls differed in their change due to the D&T course.
Lonely You’re hardly alone. Since COVID-19 struck, few teens have been able to spend as much time at school or with friends as they used to. But even before the COVID-19, loneliness was becoming a growing problem for teens. And the trend(趋势) appears throughout industrial nations across the world. That’s the finding of a new study.
In America, the share of lonely teens jumped from 18 percent in 2012 to 37 percent in 2018. Overall, during those years, the share of girls reporting loneliness basically doubled in the countries studied. The increase in boys was somewhat smaller.
The new study connected rising loneliness to a greater use of smartphones and the Internet. Jean Twenge works at San Diego State University. He and his team found that since 2012, U.S. teens have been spending less time together face-to-face. So this increase in loneliness started long before the COVID-19 made such meet-ups unsafe.
“Smartphones can help us connect with friends,” says Twenge. “But they can also make us feel excluded(受排挤的).” Girls, especially, may feel this way. One reason may be that they post more photos than boys. Studies have shown that if those images don’t get many “likes’’, it can affect a teen’s mental health. And then there’s “phubbing”(低头族). It’s that moment in which a friend or a family member takes out a phone and plays with it, ignoring everybody else.
The new study mainly refers to a survey called the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Some one million teenage students from 37 countries took this survey in 2000, 2003, 2012, 2015 and 2018. Its questions mostly dealt with education. But they also included six statements about loneliness, such as, “I feel awkward and out of place in my school.” The good news: Even in 2018, most teens around the world still felt liked and included at school. But the fact that so many were reporting loneliness is a worrisome trend.
4．What’s a finding of the new study
A．People struggle with COVID-19. B．More girls than boys suffer loneliness.
C．Teens are eager to connect with friends. D．There are more girls than boys in the U.S.
5．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about
A．What leads to friends’ ignorance. B．What benefits girls’ mental health.
C．How smartphones lead to loneliness. D．How smartphones help teens communicate.
6．What can we infer about PISA mentioned in the last paragraph
A．It explains the problems teens face. B．It is the reference(参考) of the new study.
C．It lists the statements about loneliness. D．Its result brings us much concern about teens.
7．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A．A Growing Number of Teens Feel Lonely. B．Loneliness Contributes to Failure at School.
C．COVID-19 Greatly Affects American Teens. D．A New Study Shows Teens’ Life on the Internet.
The Oscar-nominated movie Soul (《心灵奇旅》) deals with passion, purpose and the meaning of life — topics that aren’t usually seen in animated films.
The movie centers on Joe, a middle school band teacher who feels unsatisfied because his dream is to be a full-time jazz musician. On the day he finished the biggest concert of his career, Joe nearly dies — but then gets the chance to return to his body if he can find out the purpose of his life.
Pete Docter, who co-wrote and co-directed the film with Kemp Powers, says the film was inspired by the emotional disorder he experienced after writing and directing Inside Out (《头脑特工队》). “Having so much success in Inside Out, I found myself wondering: Why didn’t it bring me a sense of satisfaction Why couldn’t the success fix everything in my life ” Director Pete Docter says.
Soul has created success of its own. The film won the Golden Globe Award for best animated film, and is named for three Academy Awards. But Kemp Powers, who’s also up for an Oscar for his film for One Night in Miami, says Soul is actually meant to challenge traditional ideas of success and failure. “We were trying to help not just Joe, but the whole audience, understand that it’s not about winners or losers and that everyone’s life has value,” Powers says. “That was really a powerful driving force from the very beginning.”
Docter says the film’s message is that life has meaning that goes beyond personal ambition. “The movie’s aim is really to say that we’re already enough,” he says. “We all can walk out of the door and enjoy life without needing to achieve or prove anything. And that’s really freeing.”
8．In what way is Soul different from many other animated films
A．It is based on imagination rather than reality. B．It is the only Oscar-nominated animated film.
C．It is about a man who dreams to be a musician. D．Its topics are not usually found in animated films.
9．Why did Pete Docter make the film Soul
A．Because he wanted to create another award-winning film.
B．Because he noticed success couldn’t solve all problems.
C．Because his friend experienced an emotional disorder.
D．Because he was inspired by his former film Inside Out.
10．What does Soul intend to tell us
A．Life in itself is meaningful. B．Not everyone’s life is valuable.
C．Success can bring us happiness. D．Personal ambition is above all else.
11．Where is the article probably taken from
A．A magazine. B．A writing guide. C．A tour brochure. D．A science textbook.
If you thought running was just great for the body, then think again. Scientists have found that the sport not only keeps people fit but also improves your brain power (脑力).
The research found that people who keep fit are more likely to have larger brains, better memories and clearer thinking. They also found that unfit people tended to have smaller brains and reduced cognitive skills. The findings add to a growing body of evidence which links exercise with helping protect the brain against ageing (老化) and also helping it replace dying cells (死细胞). This might reduce the risk of many illnesses and diseases such as Alzheimer’s.
One research paper within its latest issue sees scientists at Kentucky University putting 30 adults aged 59-69 on a treadmill (跑步机). Their heart and lung capacity was measured and an MRI scanner was used to assess the blood flow to their brains. Those who were less fit had smaller brains compared to the fitter volunteers who had larger brains. Scientists in Germany followed 21 adults aged between 60-77. As they went through a three-month fitness program, they saw improvements in their memory.
Researchers are not yet sure why exercise helps to protect brain cells but some research in mice has produced results. Mice, examined at the National Institute on Ageing, in Baltimore, found that cells in the hippocampus (海马体), an area of the brain used for memory, were actively reproducing while their fatter peers were in decline.
Linda Clare, professor of clinical psychology of ageing and dementia at Exeter University and a member of the Global Council on Brain Health told The Sunday Times: “Moderate intensity aerobic (有氧的) activity such as walking, cycling or running can produce changes in brain structure and function.”
12．Who tend to have larger brains, better memories and clearer thinking
A．People who are healthy. B．People who are thin.
C．People who are unhealthy. D．People who are fat.
13．What do we learn from the experiment in paragraph 3
A．Those who were less fit had larger brains.
B．Those who were fitter had smaller brains.
C．Exercise helps people improve their memory.
D．Old people doing exercise improve memory better than young people.
14．Accord to Linda Clare, what kind of activity can NOT produce changes in brain structure and function
A．Walking. B．Singing.
C．Cycling. D．Running.
15．What’s the author’s purpose in writing the text
A．To tell you sport improves your brain power.
B．To introduce some good ways to keep healthy.
C．To teach you how to best spend time in doing sports.
D．To introduce several ways to improve your memory.
Human activity has shrunk (缩小) the size of wild animals worldwide, and yet recent research has found many mammals (哺乳动物) living near cities have gradually become larger, both in length and in weight. The findings are unexpected. Spreading urban environments can grow much hotter than natural habitats, and warmer temperatures usually benefit mammals that have a smaller, more energy-saving figure—a principle of biology known as Bergmann’s rule.
As the world grows warmer, scientists have worried that mammals living near cities are going to grow smaller, possibly reducing their fitness and the fitness of their predators (捕食者). Even with climate change that might not happen. As it turns out, there is another factor affecting a mammal’s size that might exceed temperature, and that is food. In and around places with dense populations, where high-calorie human foods are more widely available and predators are fewer and farther in between, new research discovered that most of the mammal species studied appear to be growing in size, not shrinking. According to careful measurements of more than 100 species from North America, gathered from museum collections over the past 80 years, the main reason is not a city’s temperature. Instead, the greatest increases in weight and body length appear to lie among those mammals that live near humans, regardless of how hot their surroundings are.
As climate change grows worse, there is, of course, the possibility that that might change, but at least for now, it seems wolves, deer, bats, and other mammals in North America could be affected more by city populations than city climates.
If we want to protect mammals that exist today for the future, it’s important we know how human civilization is influencing their size, behavior, and well-being. In a rapidly changing world, that knowledge could mean the difference between ongoing life and dying out.
16．Why are the findings unexpected according to Paragraph 1
A．The temperature in cities is hotter than that in nature.
B．Mammals around cities grow against Bergmann’s rule.
C．The animals living in nature become bigger in size.
D．The city temperature makes animals become smaller.
17．What does the underlined word “dense” in Paragraph 2 mean
A．Large. B．Young. C．Working. D．Educated.
18．Which of the following best supports the main idea of the text
A．Human activity has shrunk the size of wild animals.
B．Climate matters most in determining the size of mammals.
C．Mammals become larger with more food near cities.
D．Living in hot surroundings shapes the size of mammals.
19．What will the passage most probably talk about next
A．Human’s impact on the mammals’ development.
B．Different ways to rescue the endangered city animals.
C．How to help mammals adjust to the climate change.
D．What healthy food can be given to city mammals.
In looking through your social media, there’s a good chance you’ve noticed pictures accompanied by texts. The pictures are likely made possible by a text-to-image program called DALL-E. For example, Twitter user posted a tweet with the text, “To be or not to be, rabbi holding avocado, marble sculpture.” Then a matching picture appears below.
The AI models come from Google’s Imagen software as well as OpenAI. a start-up backed by Microsoft. On its website, OpenAI calls DALL-E “a new Al system that can create realistic images and art from a description in natural language.” But most of what’s happening in this area is coming from a relatively small group of people sharing their pictures. That’s because Google and OpenAI have not made the technology broadly available to the public.
The text-to-picture services identify the most important parts of a user’s text and then guess the best way to picture those terms. There’s generally a text box, a button to start the generation process and an area below to display images. To indicate the source. Google and OpenAI add watermarks in the bottom right comer of images from DALL-E and Imagen.
Engineers trained the models on various collections of words and pictures from the web. OpenAI recognizes the potential for harm that could come from a model. To avoid the risk, employees removed violent content from training data, and there are filters（筛选）stopping DALL-E from producing images if users submit（提交）violent or illegal content.
Boris Dayma, a developer from Texas spelled out the problems in an explanation of their software. Despite the risks, Dhariwal, a research scientist at OpenAI, said it could open up creative opportunities for individuals and could help with commercial applications for dressing up websites. Results should continue to improve over time.
参考答案：
1．B
2．C
3．D
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究，研究表明，教会孩子与他人产生共鸣可以显著地提高他们的创造力，并可能带来其他一些好处。
1．
推理判断题。根据第二段中的“while School B’s D&T lessons used a set of engineering design thinking tools to foster students’ creativity and empathy in solving real-world problems.”(而B 学校的D&T课程使用了一套工程设计思维工具来培养学生来解决现实问题的创造力和同情心。)”可知，B学校D&T课程使用了一套工程设计思维工具的目的是培养学生在现实生活中对别人富有同情心。故选B项。
2．
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Both sets of pupils were assessed for creativity at the start and end of the school year using the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking: a well-established psychological test.”(这两组学生在学年开始和结束时都使用Torrance创造性思维测验对创造力进行了评估，该测验是一个公认的心理测验。)”可知，研究人员通过做实验得到结果的。故选C项。
3．
推理判断题。根据第六段中的“They found that boys in School B showed an improvement in emotional expression, scoring 64% higher at the end of the year than at the start, while girls improved more regarding cognitive empathy, showing 62% more perspective-taking.”(他们发现，B学校的男生在情感表达方面有所改善，年末的分数比年初高出64% ，而女生在认知移情方面的改善更多，表现出62% 的观点采纳能力。)”可知，因为D&T课程的引入，男孩和女孩在他们的变化上有所不同。故选D项。
4．B
5．C
6．B
7．A
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项新的研究发现。研究表明，近些年来，越来越多的青少年感到孤独，其中女孩多于男孩。
4．
细节理解题。根据第二段中“Overall, during those years, the share of girls reporting loneliness basically doubled in the countries studied. The increase in boys was somewhat smaller.”(总的来说，在那些年里，在被研究的国家中，报告孤独的女孩的比例基本上翻了一番。男孩的增幅略小一些。)可知，孤独的女孩比男孩多。故选B。
5．
主旨大意题。根据第四段中““Smartphones can help us connect with friends,” says Twenge. “But they can also make us feel excluded(受排挤的).””(智能手机可以帮助我们与朋友联系，但他们也会让我们感到被排斥)，以及第四句“One reason may be that they post more photos than boys. ”(其中一个原因可能是她们比男孩上传更多的照片。)可知，本段主要讲述的是智能手机是如何导致女孩们孤独的。故选C。
6．
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“The new study mainly refers to a survey called the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA).”(这项新研究主要参考的是一项名为国际学生评估项目的调查。)可知，提到PISA主要是为了介绍本研究的参考来源，即新研究主要是参考了PISA。故选B。
7．
主旨大意题。根据第一段中“But even before the COVID-19, loneliness was becoming a growing problem for teens. And the trend(趋势) appears throughout industrial nations across the world. That’s the finding of a new study.”(但即使在COVID-19之前，孤独就已经成为青少年日益严重的问题。这一趋势在全世界的工业国家都出现了。这是一项新研究的发现。)，以及第二段中“Overall, during those years, the share of girls reporting loneliness basically doubled in the countries studied. ”(总的来说，在那些年里，在被研究的国家中，报告孤独的女孩的比例基本上翻了一番。)。可知本文主要讲述的是一个新的研究发现。即近些年来，越来越多的青少年感到孤独，其中女孩的数量要多于男孩，所以A项“A Growing Number of Teens Feel Lonely.(越来越多的青少年感到孤独。)”适合做文章标题，故选A。
8．D
9．B
10．A
11．A
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了奥斯卡提名电影《心灵奇旅》。这部电影区别于传统动画电影，主要讲述激情、目标和生命的意义。
8．
细节理解题。根据文章第一段的“The Oscar-nominated movie Soul (《心灵奇旅》) deals with passion, purpose and the meaning of life — topics that aren’t usually seen in animated films.(奥斯卡提名电影《心灵奇旅》讲述的是激情、目标和生命的意义——这些话题在动画电影中并不常见)”可知，与其他动画电影不同的是，《心灵奇旅》的主题在动画电影中并不常见。。故选D项。
9．
细节理解题。根据文章第三段的“Pete Docter, who co-wrote and co-directed the film with Kemp Powers, says the film was inspired by the emotional disorder he experienced after writing and directing Inside Out (《头脑特工队》). “Having so much success in Inside Out, I found myself wondering: Why didn’t it bring me a sense of satisfaction Why couldn’t the success fix everything in my life ” Director Pete Docter says.(皮特·多克特与坎普·鲍尔斯共同编剧和导演了这部电影，他说这部电影的灵感来自于他在编剧和导演《头脑特工队》后经历的情感障碍。“在《头脑特工队》获得如此大的成功后，我发现自己在想：为什么它没有给我带来满足感？为什么成功不能改变我生活中的一切？”导演皮特·多克特说)”可知，Pete Doctor是因为在自己的《头脑特工队》获得巨大成功后，心理却没什么满足感，反而经历了情感障碍，觉得成功并不能改变自己生活的一切，因此才拍摄了《心灵奇旅》。故选B项。
10．
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的“Docter says the film’s message is that life has meaning that goes beyond personal ambition.(多克特说，这部电影传达的信息是，生命的意义超越了个人野心)”可知，《心灵奇旅》想告诉我们的是生命本身就十分有意义。故选A项。
11．
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The Oscar-nominated movie Soul (《心灵奇旅》) deals with passion, purpose and the meaning of life — topics that aren’t usually seen in animated films.(奥斯卡提名电影《心灵奇旅》讲述的是激情、目标和生命的意义——这些话题在动画电影中并不常见)”可知，这篇文章实际上是在介绍《心灵奇旅》这部电影；第二段介绍了电影主要内容；第三段介绍了电影的灵感来源；第四段介绍了电影所获成就；最后一段再次点名电影的主题。由此可推断，这篇文章最有可能出现在杂志上。故选A项。
12．A
13．C
14．B
15．A
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了运动不仅可以让人保持健康，还可以提高人们的脑力。
12．
细节理解题。根据第二段“The research found that people who keep fit are more likely to have larger brains, better memories and clearer thinking.(研究发现，保持健康的人更有可能拥有更大的大脑、更好的记忆力和更清晰的思维)”可知，健康的人可能拥有更大的大脑、更好的记忆力和更清晰的思维。故选A项。
13．
细节理解题。根据第三段“As they went through a three-month fitness program, they saw improvements in their memory.(当他们进行为期三个月的健身计划时，他们的记忆力有所改善)”可知，从实验中可以得知，锻炼有助于人们提高记忆力。故选C项。
14．
细节理解题。根据最后一段“Moderate intensity aerobic activity such as walking, cycling or running can produce changes in brain structure and function.(中等强度的有氧运动，如步行、骑自行车或跑步，可以改变大脑结构和功能)”可知，步行、骑自行车或跑步可以改变大脑结构和功能，没有提及唱歌。故选B项。
15．
推理判断题。根据第一段“Scientists have found that the sport not only keeps people fit but also improves your brain power.(科学家已经发现，这项运动不仅能让人保持健康，还能提高你的脑力)”以及文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了运动不仅可以让人保持健康，还可以提高人们的脑力，作者写作的目的是告诉你，运动可以提高你的脑力。故选A项。
16．B
17．A
18．C
19．A
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，城市周围的哺乳动物的体型在不断变大。本文主要探讨了其变大的原因及人类该如何保护现存的哺乳动物。
16．
推理判断题。根据第一段的“Human activity has shrunk (缩小) the size of wild animals worldwide, and yet recent research has found many mammals (哺乳动物) living near cities have gradually become larger, both in length and in weight.(人类活动缩小了世界范围内野生动物的体型，然而最近的研究发现，许多生活在城市附近的哺乳动物在长度和重量上都逐渐变大。)”和“Spreading urban environments can grow much hotter than natural habitats, and warmer temperatures usually benefit mammals that have a smaller, more energy-saving figure—a principle of biology known as Bergmann’s rule.(不断扩张的城市环境比自然栖息地要热得多，而温暖的气温通常有利于体型更小、更节能的哺乳动物——生物学原理被称为伯格曼法则。)”可知，调查结果出乎意料是因为城市里的哺乳动物生长违背了伯格曼法则。故选B。
17．
细节理解题。根据第二段的“where high-calorie human foods are more widely available and predators are fewer(在那里，高热量的人类食物更容易获得，而捕食者更少)”可知，高热量的人类食物更容易获得，这说明这里人口多，因此“places with dense populations”是人口较多的地方，因此dense populations的意思是“人口很多”，即large populations，dense和large意思相近，故选A。
18．
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“recent research has found many mammals (哺乳动物) living near cities have gradually become larger, both in length and in weight(最近的研究发现，许多生活在城市附近的哺乳动物在长度和重量上都逐渐变大)”和第二段的“In and around places with dense populations, where high-calorie human foods are more widely available and predators are fewer and farther in between, new research discovered that most of the mammal species studied appear to be growing in size, not shrinking.(新的研究发现，在人口密集的地区及其周边地区，高热量的人类食物更容易获得，而捕食者更少，距离更远。研究发现，大多数被研究的哺乳动物物种的体型似乎在增长，而不是在缩小。)”可知本文主要讲的是研究发现，随着城市附近食物的增加，哺乳动物的体型变得更大。故选C。
19．
推理判断题。根据最后一段的“If we want to protect mammals that exist today for the future, it’s important we know how human civilization is influencing their size, behavior, and well-being.(如果我们想要保护现存的哺乳动物，了解人类文明是如何影响它们的体型、行为和福祉的，这很重要。)”可知，文章接下来会谈论人类对哺乳动物发展的影响。故选A。
20．B
21．C
22．B
23．A
【解析】
【分析】
本文是说明文，介绍了人工智能系统DALL-E的功能。
20．
细节理解题。根据第一段“The pictures are likely made possible by a text-to-image program called DALL-E.” （这些图片可能是由名为DALL-E的文本转换图像程序实现的。）可知，AI系统DALL-E的功能是把人类的文字转换成图片，故选B项。
21．
主旨大意题。根据第三段“There’s generally a text box, a button to start the generation process and an area below to display images. To indicate the source. Google and OpenAI add watermarks in the bottom right comer of images from DALL-E and Imagen.”(通常有一个文本框，一个按钮来开始生成过程，下面有一个区域来显示图像。表示源。谷歌和OpenAI在DALL-E和Imagen图片的右下角添加水印。)可知，第三段主要描述了DALL-E的工作过程。故选C项。
22．
细节理解题。根据第四段“To avoid the risk, employees removed violent content from training data, and there are filters stopping DALL-E from producing images if users submit violent or illegal content.”(为了避免风险，员工从培训数据中删除了暴力内容，如果用户提交暴力或非法内容，DALL-E还会使用过滤器阻止其生成图像。)可知，DALL-E的训练数据是事先选定的，以此来确定产生的图片都是合法的，故选B项。
23．
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Despite the risks, Dhariwal, a research scientist at OpenAI, said it could open up creative opportunities for individuals and could help with commercial applications for dressing up websites. Results should continue to improve over time.” (尽管存在风险，OpenAI的研究科学家达利瓦说，它可以为个人打开创造性的机会，并可以帮助美化网站的商业应用。随着时间的推移，结果应该会继续改善。)可知Dhariwal对于DALL-E的未来抱有积极态度，故选A项。
20．What is the function of the the AI system DALL-E
A．Beautifying pictures at users’ request.
B．Producing pictures from human words.
C．Changing pictures into vivid descriptions.
D．Providing pictures for users to choose from.
21．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about concerning DALL-E
A．Its users’ rights. B．Its operating conditions
C．Its working process. D．Its company’s prospect.
22．How could DALL-E ensure the images it produces legal
A．All images come from a unified model.
B．The training data is selected beforehand.
C．Improper requests can’t be submitted.
D．Filters remove the unhealthy description.
23．What is Dhariwal’s attitude to the future of DALL-E
A．Positive. B．Objective. C．Uncertain. D．Worried.