2023届高考英语二轮复习巧练：阅读理解（含解析）
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| 名称 | 2023届高考英语二轮复习巧练：阅读理解（含解析） |  | |
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2023届高考英语二轮复习巧练：阅读理解
解题技巧
1. 细节理解题
（1）题干定位，按图索骥。
细心审题，直接就题找答案。先看文章后面的问题，注意题干中的关键词，如：人物、时间和事件等，做到有的放矢。根据题干中的标志性词语定位到原文，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，找到与原文相符的选项，确定正确答案。快速寻找信息点的策略一般适用于做功能型阅读题，主要形式有广告、公告、演出信息、航班时间表等。做这类题时，没有必要阅读全文，宜采用“题干定位法”解题。
（2）语义转换，变通理解。
变通理解，间接转述找答案。有些细节题主要考查对某句话或某几句话的理解，很少直接用原文中的句子进行考查，题干通常会对这些句子进行语义转换，包括同义转换、概念解析、归纳事实等。如：
①同义改写：题干将原文中的词或短语换成另外的词或短语，词性和结构不变，意义相近。
②转变词性与结构：题干关键信息并不一定与原文中相关信息一致，而是作了一定的转化。如将名词词组转化为意义相近的动词或形容词等。
（3）查读分析，多点归纳。
多点归纳，综合事实找答案。此方法适用于离散型细节理解题或数字计算题。根据题干要求，迅速找到与之相关的事实或数据，对其进行分析整合，得出正确答案。文章中的数字、日期、时间都是设题的重点，此类题目的答案很少是文章中直接出现的数字或日期，通常需要作简单的计算。
图文转换类的题，即根据短文描述确定相应图形，或根据图形选出相应的文字答案。此类题可采用“文字锁定法”解题，即找出描述图形的句段，按“文”索“图”，这样，便可迅速地锁定对应图形。
2.主旨大意题
（1）学会寻找主题句
主题句所在的位置一般有四种情况：一是文首。有些文章先提出主题，接着围绕主题展开叙述。二是文末。有些文章在表述细节后，归纳要点，概括主题。此类文章往往以列举事实开头，最后归纳主题。三是文首和文末。有时为突出主题，作者会先点明主题，结尾时再次强调，但前后表述的句子不是简单的重复，后面的表述往往是对主题的进一步延伸和深化。四是文中。通常前面只提出问题，文章的主题由陈述的细节引出，而后又对其进行学会寻找主题句一步的阐释。
（2）学会归纳概括
在没有明确的主题句时，考生必须根据文中所提供的事实和细节，进行全面考虑、综合分析，归纳出文章的主题。要灵活运用跳读、略读等技巧进行阅读，在这个过程中注意每段的段首和段尾，同时，还可利用信息词、标志词等提示进行概括。
（3）学会分析选项
在做主旨大意题时，考生不仅可以从文章出发概括出主题，也可以从选项反推出主题。要多注意选项之间的比对。
3.推理判断题
（1）忠实原文
要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆断、凭空想象，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。
（2）吃透文章
要吃透文章，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。考生可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来进行分析、推断，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。
（3）深层挖掘
要对文字的深层含义进行挖掘，由表及里，由浅入深，通过分析、判断进行合乎逻辑的推理。
（4）理清思路
要把握文中句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要把握文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，理清思路，悟出作者的言外之意。
4.词义猜测题
（1）利用构词法猜词义
构词法是英语单词形成的主要途径，根据构词法猜测词义一般比较接近单词的真实意思，准确度比较高。
（2）利用语法关系猜词义
利用语法关系猜测词义指利用语言表述中的举例子、下定义、同位语、标点符号、定语从句等进行词义猜测的方法。
（3）利用逻辑关系猜词义
语言表达总是按照一定的逻辑关系展开的，根据语言的内在逻辑关系往往可以粗略地推断出词义或大致义域。对我们猜测词义具有较大帮助的逻辑关系通常有并列、转折、因果等。
（4）利用上下文语境猜词义
在文章中，任何一个单词都不是孤立存在的，它总会和其他单词产生联系，通过这些联系可以猜测出单词或短语在文中的意思，尤其是代词的指代含义。
（5）利用生活常识和文化背景知识猜词义
一、
Innovations are not always welcome. In 1589 William Lee made his way to the English court, hoping to be granted a patent for his invention, a knitting machine. Queen Elizabeth I turned him down: "Consider what the invention could do to my poor subjects," she commanded. "It would assuredly bring ruin to them by robbing them of employment."
The fears of Good Queen Bess have echoed down the centuries—from the Luddites, who destroyed textile machinery in the early 19th century, to John F. Kennedy, who warned of the dangers of automation during his presidential campaign of 1960. In the 21st century the concerns have switched to robots and artificial intelligence (AI); 30% of American workers believe their jobs are likely to be replaced by robots and computers in their lifetime
In the past the relationship between machine and human labor has been driven by two factors: the substituting effect, which caused people to lose jobs, and the complementing effect, which allowed employees to do their work more productively. Mr. Susskind worries that, in the future, the substituting effect will take over. Advances in Al have been so rapid that machines will eventually be better than people at most activities, he says, and so will be the "default(默认)choice" for performing them. A few highly paid humans will still be employed, but the rest will either struggle to find work or fall into the "precariat", stuck in jobs that are not just poorly paid but also unstable and stressful.
This depressing view of the impact of technology is plausible(貌似有理的). But so is a more optimistic outlook, as the economist Roger Bootle showed in his book. Mr. Bootle argued that Al and robotics would improve productivity and economic growth, and release people from performing the most lengthy tasks. As for employment, there will always be demand for services with the human touch. Perhaps, the truth is that it is impossible to be sure whether the latest advances will in the end have mainly good or bad economic effects.
1.What's the purpose of the examples in Paragraphs 1 and 2
A.To tell people how many inventions are made.
B.To remind people how important the machines are.
C.To demonstrate the possible dangers to human beings.
D.To show some people's attitude towards new inventions.
2.What is the meaning of the underlined word "precariat"
A.People who have stable jobs. B.People who like their jobs.
C.People who are stuck in bad jobs. D.People whose jobs are well-paid.
3.What is the author's attitude towards AI
A.Positive. B.Negative. C.Neutral. D.Indifferent.
4.Which statement is TRUE according to Roger Bootle
A.The impact of technology is depressing.
B.He showed a pessimistic attitude to technogy in his book.
C.AI and robotics would harm productivity and economic growth.
D.AI and robotics release people from performing long and tiring tasks.
二、
Jose Adolfo is a banker from Peru. He encourages children to save money and offers his customers cash for recycling plastic wastes. But the remarkable thing is that he is still a child himself.
By the age of 7, he decided to create a bank for children. He was motivated by seeing his classmates skipping lunch because they had spent the little money they had on sweets or football cards. What drove him even more was the poverty he saw among children.
With the support of a local company, the 14-year-old boy founded the Bartselana student bank which now has more than 2,000 customers between the ages of 10 and 18. Children can withdraw(提取) money from several cashpoints of the bank. They can also monitor their balances online. What makes it different from traditional banks is that it sets savings goals for children. They have to reach those goals in order to withdraw their money.
The student bank really caught on when Jose Adolfo came up with the "Recycle Plan", a new way for the children to earn money by collecting recyclable plastic or paper waste. Students can bring recyclable plastic bottles, used school books and old newspapers to the schools and put them into the collecting boxes. The recycling is weighed and the money goes to their bank accounts.
The bank recycles 4.4 tons of material a month and has collecting boxes in seven schools in Arequipa. More are on a waiting list. Increasingly the model is in demand in the rest of Peru and abroad.
His efforts have been noticed by Peru's Environment Ministry. "He's making an amazing change in financial education that perhaps many adults could not come up with," said the Peru's former environment minister, Lucia Ruiz. "He's achieving a double goal because he's not just designing a financial opportunity for children and teenagers but also helping to reduce waste in the country."
1.What's the purpose of creating a bank for children for Jose
A.To recycle the waste. B.To provide free lunch.
C.To learn to manage money. D.To help children in poverty.
2.What is special about the student bank
A.Savings goals are set for children. B.The balances are monitored online.
C.Customers should obey the bank rules. D.Money can be withdrawn from some cashpoints.
3.What's the similar meaning of "caught on" in Paragraph 4
A.Drew on. B.Took off. C.Looked forward. D.Gave rise to.
4.According to Lucia Ruiz, why is Jose's job meaning
A.He told children the significance of running a bank.
B.He contributed to financial education and recycling.
C.He let children know how important saving money.
D.He solved children's realistic problem—skipping lunch.
三、
It was an amazing feeling to be acknowledged for the Pride of Britain award at 10 Downing Street.
The last thing you expect when doing something as ordinary as picking your son up from a sleepover is to end up saving three people's lives in a plane crash—but that's exactly what happened to me in May this year.
I think I was acting unconsciously. I jumped out, leaving Giacomo in the car.
The plane was upside down and flames were coming out of the driver's seat and I could hear screaming. I think there must have been roughly half a minute between getting the first and last person out. Then another guy—who turned out to be Joel Snarr—arrived on the scene to help at just the right time. I don't think I'd have been able to get the pilot out—he was a big guy. There is no way he would have survived if Joel hadn't been there. I could tell straight away Joel had a military background by how he conducted himself. We'd just got all three of them to a safe distance when the aircraft was completely swallowed by the flames.
Giacomo and I stared at each other, almost laughing in relief.
The emergency services arrived pretty quickly, and we were at the scene for a couple of hours while they dealt with the fire and cleared the roads. Afterwards I spoke to the family, and that was the first time the emotion of the whole thing hit me. I kept randomly bursting into tears.
Thankfully, Stuart Moore, the pilot, and his nephew and niece Jack Moore, 19, and Billie Manley, 16, have all since made a full recovery. Jack and Billie were suffering a lot more than I was. Although they were safe, the memory of being inside that burning plane would have been more of an emotional scar.
1.What do we know about the author
A.He prided himself on being helpful. B.He regretted having saved the family.
C.He was overcome by fear and despair then. D.He was well equipped with first-aid knowledge.
2.What is the fourth paragraph mainly about
A.Joel Snarr's character. B.The importance of teamwork.
C.The rescue process. D.An investigation of the air crash.
3.Why did the author and Giacomo almost laugh in relief
A.It was a narrow escape. B.They both appreciated Joel's help.
C.They both survived the crashing plane. D.The emergency services arrived in time.
4.What is the best title for the text
A.An Unforgettable Award B.A Crashing Plane
C.A Thrilling Rescue D.An Exciting Experience
四、
What it does
The self-cleaning door handle is combining with advanced photocatalytic(光催化) black light technology. A light source activates the door's handle coating, telling it to start cleaning. It can minimize the risk of infection by contact and improve the cleanliness of a space.
How it works
The working principle of the product is that a thin advanced photocatalytic coating can effectively decompose bacteria(细菌) on the surface of a substance. A consistent UV light source—inside a transparent glass door handle—is required to activate the door's handle coating on the outer surface for disinfection, so a generator is used to provide electricity to light up a UV LED lamp by the motion of an opening and closing door. Then, the door handle can clean by itself.
The design process
We made the first version by using stainless steel. However, it caused the door handle to be heavier. Then, we tried aluminum, which made it light and easy to fix. We also improved the generator output which effectively turned energy from door movement into a light source.
How it is different
Our innovative design is simple, effective, and attractive. It has an elegant smooth shape, and its minimalist appearance stands out in today's world of inventions. Nowadays, people use chemical cleaning materials to clean up public areas but they harm the human body. Our design can be used for a long time and is effective. It can self-clean after each use. In the door lock and door handle market, it is a unique design because there are no similar products.
Future plans
In the future, we will commercialize the product and hope that it can compete on the market with similar products. We are going to be connected with public facilities, for example, shopping malls, hotels, hospitals and public restrooms, where the risk of spreading infection is higher.
Awards
In addition to winning the James Dyson Award, it has also received the Gold Award, and in 2016, it was featured in the 44th Geneva International Inventions Exhibition.
1.How does the self-cleaning door handle function
A.It controls the door movement automatically.
B.It minimizes the risk of infection by less contact.
C.Chemical cleaning materials are used to clean it up.
D.The light source tells the door handle coating to clean itself.
2.Compared with the first version of the product, the present one is _____.
A.safer and cheaper B.cleaner and easier
C.less heavy and more effective D.more attractive and expensive
3.What do we know about the new invention according to the passage
A.It has been widely used in public areas.
B.It has received recognition.
C.It is quite competitive among similar products.
D.It will replace traditional chemical cleaning materials.
五、
When Sarah Wishnia received an iPad from her daughter, she said, "It's all Greek to me." Max Rosenblum showed her how to socialize on social media and shop online with her new device. With Max's help, Elena learned to give orders to Siri, Mike familiarized himself with Waze and Honey began searching for information about movies, restaurants and books on her smartphone. Max is 16, a rising junior in Davie. His students are residents of Coral Gables, fascinated by technology and eager to learn about this brave new world of it. Max began offering his technology coaching for seniors a year ago, after he helped his grandmother with her iPhone and iPad. He taught her how to text and use social media. He also downloaded Scrabble, an app, for her to play. "She loved it," he said, not without a trace of pride.
That experience inspired him and his parents, Adam and Heather. They launched a website, . He also recruited(招募) other teens to teach the one-on-one lessons in Coral Gables. These teenagers go to the retirement communities at least once a month. Though teaching a class might appear to be more expedient, soon Max found out that group sessions simply didn't work. "People are at different levels, and it was hard to teach that way," he said. "It's much better to give them individual help." "Most people come more than once," he added. "I have my regulars."
"First he showed me how to get my email on the phone," Rosen, 88, said, "and then he wrote up a short step-by-step guide for me so I could remember." Max admits that teaching older adults takes time, but he figures he's also paying it forward.
"Maybe when I'm 87 and there's new technology," he said, "somebody will teach me, too."
1.What can we infer about Sarah Wishnia when she received the iPad
A.She had no interest in it. B.She could shop online.
C.She had some difficulty using it. D.She managed to use it by herself.
2.Why did Max begin teaching seniors to use smart devices
A.Because he was familiar with the new technology.
B.Because he enjoyed talking with senior residents.
C.Because he wanted to apply the new technology.
D.Because he got inspired after teaching his grandma.
3.Which of the following best explains "expedient" underlined in Paragraph 2
A.Exhausting. B.Practical. C.Profitable. D.Creative.
4.Where is this text most likely from
A.A science book. B.A travel guide.
C.A local newspaper. D.A product introduction.
六、
The idea that having narrow local focus leaves little room for anything but a selfish mindset is a misconception, according to a new study that found that concern for local affairs could help with global environmental conservation.
You might have heard of NIMBY which means "not in my backyard" and describes an individual or a group opposed to a new addition to the neighborhood, typically a factory, roadway or power station. Nimbyism and parochialism(眼界狭小), which are a focus on a local area, can go hand in hand, and there are concerns that parochialism paves the way for prejudice, narrow-mindedness, and selfishness.
But researchers found the exact opposite to be true in a newly published study. The researchers argued that positive parochialism can inspire a larger awareness of global environmental problems and encourage people to take action.
"We did not find evidence that parochialism was necessarily negative and inward-looking," said Patrick, a researcher for the study. "It can be those things, but there's no necessary conflict between feeling connected to your local area and feeling connected to the wider world."
For the study, the researchers reviewed documents from the 1987 Parish Maps project. The researchers showed how the Parish Maps project also demonstrated a passion for the environment and conservation. The researchers said that the Parish Maps project is a strong example of "positive parochialism", and shows that thinking locally can influence a global mindset.
"For a long time, it has been generally agreed that if we want people to think about global affairs they need an international world view—but this may not be the case," said Patrick. "Given where we are now in terms of trying to encourage people to make changes to help the environment, positive parochialism offers something that has been overlooked."
1.Which behavior can best illustrate NIMBY
A.Criticizing a friend for his selfish action.
B.Accepting a proposal beneficial to locals.
C.Supporting a neighborhood construction plan.
D.Objecting to building an airport in the neighborhood.
2.Why does the author mention the Parish Maps project
A.To explain how to protect the environment.
B.To offer an example of positive parochialism.
C.To encourage people to take part in the project.
D.To stress the importance of a global mindset.
3.How does Patrick feel about the positive parochialism phenomenon
A.Appreciative. B.Cautious. C.Negative. D.Puzzled.
4.What may be the best title for the text
A.Parochialism, a Better Practice B.The International View, More Popular
C.Thinking Locally, Acting Globally D.Bigger Thinking, Better Environment
七、
With the rapid pace of working and living, more and more Chinese are facing a phenomenon(现象): They tend to forget how to write Chinese characters. Some media have described the problem as a "crisis" for Chinese characters. So how important is Chinese writing and how can we avoid "character amnesia" in the future
Texting and typing are replacing the elaborate strokes(笔画) that make up written Chinese. And when it comes to writing down a few words, more Chinese are realising they can't remember exactly how to write a given character.
Professor Meng Man, associate professor of Minzu University of China, is one of the judges of the Chinese Character Dictation Contest broadcast on CCTV. She says she learnt a lot. "I was amazed by some competitors because even I couldn't remember how to write certain characters. The writing ability of adults in China falls short of our expectations. This TV programme is really great in drawing people's attention to writing Chinese characters."
This is a strange new form of illiteracy. The longer people use their cellphones and computers, the less often they write with pens. Whether typing on their computers or texting on phones, most Chinese use a system where they type out the sound of the word in Pinyin, which is commonly used, and they are given a choice of characters to use. Experts say the situation may not rise the level of "cultural crisis", but we need to be aware of the problem.
Meng said, "Chinese characters are generally square. This is meant to teach people to be upright and respectable. Typing tends to cut off the Chinese bond with the root of traditional culture. This might be potentially dangerous."
To settle this problem, experts suggest people change mobile phone typing from Pinyin to handwriting or five-stroke typing to help avoid forgetting how to write characters. After all, writing Chinese characters and being a decent Chinese person are what we need to pass on to future generations.
1.What does the underlined word in Paragraph 1 mean
A.Writing. B.Popularity .C.Memory loss. D.Usage.
2.Which of the following will Professor Meng Man disagree with
A.She thinks highly of the Chinese Character Dictation Contest.
B.Most adults' writing ability is satisfactory.
C.People should pay more attention to the writing of Chinese characters.
D.She herself could not write some characters sometimes.
3.Which is true according to the passage
A.Chinese characters reflect the Chinese culture in all ways.
B.By changing mobile phone typing to handwriting, one can improve his or her writing ability.
C.Experts hold the opinion that the situation has already caused "cultural crisis".
D.Chinese characters are to be forgotten in the future.
4.What's the purpose of this text
A.To tell people how to write Chinese characters.
B.To introduce the mobile phone typing system—Pinyin.
C.To encourage people to take part in the Chinese Character Dictation Contest.
D.To appeal to people to write Chinese characters more often.
八、
Veronica Vorobet learned about caring for people in her home country of Romania by nursing her grandparents. In 2013, after their deaths, she moved to England to find a job using the freedom provided by EU (European Union) membership.
Vorobet, 36, is one of a quarter of a million care workers who are not UK citizens, a rising percentage of whom have come from the EU in recent years. They have become an essential part of a low-paid workforce that is constantly understaffed(人员不足的), with about 120,000 unoccupied positions.
Yesterday, she expressed disappointment with the announcement that there would be no special treatment for carers coming into the UK after Brexit—British exit from the EU.
"I want to see people treated the way I want to be treated and to make a difference in people's lives, making a feeling of home for everyone," she told The Guardian. "The foreign workers are important in this. They are able to work under a lot of stress and long hours. In my country we are very close to our elderly people and that is what we show here. We try to be close to them and respect their wishes."
She said her approach was to treat residents as if they were her own grandparents and provide similar levels of "support and love". When she arrived in the UK, Vorobet started as a junior care worker on minimum wages in a home for older people in Petersfield, Hampshire. Seven years on and having studied for an NVQ in health and social care, she is a deputy(副职) care manager at St Anthony's residential care home in Watford, part of RMD Care. There she works alongside other Romanian people, and care workers from India, Sri Lanka and Kenya.
Her most recent trial has been keeping coronavirus(冠状病毒) out of the home, so far successfully. She said that given the difficulty of taking on care workers, European workers have helped create stability in the workforce. The staff turnover in adult social care currently stands at about 30% a year.
"The government should do their research and find out who does these jobs and understand the risk of taking this decision. The risk is that there won't be enough staff to look after the people in need," she said.
1.Why does the author mention "with about 120,000 unoccupied positions" in Paragraph 2
A.To predict the future workforce in the UK.
B.To highlight the current situation of the UK.
C.To show the importance of foreign carers in the UK.
D.To reveal foreign carers' determination to stay in the UK.
2.What does Vorobet think of foreign carers in the UK
A.They are hardworking and considerate.
B.They are unwilling to work with low pay.
C.They work at the risk of being physically abused.
D.They have to leave their countries to seek a fortune.
3.The underlined part "this decision" in the last paragraph refers to the decision that _____.
A.European workers must be fired soon
B.foreign carers will be treated with low pay
C.foreign carers in the UK will be given no particular treatment
D.the British government bans European workers from finding jobs in the UK
4.What's the main purpose of this passage
A.To introduce Vorobet, a woman from the UK.
B.To present the current situation of foreign carers in the UK.
C.To reveal the problems of the UK after Brexit.
D.To predict the future workforce in the UK.
九、
To stay healthy and fit, Chinese students do group exercises every day at school. Most of you probably do the same set of exercises. But some school exercises have grown popular online due to their local and innovative designs.
Singing in Sichuan dialects with energetic movements and unique mask-changing is not just a Sichuan Opera performance. It's the routine exercise for students of Mianyang Foreign Languages Experimental School in Sichuan Province.
"Sichuan Opera is a local opera, and it is now facing a gap in inheritance(传承). Therefore, we cooperated with Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Centre of Mianyang to create a simple and easy-to-learn Sichuan Opera exercise," said Shen Junhua, who is in charge of organising the school's exercise between classes.
According to Shen, this new type of exercise has been practised since 2017 and has been popular among students. When students enrol(入学), they will spend several weeks practising it. At present, almost all of the students and teachers have mastered it.
"In fact, we had hardly heard of Sichuan Opera before teachers taught us how to do the Sichuan Opera exercise," said a student in eighth grade who also joined the school's Sichuan Opera club out of interest. "It's very different from normal exercises. After practising it, we found it very beautiful and became interested in it. Now, almost all of the students look forward to our daily exercise time and feel excited to do it."
"By combining the opera with daily exercise, the daily interclass activity allows students to perceive and understand Sichuan Opera culture," Shen said. "After years of continuous effort to spread the seeds of traditional culture, the younger generation is finally catching on."
1.What do students in Shen's school do as the group exercise
A.They do normal exercise.
B.They sing pop songs in Sichuan dialects.
C.They do mask-changing in a Sichuan Opera performance.
D.They combine the group exercise with Sichuan Орега.
2.Why do they adopt the new type of exercise
A.To attract new students to the school. B.To inherit local culture.
C.To create an easy-to-learn exercise. D.To make the school's group exercise popular.
3.How do teachers and students react to the group exercise
A.Calm. B.Indifferent. C.Enthusiastic. D.Uninterested.
4.What can we learn from the last paragraph
A.Shen's continuous effort is highly praised.
B.The younger generation will have a stronger body.
C.The students can better understand their local culture.
D.Students help to spread the seeds of traditional culture to younger generation.
十、
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上) participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.
For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the "I'll have what she's having" effect. However, we'll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I
1.What is the recent study mainly about
A.Food safety. B.Movie viewership.
C.Consumer demand. D.Eating behavior.
2.What does the underlined word "beanpoles" in Paragraph 1 refer to
A.Big eaters. B.Overweight persons.
C.Picky eaters. D.Tall thin persons.
3.Why did the researchers hire the actor
A.To see how she would affect the participants. B.To test if the participants could recognize her.
C.To find out what she would do in the two tests. D.To study why she could keep her weight down.
4.On what basis do we "adjust the influence" according to the last paragraph
A.How hungry we are. B.How slim we want to be.
C.How we perceive others. D.How we feel about the food.
答案以及解析
一、
答案：1.D; 2.C; 3.C; 4.D
解析：1.推理判断题。文章第一句“Innovations are not always welcome.”(创新并不总是受欢迎的。)提出了一个人们对创新的态度的论点,然后根据所举事例的内容可知,举例是在证明这个论点,所以说举例的目的是为了说明一些人对新发明的态度。故选D项。
2.词句猜测题。划线词词后文“stuck in jobs that are not just poorly paid but also unstable and stressful. ”(陷入了一种不仅薪水低而且不稳定、压力大的工作中。)是对划线词汇的解释,故可以推断出划线词precariat是指“陷入一种不好的工作中”。C项“陷入糟糕工作的人。”与之意义最为接近,故选C项。
3.推理判断题。根据文章最后一句“Perhaps, the truth is that it is impossible to be sure whether the latest advances will in the end have mainly good or bad economic effects.”(也许,事实是,我们无法确定最新的进展最终主要会产生好的还是坏的经济影响。)可知,作者对AI的态度是中立的。故选C项。
4.细节理解题。根据最后一段“Mr. Bootle argued that Al and robotics would improve productivity and economic growth, and release people from performing the most lengthy tasks.”(Mr. Bootle认为,人工智能和机器人技术可以提高生产力和经济增长,并且可以让人们不用再执行最冗长的任务。)可知,人工智能和机器人技术使人们从长时间劳累的工作中解脱出来,故选D项。
二、
答案：1-4 DABB
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第二段可知, 看到同学们把仅有的一点钱花在糖果或足球卡上而不吃午饭, 他感到很受刺激。更让他感到不安的是他所看到的孩子们的贫穷。由此可推知, 乔斯为孩子们创建一个银行是为了帮助贫困的孩子。故选D项。
2.细节理解题。根据第三段中的What makes it different from traditional banks is that it sets savings goals for children.可知, 学生银行的特别之处在于它为孩子们设定储蓄目标。故选A项。
3.词义猜测题。根据第五段可知, 该银行每月回收4.4吨材料, 并在阿雷基帕的7所学校里收集箱子。更多的人还在等待名单上。这种模式在秘鲁其他地区和国外越来越受欢迎。由此可推知, 画线短语所在句句意为: 当乔斯 阿道夫提出"回收计划"时, 学生银行真的大受欢迎。catch on意为"大受欢迎; 流行起来"。故选B项。
4.细节理解题。根据最后一段可知, 秘鲁前环境部长露西娅 鲁伊斯表示: "......他实现了双重目标, 因为他不仅为儿童和青少年设计了一个理财机会, 而且帮助减少了国家的废弃物。"由此可知, 露西娅 鲁伊斯认为乔斯的工作对理财教育和回收利用作出了贡献。故选B项。
三、
答案：1-4 ACAC
解析：1.细节理解题。根据题目定位到文章第一段, 结合下文作者在飞机失事后救了三个人可知, 他为自己乐于助人而自豪, 故A项正确。
2.段落大意题。根据题目定位到文章第四段, 通读该段可知, 该段主要讲的是作者和Joel Snarr在飞机失事后救出三个人的过程, 故C项正确。
3.推理判断题。根据题干中的"almost laugh in relief"定位到文章第五段, 结合第四段内容可推知, 作者刚刚经历了惊心动魄的营救过程, 终于在飞机被火焰完全吞噬前救出了全部的人, 所以此刻才会和Giacomo一起几乎如释重负地笑了, "a narrow escape"意为"死里逃生", 故A项正确。
4.标题判断题。文章第一、二段引出主题—作者在飞机失事后救了三个人, 其后的段落围绕具体的营救过程和事故的其他方面展开, 故C项最适合作为本文的标题。
四、
答案：1-3 DCB
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第一段第二句"A light source activates the door's handle coating, telling it to start cleaning."可知, 光源激活门把手涂层, 让它开始启动清洁。故D项正确。
2.细节理解题。根据第三段中的"Then, we tried aluminum, which made it light and easy to fix. We also improved the generator output which effectively turned energy from door movement into a light source."可知, 当前产品使用了铝, 质轻且易修复; 此外还改进了发电机的输出端, 有效地将能量从门的运动转化为光源。据此可知, 与第一版产品相比, 当前的产品重量更轻, 效果更好。
3.推理判断题。根据最后一段可知, 除了获得詹姆斯 戴森奖, 该产品还获得了金奖, 并在2016年参加了第44届日内瓦国际发明展。据此可推知, 该产品得到了认可, 故B项正确。
五、
答案：1-4 CDBC
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第一段第一句可知, 当萨拉 维什尼亚收到女儿给的iPad时说她一窍不通; 又结合下文表述的马克斯教她学习使用iPad可以推断, 当萨拉 维什尼亚收到iPad时, 她使用iPad有困难, 故C项正确。it's all Greek to me是英语中的习语, 意为"我全然不懂; 我一窍不通"。
2.细节理解题。根据第一段中的"Max began offering his technology coaching for seniors a year ago, after he helped his grandmother with her iPhone and iPad."和第二段第一句可知, 马克斯是因为在帮助祖母使用iPhone和iPad后受到激励, 所以开始教老年人使用智能设备, 故D项正确。
3.词义猜测题。根据该段中表述的他们采用一对一的授课方式, 并分析该句语境可知, 画线词与该句中的"didn't work"语义相反, 由此可推知, B项正确。
4.文章出处题。通读全文可知, 本文是一篇记叙文, 讲述了马克斯 罗森布拉姆在教祖母使用苹果手机和iPad后受到激励, 于是他和父母一起建立了一个网站, 招募青少年, 采用一对一的方式教本地的老年人学习使用智能设备。据此可以推断, 本文最有可能摘自一份地方报纸, 故C项正确。
六、
答案：1-4 DBAC
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第二段中的"You might have heard of NIMBY which means 'not in my backyard' and describes an individual or a group opposed to a new addition to the neighborhood, typically a factory, roadway or power station."可以推断, 反对在当地建造机场是一种NIMBY行为。故选D项。
2.推理判断题。根据第五段中的"the Parish Maps project is a strong example of 'positive parochialism', and shows that thinking locally can influence a global mindset"可知, 文中提到Parish Maps项目是积极的狭隘主义的强有力的例子, 它表明积极的狭隘主义能够影响全球思维模式, 由此可推知, 作者提到该项目是为了给积极的狭隘主义提供一个例子。故选B项。
3.观点态度题。根据第四段和最后一段中帕特里克说的话尤其是"Given where we are now in terms of trying to encourage people to make changes to help the environment, positive parochialism offers something that has been overlooked."可推知, 作者认为积极的狭隘主义对环境保护有益, 由此可以推断, 帕特里克对积极的狭隘主义持赞赏的态度。故选A项。
4.标题判断题。本文主要介绍了一项与人们之前认知不同的新的研究发现, 即关注当地事务可以帮助全球环境保护, 积极的狭隘主义能够影响全球思维模式, 故C项最适合做整篇文章的标题。
七、
答案：1-4 CBBD
解析：1.词义猜测题。根据画线词上文的They tend to forget how to write Chinese characters.可知, 中国人容易忘记怎么写汉字, 所以此处表示今后我们应该如何避免"汉字记忆丧失"。画线词的词义为"记忆丧失"。故选C项。
2.细节理解题。根据文章第三段倒数第二句The writing ability of adults in China falls short of our expectations.可知, 蒙曼老师对中国成年人的汉字书写能力不满意。故选B项。
3.细节理解题。根据最后一段中的To settle this problem, experts suggest people change mobile phone typing from Pinyin to handwriting or five-stroke typing to-help avoid forgetting how to write characters.可知, 专家建议人们将手机拼音打字改为手写或五笔打字, 这样能够帮助避免忘记怎么写汉字, 即提高写字的能力。故选B项。
4.推理判断题。本文主要讲述电子产品带来的"汉字危机", 在文章最后一段, 作者呼吁人们将书写汉字的能力代代相传, 由此可知, 本文的目的是呼吁人们多写汉字。故选D项。
八、
答案：1-4 CACB
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第二段中的"They have become an essential part of a low-paid workforce"并联系上文可知, 此处They指的是"care workers who are not UK citizens"。本句说明了在英国外国护理人员的重要性, 提到12万空置职位是为了佐证这一点, 故C项正确。
2.观点态度题。根据第四段中的"They are able to...respect their wishes."可知, Vorobet认为在英国的外国护理人员工作努力、对照顾对象体贴周到, 故A项正确。
3.词句猜测题。根据画线部分所在句句意"政府应该调查并弄清楚谁在做这些工作, 并明白做这个决定的风险"可知, 此处需要明白政府做了什么决定。根据第三段中的"there would be no special treatment for carers coming into the UK after Brexit—British exit from the EU"可知, 英国政府决定在脱离欧盟以后, 不再特别对待外国护理人员, 故C项正确。
4.写作意图题。结合全文可知, 本文以Vorobet, 一个在英国工作的罗马尼亚护理人员的故事介绍了外国护理人员当前在英国的情况, 故B项正确。
九、
答案：1-4 DBAC
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第三段中的"...we cooperated with Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Centre of Mianyang to create a simple and easy-to-learn Sichuan Opera exercise," said Shen Junhua, who is in charge of organising the school's exercise between classes.可知, 学校课间操负责人申君华说到, "我们与绵阳市非物质文化遗产保护中心合作, 编排创作了一套简单易学的川剧操。"由此可知, 该校学生集体锻炼的方式是跳与川剧(元素)结合的课间操。故选D项。
2.推理判断题。根据第三段的Sichuan Opera is a local opera, and it is now facing a gap in inheritance.可知, 川剧的传承面临着断代的困境, 由此推知, 他们采用这种新型锻炼方式是为了传承当地文化。故选B项。
3.推理判断题。根据第四段的内容和第五段中的became interested in it及look forward to...可知, 这种新型锻炼方法在学生中很受欢迎。目前, 几乎所有的学生和老师都已经掌握了这套操。由此推知, 师生对新型锻炼方法充满了热情。故选C项。
4.推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容可知, 经过多年的不懈努力来传播传统文化的种子, 年轻一代终于开始感知和理解传统文化。因此, 从最后一段中我们可以了解到通过跳川剧操的方式, 学生可以更好地理解他们当地的文化。故选C项。
十、
答案：1-4 DDAC
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第一段中的"According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake."可知, 根据《消费者研究杂志》最近的一项研究, 我们的饮食同伴的体型和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选D项。
2.词义猜测题。根据第一段中的"And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions, it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid."可知, 研究表明, 与现有的研究发现(应该避免和食量大的胖人一起吃饭)相反, 你真正需要避开的是食量大且又高又瘦的人。由"contrary to"可推断出, 画线词和"heavier people"含义相反。故选D项。picky挑剔的; 难伺候的。
3.推理判断题。根据第二段中的"To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments."可知, 为了验证社交对饮食习惯的影响, 研究人员进行了两个实验。根据倒数第三段的内容可知, 在两个实验中, 胖型和瘦型演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做, 吃的食物比平常多。然而, 当演员是瘦型的时候, 参与者们进食更多。由此推断, 研究人员雇用演员是为了查看演员如何影响参与者。故选A项。
4.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit."可知, 如果一个超重的人吃很大一份, 我会忍住一点, 因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多, 我会跟着做。因此推断我们对自己饮食的调整是以分析他人的饮食习惯和结果(即如何看待他人)为基础的。故选C项。
解题技巧
1. 细节理解题
（1）题干定位，按图索骥。
细心审题，直接就题找答案。先看文章后面的问题，注意题干中的关键词，如：人物、时间和事件等，做到有的放矢。根据题干中的标志性词语定位到原文，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，找到与原文相符的选项，确定正确答案。快速寻找信息点的策略一般适用于做功能型阅读题，主要形式有广告、公告、演出信息、航班时间表等。做这类题时，没有必要阅读全文，宜采用“题干定位法”解题。
（2）语义转换，变通理解。
变通理解，间接转述找答案。有些细节题主要考查对某句话或某几句话的理解，很少直接用原文中的句子进行考查，题干通常会对这些句子进行语义转换，包括同义转换、概念解析、归纳事实等。如：
①同义改写：题干将原文中的词或短语换成另外的词或短语，词性和结构不变，意义相近。
②转变词性与结构：题干关键信息并不一定与原文中相关信息一致，而是作了一定的转化。如将名词词组转化为意义相近的动词或形容词等。
（3）查读分析，多点归纳。
多点归纳，综合事实找答案。此方法适用于离散型细节理解题或数字计算题。根据题干要求，迅速找到与之相关的事实或数据，对其进行分析整合，得出正确答案。文章中的数字、日期、时间都是设题的重点，此类题目的答案很少是文章中直接出现的数字或日期，通常需要作简单的计算。
图文转换类的题，即根据短文描述确定相应图形，或根据图形选出相应的文字答案。此类题可采用“文字锁定法”解题，即找出描述图形的句段，按“文”索“图”，这样，便可迅速地锁定对应图形。
2.主旨大意题
（1）学会寻找主题句
主题句所在的位置一般有四种情况：一是文首。有些文章先提出主题，接着围绕主题展开叙述。二是文末。有些文章在表述细节后，归纳要点，概括主题。此类文章往往以列举事实开头，最后归纳主题。三是文首和文末。有时为突出主题，作者会先点明主题，结尾时再次强调，但前后表述的句子不是简单的重复，后面的表述往往是对主题的进一步延伸和深化。四是文中。通常前面只提出问题，文章的主题由陈述的细节引出，而后又对其进行学会寻找主题句一步的阐释。
（2）学会归纳概括
在没有明确的主题句时，考生必须根据文中所提供的事实和细节，进行全面考虑、综合分析，归纳出文章的主题。要灵活运用跳读、略读等技巧进行阅读，在这个过程中注意每段的段首和段尾，同时，还可利用信息词、标志词等提示进行概括。
（3）学会分析选项
在做主旨大意题时，考生不仅可以从文章出发概括出主题，也可以从选项反推出主题。要多注意选项之间的比对。
3.推理判断题
（1）忠实原文
要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆断、凭空想象，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。
（2）吃透文章
要吃透文章，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。考生可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来进行分析、推断，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。
（3）深层挖掘
要对文字的深层含义进行挖掘，由表及里，由浅入深，通过分析、判断进行合乎逻辑的推理。
（4）理清思路
要把握文中句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要把握文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，理清思路，悟出作者的言外之意。
4.词义猜测题
（1）利用构词法猜词义
构词法是英语单词形成的主要途径，根据构词法猜测词义一般比较接近单词的真实意思，准确度比较高。
（2）利用语法关系猜词义
利用语法关系猜测词义指利用语言表述中的举例子、下定义、同位语、标点符号、定语从句等进行词义猜测的方法。
（3）利用逻辑关系猜词义
语言表达总是按照一定的逻辑关系展开的，根据语言的内在逻辑关系往往可以粗略地推断出词义或大致义域。对我们猜测词义具有较大帮助的逻辑关系通常有并列、转折、因果等。
（4）利用上下文语境猜词义
在文章中，任何一个单词都不是孤立存在的，它总会和其他单词产生联系，通过这些联系可以猜测出单词或短语在文中的意思，尤其是代词的指代含义。
（5）利用生活常识和文化背景知识猜词义
一、
Innovations are not always welcome. In 1589 William Lee made his way to the English court, hoping to be granted a patent for his invention, a knitting machine. Queen Elizabeth I turned him down: "Consider what the invention could do to my poor subjects," she commanded. "It would assuredly bring ruin to them by robbing them of employment."
The fears of Good Queen Bess have echoed down the centuries—from the Luddites, who destroyed textile machinery in the early 19th century, to John F. Kennedy, who warned of the dangers of automation during his presidential campaign of 1960. In the 21st century the concerns have switched to robots and artificial intelligence (AI); 30% of American workers believe their jobs are likely to be replaced by robots and computers in their lifetime
In the past the relationship between machine and human labor has been driven by two factors: the substituting effect, which caused people to lose jobs, and the complementing effect, which allowed employees to do their work more productively. Mr. Susskind worries that, in the future, the substituting effect will take over. Advances in Al have been so rapid that machines will eventually be better than people at most activities, he says, and so will be the "default(默认)choice" for performing them. A few highly paid humans will still be employed, but the rest will either struggle to find work or fall into the "precariat", stuck in jobs that are not just poorly paid but also unstable and stressful.
This depressing view of the impact of technology is plausible(貌似有理的). But so is a more optimistic outlook, as the economist Roger Bootle showed in his book. Mr. Bootle argued that Al and robotics would improve productivity and economic growth, and release people from performing the most lengthy tasks. As for employment, there will always be demand for services with the human touch. Perhaps, the truth is that it is impossible to be sure whether the latest advances will in the end have mainly good or bad economic effects.
1.What's the purpose of the examples in Paragraphs 1 and 2
A.To tell people how many inventions are made.
B.To remind people how important the machines are.
C.To demonstrate the possible dangers to human beings.
D.To show some people's attitude towards new inventions.
2.What is the meaning of the underlined word "precariat"
A.People who have stable jobs. B.People who like their jobs.
C.People who are stuck in bad jobs. D.People whose jobs are well-paid.
3.What is the author's attitude towards AI
A.Positive. B.Negative. C.Neutral. D.Indifferent.
4.Which statement is TRUE according to Roger Bootle
A.The impact of technology is depressing.
B.He showed a pessimistic attitude to technogy in his book.
C.AI and robotics would harm productivity and economic growth.
D.AI and robotics release people from performing long and tiring tasks.
二、
Jose Adolfo is a banker from Peru. He encourages children to save money and offers his customers cash for recycling plastic wastes. But the remarkable thing is that he is still a child himself.
By the age of 7, he decided to create a bank for children. He was motivated by seeing his classmates skipping lunch because they had spent the little money they had on sweets or football cards. What drove him even more was the poverty he saw among children.
With the support of a local company, the 14-year-old boy founded the Bartselana student bank which now has more than 2,000 customers between the ages of 10 and 18. Children can withdraw(提取) money from several cashpoints of the bank. They can also monitor their balances online. What makes it different from traditional banks is that it sets savings goals for children. They have to reach those goals in order to withdraw their money.
The student bank really caught on when Jose Adolfo came up with the "Recycle Plan", a new way for the children to earn money by collecting recyclable plastic or paper waste. Students can bring recyclable plastic bottles, used school books and old newspapers to the schools and put them into the collecting boxes. The recycling is weighed and the money goes to their bank accounts.
The bank recycles 4.4 tons of material a month and has collecting boxes in seven schools in Arequipa. More are on a waiting list. Increasingly the model is in demand in the rest of Peru and abroad.
His efforts have been noticed by Peru's Environment Ministry. "He's making an amazing change in financial education that perhaps many adults could not come up with," said the Peru's former environment minister, Lucia Ruiz. "He's achieving a double goal because he's not just designing a financial opportunity for children and teenagers but also helping to reduce waste in the country."
1.What's the purpose of creating a bank for children for Jose
A.To recycle the waste. B.To provide free lunch.
C.To learn to manage money. D.To help children in poverty.
2.What is special about the student bank
A.Savings goals are set for children. B.The balances are monitored online.
C.Customers should obey the bank rules. D.Money can be withdrawn from some cashpoints.
3.What's the similar meaning of "caught on" in Paragraph 4
A.Drew on. B.Took off. C.Looked forward. D.Gave rise to.
4.According to Lucia Ruiz, why is Jose's job meaning
A.He told children the significance of running a bank.
B.He contributed to financial education and recycling.
C.He let children know how important saving money.
D.He solved children's realistic problem—skipping lunch.
三、
It was an amazing feeling to be acknowledged for the Pride of Britain award at 10 Downing Street.
The last thing you expect when doing something as ordinary as picking your son up from a sleepover is to end up saving three people's lives in a plane crash—but that's exactly what happened to me in May this year.
I think I was acting unconsciously. I jumped out, leaving Giacomo in the car.
The plane was upside down and flames were coming out of the driver's seat and I could hear screaming. I think there must have been roughly half a minute between getting the first and last person out. Then another guy—who turned out to be Joel Snarr—arrived on the scene to help at just the right time. I don't think I'd have been able to get the pilot out—he was a big guy. There is no way he would have survived if Joel hadn't been there. I could tell straight away Joel had a military background by how he conducted himself. We'd just got all three of them to a safe distance when the aircraft was completely swallowed by the flames.
Giacomo and I stared at each other, almost laughing in relief.
The emergency services arrived pretty quickly, and we were at the scene for a couple of hours while they dealt with the fire and cleared the roads. Afterwards I spoke to the family, and that was the first time the emotion of the whole thing hit me. I kept randomly bursting into tears.
Thankfully, Stuart Moore, the pilot, and his nephew and niece Jack Moore, 19, and Billie Manley, 16, have all since made a full recovery. Jack and Billie were suffering a lot more than I was. Although they were safe, the memory of being inside that burning plane would have been more of an emotional scar.
1.What do we know about the author
A.He prided himself on being helpful. B.He regretted having saved the family.
C.He was overcome by fear and despair then. D.He was well equipped with first-aid knowledge.
2.What is the fourth paragraph mainly about
A.Joel Snarr's character. B.The importance of teamwork.
C.The rescue process. D.An investigation of the air crash.
3.Why did the author and Giacomo almost laugh in relief
A.It was a narrow escape. B.They both appreciated Joel's help.
C.They both survived the crashing plane. D.The emergency services arrived in time.
4.What is the best title for the text
A.An Unforgettable Award B.A Crashing Plane
C.A Thrilling Rescue D.An Exciting Experience
四、
What it does
The self-cleaning door handle is combining with advanced photocatalytic(光催化) black light technology. A light source activates the door's handle coating, telling it to start cleaning. It can minimize the risk of infection by contact and improve the cleanliness of a space.
How it works
The working principle of the product is that a thin advanced photocatalytic coating can effectively decompose bacteria(细菌) on the surface of a substance. A consistent UV light source—inside a transparent glass door handle—is required to activate the door's handle coating on the outer surface for disinfection, so a generator is used to provide electricity to light up a UV LED lamp by the motion of an opening and closing door. Then, the door handle can clean by itself.
The design process
We made the first version by using stainless steel. However, it caused the door handle to be heavier. Then, we tried aluminum, which made it light and easy to fix. We also improved the generator output which effectively turned energy from door movement into a light source.
How it is different
Our innovative design is simple, effective, and attractive. It has an elegant smooth shape, and its minimalist appearance stands out in today's world of inventions. Nowadays, people use chemical cleaning materials to clean up public areas but they harm the human body. Our design can be used for a long time and is effective. It can self-clean after each use. In the door lock and door handle market, it is a unique design because there are no similar products.
Future plans
In the future, we will commercialize the product and hope that it can compete on the market with similar products. We are going to be connected with public facilities, for example, shopping malls, hotels, hospitals and public restrooms, where the risk of spreading infection is higher.
Awards
In addition to winning the James Dyson Award, it has also received the Gold Award, and in 2016, it was featured in the 44th Geneva International Inventions Exhibition.
1.How does the self-cleaning door handle function
A.It controls the door movement automatically.
B.It minimizes the risk of infection by less contact.
C.Chemical cleaning materials are used to clean it up.
D.The light source tells the door handle coating to clean itself.
2.Compared with the first version of the product, the present one is _____.
A.safer and cheaper B.cleaner and easier
C.less heavy and more effective D.more attractive and expensive
3.What do we know about the new invention according to the passage
A.It has been widely used in public areas.
B.It has received recognition.
C.It is quite competitive among similar products.
D.It will replace traditional chemical cleaning materials.
五、
When Sarah Wishnia received an iPad from her daughter, she said, "It's all Greek to me." Max Rosenblum showed her how to socialize on social media and shop online with her new device. With Max's help, Elena learned to give orders to Siri, Mike familiarized himself with Waze and Honey began searching for information about movies, restaurants and books on her smartphone. Max is 16, a rising junior in Davie. His students are residents of Coral Gables, fascinated by technology and eager to learn about this brave new world of it. Max began offering his technology coaching for seniors a year ago, after he helped his grandmother with her iPhone and iPad. He taught her how to text and use social media. He also downloaded Scrabble, an app, for her to play. "She loved it," he said, not without a trace of pride.
That experience inspired him and his parents, Adam and Heather. They launched a website, . He also recruited(招募) other teens to teach the one-on-one lessons in Coral Gables. These teenagers go to the retirement communities at least once a month. Though teaching a class might appear to be more expedient, soon Max found out that group sessions simply didn't work. "People are at different levels, and it was hard to teach that way," he said. "It's much better to give them individual help." "Most people come more than once," he added. "I have my regulars."
"First he showed me how to get my email on the phone," Rosen, 88, said, "and then he wrote up a short step-by-step guide for me so I could remember." Max admits that teaching older adults takes time, but he figures he's also paying it forward.
"Maybe when I'm 87 and there's new technology," he said, "somebody will teach me, too."
1.What can we infer about Sarah Wishnia when she received the iPad
A.She had no interest in it. B.She could shop online.
C.She had some difficulty using it. D.She managed to use it by herself.
2.Why did Max begin teaching seniors to use smart devices
A.Because he was familiar with the new technology.
B.Because he enjoyed talking with senior residents.
C.Because he wanted to apply the new technology.
D.Because he got inspired after teaching his grandma.
3.Which of the following best explains "expedient" underlined in Paragraph 2
A.Exhausting. B.Practical. C.Profitable. D.Creative.
4.Where is this text most likely from
A.A science book. B.A travel guide.
C.A local newspaper. D.A product introduction.
六、
The idea that having narrow local focus leaves little room for anything but a selfish mindset is a misconception, according to a new study that found that concern for local affairs could help with global environmental conservation.
You might have heard of NIMBY which means "not in my backyard" and describes an individual or a group opposed to a new addition to the neighborhood, typically a factory, roadway or power station. Nimbyism and parochialism(眼界狭小), which are a focus on a local area, can go hand in hand, and there are concerns that parochialism paves the way for prejudice, narrow-mindedness, and selfishness.
But researchers found the exact opposite to be true in a newly published study. The researchers argued that positive parochialism can inspire a larger awareness of global environmental problems and encourage people to take action.
"We did not find evidence that parochialism was necessarily negative and inward-looking," said Patrick, a researcher for the study. "It can be those things, but there's no necessary conflict between feeling connected to your local area and feeling connected to the wider world."
For the study, the researchers reviewed documents from the 1987 Parish Maps project. The researchers showed how the Parish Maps project also demonstrated a passion for the environment and conservation. The researchers said that the Parish Maps project is a strong example of "positive parochialism", and shows that thinking locally can influence a global mindset.
"For a long time, it has been generally agreed that if we want people to think about global affairs they need an international world view—but this may not be the case," said Patrick. "Given where we are now in terms of trying to encourage people to make changes to help the environment, positive parochialism offers something that has been overlooked."
1.Which behavior can best illustrate NIMBY
A.Criticizing a friend for his selfish action.
B.Accepting a proposal beneficial to locals.
C.Supporting a neighborhood construction plan.
D.Objecting to building an airport in the neighborhood.
2.Why does the author mention the Parish Maps project
A.To explain how to protect the environment.
B.To offer an example of positive parochialism.
C.To encourage people to take part in the project.
D.To stress the importance of a global mindset.
3.How does Patrick feel about the positive parochialism phenomenon
A.Appreciative. B.Cautious. C.Negative. D.Puzzled.
4.What may be the best title for the text
A.Parochialism, a Better Practice B.The International View, More Popular
C.Thinking Locally, Acting Globally D.Bigger Thinking, Better Environment
七、
With the rapid pace of working and living, more and more Chinese are facing a phenomenon(现象): They tend to forget how to write Chinese characters. Some media have described the problem as a "crisis" for Chinese characters. So how important is Chinese writing and how can we avoid "character amnesia" in the future
Texting and typing are replacing the elaborate strokes(笔画) that make up written Chinese. And when it comes to writing down a few words, more Chinese are realising they can't remember exactly how to write a given character.
Professor Meng Man, associate professor of Minzu University of China, is one of the judges of the Chinese Character Dictation Contest broadcast on CCTV. She says she learnt a lot. "I was amazed by some competitors because even I couldn't remember how to write certain characters. The writing ability of adults in China falls short of our expectations. This TV programme is really great in drawing people's attention to writing Chinese characters."
This is a strange new form of illiteracy. The longer people use their cellphones and computers, the less often they write with pens. Whether typing on their computers or texting on phones, most Chinese use a system where they type out the sound of the word in Pinyin, which is commonly used, and they are given a choice of characters to use. Experts say the situation may not rise the level of "cultural crisis", but we need to be aware of the problem.
Meng said, "Chinese characters are generally square. This is meant to teach people to be upright and respectable. Typing tends to cut off the Chinese bond with the root of traditional culture. This might be potentially dangerous."
To settle this problem, experts suggest people change mobile phone typing from Pinyin to handwriting or five-stroke typing to help avoid forgetting how to write characters. After all, writing Chinese characters and being a decent Chinese person are what we need to pass on to future generations.
1.What does the underlined word in Paragraph 1 mean
A.Writing. B.Popularity .C.Memory loss. D.Usage.
2.Which of the following will Professor Meng Man disagree with
A.She thinks highly of the Chinese Character Dictation Contest.
B.Most adults' writing ability is satisfactory.
C.People should pay more attention to the writing of Chinese characters.
D.She herself could not write some characters sometimes.
3.Which is true according to the passage
A.Chinese characters reflect the Chinese culture in all ways.
B.By changing mobile phone typing to handwriting, one can improve his or her writing ability.
C.Experts hold the opinion that the situation has already caused "cultural crisis".
D.Chinese characters are to be forgotten in the future.
4.What's the purpose of this text
A.To tell people how to write Chinese characters.
B.To introduce the mobile phone typing system—Pinyin.
C.To encourage people to take part in the Chinese Character Dictation Contest.
D.To appeal to people to write Chinese characters more often.
八、
Veronica Vorobet learned about caring for people in her home country of Romania by nursing her grandparents. In 2013, after their deaths, she moved to England to find a job using the freedom provided by EU (European Union) membership.
Vorobet, 36, is one of a quarter of a million care workers who are not UK citizens, a rising percentage of whom have come from the EU in recent years. They have become an essential part of a low-paid workforce that is constantly understaffed(人员不足的), with about 120,000 unoccupied positions.
Yesterday, she expressed disappointment with the announcement that there would be no special treatment for carers coming into the UK after Brexit—British exit from the EU.
"I want to see people treated the way I want to be treated and to make a difference in people's lives, making a feeling of home for everyone," she told The Guardian. "The foreign workers are important in this. They are able to work under a lot of stress and long hours. In my country we are very close to our elderly people and that is what we show here. We try to be close to them and respect their wishes."
She said her approach was to treat residents as if they were her own grandparents and provide similar levels of "support and love". When she arrived in the UK, Vorobet started as a junior care worker on minimum wages in a home for older people in Petersfield, Hampshire. Seven years on and having studied for an NVQ in health and social care, she is a deputy(副职) care manager at St Anthony's residential care home in Watford, part of RMD Care. There she works alongside other Romanian people, and care workers from India, Sri Lanka and Kenya.
Her most recent trial has been keeping coronavirus(冠状病毒) out of the home, so far successfully. She said that given the difficulty of taking on care workers, European workers have helped create stability in the workforce. The staff turnover in adult social care currently stands at about 30% a year.
"The government should do their research and find out who does these jobs and understand the risk of taking this decision. The risk is that there won't be enough staff to look after the people in need," she said.
1.Why does the author mention "with about 120,000 unoccupied positions" in Paragraph 2
A.To predict the future workforce in the UK.
B.To highlight the current situation of the UK.
C.To show the importance of foreign carers in the UK.
D.To reveal foreign carers' determination to stay in the UK.
2.What does Vorobet think of foreign carers in the UK
A.They are hardworking and considerate.
B.They are unwilling to work with low pay.
C.They work at the risk of being physically abused.
D.They have to leave their countries to seek a fortune.
3.The underlined part "this decision" in the last paragraph refers to the decision that _____.
A.European workers must be fired soon
B.foreign carers will be treated with low pay
C.foreign carers in the UK will be given no particular treatment
D.the British government bans European workers from finding jobs in the UK
4.What's the main purpose of this passage
A.To introduce Vorobet, a woman from the UK.
B.To present the current situation of foreign carers in the UK.
C.To reveal the problems of the UK after Brexit.
D.To predict the future workforce in the UK.
九、
To stay healthy and fit, Chinese students do group exercises every day at school. Most of you probably do the same set of exercises. But some school exercises have grown popular online due to their local and innovative designs.
Singing in Sichuan dialects with energetic movements and unique mask-changing is not just a Sichuan Opera performance. It's the routine exercise for students of Mianyang Foreign Languages Experimental School in Sichuan Province.
"Sichuan Opera is a local opera, and it is now facing a gap in inheritance(传承). Therefore, we cooperated with Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Centre of Mianyang to create a simple and easy-to-learn Sichuan Opera exercise," said Shen Junhua, who is in charge of organising the school's exercise between classes.
According to Shen, this new type of exercise has been practised since 2017 and has been popular among students. When students enrol(入学), they will spend several weeks practising it. At present, almost all of the students and teachers have mastered it.
"In fact, we had hardly heard of Sichuan Opera before teachers taught us how to do the Sichuan Opera exercise," said a student in eighth grade who also joined the school's Sichuan Opera club out of interest. "It's very different from normal exercises. After practising it, we found it very beautiful and became interested in it. Now, almost all of the students look forward to our daily exercise time and feel excited to do it."
"By combining the opera with daily exercise, the daily interclass activity allows students to perceive and understand Sichuan Opera culture," Shen said. "After years of continuous effort to spread the seeds of traditional culture, the younger generation is finally catching on."
1.What do students in Shen's school do as the group exercise
A.They do normal exercise.
B.They sing pop songs in Sichuan dialects.
C.They do mask-changing in a Sichuan Opera performance.
D.They combine the group exercise with Sichuan Орега.
2.Why do they adopt the new type of exercise
A.To attract new students to the school. B.To inherit local culture.
C.To create an easy-to-learn exercise. D.To make the school's group exercise popular.
3.How do teachers and students react to the group exercise
A.Calm. B.Indifferent. C.Enthusiastic. D.Uninterested.
4.What can we learn from the last paragraph
A.Shen's continuous effort is highly praised.
B.The younger generation will have a stronger body.
C.The students can better understand their local culture.
D.Students help to spread the seeds of traditional culture to younger generation.
十、
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上) participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.
For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the "I'll have what she's having" effect. However, we'll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I
1.What is the recent study mainly about
A.Food safety. B.Movie viewership.
C.Consumer demand. D.Eating behavior.
2.What does the underlined word "beanpoles" in Paragraph 1 refer to
A.Big eaters. B.Overweight persons.
C.Picky eaters. D.Tall thin persons.
3.Why did the researchers hire the actor
A.To see how she would affect the participants. B.To test if the participants could recognize her.
C.To find out what she would do in the two tests. D.To study why she could keep her weight down.
4.On what basis do we "adjust the influence" according to the last paragraph
A.How hungry we are. B.How slim we want to be.
C.How we perceive others. D.How we feel about the food.
答案以及解析
一、
答案：1.D; 2.C; 3.C; 4.D
解析：1.推理判断题。文章第一句“Innovations are not always welcome.”(创新并不总是受欢迎的。)提出了一个人们对创新的态度的论点,然后根据所举事例的内容可知,举例是在证明这个论点,所以说举例的目的是为了说明一些人对新发明的态度。故选D项。
2.词句猜测题。划线词词后文“stuck in jobs that are not just poorly paid but also unstable and stressful. ”(陷入了一种不仅薪水低而且不稳定、压力大的工作中。)是对划线词汇的解释,故可以推断出划线词precariat是指“陷入一种不好的工作中”。C项“陷入糟糕工作的人。”与之意义最为接近,故选C项。
3.推理判断题。根据文章最后一句“Perhaps, the truth is that it is impossible to be sure whether the latest advances will in the end have mainly good or bad economic effects.”(也许,事实是,我们无法确定最新的进展最终主要会产生好的还是坏的经济影响。)可知,作者对AI的态度是中立的。故选C项。
4.细节理解题。根据最后一段“Mr. Bootle argued that Al and robotics would improve productivity and economic growth, and release people from performing the most lengthy tasks.”(Mr. Bootle认为,人工智能和机器人技术可以提高生产力和经济增长,并且可以让人们不用再执行最冗长的任务。)可知,人工智能和机器人技术使人们从长时间劳累的工作中解脱出来,故选D项。
二、
答案：1-4 DABB
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第二段可知, 看到同学们把仅有的一点钱花在糖果或足球卡上而不吃午饭, 他感到很受刺激。更让他感到不安的是他所看到的孩子们的贫穷。由此可推知, 乔斯为孩子们创建一个银行是为了帮助贫困的孩子。故选D项。
2.细节理解题。根据第三段中的What makes it different from traditional banks is that it sets savings goals for children.可知, 学生银行的特别之处在于它为孩子们设定储蓄目标。故选A项。
3.词义猜测题。根据第五段可知, 该银行每月回收4.4吨材料, 并在阿雷基帕的7所学校里收集箱子。更多的人还在等待名单上。这种模式在秘鲁其他地区和国外越来越受欢迎。由此可推知, 画线短语所在句句意为: 当乔斯 阿道夫提出"回收计划"时, 学生银行真的大受欢迎。catch on意为"大受欢迎; 流行起来"。故选B项。
4.细节理解题。根据最后一段可知, 秘鲁前环境部长露西娅 鲁伊斯表示: "......他实现了双重目标, 因为他不仅为儿童和青少年设计了一个理财机会, 而且帮助减少了国家的废弃物。"由此可知, 露西娅 鲁伊斯认为乔斯的工作对理财教育和回收利用作出了贡献。故选B项。
三、
答案：1-4 ACAC
解析：1.细节理解题。根据题目定位到文章第一段, 结合下文作者在飞机失事后救了三个人可知, 他为自己乐于助人而自豪, 故A项正确。
2.段落大意题。根据题目定位到文章第四段, 通读该段可知, 该段主要讲的是作者和Joel Snarr在飞机失事后救出三个人的过程, 故C项正确。
3.推理判断题。根据题干中的"almost laugh in relief"定位到文章第五段, 结合第四段内容可推知, 作者刚刚经历了惊心动魄的营救过程, 终于在飞机被火焰完全吞噬前救出了全部的人, 所以此刻才会和Giacomo一起几乎如释重负地笑了, "a narrow escape"意为"死里逃生", 故A项正确。
4.标题判断题。文章第一、二段引出主题—作者在飞机失事后救了三个人, 其后的段落围绕具体的营救过程和事故的其他方面展开, 故C项最适合作为本文的标题。
四、
答案：1-3 DCB
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第一段第二句"A light source activates the door's handle coating, telling it to start cleaning."可知, 光源激活门把手涂层, 让它开始启动清洁。故D项正确。
2.细节理解题。根据第三段中的"Then, we tried aluminum, which made it light and easy to fix. We also improved the generator output which effectively turned energy from door movement into a light source."可知, 当前产品使用了铝, 质轻且易修复; 此外还改进了发电机的输出端, 有效地将能量从门的运动转化为光源。据此可知, 与第一版产品相比, 当前的产品重量更轻, 效果更好。
3.推理判断题。根据最后一段可知, 除了获得詹姆斯 戴森奖, 该产品还获得了金奖, 并在2016年参加了第44届日内瓦国际发明展。据此可推知, 该产品得到了认可, 故B项正确。
五、
答案：1-4 CDBC
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第一段第一句可知, 当萨拉 维什尼亚收到女儿给的iPad时说她一窍不通; 又结合下文表述的马克斯教她学习使用iPad可以推断, 当萨拉 维什尼亚收到iPad时, 她使用iPad有困难, 故C项正确。it's all Greek to me是英语中的习语, 意为"我全然不懂; 我一窍不通"。
2.细节理解题。根据第一段中的"Max began offering his technology coaching for seniors a year ago, after he helped his grandmother with her iPhone and iPad."和第二段第一句可知, 马克斯是因为在帮助祖母使用iPhone和iPad后受到激励, 所以开始教老年人使用智能设备, 故D项正确。
3.词义猜测题。根据该段中表述的他们采用一对一的授课方式, 并分析该句语境可知, 画线词与该句中的"didn't work"语义相反, 由此可推知, B项正确。
4.文章出处题。通读全文可知, 本文是一篇记叙文, 讲述了马克斯 罗森布拉姆在教祖母使用苹果手机和iPad后受到激励, 于是他和父母一起建立了一个网站, 招募青少年, 采用一对一的方式教本地的老年人学习使用智能设备。据此可以推断, 本文最有可能摘自一份地方报纸, 故C项正确。
六、
答案：1-4 DBAC
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第二段中的"You might have heard of NIMBY which means 'not in my backyard' and describes an individual or a group opposed to a new addition to the neighborhood, typically a factory, roadway or power station."可以推断, 反对在当地建造机场是一种NIMBY行为。故选D项。
2.推理判断题。根据第五段中的"the Parish Maps project is a strong example of 'positive parochialism', and shows that thinking locally can influence a global mindset"可知, 文中提到Parish Maps项目是积极的狭隘主义的强有力的例子, 它表明积极的狭隘主义能够影响全球思维模式, 由此可推知, 作者提到该项目是为了给积极的狭隘主义提供一个例子。故选B项。
3.观点态度题。根据第四段和最后一段中帕特里克说的话尤其是"Given where we are now in terms of trying to encourage people to make changes to help the environment, positive parochialism offers something that has been overlooked."可推知, 作者认为积极的狭隘主义对环境保护有益, 由此可以推断, 帕特里克对积极的狭隘主义持赞赏的态度。故选A项。
4.标题判断题。本文主要介绍了一项与人们之前认知不同的新的研究发现, 即关注当地事务可以帮助全球环境保护, 积极的狭隘主义能够影响全球思维模式, 故C项最适合做整篇文章的标题。
七、
答案：1-4 CBBD
解析：1.词义猜测题。根据画线词上文的They tend to forget how to write Chinese characters.可知, 中国人容易忘记怎么写汉字, 所以此处表示今后我们应该如何避免"汉字记忆丧失"。画线词的词义为"记忆丧失"。故选C项。
2.细节理解题。根据文章第三段倒数第二句The writing ability of adults in China falls short of our expectations.可知, 蒙曼老师对中国成年人的汉字书写能力不满意。故选B项。
3.细节理解题。根据最后一段中的To settle this problem, experts suggest people change mobile phone typing from Pinyin to handwriting or five-stroke typing to-help avoid forgetting how to write characters.可知, 专家建议人们将手机拼音打字改为手写或五笔打字, 这样能够帮助避免忘记怎么写汉字, 即提高写字的能力。故选B项。
4.推理判断题。本文主要讲述电子产品带来的"汉字危机", 在文章最后一段, 作者呼吁人们将书写汉字的能力代代相传, 由此可知, 本文的目的是呼吁人们多写汉字。故选D项。
八、
答案：1-4 CACB
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第二段中的"They have become an essential part of a low-paid workforce"并联系上文可知, 此处They指的是"care workers who are not UK citizens"。本句说明了在英国外国护理人员的重要性, 提到12万空置职位是为了佐证这一点, 故C项正确。
2.观点态度题。根据第四段中的"They are able to...respect their wishes."可知, Vorobet认为在英国的外国护理人员工作努力、对照顾对象体贴周到, 故A项正确。
3.词句猜测题。根据画线部分所在句句意"政府应该调查并弄清楚谁在做这些工作, 并明白做这个决定的风险"可知, 此处需要明白政府做了什么决定。根据第三段中的"there would be no special treatment for carers coming into the UK after Brexit—British exit from the EU"可知, 英国政府决定在脱离欧盟以后, 不再特别对待外国护理人员, 故C项正确。
4.写作意图题。结合全文可知, 本文以Vorobet, 一个在英国工作的罗马尼亚护理人员的故事介绍了外国护理人员当前在英国的情况, 故B项正确。
九、
答案：1-4 DBAC
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第三段中的"...we cooperated with Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Centre of Mianyang to create a simple and easy-to-learn Sichuan Opera exercise," said Shen Junhua, who is in charge of organising the school's exercise between classes.可知, 学校课间操负责人申君华说到, "我们与绵阳市非物质文化遗产保护中心合作, 编排创作了一套简单易学的川剧操。"由此可知, 该校学生集体锻炼的方式是跳与川剧(元素)结合的课间操。故选D项。
2.推理判断题。根据第三段的Sichuan Opera is a local opera, and it is now facing a gap in inheritance.可知, 川剧的传承面临着断代的困境, 由此推知, 他们采用这种新型锻炼方式是为了传承当地文化。故选B项。
3.推理判断题。根据第四段的内容和第五段中的became interested in it及look forward to...可知, 这种新型锻炼方法在学生中很受欢迎。目前, 几乎所有的学生和老师都已经掌握了这套操。由此推知, 师生对新型锻炼方法充满了热情。故选C项。
4.推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容可知, 经过多年的不懈努力来传播传统文化的种子, 年轻一代终于开始感知和理解传统文化。因此, 从最后一段中我们可以了解到通过跳川剧操的方式, 学生可以更好地理解他们当地的文化。故选C项。
十、
答案：1-4 DDAC
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第一段中的"According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake."可知, 根据《消费者研究杂志》最近的一项研究, 我们的饮食同伴的体型和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选D项。
2.词义猜测题。根据第一段中的"And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions, it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid."可知, 研究表明, 与现有的研究发现(应该避免和食量大的胖人一起吃饭)相反, 你真正需要避开的是食量大且又高又瘦的人。由"contrary to"可推断出, 画线词和"heavier people"含义相反。故选D项。picky挑剔的; 难伺候的。
3.推理判断题。根据第二段中的"To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments."可知, 为了验证社交对饮食习惯的影响, 研究人员进行了两个实验。根据倒数第三段的内容可知, 在两个实验中, 胖型和瘦型演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做, 吃的食物比平常多。然而, 当演员是瘦型的时候, 参与者们进食更多。由此推断, 研究人员雇用演员是为了查看演员如何影响参与者。故选A项。
4.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit."可知, 如果一个超重的人吃很大一份, 我会忍住一点, 因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多, 我会跟着做。因此推断我们对自己饮食的调整是以分析他人的饮食习惯和结果(即如何看待他人)为基础的。故选C项。