2022年高考英语真题模拟试题点拨：阅读理解-健康环保类（含解析）
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| 名称 | 2022年高考英语真题模拟试题点拨：阅读理解-健康环保类（含解析） |  | |
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| 更新时间 | 2022-07-27 21:25:55 | ||
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（7）阅读理解-健康环保类——2022年高考英语真题模拟试题专项汇编
1. 【2022年安徽安庆二模，阅读C】
Climate breakdown threatens to cause a global food production crisis. The UN forecasts that by 2050, feeding the world will require a 20% expansion in global water use for agriculture. It is hard to see how agriculture can feed the population of the planet, let alone toward the end of the century and beyond. Agriculture is a major cause of climate breakdown, and both river and air pollution. Industrial fishing is similarly driving ecological collapse in seas around the world.
However, at this critical time, farming (a new kind of food technology) is creating astonishing possibilities to save both people and the planet. Farming will enable the return of vast areas of land and sea to nature, greatly reducing carbon emissions (排放物). It means an end to the employment of animals, a stop to overfishing, and a dramatic reduction in cutting down forests and the use of pesticides (杀虫剂). It is the best hope for stopping the destruction of the planet and, if it is done right, it means cheap and abundant food for everyone.
We are about to welcome one of the biggest economic transformations, of any kind, for 200 years. Arguments continue about plants against meat-based diets; however, new technologies will soon make these arguments irrelevant. Before long, most food will come neither from animals nor plants, but from micro-organisms (微生物).
Not only will food be cheaper, it will also be healthier. Due to the fact that farming creates food products built up from simple components rather than broken down from complex ones, hard fats and other unhealthy components can be screened out. Meat will still be meat, but it will be grown in factories rather than in the bodies of animals. Fats will still be fats, but food is likely to be better, cheaper and much less damaging to the living planet.
1.What is the major cause of sea ecological breakdown
A.Food production. B.Global farming.
C.Industrial fishing. D.Climate breakdown.
2.What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us about ferming
A.Its benefits. B.Its security. C.Its research. D.Its limits.
3.What will provide the majority of food in the near future
A.Sea animals. B.Wild plants. C.Micro-organisms. D.Farm products.
4.Which of the following best describes the author's attitude to ferming
A.Doubtful. B.Positive. C.Disapproving. D.Unclear.
2. 【2022年河北张家口模拟，阅读C】
If you were to throw, say, a banana peel out of your car while driving along the motorway, that would be a completely harmless action, due to the fact that it's part of a fruit—right Actually, no. A banana peel can take up to two years to biodegrade(生物降解), and with a third of motorists admitting to littering while driving, that's a whole lot of thrown-away banana peels, or much worse. An orange peel and a cigarette butt have a similar biodegrading term to that of a banana, but tin or aluminum cans last up to 100 years; and plastic bottles last forever, as do glass bottles, Styrofoam cups and plastic bags.
Despite the fact that longer-lasting materials will serve to damage the environment and its animals for longer, we can't only measure the severity of a certain type of rubbish by its lifetime. For example, despite having a fairly short biodegrading span, more than 120 tons of cigarette-related litter is thrown away in the UK every day. Similarly, our regular littering here and there has caused the UK's rat population to increase by 60 million. This suddenly isn't so mysterious when you consider that since the 1960s our annual littering has increased by an astonishing 500 percent.
It's not a cheap habit either: UK taxpayers shelve out 500 million in order to keep our streets clean, and when you include our green spaces, that goes up to 1 billion. So, it's not surprising that if caught fly-tipping you could face a 20,000 fine or even jail time and, if you disposed of something dangerous, the court could give you five years to serve.
To take back our beautiful countryside and cities we need to do more than simply not leaving rubbish where it ought not to be. We need a pride makeover. We need to truly care more about the world around us.
1.Which of the following have the longest biodegrading term
A.Cigarette butts. B.Glass bottles.
C.Orange peels. D.Aluminum cans.
2.What does the underlined word "severity" in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A.Seriousness. B.Effect. C.Variety. D.Quantity.
3.How is Paragraph 3 developed
A.By providing statistics. B.By drawing comparison.
C.By making a summary. D.By explaining a concept.
4.Where is the text most likely from
A.A research paper. B.A medical journal.
C.A science magazine. D.A financial newspaper.
3. 【2022年云南高三模拟，阅读D】
Cotton bags have become a means for brands, retailers, and supermarkets to promote a planet-friendly concept-or, at least, to show that the companies are aware of the overuse of plastic in packaging. "There's a trend in New York right now where people are carrying cotton bags from local bakeries, hardware stores, or their favorite steakhouses," said designer Rachel Comey.
So far, so earth-friendly Not exactly. It turns out the wholehearted embrace of cotton bags may actually have created a new problem.
An organic cotton bag needs to be used 20,000 times to offset(抵消)its overall impact of production, according to a 2021 study by the Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark. That is equal to daily use for 54 years-for just one bag. Even when a bag does make it, most coloring matters used to print logos and decorations onto them are PVC-based and thus not recyclable in waste treatment factories.
That's not to say cotton is worse than plastic, or that the two should even be compared. While cotton can use pesticides and has dried up rivers from water consumption, lightweight plastic bags use greenhouse gas-emitting fossil fuels, never break down, and block up the waterways.
Some brands are turning to other fabric solutions. British designer Ally Capellino recently swapped cotton for straw, while designer Anya Hindmarch introduced a new version of her original bag, this time made from recycled water bottles. In the end, the simplest solution may be the most obvious. "Not every product needs a bag," Comey said.
1.Why on earth do companies offer cotton bags
A.To provide convenience to their customers.
B.To cut down on the use of plastic packaging.
C.To advertise themselves as eco-friendly ones.
D.To promote the concept of protecting the earth.
2.What do we know about the cotton bags
A.They can be used for over five decades.
B.They do much harm to the environment.
C.They have logos printed with natural materials.
D.They can be recycled in waste treatment factories.
3.How does the production of plastic bags affect the environment
A.It consumes too much water. B.It saves the use of fossil fuels.
C.It pollutes the earth's atmosphere. D.It increases the use of pesticides.
4.Which might be the best title for the text
A.Plastic Bags Beat Cotton Bags B.A Revolution for Bag Designers
C.How to Choose Bags for Yourself D.Less Packaging,Better Environment
4. 【2022年云南丽江模拟，阅读D】
By 2050, our global population might have been beyond nine billion, bringing with it an expected 70% increase in global demand for meat and fish. As a result, the growing demand for soya-based farm feed is driving massive destruction of forests at an alarming rate, and sea animal populations have halved in the last four decades due to widespread overfishing.
With 10 million pounds funding, part of the Government's Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund, a start-up company Entocycle is leading a cooperation that will build the UK's first industrial-scale insect farm. Black soldier flies(黑水虻)are used to convert food waste from farms and factories into a sustainable, organic insect-based protein feed, as an alternative to soya, for farmed animals, namely pigs, chicken and fish. In short, the company is using food waste to create insect protein to feed the animals that we eat, while reducing carbon dioxide emissions(排放)and deforestation.
Following its formation in 2017, Entocycle spent time developing its technology as part of the European Space Agency Business Incubation Centre United Kingdom(ESA BIC UK), which is managed and partly funded by STFC. Entocycle acquired the expert knowledge to develop a network of cutting edge sensors, originally designed for use in space, to monitor and optimize(优化)the black soldier flies' lifecycle. They combined this with big data analysis to develop their proprietary technology to mass-rear flies. scalable for industrial use. STFC's Dr Sue O'Hare, Operations Manager at the ESA BIC UK, said, "Entocycle is a first-class example of how space technology can be applied to address one of the most important global challenges we currently face—how to feed the world without harming our planet."
It is fantastic to know that the ESA BIC UK, part of the world's largest business incubation program for space tech start-ups, was able to provide the right environment and support to play a part in the early development of this world-changing technology. This is a signific antmilestone for Entocycle as it seeks to make a real and positive impact on making our food supply chains more environmentally sustainable.
1.How does the author develop his opinion in paragraph 1
A.By listing questions. B.By presenting facts.
C.By making comparisons. D.By stating arguments.
2.What does the underlined word "convert"in paragraph 2 mean
A.Transform. B.Exchange. C.Dip. D.Add.
3.What is the Dr Sue O'Hare's attitude to Entocycle
A.Negative. B.Pessimistic. C.Supportive. D.Ambiguous.
4.What is the best title for the text
A.Food Waste Is a Global Challenge
B.Increasing Population Threats Our Planet
C.Entocycle Puts Space Technology into Use
D.Using Insects to Turn Food Waste into Animal Feed
5. 【2022年福建高三模拟，阅读D】
For humans, adapting to climate change will mostly be a matter of technology. More air conditioning, better-designed houses and bigger flood defenses may help lessen the effects of a warmer world. Animals will have to rely on changing their bodies or their behaviour. In a paper published in Trends in Ecology Evolution, a team led by Sara Ryding, a professor in Australia, shows that is already happening. In some species of Australian parrot, for instance, beak size has increased by between 4% and 10% since 1871. Similar trends are seen in species of mice and bats growing bigger ears, tails, legs and wings.
All that fits nicely with evolutionary theory. "Allen's rule"，named after Joe Allen, who suggested it in 1877，holds that warm-blooded animals in hot places tend to have larger appendages than those in mild areas. Such adaptations boost an animal's surface area relative to its body volume, helping it to shed extra heat. Fennec foxes, meanwhile, which are native to the Sahara desert, have strikingly large ears, especially compared with their Arctic cousins.
Ryding's team combined data from different species in different places. Now that they have little in common apart from living on a warming planet, climate change is the most reasonable explanation. Since any evolutionary adaptation comes with trade-offs, it is unclear how far the process might go. Bigger beaks might interfere with feeding, for instance. Larger wings are heavier, and bigger legs cost more energy to grow.
Honestly, studying a broader range of animals will help firm up exactly what is happening. For now, at least, the increase is small, never much more than 10%.That may change as warming accelerates. But it seems clear that the world of the future is not just going to be hotter than humans are used to. The animals living in it will look different, too.
1.What does the author want to tell us by mentioning Australian parrot in Paragraph 1
A.Climate change is affecting animals.
B.Scientists are doing research on animals.
C.Humans can adapt to climate change more easily.
D.Animals are adapting to warmer climate in their own ways.
2.What is the benefit of having bigger body parts according to the passage
A.Getting rid of additional heat. B.Becoming larger and stronger.
C.Enlarging animals' surface area. D.Becoming more sensitive to the environment.
3.What do we know about the change in animals from the last two paragraphs
A.It comes at an expense B.Its cause is definite.
C.It happens in the same habitat. D.Its process will end soon.
4.What can be a suitable tile for the text
A.Living on a Warming Planet B.Evolution to Survive Heat
C.Pioneering Research on Animals D.Measures to Fight against Heat
6. 【2022年云南丽江模拟，阅读D】
We've all been there,trying our best to do our bit to help save the planet,when a really essential item that you had to order online arrives in such an unbelievable amount of packaging that it makes you feel like it's an unprepared game of passing the parcel.
It's made even worse by the fact that some of the packaging can't be recycled.In fact,10 million tonnes of packaging waste are produced in the UK every year.A lot of this ends up in landfill,two-thirds of which could have instead been recovered.
The good news,however,is that how packaging waste is managed is in for a BIG shake up in line with the "polluter pays principle".By placing the main point of duty to pay on brand owners,they will be encouraged to choose more sustainable packaging options which are recyclable and reusable as much as possible.Otherwise,they will have to pay higher fees.
This is a system known as Extended Producer Responsibility(EPR)-meaning that those who have control over packaging design decisions will be encouraged to do the right thing for the planet at the beginning and consider what happens at the end of the packaging's life from the start.
What this means is that instead of local authorities picking up the bill for household waste management,companies will have instead to pay for managing your household packaging waste as well as that from businesses,and they will be met with the associated litter costs too.
And,as an added bonus,the new EPR laws on packaging will also mean that producers are required to put clear mandatory(强制性的)labelling on packaging,for example,this could be "RECYCLE" or "DO NOT RECYCLE",Of course,we hope that the "DO NOT RECYCLE" category labelling is the minority,It is aimed that by 2030.78% of packaging will be recycled in the UK.
1.What can we know from the first two paragraphs
A.Two-thirds of packaging waste is recycled.
B.Over-packaging is often the case in life.
C.The quality of goods cannot be guaranteed.
D.Online shopping is getting less popular.
2.Who will be responsible for paying packaging waste costs according to the law
A.Designers. B.Producers. C.Customers. D.Local authorities.
3.What can the EPR laws lead the brand owners to do
A.Pay higher taxes and recycle the packaging waste.
B.Put clear labelling on packaging and promote sales.
C.Cut packaging waste and improve packaging recycling.
D.Follow the packaging design trend and do right things.
4.What can be learned about the items ordered online in the future
A.Their labelling on packaging will be simple and generous.
B.The majority of their packaging needn't be recycled.
C.They will be of high quality and inexpensive.
D.They'll arrive in the right amount of recyclable packaging.
7. 【2022年四川乐山模拟，阅读D】
Many plastic products we use every day are not able to be recycled. Americans alone throw away 42 million tons of single-use plastics each year, and only 9 percent of that waste can be turned into something else. The rest ends up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), or worse, the ocean.
By Fusion, founded in 2017 in Los Angeles, California, has worked out a way to put all that plastic waste to good use. It uses machines called Blockers to shape all kinds of plastics, even non-recyclables, into standard building blocks called ByBlocks that can be used to build anything. Now, ByFusion has built a pavilion(亭子)for a school with blocks made from locally collected plastics.
"Plastic was not invented to be thrown away," the company states on their website." Plastic is strong, flexible, and built to last. This is why plastic isn't the problem. The problem is that we don't have a good plan for its future, so now it is packed into landfills, burned at the edges of towns sending poisonous smoke into the air, and there are continents of it floating at sea killing precious wildlife."
ByBlocks require no glues and are 10 pounds lighter than traditional blocks, making construction work quicker and easier, which means no special labor is needed. They won't break into pieces like concrete blocks would. They also create zero waste to make—1 ton of plastic equals I ton of ByBlocks.
After years of experiments that cost much, the company has installed (安装)a full production unit in L.A., where it can process 450 tons of plastic per year, and there are12 more Blockers arriving in U.S. cities soon. The company has set a goal to recycle 100million tons of plastic waste by 2030, and it thinks the number is within reach. "If we get up to 9,000 Blocker systems installed around the world by 2025, we'll make it," said founder Heidi Kujawa.
1.Why was ByFusion set up
A.To build nature-friendly landfills. B.To produce recyclable plastics.
C.To make green building materials. D.To recycle various building waste
2.What is ByFusion's view about plastic
A.Used plastic isn't taken seriously. B.It isn't good for human beings.
C.Too much plastic has been made. D.The demand for it is increasing.
3.What do we know about the actual use of ByBlocks
A.It needs promoting. B.It's cost-effective.
C.It's time-consuming. D.It asks for strict steps.
4.What can make ByFusion hit its 100-million-ton goal
A.Its ByBlocks are recognized. B.Its expenses are guaranteed
C.Its techniques develop fast. D.Its equipment is used widely.
8. 【2022年河北高三模拟，阅读C】
Scientists today are concerned about the growing number of species in the world that may soon become extinct. The United Nations, along with many governments, are trying to save these endangered species. To help resolve this issue, scientists have been trying to learn why species become endangered.
In the United States, loss of habitats is the main reason for species becoming endangered. As populations grow and cities or towns expand, nature is destroyed and the ecosystem is affected. Even small changes in one part of an ecosystem can have a big impact on another part of it. For example, deforestation may result in a change in ground temperature, which may kill off a certain kind of plant in the forest. Animals that eat this plant may suddenly find that there is no available food so they starve to death.
Another possible cause of endangered or extinct species is climate change and rising sea levels. As the Earth gets warmer, this has profound effects on animal and plant life everywhere. For example, rising sea levels make coastal areas unfit for birds to live in. Warmer temperatures melt the ice where polar bears live, wrecking their habitat and making it harder for them to find food. The rising seas also make it harder for polar bears to swim from the cold waters to frozen packs of ice so many of them drown.
There are several ways that people are trying to help endangered species recover. Ecologists study different species and try to find out more information about them to try and help. In Finland, for example, scientists found that a decrease in the number of bogs (沼泽) was responsible for the falling butterfly population. Once they understood this, they could manage the butterfly population and help it recover. Governments are also passing laws to protect endangered animals. One example of this is an area near Hawaii with a seriously low fish population. The United States' government has made it illegal for fishing boats to enter this area.
1.What can we infer from paragraph 2
A.Most endangered species are located in the United States.
B.Cities and towns in the United States are growing too fast.
C.Ecosystem changes can result in habitat loss and animal death.
D.More trees need to be planted to prevent animals from dying out.
2.What does the underlined word "wrecking" in paragraph 3 mean
A.Conserving. B.Damaging. C.Providing. D.Dominating.
3.Which is the best title for this text
A.Saving Endangered Species B.A List of Endangered Species
C.The Causes of Global Warming D.How Polar Bears Became Extinct
4.What will the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows
A.Some other ways to help endangered species recover.
B.A brief discussion of polar bears and their diet habits.
C.The impact of fishing laws on the development of Hawaii.
D.Various opinions and debates concerning the cause of global warming.
答案以及解析
1.答案：1.C; 2.A; 3.C; 4.B
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句"Industrial fishing is similarly driving ecological collapse in seas around the world.(类似地,工业捕捞也导致了世界各地海洋生态的破坏。)"可知,造成海洋生态破坏的原因是工业捕捞。故选C。
2.主旨大意题。根据第二段Farming will enable the return of vast areas of land and sea to nature, greatly reducing carbon emissions(排) It means an end to the employment of animals, a stop to overfishing, and a dramatic reduction in cutting down forests and the use of pesticides(杀虫剂)It is the best hope for stopping the destruction of the planet and, if it is done right, it means cheap and abundant food for everyone."(农业将使大片陆地和海洋回归自然,大大减少碳排放。这意味着不再使用动物,停止过度捕捞,大幅减沙砍伐森林和杀虫剂的使用。这是阻止地球毁灭的最好希望,如果做得对,这意味着每个人都能获得廉价而丰富的食物。)可知,本段主要讲述农业的好处。故选A。
3.细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句"Before long, most food will come neither from animals nor plants, but from micro-organisms(微生物)。(不久以后,大多数食品不是来自动物和植物而是微生物。)"可知,作者认为在不久的将来,人们的食物来源主要是微生物。故选C。
4.推理判断题。根据第二段第一句However, at this critical time, farming(a new kind of food technology)is creating astonishing possibilities to save both people and the planet.(然而,在这个关键时刻,农业(一种新的食品技术)正在创造拯救人类和地球的惊人可能性。)"和第三段最后一句"Before long, most food will come neither from animals nor plants, but from micro-organisms(微生物)。(不久以后,大多数食品不是来自动物和植物而是微生物。)"以及第四段最后一句Not only will food be cheaper, it will also be healthier.(食物不仅会更便宜,也会更健康。)"可知,作者认为农业可以解决人类面临的粮食危机,而且人们的主要食物来源会改变,同时食物也会更实惠更健康,以上评价都是正向的,因此最能描述作者对农业观点态度的是积极的。故选B。
2.答案：1-4 BAAC
解析： 1.细节理解题。根据第一段中"An orange peel and a cigarette butt have a similar biodegrading term to that of a banana, but tin or aluminum cans last up to 100 years; and plastic bottles last forever, as do glass bottles, Styrofoam cups and plastic bags.(橙子皮和烟蒂都有类似于香蕉的生物降解能力,但锡罐和铝罐的生物降解能力可以长达100年; 塑料瓶、玻璃瓶、泡沫塑料杯和塑料袋都可以永久保存)"可知,玻璃瓶的生物降解期限最长。故选B。
2.词义猜测题。根据第二段中"For example, despite having a fairly short biodegrading span, more than 120 tons of cigarette-related litter is thrown away in the UK every day. Similarly, our regular littering here and there has caused the UK's rat population to increase by 60 million. This suddenly isn't so mysterious when you consider that since the 1960s our annual littering has increased by an astonishing 500 percent.(例如,尽管生物降解时间相当短,但英国每天仍有120多吨与香烟有关的垃圾被扔掉。同样,我们经常随地乱扔垃圾导致英国的老鼠数量增加了6000万。自从20世纪60年代以来,我们每年的垃圾数量增长了惊人的500%,这突然就不那么神秘了)", 画线词上文"Despite the fact that longer-lasting materials will serve to damage the environment and its animals for longer, we can't only measure"以及后文"of a certain type of rubbish by its lifetime"可知,后文提到人们产生的垃圾数量众多,说明尽管更持久的材料会对环境和动物造成更持久的破坏,但我们不能只通过寿命来衡量某种垃圾的严重性。故画线间意思是"严重性"。A.Seriousness严重性; B.Effect影响; C.Variety多样; D.Quantity数量。故选A。
3.推理判断题。根据第三段"It's not a cheap habit either: UK taxpayers shelve out 500 million in order to keep our streets clean, and when you include our green spaces, that goes up to 1 billion. So, it's not surprising that if caught fly-tipping you could face a 20,000 fine or even jail time and, if you disposed of something dangerous, the court could give you five years to serve.(这也不是一个便宜的习惯:英国的纳税人拿出5亿英镑来保持我们的街道清洁,如果包括我们的绿地,这个数字会上升到10亿英镑。因此,如果被抓到乱扔垃圾,你可能会面临2万英镑的罚款,甚至坐牢,如果你处理了危险的东西,法院可能会给你五年的时间,这并不奇怪)"可推知,第3段通过提供统计数字而展开的。故选A。
4.推理判断题。根据第一段中"An orange peel and a cigarette butt have a similar biodegrading term to that of a banana, but tin or aluminum cans last up to 100 years; and plastic bottles last forever, as do glass bottles, Styrofoam cups and plastic bags.(橙子皮和烟蒂都有类似于香蕉的生物降解能力,但锡罐和铝罐的生物降解能力可以长达100年;塑料瓶、玻璃瓶、泡沫塑料杯和塑料袋都可以永久保存)"以及第二段中"Despite the fact that longer-lasting materials will serve to damage the environment and its animals for longer, we can't only measure the severity of a certain type of rubbish by its lifetime. For example, despite having a fairly short biodegrading span, more than 120 tons of cigarette-related litter is thrown away in the UK every day.(尽管更持久的材料会对环境和动物造成更持久的破坏,但我们不能只通过寿命来衡量某种垃圾的严重程度。例如,尽管生物降解时间相当短,但英国每天仍有120多吨与香烟有关的垃圾被扔掉)"结合文章主要说明了不同的垃圾,其生物降解能力不同,但我们也不能只通过寿命来衡量某种垃圾的严重程度,可推知,文章最可能选自科学杂志。故选C。
3.答案：1.C; 2.B; 3.C; 4.D
解析：1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的"Cotton bags have become a means for brands, retailers, and supermarkets to promote a planet-friendly concept- or, at least, to show that the companies are aware of the overuse of plastic in packaging.(棉布包已经成为品牌、零售商和超市宣传保护地球观念的一种方式一或者至少是展现出这些公司已经意识到了塑料包装的过度使用。)"可知,这些公司提供棉布包的本质目的是想要标榜他们是环保企业。故选C。
2.推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的"So far, so earth- friendly Not exactly. It turns out the wholehearted embrace of cotton bags may actually have created a new problem.(到目前为止,如此环保吗 不尽然。事实证明,全心全意地接受棉布包可能造成一个新问题)"以及第三段中的"An organic cotton bag needs to be used 20,000 times to offset (抵消) its overall impact of production, according to a 2021 study by the Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark.(根据一份丹麦环境食品部门2021年的研究表明,一个有机棉布包需要被使用两万次才能抵消它在生产过程中所产生的全部影响。)"可知,到目前为止,使用棉布包听上去很环保,但事实并非如此。我们全心接纳的棉布包实际上产生了新的问题。根据丹麦环境食品部门2021年的研究表明,一个有机棉布包需要被使用两万次才能抵消它在生产过程中所产生的全部影响,由此可知,棉布包可以对环境造成巨大影响。故选B。
3.细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的"While cotton can use pesticides and has dried up rivers from water consumption, lightweight plastic bags use greenhouse gas emitting fossil fuels, never break down, and block up the waterways.(虽然棉花使用杀虫剂,并使河流因用水而干涸,但轻型塑料袋使用会排放温室气体的化石燃料,永远不会分解,并堵塞水道。)"可知,轻便的塑料袋使用会排放出温室气体的化石燃料生产,无法分解,同时会阻塞河道,由此可知,塑料袋的生产会以污染大气的方式影响环境。故选C。
4.标题归纳题。根据全文内容以及文章第五段中的"In the end, the simplest solution may be the most obvious. 'Not every product needs a bag,' Comey said.(最后,最简单的解决方案可能是最明显的。科米说,并不是每个产品都需要一个包。)"可知,全文探讨了棉布包给环境带来的影响和危害,同时提出最简单的解决办法也是最明显的,即并非所有的产品都需要一个袋子,由此可知,本文的最好标题是:更少的包装,更好的环境。故选D。
4.答案：1.B; 2.A; 3.C; 4.D
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第一段的"By 2050,our global population might have been beyond nine billion, bringing with it an expected 70% increase in global demand for meat and fish. As a result, the growing demand for soya-based farm feed is driving massive destruction of forests at an alarming rate, and sea animal populations have halved in the last four decades due to widespread overfishing.2050,我们全球的人口可能会超过90亿,预计全球对肉类和鱼类的需求将增加70%。因此,对以大豆为基础的农场饲料不断增长的需求正以惊人的速度推动森林的大规模破坏,由于广泛的过度捕捞,海洋动物的数量在过去四年中减少了一半。)"可知,作者在第一段中通过陈述事实来阐述他的观点的。故选B。
2.词义猜测题。根据第二段的"In short the company is using food waste to create insect protein to feed the animals that we eat, while reducing carbon dioxide emissions and deforestation.(简而言之,该公司正在利用食物垃圾制造昆虫蛋白来喂养我们吃的动物,同时减少二氧化碳排放和森林砍伐。)"可知,该句是对前一句的总结,即using food waste to create insect protein(利用食物垃圾制造昆虫蛋白)"可以解释"convert food waste from farms and factories into a sustainable, organic insect-based protein feed(将农场和工厂的食物垃圾转化为可持续的有机昆虫蛋白质饲料)",因此划线短语意为"把......转换成......",即ransform(使改变,使转换)。故选A。
3.推理判断题。根据第三段的"Entocycle is a first-class example of how space technology can be applied to address one of the most important global challenges we currently face一how to feed the world without harming our planet.(Entocycle是一个一流的例子,展示了如何应用空间技术来解决我们目前面临的最重要的全球挑战之一:如何在不伤害地球的情况下养活世界。)"可知,Sue O'Hare对Entocycle持支持的态度。故选C。
4.标题判断题。通读全文,尤其是根据第二段的"In short the company is using food waste to create insect protein to feed the animals that we eat, while reducing carbon dioxide emissions and deforestation.(简而言之,该公司正在利用食物垃圾制造昆虫蛋白来喂养我们吃的动物,同时减少二氧化碳排放和森林砍伐。)"可知,文章主要讲述的是科学家利用昆虫将食物垃圾转化为可持续的动物饲料,因此D项(利用昆虫将食物垃圾转化为动物饲料)可以作为标题。故选D。
5.答案：1-4 DAAB
解析：1.细节理解题。 根据文章第一段"Animals will have to rely on changing their bodies or their behaviour. In a paper published in Trends in Ecology & Evolution, a team led by Sara Ryding, a professor in Australia, shows that is already happening. In some species of Australian parrot, for instance, beak size has increased by between 4% and 10% since 1871.(动物将不得不依靠改变它们的身体或行为。 在发表于《生态学趋势》杂志的一篇论文中由澳大利亚教授萨拉·莱丁领导的进化小组表明，这已经发生了。例如，自1871年以来，一些种类的澳大利亚鹦鹉的喙的大小增加了4%到10%)"可知，作者在第一段中提到澳洲鹦鹉想告诉我们动物正在以自己的方式适应更温暖的气候。故选D。2.推理判断题。 根据文章第二段"All that fits nicely with evolutionary theory. "Allen's rule", named after Joe Allen, who suggested it in 1877, holds that warm-blooded animals in hot places tend to have larger appendages than those in mild areas. Such adaptations boost an animal's surface area relative to its body volume, helping it to shed extra heat.(所有这些都很好地符合进化论。 以乔·艾伦的名字命名的艾伦法则认为，生活在炎热地区的温血动物的附肢往往比生活在温和地区的温血动物的附肢更大。这样的适应性提高了动物的体表面积相对于身体体积的比例，帮助它排出多余的热量)"可知，拥有更大的身体部位的好处是可以排除额外的热量。故选A。3.推理判断题。 根据倒数第二段"Since any evolutionary adaptation comes with trade-offs, it is unclear how far the process might go. Bigger beaks might interfere with feeding, for instance. Larger wings are heavier, and bigger legs cost more energy to grow.(由于任何进化适应都会带来权衡，因此尚不清楚这一过程会走多远。例如，较大的喙可能会妨碍进食。更大的翅膀更重，更大的腿需要更多的能量才能成长)"可知，动物的变化是有代价的。故选A。4.主旨大意题。 根据第一段"Animals will have to rely on changing their bodies or their behavior.(动物将不得不依靠改变自己的身体或行为)"以及全文大意，本文主要讲述了全球变暖的影响可以在动物身上看到，数百种物种显示出适应气候变暖的迹象。文章具体叙述了气候变化与进化的联系。B项：Evolution to Survive Heat(在高温下生存的进化)符合题意。故选B。
6.答案：1.B; 2.B; 3.C; 4.D
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第一段中"when a really essential item that you had to order online arrives in such an unbelievable amount of packaging that it makes you feel like it's an unprepared game of passing the parcel.(当你必须在网上订购的一件非常重要的物品以难以置信的数量的包装到达时,你会觉得这是一个毫无准备的传递包裹的游戏)和第二段中"In fact, 10 million tonnes of packaging waste are produced in the UK every year. A lot of this ends up in landfill, two-thirds of which could have instead been recovered.(事实上,英国每年会产生1000万吨的包装垃圾。许多垃圾最终被填埋,其中三分之二本可以被回收)可推知,第一、二段告诉我们过度包装在生活中是常有的事。故选B。
2.细节理解题。根据第三段中"The good news, however, is that how packaging waste is managed is in for a BIG shake-up in line with the "polluter pays principle",(不过,好消息是,包装垃圾的管理方式将根据污染者付费原则进行重大改革)和第五段中"What this means is that instead of local authorities picking up the bill for household waste panies will have instead to pay for managing your household packaging waste(这意味着,不是由地方政府来为家庭垃圾管理买单,而是由公司来为家庭包装垃圾的管理买单)可知,按照新的法律,污染者,即产品生产者,将负责支付包装垃圾处理费用。故选B。
3.细节理解题。根据第三段中"By placing the main point of duty to pay on brand owners, they will be encouraged to choose more sustainable packaging options which are recyclable and reusable as much as possible.(通过让品牌所有者承担主要的责任,他们将被鼓励选择更可持续的包装方案,尽可能回收和重复使用)和最后一段"And, as an added bonus, the new EPR laws on packaging will also mean that producers are required to put clear mandatory (labelling on packaging. for example, this could be "RECYCLE" or "DO NOT RECYCLE". Of course, we hope that the "DO NOT RECYCLE" category labelling is the minority. It is aimed that by 2030. 78% of packaging will be recycled in the UK(此外,作为一个额外的好处,新的EPR包装法还意味着生产者必须在包装上贴上明确的强制性标签,例如,这可能是"回收或不回收"。当然,我们希望"不回收"类别标签是少数。它的目标是到2030年,78%的包装将在英国回收)"可知,新的EPR法令会促使品牌所有者减少包装浪费,改善包装回收利用状况。故选C。
4.推理判断题。根据第六段中"Of course, we hope that the "DO NOT RECYCLE" category labelling is the minority. It is aimed that by 2030, 78% of packaging will be recycled in the UK(当然,我们希望不回收利用类标签是少数。目标是到2030年,英国78%的包装将被回收)可推知,未来网上订购的商品将用合适数量的可回收包装打包递送。故选D。
7.答案：1-4 CABD
解析：1.细节理解题。 根据文章第二段"ByFusion, founded in 2017 in Los Angeles, California, has worked out a way to put all that plastic waste to good use. It uses machines called Blockers to shape all kinds of plastics, even non-recyclables, into standard building blocks called ByBlocks that can be used to build anything.(2017年在加州洛杉矶成立的ByFusion公司已经找到了一种有效利用所有塑料垃圾的方法。该公司使用一种叫做Blockers的机器来将各种塑料，甚至是不可回收的材料塑成标准的建筑积木ByBlocks，这种积木可以用来建造任何东西) "可知，成立ByFusion是为了制造绿色建筑材料。故选C。2.推理判断题。 根据文章第二段"'Plastic was not invented to be thrown away. ' the company states on their website. 'Plastic is strong, flexible, and built to last. This is why plastic isn't the problem. The problem is that we don't have a good plan for its future, so now it is packed into landfills, burned at the edges of towns sending poisonous smoke into the air, and there are continents of it floating at sea killing precious wildlife. '('发明塑料不是为了扔掉的，'该公司在其网站上表示。'塑料结实、柔韧、经久耐用。这就是为什么塑料不是问题所在。问题是我们对它的未来没有一个好的计划，所以现在它被填埋，在城镇的边缘被焚烧，向空气中释放有毒的烟雾，还有一些大陆漂浮在海上，杀害珍贵的野生动物。')"可推断，ByFusion对塑料的看法是用过的塑料没有被认真对待。故选A。3.推理判断题。 根据文章第四段"ByBlocks require no glues and are 10 pounds lighter than traditional blocks, making construction work quicker and easier, which means no special labor is needed. They won't break into pieces like concrete blocks would. They also create zero waste to make—1 ton of plastic equals I ton of ByBlocks.(ByBlocks不需要胶水， 比传统砖块轻10磅， 使施工工作更快更容易，这意味着不需要特殊的劳动力。它们不会像混凝土块那样碎成碎片。它们也不会产生任何浪费—1吨塑料等于1吨ByBlocks) "可推断，ByBlocks的实际使用是划算的。故选B。4.细节理解题。 根据文章最后一段" 'If we get up to 9,000 Blocker systems installed around the world by 2025, we'll make it,' said founder Heidi Kujawa.( '如果到2025年，我们能在世界各地安装9000个Blocker系统，我们就能做到，'创始人Heidi Kujawa说) "可知，让ByFusion达到1亿吨的目标是让它的设备被广泛使用。故选D。
8.答案：1-4 CBAA
解析：1.推理判断题。根据文章第二段关键句 Even small changes in one part of an ecosystem can have a big impact on another part of it.一个生态系统的一个部分即使发生很小的变化，也会对另一个部分产生很大的影响。及下文for example, scientists found that a decrease in the number of bogs(沼泽)was responsible for the falling butterfly population. Once they understood this, they could manage the butterfly population and help it recover.例如,科学家们发现沼泽数量的减少是导致蝴蝶数量下降的原因，一旦他们明白了这一点，他们就可以控制蝴蝶数量并帮助其恢复。可以推测。生态系统的变化会导致栖息地的丧失和动物的死亡。故选C。
2.词义猜测题。根据文章第三段Warmer temperatures melt the ice where polar bears live, wrecking their habitat and making it harder for them to find food.气温升高融化了北极熊生活的冰层，破坏了它们的栖息地，使它们更难找到食物。可以推测，此处为分词作结果状语，高温融化了北极生活环境中的冰，破坏了它们的栖息地。因此wrecking与 damaging意思一致。A.Conserving保护；B.Damaging毁坏；C.Providing提供；D.Dominating支配。故选B。
3.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段关键句"Scientists today are concerned about the growing number of species in the world that may soon become extinct. The United Nations, along with many governments, are trying to save these endangered species."今天，科学家们对世界上越来越多的可能很快灭绝的物种感到担忧。联合国和许多国家的政府正在努力拯救这些濒临灭绝的物种。并结合全文内容可知，此文主要目的为呼吁我们应该拯救濒危物种，A选项Saving Endanpered Species(拯救濒危物种)作为本题的标题，符合文意。故选A。
4.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段句子There are several ways that people are trying to help endangered species recover.有几种方法，人们正试图帮助濒危物种恢复。及下文所给出的例子可知，作者在下段应该介绍一些其余帮助濒危物种恢复的方法。故选A。
1. 【2022年安徽安庆二模，阅读C】
Climate breakdown threatens to cause a global food production crisis. The UN forecasts that by 2050, feeding the world will require a 20% expansion in global water use for agriculture. It is hard to see how agriculture can feed the population of the planet, let alone toward the end of the century and beyond. Agriculture is a major cause of climate breakdown, and both river and air pollution. Industrial fishing is similarly driving ecological collapse in seas around the world.
However, at this critical time, farming (a new kind of food technology) is creating astonishing possibilities to save both people and the planet. Farming will enable the return of vast areas of land and sea to nature, greatly reducing carbon emissions (排放物). It means an end to the employment of animals, a stop to overfishing, and a dramatic reduction in cutting down forests and the use of pesticides (杀虫剂). It is the best hope for stopping the destruction of the planet and, if it is done right, it means cheap and abundant food for everyone.
We are about to welcome one of the biggest economic transformations, of any kind, for 200 years. Arguments continue about plants against meat-based diets; however, new technologies will soon make these arguments irrelevant. Before long, most food will come neither from animals nor plants, but from micro-organisms (微生物).
Not only will food be cheaper, it will also be healthier. Due to the fact that farming creates food products built up from simple components rather than broken down from complex ones, hard fats and other unhealthy components can be screened out. Meat will still be meat, but it will be grown in factories rather than in the bodies of animals. Fats will still be fats, but food is likely to be better, cheaper and much less damaging to the living planet.
1.What is the major cause of sea ecological breakdown
A.Food production. B.Global farming.
C.Industrial fishing. D.Climate breakdown.
2.What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us about ferming
A.Its benefits. B.Its security. C.Its research. D.Its limits.
3.What will provide the majority of food in the near future
A.Sea animals. B.Wild plants. C.Micro-organisms. D.Farm products.
4.Which of the following best describes the author's attitude to ferming
A.Doubtful. B.Positive. C.Disapproving. D.Unclear.
2. 【2022年河北张家口模拟，阅读C】
If you were to throw, say, a banana peel out of your car while driving along the motorway, that would be a completely harmless action, due to the fact that it's part of a fruit—right Actually, no. A banana peel can take up to two years to biodegrade(生物降解), and with a third of motorists admitting to littering while driving, that's a whole lot of thrown-away banana peels, or much worse. An orange peel and a cigarette butt have a similar biodegrading term to that of a banana, but tin or aluminum cans last up to 100 years; and plastic bottles last forever, as do glass bottles, Styrofoam cups and plastic bags.
Despite the fact that longer-lasting materials will serve to damage the environment and its animals for longer, we can't only measure the severity of a certain type of rubbish by its lifetime. For example, despite having a fairly short biodegrading span, more than 120 tons of cigarette-related litter is thrown away in the UK every day. Similarly, our regular littering here and there has caused the UK's rat population to increase by 60 million. This suddenly isn't so mysterious when you consider that since the 1960s our annual littering has increased by an astonishing 500 percent.
It's not a cheap habit either: UK taxpayers shelve out 500 million in order to keep our streets clean, and when you include our green spaces, that goes up to 1 billion. So, it's not surprising that if caught fly-tipping you could face a 20,000 fine or even jail time and, if you disposed of something dangerous, the court could give you five years to serve.
To take back our beautiful countryside and cities we need to do more than simply not leaving rubbish where it ought not to be. We need a pride makeover. We need to truly care more about the world around us.
1.Which of the following have the longest biodegrading term
A.Cigarette butts. B.Glass bottles.
C.Orange peels. D.Aluminum cans.
2.What does the underlined word "severity" in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A.Seriousness. B.Effect. C.Variety. D.Quantity.
3.How is Paragraph 3 developed
A.By providing statistics. B.By drawing comparison.
C.By making a summary. D.By explaining a concept.
4.Where is the text most likely from
A.A research paper. B.A medical journal.
C.A science magazine. D.A financial newspaper.
3. 【2022年云南高三模拟，阅读D】
Cotton bags have become a means for brands, retailers, and supermarkets to promote a planet-friendly concept-or, at least, to show that the companies are aware of the overuse of plastic in packaging. "There's a trend in New York right now where people are carrying cotton bags from local bakeries, hardware stores, or their favorite steakhouses," said designer Rachel Comey.
So far, so earth-friendly Not exactly. It turns out the wholehearted embrace of cotton bags may actually have created a new problem.
An organic cotton bag needs to be used 20,000 times to offset(抵消)its overall impact of production, according to a 2021 study by the Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark. That is equal to daily use for 54 years-for just one bag. Even when a bag does make it, most coloring matters used to print logos and decorations onto them are PVC-based and thus not recyclable in waste treatment factories.
That's not to say cotton is worse than plastic, or that the two should even be compared. While cotton can use pesticides and has dried up rivers from water consumption, lightweight plastic bags use greenhouse gas-emitting fossil fuels, never break down, and block up the waterways.
Some brands are turning to other fabric solutions. British designer Ally Capellino recently swapped cotton for straw, while designer Anya Hindmarch introduced a new version of her original bag, this time made from recycled water bottles. In the end, the simplest solution may be the most obvious. "Not every product needs a bag," Comey said.
1.Why on earth do companies offer cotton bags
A.To provide convenience to their customers.
B.To cut down on the use of plastic packaging.
C.To advertise themselves as eco-friendly ones.
D.To promote the concept of protecting the earth.
2.What do we know about the cotton bags
A.They can be used for over five decades.
B.They do much harm to the environment.
C.They have logos printed with natural materials.
D.They can be recycled in waste treatment factories.
3.How does the production of plastic bags affect the environment
A.It consumes too much water. B.It saves the use of fossil fuels.
C.It pollutes the earth's atmosphere. D.It increases the use of pesticides.
4.Which might be the best title for the text
A.Plastic Bags Beat Cotton Bags B.A Revolution for Bag Designers
C.How to Choose Bags for Yourself D.Less Packaging,Better Environment
4. 【2022年云南丽江模拟，阅读D】
By 2050, our global population might have been beyond nine billion, bringing with it an expected 70% increase in global demand for meat and fish. As a result, the growing demand for soya-based farm feed is driving massive destruction of forests at an alarming rate, and sea animal populations have halved in the last four decades due to widespread overfishing.
With 10 million pounds funding, part of the Government's Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund, a start-up company Entocycle is leading a cooperation that will build the UK's first industrial-scale insect farm. Black soldier flies(黑水虻)are used to convert food waste from farms and factories into a sustainable, organic insect-based protein feed, as an alternative to soya, for farmed animals, namely pigs, chicken and fish. In short, the company is using food waste to create insect protein to feed the animals that we eat, while reducing carbon dioxide emissions(排放)and deforestation.
Following its formation in 2017, Entocycle spent time developing its technology as part of the European Space Agency Business Incubation Centre United Kingdom(ESA BIC UK), which is managed and partly funded by STFC. Entocycle acquired the expert knowledge to develop a network of cutting edge sensors, originally designed for use in space, to monitor and optimize(优化)the black soldier flies' lifecycle. They combined this with big data analysis to develop their proprietary technology to mass-rear flies. scalable for industrial use. STFC's Dr Sue O'Hare, Operations Manager at the ESA BIC UK, said, "Entocycle is a first-class example of how space technology can be applied to address one of the most important global challenges we currently face—how to feed the world without harming our planet."
It is fantastic to know that the ESA BIC UK, part of the world's largest business incubation program for space tech start-ups, was able to provide the right environment and support to play a part in the early development of this world-changing technology. This is a signific antmilestone for Entocycle as it seeks to make a real and positive impact on making our food supply chains more environmentally sustainable.
1.How does the author develop his opinion in paragraph 1
A.By listing questions. B.By presenting facts.
C.By making comparisons. D.By stating arguments.
2.What does the underlined word "convert"in paragraph 2 mean
A.Transform. B.Exchange. C.Dip. D.Add.
3.What is the Dr Sue O'Hare's attitude to Entocycle
A.Negative. B.Pessimistic. C.Supportive. D.Ambiguous.
4.What is the best title for the text
A.Food Waste Is a Global Challenge
B.Increasing Population Threats Our Planet
C.Entocycle Puts Space Technology into Use
D.Using Insects to Turn Food Waste into Animal Feed
5. 【2022年福建高三模拟，阅读D】
For humans, adapting to climate change will mostly be a matter of technology. More air conditioning, better-designed houses and bigger flood defenses may help lessen the effects of a warmer world. Animals will have to rely on changing their bodies or their behaviour. In a paper published in Trends in Ecology Evolution, a team led by Sara Ryding, a professor in Australia, shows that is already happening. In some species of Australian parrot, for instance, beak size has increased by between 4% and 10% since 1871. Similar trends are seen in species of mice and bats growing bigger ears, tails, legs and wings.
All that fits nicely with evolutionary theory. "Allen's rule"，named after Joe Allen, who suggested it in 1877，holds that warm-blooded animals in hot places tend to have larger appendages than those in mild areas. Such adaptations boost an animal's surface area relative to its body volume, helping it to shed extra heat. Fennec foxes, meanwhile, which are native to the Sahara desert, have strikingly large ears, especially compared with their Arctic cousins.
Ryding's team combined data from different species in different places. Now that they have little in common apart from living on a warming planet, climate change is the most reasonable explanation. Since any evolutionary adaptation comes with trade-offs, it is unclear how far the process might go. Bigger beaks might interfere with feeding, for instance. Larger wings are heavier, and bigger legs cost more energy to grow.
Honestly, studying a broader range of animals will help firm up exactly what is happening. For now, at least, the increase is small, never much more than 10%.That may change as warming accelerates. But it seems clear that the world of the future is not just going to be hotter than humans are used to. The animals living in it will look different, too.
1.What does the author want to tell us by mentioning Australian parrot in Paragraph 1
A.Climate change is affecting animals.
B.Scientists are doing research on animals.
C.Humans can adapt to climate change more easily.
D.Animals are adapting to warmer climate in their own ways.
2.What is the benefit of having bigger body parts according to the passage
A.Getting rid of additional heat. B.Becoming larger and stronger.
C.Enlarging animals' surface area. D.Becoming more sensitive to the environment.
3.What do we know about the change in animals from the last two paragraphs
A.It comes at an expense B.Its cause is definite.
C.It happens in the same habitat. D.Its process will end soon.
4.What can be a suitable tile for the text
A.Living on a Warming Planet B.Evolution to Survive Heat
C.Pioneering Research on Animals D.Measures to Fight against Heat
6. 【2022年云南丽江模拟，阅读D】
We've all been there,trying our best to do our bit to help save the planet,when a really essential item that you had to order online arrives in such an unbelievable amount of packaging that it makes you feel like it's an unprepared game of passing the parcel.
It's made even worse by the fact that some of the packaging can't be recycled.In fact,10 million tonnes of packaging waste are produced in the UK every year.A lot of this ends up in landfill,two-thirds of which could have instead been recovered.
The good news,however,is that how packaging waste is managed is in for a BIG shake up in line with the "polluter pays principle".By placing the main point of duty to pay on brand owners,they will be encouraged to choose more sustainable packaging options which are recyclable and reusable as much as possible.Otherwise,they will have to pay higher fees.
This is a system known as Extended Producer Responsibility(EPR)-meaning that those who have control over packaging design decisions will be encouraged to do the right thing for the planet at the beginning and consider what happens at the end of the packaging's life from the start.
What this means is that instead of local authorities picking up the bill for household waste management,companies will have instead to pay for managing your household packaging waste as well as that from businesses,and they will be met with the associated litter costs too.
And,as an added bonus,the new EPR laws on packaging will also mean that producers are required to put clear mandatory(强制性的)labelling on packaging,for example,this could be "RECYCLE" or "DO NOT RECYCLE",Of course,we hope that the "DO NOT RECYCLE" category labelling is the minority,It is aimed that by 2030.78% of packaging will be recycled in the UK.
1.What can we know from the first two paragraphs
A.Two-thirds of packaging waste is recycled.
B.Over-packaging is often the case in life.
C.The quality of goods cannot be guaranteed.
D.Online shopping is getting less popular.
2.Who will be responsible for paying packaging waste costs according to the law
A.Designers. B.Producers. C.Customers. D.Local authorities.
3.What can the EPR laws lead the brand owners to do
A.Pay higher taxes and recycle the packaging waste.
B.Put clear labelling on packaging and promote sales.
C.Cut packaging waste and improve packaging recycling.
D.Follow the packaging design trend and do right things.
4.What can be learned about the items ordered online in the future
A.Their labelling on packaging will be simple and generous.
B.The majority of their packaging needn't be recycled.
C.They will be of high quality and inexpensive.
D.They'll arrive in the right amount of recyclable packaging.
7. 【2022年四川乐山模拟，阅读D】
Many plastic products we use every day are not able to be recycled. Americans alone throw away 42 million tons of single-use plastics each year, and only 9 percent of that waste can be turned into something else. The rest ends up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), or worse, the ocean.
By Fusion, founded in 2017 in Los Angeles, California, has worked out a way to put all that plastic waste to good use. It uses machines called Blockers to shape all kinds of plastics, even non-recyclables, into standard building blocks called ByBlocks that can be used to build anything. Now, ByFusion has built a pavilion(亭子)for a school with blocks made from locally collected plastics.
"Plastic was not invented to be thrown away," the company states on their website." Plastic is strong, flexible, and built to last. This is why plastic isn't the problem. The problem is that we don't have a good plan for its future, so now it is packed into landfills, burned at the edges of towns sending poisonous smoke into the air, and there are continents of it floating at sea killing precious wildlife."
ByBlocks require no glues and are 10 pounds lighter than traditional blocks, making construction work quicker and easier, which means no special labor is needed. They won't break into pieces like concrete blocks would. They also create zero waste to make—1 ton of plastic equals I ton of ByBlocks.
After years of experiments that cost much, the company has installed (安装)a full production unit in L.A., where it can process 450 tons of plastic per year, and there are12 more Blockers arriving in U.S. cities soon. The company has set a goal to recycle 100million tons of plastic waste by 2030, and it thinks the number is within reach. "If we get up to 9,000 Blocker systems installed around the world by 2025, we'll make it," said founder Heidi Kujawa.
1.Why was ByFusion set up
A.To build nature-friendly landfills. B.To produce recyclable plastics.
C.To make green building materials. D.To recycle various building waste
2.What is ByFusion's view about plastic
A.Used plastic isn't taken seriously. B.It isn't good for human beings.
C.Too much plastic has been made. D.The demand for it is increasing.
3.What do we know about the actual use of ByBlocks
A.It needs promoting. B.It's cost-effective.
C.It's time-consuming. D.It asks for strict steps.
4.What can make ByFusion hit its 100-million-ton goal
A.Its ByBlocks are recognized. B.Its expenses are guaranteed
C.Its techniques develop fast. D.Its equipment is used widely.
8. 【2022年河北高三模拟，阅读C】
Scientists today are concerned about the growing number of species in the world that may soon become extinct. The United Nations, along with many governments, are trying to save these endangered species. To help resolve this issue, scientists have been trying to learn why species become endangered.
In the United States, loss of habitats is the main reason for species becoming endangered. As populations grow and cities or towns expand, nature is destroyed and the ecosystem is affected. Even small changes in one part of an ecosystem can have a big impact on another part of it. For example, deforestation may result in a change in ground temperature, which may kill off a certain kind of plant in the forest. Animals that eat this plant may suddenly find that there is no available food so they starve to death.
Another possible cause of endangered or extinct species is climate change and rising sea levels. As the Earth gets warmer, this has profound effects on animal and plant life everywhere. For example, rising sea levels make coastal areas unfit for birds to live in. Warmer temperatures melt the ice where polar bears live, wrecking their habitat and making it harder for them to find food. The rising seas also make it harder for polar bears to swim from the cold waters to frozen packs of ice so many of them drown.
There are several ways that people are trying to help endangered species recover. Ecologists study different species and try to find out more information about them to try and help. In Finland, for example, scientists found that a decrease in the number of bogs (沼泽) was responsible for the falling butterfly population. Once they understood this, they could manage the butterfly population and help it recover. Governments are also passing laws to protect endangered animals. One example of this is an area near Hawaii with a seriously low fish population. The United States' government has made it illegal for fishing boats to enter this area.
1.What can we infer from paragraph 2
A.Most endangered species are located in the United States.
B.Cities and towns in the United States are growing too fast.
C.Ecosystem changes can result in habitat loss and animal death.
D.More trees need to be planted to prevent animals from dying out.
2.What does the underlined word "wrecking" in paragraph 3 mean
A.Conserving. B.Damaging. C.Providing. D.Dominating.
3.Which is the best title for this text
A.Saving Endangered Species B.A List of Endangered Species
C.The Causes of Global Warming D.How Polar Bears Became Extinct
4.What will the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows
A.Some other ways to help endangered species recover.
B.A brief discussion of polar bears and their diet habits.
C.The impact of fishing laws on the development of Hawaii.
D.Various opinions and debates concerning the cause of global warming.
答案以及解析
1.答案：1.C; 2.A; 3.C; 4.B
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句"Industrial fishing is similarly driving ecological collapse in seas around the world.(类似地,工业捕捞也导致了世界各地海洋生态的破坏。)"可知,造成海洋生态破坏的原因是工业捕捞。故选C。
2.主旨大意题。根据第二段Farming will enable the return of vast areas of land and sea to nature, greatly reducing carbon emissions(排) It means an end to the employment of animals, a stop to overfishing, and a dramatic reduction in cutting down forests and the use of pesticides(杀虫剂)It is the best hope for stopping the destruction of the planet and, if it is done right, it means cheap and abundant food for everyone."(农业将使大片陆地和海洋回归自然,大大减少碳排放。这意味着不再使用动物,停止过度捕捞,大幅减沙砍伐森林和杀虫剂的使用。这是阻止地球毁灭的最好希望,如果做得对,这意味着每个人都能获得廉价而丰富的食物。)可知,本段主要讲述农业的好处。故选A。
3.细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句"Before long, most food will come neither from animals nor plants, but from micro-organisms(微生物)。(不久以后,大多数食品不是来自动物和植物而是微生物。)"可知,作者认为在不久的将来,人们的食物来源主要是微生物。故选C。
4.推理判断题。根据第二段第一句However, at this critical time, farming(a new kind of food technology)is creating astonishing possibilities to save both people and the planet.(然而,在这个关键时刻,农业(一种新的食品技术)正在创造拯救人类和地球的惊人可能性。)"和第三段最后一句"Before long, most food will come neither from animals nor plants, but from micro-organisms(微生物)。(不久以后,大多数食品不是来自动物和植物而是微生物。)"以及第四段最后一句Not only will food be cheaper, it will also be healthier.(食物不仅会更便宜,也会更健康。)"可知,作者认为农业可以解决人类面临的粮食危机,而且人们的主要食物来源会改变,同时食物也会更实惠更健康,以上评价都是正向的,因此最能描述作者对农业观点态度的是积极的。故选B。
2.答案：1-4 BAAC
解析： 1.细节理解题。根据第一段中"An orange peel and a cigarette butt have a similar biodegrading term to that of a banana, but tin or aluminum cans last up to 100 years; and plastic bottles last forever, as do glass bottles, Styrofoam cups and plastic bags.(橙子皮和烟蒂都有类似于香蕉的生物降解能力,但锡罐和铝罐的生物降解能力可以长达100年; 塑料瓶、玻璃瓶、泡沫塑料杯和塑料袋都可以永久保存)"可知,玻璃瓶的生物降解期限最长。故选B。
2.词义猜测题。根据第二段中"For example, despite having a fairly short biodegrading span, more than 120 tons of cigarette-related litter is thrown away in the UK every day. Similarly, our regular littering here and there has caused the UK's rat population to increase by 60 million. This suddenly isn't so mysterious when you consider that since the 1960s our annual littering has increased by an astonishing 500 percent.(例如,尽管生物降解时间相当短,但英国每天仍有120多吨与香烟有关的垃圾被扔掉。同样,我们经常随地乱扔垃圾导致英国的老鼠数量增加了6000万。自从20世纪60年代以来,我们每年的垃圾数量增长了惊人的500%,这突然就不那么神秘了)", 画线词上文"Despite the fact that longer-lasting materials will serve to damage the environment and its animals for longer, we can't only measure"以及后文"of a certain type of rubbish by its lifetime"可知,后文提到人们产生的垃圾数量众多,说明尽管更持久的材料会对环境和动物造成更持久的破坏,但我们不能只通过寿命来衡量某种垃圾的严重性。故画线间意思是"严重性"。A.Seriousness严重性; B.Effect影响; C.Variety多样; D.Quantity数量。故选A。
3.推理判断题。根据第三段"It's not a cheap habit either: UK taxpayers shelve out 500 million in order to keep our streets clean, and when you include our green spaces, that goes up to 1 billion. So, it's not surprising that if caught fly-tipping you could face a 20,000 fine or even jail time and, if you disposed of something dangerous, the court could give you five years to serve.(这也不是一个便宜的习惯:英国的纳税人拿出5亿英镑来保持我们的街道清洁,如果包括我们的绿地,这个数字会上升到10亿英镑。因此,如果被抓到乱扔垃圾,你可能会面临2万英镑的罚款,甚至坐牢,如果你处理了危险的东西,法院可能会给你五年的时间,这并不奇怪)"可推知,第3段通过提供统计数字而展开的。故选A。
4.推理判断题。根据第一段中"An orange peel and a cigarette butt have a similar biodegrading term to that of a banana, but tin or aluminum cans last up to 100 years; and plastic bottles last forever, as do glass bottles, Styrofoam cups and plastic bags.(橙子皮和烟蒂都有类似于香蕉的生物降解能力,但锡罐和铝罐的生物降解能力可以长达100年;塑料瓶、玻璃瓶、泡沫塑料杯和塑料袋都可以永久保存)"以及第二段中"Despite the fact that longer-lasting materials will serve to damage the environment and its animals for longer, we can't only measure the severity of a certain type of rubbish by its lifetime. For example, despite having a fairly short biodegrading span, more than 120 tons of cigarette-related litter is thrown away in the UK every day.(尽管更持久的材料会对环境和动物造成更持久的破坏,但我们不能只通过寿命来衡量某种垃圾的严重程度。例如,尽管生物降解时间相当短,但英国每天仍有120多吨与香烟有关的垃圾被扔掉)"结合文章主要说明了不同的垃圾,其生物降解能力不同,但我们也不能只通过寿命来衡量某种垃圾的严重程度,可推知,文章最可能选自科学杂志。故选C。
3.答案：1.C; 2.B; 3.C; 4.D
解析：1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的"Cotton bags have become a means for brands, retailers, and supermarkets to promote a planet-friendly concept- or, at least, to show that the companies are aware of the overuse of plastic in packaging.(棉布包已经成为品牌、零售商和超市宣传保护地球观念的一种方式一或者至少是展现出这些公司已经意识到了塑料包装的过度使用。)"可知,这些公司提供棉布包的本质目的是想要标榜他们是环保企业。故选C。
2.推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的"So far, so earth- friendly Not exactly. It turns out the wholehearted embrace of cotton bags may actually have created a new problem.(到目前为止,如此环保吗 不尽然。事实证明,全心全意地接受棉布包可能造成一个新问题)"以及第三段中的"An organic cotton bag needs to be used 20,000 times to offset (抵消) its overall impact of production, according to a 2021 study by the Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark.(根据一份丹麦环境食品部门2021年的研究表明,一个有机棉布包需要被使用两万次才能抵消它在生产过程中所产生的全部影响。)"可知,到目前为止,使用棉布包听上去很环保,但事实并非如此。我们全心接纳的棉布包实际上产生了新的问题。根据丹麦环境食品部门2021年的研究表明,一个有机棉布包需要被使用两万次才能抵消它在生产过程中所产生的全部影响,由此可知,棉布包可以对环境造成巨大影响。故选B。
3.细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的"While cotton can use pesticides and has dried up rivers from water consumption, lightweight plastic bags use greenhouse gas emitting fossil fuels, never break down, and block up the waterways.(虽然棉花使用杀虫剂,并使河流因用水而干涸,但轻型塑料袋使用会排放温室气体的化石燃料,永远不会分解,并堵塞水道。)"可知,轻便的塑料袋使用会排放出温室气体的化石燃料生产,无法分解,同时会阻塞河道,由此可知,塑料袋的生产会以污染大气的方式影响环境。故选C。
4.标题归纳题。根据全文内容以及文章第五段中的"In the end, the simplest solution may be the most obvious. 'Not every product needs a bag,' Comey said.(最后,最简单的解决方案可能是最明显的。科米说,并不是每个产品都需要一个包。)"可知,全文探讨了棉布包给环境带来的影响和危害,同时提出最简单的解决办法也是最明显的,即并非所有的产品都需要一个袋子,由此可知,本文的最好标题是:更少的包装,更好的环境。故选D。
4.答案：1.B; 2.A; 3.C; 4.D
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第一段的"By 2050,our global population might have been beyond nine billion, bringing with it an expected 70% increase in global demand for meat and fish. As a result, the growing demand for soya-based farm feed is driving massive destruction of forests at an alarming rate, and sea animal populations have halved in the last four decades due to widespread overfishing.2050,我们全球的人口可能会超过90亿,预计全球对肉类和鱼类的需求将增加70%。因此,对以大豆为基础的农场饲料不断增长的需求正以惊人的速度推动森林的大规模破坏,由于广泛的过度捕捞,海洋动物的数量在过去四年中减少了一半。)"可知,作者在第一段中通过陈述事实来阐述他的观点的。故选B。
2.词义猜测题。根据第二段的"In short the company is using food waste to create insect protein to feed the animals that we eat, while reducing carbon dioxide emissions and deforestation.(简而言之,该公司正在利用食物垃圾制造昆虫蛋白来喂养我们吃的动物,同时减少二氧化碳排放和森林砍伐。)"可知,该句是对前一句的总结,即using food waste to create insect protein(利用食物垃圾制造昆虫蛋白)"可以解释"convert food waste from farms and factories into a sustainable, organic insect-based protein feed(将农场和工厂的食物垃圾转化为可持续的有机昆虫蛋白质饲料)",因此划线短语意为"把......转换成......",即ransform(使改变,使转换)。故选A。
3.推理判断题。根据第三段的"Entocycle is a first-class example of how space technology can be applied to address one of the most important global challenges we currently face一how to feed the world without harming our planet.(Entocycle是一个一流的例子,展示了如何应用空间技术来解决我们目前面临的最重要的全球挑战之一:如何在不伤害地球的情况下养活世界。)"可知,Sue O'Hare对Entocycle持支持的态度。故选C。
4.标题判断题。通读全文,尤其是根据第二段的"In short the company is using food waste to create insect protein to feed the animals that we eat, while reducing carbon dioxide emissions and deforestation.(简而言之,该公司正在利用食物垃圾制造昆虫蛋白来喂养我们吃的动物,同时减少二氧化碳排放和森林砍伐。)"可知,文章主要讲述的是科学家利用昆虫将食物垃圾转化为可持续的动物饲料,因此D项(利用昆虫将食物垃圾转化为动物饲料)可以作为标题。故选D。
5.答案：1-4 DAAB
解析：1.细节理解题。 根据文章第一段"Animals will have to rely on changing their bodies or their behaviour. In a paper published in Trends in Ecology & Evolution, a team led by Sara Ryding, a professor in Australia, shows that is already happening. In some species of Australian parrot, for instance, beak size has increased by between 4% and 10% since 1871.(动物将不得不依靠改变它们的身体或行为。 在发表于《生态学趋势》杂志的一篇论文中由澳大利亚教授萨拉·莱丁领导的进化小组表明，这已经发生了。例如，自1871年以来，一些种类的澳大利亚鹦鹉的喙的大小增加了4%到10%)"可知，作者在第一段中提到澳洲鹦鹉想告诉我们动物正在以自己的方式适应更温暖的气候。故选D。2.推理判断题。 根据文章第二段"All that fits nicely with evolutionary theory. "Allen's rule", named after Joe Allen, who suggested it in 1877, holds that warm-blooded animals in hot places tend to have larger appendages than those in mild areas. Such adaptations boost an animal's surface area relative to its body volume, helping it to shed extra heat.(所有这些都很好地符合进化论。 以乔·艾伦的名字命名的艾伦法则认为，生活在炎热地区的温血动物的附肢往往比生活在温和地区的温血动物的附肢更大。这样的适应性提高了动物的体表面积相对于身体体积的比例，帮助它排出多余的热量)"可知，拥有更大的身体部位的好处是可以排除额外的热量。故选A。3.推理判断题。 根据倒数第二段"Since any evolutionary adaptation comes with trade-offs, it is unclear how far the process might go. Bigger beaks might interfere with feeding, for instance. Larger wings are heavier, and bigger legs cost more energy to grow.(由于任何进化适应都会带来权衡，因此尚不清楚这一过程会走多远。例如，较大的喙可能会妨碍进食。更大的翅膀更重，更大的腿需要更多的能量才能成长)"可知，动物的变化是有代价的。故选A。4.主旨大意题。 根据第一段"Animals will have to rely on changing their bodies or their behavior.(动物将不得不依靠改变自己的身体或行为)"以及全文大意，本文主要讲述了全球变暖的影响可以在动物身上看到，数百种物种显示出适应气候变暖的迹象。文章具体叙述了气候变化与进化的联系。B项：Evolution to Survive Heat(在高温下生存的进化)符合题意。故选B。
6.答案：1.B; 2.B; 3.C; 4.D
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第一段中"when a really essential item that you had to order online arrives in such an unbelievable amount of packaging that it makes you feel like it's an unprepared game of passing the parcel.(当你必须在网上订购的一件非常重要的物品以难以置信的数量的包装到达时,你会觉得这是一个毫无准备的传递包裹的游戏)和第二段中"In fact, 10 million tonnes of packaging waste are produced in the UK every year. A lot of this ends up in landfill, two-thirds of which could have instead been recovered.(事实上,英国每年会产生1000万吨的包装垃圾。许多垃圾最终被填埋,其中三分之二本可以被回收)可推知,第一、二段告诉我们过度包装在生活中是常有的事。故选B。
2.细节理解题。根据第三段中"The good news, however, is that how packaging waste is managed is in for a BIG shake-up in line with the "polluter pays principle",(不过,好消息是,包装垃圾的管理方式将根据污染者付费原则进行重大改革)和第五段中"What this means is that instead of local authorities picking up the bill for household waste panies will have instead to pay for managing your household packaging waste(这意味着,不是由地方政府来为家庭垃圾管理买单,而是由公司来为家庭包装垃圾的管理买单)可知,按照新的法律,污染者,即产品生产者,将负责支付包装垃圾处理费用。故选B。
3.细节理解题。根据第三段中"By placing the main point of duty to pay on brand owners, they will be encouraged to choose more sustainable packaging options which are recyclable and reusable as much as possible.(通过让品牌所有者承担主要的责任,他们将被鼓励选择更可持续的包装方案,尽可能回收和重复使用)和最后一段"And, as an added bonus, the new EPR laws on packaging will also mean that producers are required to put clear mandatory (labelling on packaging. for example, this could be "RECYCLE" or "DO NOT RECYCLE". Of course, we hope that the "DO NOT RECYCLE" category labelling is the minority. It is aimed that by 2030. 78% of packaging will be recycled in the UK(此外,作为一个额外的好处,新的EPR包装法还意味着生产者必须在包装上贴上明确的强制性标签,例如,这可能是"回收或不回收"。当然,我们希望"不回收"类别标签是少数。它的目标是到2030年,78%的包装将在英国回收)"可知,新的EPR法令会促使品牌所有者减少包装浪费,改善包装回收利用状况。故选C。
4.推理判断题。根据第六段中"Of course, we hope that the "DO NOT RECYCLE" category labelling is the minority. It is aimed that by 2030, 78% of packaging will be recycled in the UK(当然,我们希望不回收利用类标签是少数。目标是到2030年,英国78%的包装将被回收)可推知,未来网上订购的商品将用合适数量的可回收包装打包递送。故选D。
7.答案：1-4 CABD
解析：1.细节理解题。 根据文章第二段"ByFusion, founded in 2017 in Los Angeles, California, has worked out a way to put all that plastic waste to good use. It uses machines called Blockers to shape all kinds of plastics, even non-recyclables, into standard building blocks called ByBlocks that can be used to build anything.(2017年在加州洛杉矶成立的ByFusion公司已经找到了一种有效利用所有塑料垃圾的方法。该公司使用一种叫做Blockers的机器来将各种塑料，甚至是不可回收的材料塑成标准的建筑积木ByBlocks，这种积木可以用来建造任何东西) "可知，成立ByFusion是为了制造绿色建筑材料。故选C。2.推理判断题。 根据文章第二段"'Plastic was not invented to be thrown away. ' the company states on their website. 'Plastic is strong, flexible, and built to last. This is why plastic isn't the problem. The problem is that we don't have a good plan for its future, so now it is packed into landfills, burned at the edges of towns sending poisonous smoke into the air, and there are continents of it floating at sea killing precious wildlife. '('发明塑料不是为了扔掉的，'该公司在其网站上表示。'塑料结实、柔韧、经久耐用。这就是为什么塑料不是问题所在。问题是我们对它的未来没有一个好的计划，所以现在它被填埋，在城镇的边缘被焚烧，向空气中释放有毒的烟雾，还有一些大陆漂浮在海上，杀害珍贵的野生动物。')"可推断，ByFusion对塑料的看法是用过的塑料没有被认真对待。故选A。3.推理判断题。 根据文章第四段"ByBlocks require no glues and are 10 pounds lighter than traditional blocks, making construction work quicker and easier, which means no special labor is needed. They won't break into pieces like concrete blocks would. They also create zero waste to make—1 ton of plastic equals I ton of ByBlocks.(ByBlocks不需要胶水， 比传统砖块轻10磅， 使施工工作更快更容易，这意味着不需要特殊的劳动力。它们不会像混凝土块那样碎成碎片。它们也不会产生任何浪费—1吨塑料等于1吨ByBlocks) "可推断，ByBlocks的实际使用是划算的。故选B。4.细节理解题。 根据文章最后一段" 'If we get up to 9,000 Blocker systems installed around the world by 2025, we'll make it,' said founder Heidi Kujawa.( '如果到2025年，我们能在世界各地安装9000个Blocker系统，我们就能做到，'创始人Heidi Kujawa说) "可知，让ByFusion达到1亿吨的目标是让它的设备被广泛使用。故选D。
8.答案：1-4 CBAA
解析：1.推理判断题。根据文章第二段关键句 Even small changes in one part of an ecosystem can have a big impact on another part of it.一个生态系统的一个部分即使发生很小的变化，也会对另一个部分产生很大的影响。及下文for example, scientists found that a decrease in the number of bogs(沼泽)was responsible for the falling butterfly population. Once they understood this, they could manage the butterfly population and help it recover.例如,科学家们发现沼泽数量的减少是导致蝴蝶数量下降的原因，一旦他们明白了这一点，他们就可以控制蝴蝶数量并帮助其恢复。可以推测。生态系统的变化会导致栖息地的丧失和动物的死亡。故选C。
2.词义猜测题。根据文章第三段Warmer temperatures melt the ice where polar bears live, wrecking their habitat and making it harder for them to find food.气温升高融化了北极熊生活的冰层，破坏了它们的栖息地，使它们更难找到食物。可以推测，此处为分词作结果状语，高温融化了北极生活环境中的冰，破坏了它们的栖息地。因此wrecking与 damaging意思一致。A.Conserving保护；B.Damaging毁坏；C.Providing提供；D.Dominating支配。故选B。
3.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段关键句"Scientists today are concerned about the growing number of species in the world that may soon become extinct. The United Nations, along with many governments, are trying to save these endangered species."今天，科学家们对世界上越来越多的可能很快灭绝的物种感到担忧。联合国和许多国家的政府正在努力拯救这些濒临灭绝的物种。并结合全文内容可知，此文主要目的为呼吁我们应该拯救濒危物种，A选项Saving Endanpered Species(拯救濒危物种)作为本题的标题，符合文意。故选A。
4.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段句子There are several ways that people are trying to help endangered species recover.有几种方法，人们正试图帮助濒危物种恢复。及下文所给出的例子可知，作者在下段应该介绍一些其余帮助濒危物种恢复的方法。故选A。
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