2022年高考英语真题模拟试题点拨：阅读理解-科教科普类（含解析）
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| 名称 | 2022年高考英语真题模拟试题点拨：阅读理解-科教科普类（含解析） |  | |
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2022-07-27 21:27:27 | ||
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（4）阅读理解-科教科普类——2022年高考英语真题模拟试题专项汇编
1. 【2022年全国甲卷，阅读B】
Goffin's cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a "keyhole" in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped "keys" to choose from. Inserting the correct "key" would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an "allocentric frame of reference". In the experiment, Goffin's cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin's cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
1. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment
A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool.
C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid.
2. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text
A. Using a key to unlock a door. B. Telling parrots from other birds.
C. Putting a ball into a round hole. D. Grouping toys of different shapes.
3. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos
A. How far they are able to see.
B. How they track moving objects.
C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys.
D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
4. Which can be a suitable title for the text
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers
B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers
D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
2. 【2022年江西高三三模，阅读D】
The biggest family tree of humanity to date has been built using genetic. data from thousands of modern and prehistoric people. The tree gives a view of 2 million years. of prehistory and evolution.
"Humans are all eventually related to each other, "says Gi MeVean at the University of Oxford. "What I've long wanted to do is to be able to represent the totality of what we can learn about human history through this genealogy. "
Geneticists have been reading people's entire genomes for the past two decades. McVean and his colleagues analyzed 3609 of these, almost all of which belonged to our species, Homo sapiens, except for three Neanderthals and one from the Denisovan group, which may be a subspecies of Homo sapiens or a separate species.
The team focused on bits of DNA that vary from person to person. They identified6, 412, 717 variants (变体)and tried to figure out when and where each arose. To do this, they also looked at an extra 3589 samples of ancient DNA that weren't good enough to include in the tree, but did cast light on when the variants arose.
Variants that appeared before 2,00 years ago were most common in north-cast Africa, and the oldest 100 variants we also from there, specifically in what is now Sudan. Those oldest variants are about 2 million years old, so long predate our species, which appeared around 300, 000 years ago.
The simplistic interpretation of this is that humanity first evolved in this region, but later migrations are likely to have interfered(干涉)with the data. The tree also offers clues that people reached Papua New Guinea and the Americas tens of thousands of years earlier than the archaeological(考古的)record implies, hinting at migrations that have yet to be discovered. But both these ideas would need to be confirmed by archaeological finds.
1. What can be expected of the biggest family tree
A. People can change genes with genetic data.
B. People can understand the function of each gene.
C. People can have a clear picture of human history.
D. People can tell the future development of mankind.
2. How did Gil's team contribute to the family tree
A. By collecting people's DNA. B. By analyzing people's genes.
C. By reading previous researches. D. By making archaeological study.
3. What does paragraph 5 mainly tell about the study
A. The findings. B. The treason. C. The process. D. The significance.
4. What can be learned from the last paragraph
A. Migrations have changed humans' genes.
B. Humanity may be first born in the same area.
C. Archaeological finds have proved early migrations.
D. Humans appeared in this world earlier than expected.
3. 【2022年辽宁大连一模，阅读D】
Loneliness is significant mental health concern and can raise risk of death by 45% and contact with nature in cities significantly reduces feelings of loneliness, according to a team of scientists.
The study is the first to assess how the environment can affect loneliness. It used real-time data, collected via a smartphone app, rather than relying on people's memory of how they were feeling.
The research found that feelings of overcrowding increased loneliness by an average of 30%. But when people were able to see trees or hear birds, feelings of loneliness fell by 28%. Feelings of social inclusion also cut loneliness by 21% and when these feelings coincided(巧合)with contact with nature, the beneficial effect was boosted by a further 18%.
The findings pointed to interventions(干预)to reduce loneliness. The researchers said, "Specific measures that increase social inclusion and contact with nature should be taken, especially in thickly populated cities." Time spent in nature is known to boost well-being(健康)with woodland walks estimated to save the UK at least f 185m a year in mental health costs, for example.
The research collected data from urban citizens across the world using the Urban Mind research app. More than 750 people provided 16,600 of these assessments. The participants were self-selecting and so did not provide a representative sample of the wider populations. But when the researchers took age, education, and occupation into account, the benefits of nature contact and feelings of social inclusion on loneliness remained strongly statistically significant. Johanna Gibbons, part of the research team, said, "Cities are probably the only habitat that is increasing at a high rate. So we should be creating urban habitats where people can thrive."
1.How was the research conducted
A.By relying on people's memory.
B.By surveying 750 urban participants.
C.By collecting data through a smartphone app.
D.By checking a worldwide representative sample.
2.What can we learn from Paragraph 4
A.Many big cities take the lead in the research
B.Time spent indoors improves people's well-being
C.Woodland walks greatly reduce social contact with people.
D.Interventions to reduce loneliness benefit the UK financially.
3.What can be inferred about the research
A.It offers a wide range of samples globally.
B.The findings are remarkable in terms of statistics.
C.The carefully selected participants are reliable.
D.Many factors are considered except education.
4.What's the text mainly about
A.The problems of living in big cities.
B.Developing urban habitats at a high speed.
C.Research on how to get rid of loneliness in nature.
D.Reducing loneliness in cities through contact with nature.
4. 【2022年山西太原三模，阅读D】
When learning a foreign language, most people fall back on traditional methods: reading, writing, listening and repeating. But if you also gesture with your arms while studying, you can remember the vocabulary better, even months later. Linking a word to brain areas responsible for movement strengthens the memory of its meaning.
As neuroscientist Brian Mathias and his colleagues describe in the Journal of Neuroscience, they had 22 German-speaking adults learn a total of 90 invented artificial words (such as "lamube" for "camera" and "atesi" for "thought") over four days. While the test subjects first heard the new vocabulary, they were simultaneously (同时地) shown a video of a person making a gesture that matched the meaning of the word. When the word was repeated, they were supposed to perform the gesture themselves. Five months later, they were asked to translate the vocabulary they had learned into German in a multiple-choice test.
At the same time, they had a device attached to their heads that sent weak pulses to their primary motor cortex (皮层)-the brain area that controls voluntary arm movements. When these interfering (干扰) signals were active, the subjects found it harder to recall the words accompanied by gestures. When the device sent no interfering signals (but still appeared to the subjects to be active), they found it easier to remember the words. The researchers concluded that the motor cortex contributed to the translation of the vocabulary learned with gestures. This applied to concrete words, such as "camera, " as well as abstract ones, such as "thought. "
"Our results provide evidence for why learning techniques that involve the body's motor system should be used more often, " says Mathias. "I think we underuse gesture in our classrooms. People use it spontaneously (自发地), if they're good teachers and good listeners. But we don't necessarily bring it into the class if we don't think about it. "
1. What were the subjects required to do in the test
A. Repeat what other subjects describe.
B. Follow what the person in the video did.
C. Match the vocabulary with relative pictures.
D. Translate the vocabulary into a foreign language.
2. Why were pulses sent to the subjects' motor cortex
A. To control their body movements.
B. To shelter other interfering signals.
C. To identify the function of the motor cortex.
D. To confirm the abstract thoughts in their mind.
3. What is Brian Mathias's expectation of the research
A. It will be carried out more frequently. B. It will involve more concrete objects.
C. It will be applied to classroom teaching. D. It will motivate his colleagues to participate.
4. What is the best title for the text
A. Good Learning Techniques Matter More B. Repeating Strengthens Memory
C. Body Language Betters Communication D. Gestures Help Learn New Words
5. 【2022年广东高三模拟，阅读D】
According to a recent study in Science, pigs are providing convincing new evidence that animals may respond emotionally to music. The finding may lead to ways to improve their welfare on farms. "It's a really neat study that shows animals are more emotionally attuned(音感好的) to music than people think"，says Charles Snowdon，an animal behaviour expert at the University of Wisconsin.
Music is sometimes used as enrichment for animals and other captive animals. And Snowball the dancing cockatoo(凤头鹦鹉) likes to dance to the Backstreet Boys. But whether these creatures have a true emotional response to the tunes is unclear. That's what the new study aimed to do—but with pigs. Co-author Maria Camila Ceballos, an animal welfare scientist, says she chose these animals because they are intelligent and social, and face serious welfare challenges on factory. farms.
The researchers composed music that were either consonant or dissonant. To humans, consonant music generally sounds pleasant whereas dissonance tends to sound uncomfortable. The team then filmed six litters of young pigs listening to the music, which was played in a random order with a break in between.
The researchers scored the pigs' body language using an approach called QBA. Picces of consonant music were linked to the pigs experiencing positive emotions, whereas the dissonant music was linked to negative emotions, the team reports this month in Scientific Reports. "So we found that, yes, music generates different emotions," Ceballos says.
Animal welfare scientist Jun Bao from a university in China is skeptical about whether Cebal. los's team detected emotions, however. He recently found that exposure to music increases play and tail wagging in pigs, which he sees as signs of a "positive mood." However, he says it's not clear that pigs labeled as "happy" or "uneasy" through QBA actually experience those emotions.
Ceballos hopes the study will help researchers create welfare-improving music, tailor-made to a specific species. Bao also agrees, adding "It's really interesting, because if it works, it would be the handiest and cheapest way to enrich their environment."
1. What is the recent study mainly about
A. Pigs' welfare on farms. B. Pigs' reaction to tunes.
C. Pigs' daily behaviours. D. Pigs' potential diseases.
2. Why are pigs chosen as Ceballos's objects of study
A. They are easy to regulate. B. They prefer to live alone.
C. They enjoy terrific welfare. D. They own good intelligence.
3. From which aspect is Jun Bao doubtful about Ceballos's research
A. The duration of their on-site observation.
B. The accuracy of judgement on pigs' emotion.
C. The selection of music pigs are exposed to.
D. The appropriateness of the testing approach.
4. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Pigs'Emotion Can Be Tuned by Music B. High Pork Production Is on the Way
C. Pigs'Intelligence Can't Be Overlooked D. The Way to Ease Pigs' Stress Is Found
6. 【2022年四川高三模拟，阅读D】
These days, many gyms require clients to wear masks or face coverings. The good news: research suggests they don't actually hold up your performance.
Researchers at the University of Saskatchewan gathered a group of 7 men and 7 women, ranging from slightly inactive to excellent cyclists and tested the effects of wearing a three-layer cloth face mask, a surgical mask, and no mask on their exercise performance.
The study participants started with a brief warm-up on a fixed bike, then took a progressive intensity exercise test, during which it was vital for them to keep the same pedal rate while the resistance was continually increased until exhaustion (疲惫不堪). Something like the heart rate was recorded every 30 seconds.
The results suggested that wearing a mask had no effect on performance or muscle oxygen levels. Since there was no difference in time to exhaustion between conditions, the highest power reached at the end of each test was similar in mask and no-mask conditions for all participants, Professor Chilibeck explained. Researchers also did not see any effects of the masks during exercise on blood oxygen levels, which wouldn't decrease if breathing was not affected.
And while droplet (飞沫) spread was not measured, all masks used were tested in a previous study in which they were shown to effectively minimize droplet spread, according to Chilibeck. Though the participants represented a wide range of fitness levels, it's important to note that these tests were conducted on a very small sample size, and more research is needed on larger populations to draw sweeping conclusions about the general population.
1.How did the researchers draw the conclusion
A.By doing medical tests. B.By making brief analysis.
C.By observing normal cyclists. D.By conducting an experiment.
2.What will happen if masks block your performance
A.Your heart rate may keep stable. B.You might produce less droplet.
C.Your blood oxygen levels will drop. D.You will feel more tired than before.
3.What is the author's attitude to the study
A.Doubtful. B.Favorable. C.Disapproving. D.Objective.
4.Which of the following could be the best title for the text
A.Why Should We Train with Masks B.Do Masks Affect Our Performance
C.Can We Train While Wearing Masks D.Why Don't Masks Worsen Our Performance
7. 【2022年四川内江模拟，阅读C】
Vostok Station is a Russian weather station in Antarctica, which is widely known for having the coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth: -89. 2℃. But last Friday, Vostok set another record, this time for its warmest March temperature ever: -18℃, 15℃ warmer than average.
Other areas in Antarctica were even hotter. A nearby weather station was 37℃ higher than average. Some places here were expected to be as much as 50℃ warmer than normal.
Scientists said, "At this time of year, Antarctica is losing 25 minutes of daylight every day, and should be getting colder instead of warmer." But an "atmospheric river" of warm, wet air hit Antarctica last Tuesday. This kind of weather pattern isn't that unusual. But once it got to Antarctica, it was blocked from leaving by a high pressure system called a "pressure dome". Scientists say it's too early to say if this event was caused by climate change. But they say they're watching carefully to see if this is a one-time event or part of a new pattern.
On the other hand, winter is just now ending at the North Pole, which means the sun hasn't been shining there for about six months. But that hasn't stopped the Arctic from having a heat wave. Temperatures in the Arctic are about 14℃ higher than normal. Some areas have seen temperatures as much as 28℃ above average. Scientists are paying great attention to the weather here. In fact, the Arctic is warming two to three times faster than the rest of the planet, and warming events seem increasingly common in recent years. There are concerns that this pattern will continue and that the melting(融化) of ice here will increase.
Scientists explained, this time, the very specific cause for the Arctic' heat wave: a "bomb cyclone", a storm that gathers great strength very quickly. This one formed over the east coast of North America, and headed north. The pressure inside this storm system fell sharply, pulling an atmospheric river of wet war㎡ air toward the North Pole.
1.What has Vostok Station done lately
A.It has moved to the coldest place in the world.
B.It has teamed up with a nearby weather station.
C.It's monitored an extremely abnormal temperature.
D.It's finished the temperature records for Antarctica.
2.What have scientists changed concerning the temperatures in Antarctica
A.Their expectations about its climate system.
B.Their impression of the Antarctic seasons.
C.Their ideas of forming a pressure dome.
D.Their attitude toward climate change.
3.Why are scientists watching the weather in the Arctic closely
A.Its winter ends earlier than usual.
B.Warming events occur more frequently.
C.The melting of ice is more serious this year.
D.The temperature is higher than that in Antarctica.
4.What did scientists think of the Arctic heat wave this time
A.Controllable. B.Predictable. C.Adaptable. D.Understandable.
8. 【2022年河北张家口模拟，阅读D】
Becoming a parent brings out the best in many animals. Although parenting is usually left to the females, males from many species go above and beyond to care for the offspring. Take anemone fish(海葵鱼) for example. In finding Nemo, Marlin swims over 1,000 miles from the Great Barrier Reef to Sydney to rescue his son Nemo, who has been caught by divers. In reality, anemone fish rarely move so far away from their home.
Despite their smaller size, the males help the females defend the nest, but only the male anemone fish take care of it. They use their fins as fans to provide a constant flow of oxygen and keep the surroundings clean. They also put a lot of effort in building the nest.
The eggs take about five days to hatch. During this important period, dads fan them to provide oxygen and remove the rubbish. They also pick up the eggs in their mouths and move them around to remove any bacteria. One of the biggest threats comes from female sticklebacks(刺鱼), who form organized groups and attack the nests to eat all the eggs.
Males defend the newborn fish and bring back the ones who move too far from the nest. Once the fish grow up, they become a little bit more independent and start to swim away. The dad swims after them, picks them up in his mouth, and spits them back into his nest. Eventually, he gets to the point where he can't keep track of them and that's when they separate.
Doting(溺爱的) fathers are not restricted to the world of fish. In some poison frog species, the dads also warn the moms when the young ones are hungry and need to be fed. It's generally believed that moms are the caregivers. In fish and frogs, it's actually more common for the dads to provide care.
1.What does the underlined word "offspring" in paragraph 1 probably mean
A.Children. B.Relatives. C.Friends. D.Colleagues.
2.What can we infer about male anemone fish
A.They take full responsibility for building the nest.
B.They are much larger than female anemone fish.
C.They are actually extremely excellent fathers.
D.They frequently make attacks on other fishes.
3.What does it mean when the dad can't track its young fish
A.The dad can't tend to the young fish. B.The young fish are already independent.
C.The living environment is worse. D.The dad is in a state of aging.
4.What can be the best title for the text
A.The Model Father in the Animal Kingdom B.The New Role of the Male Anemone Fish
C.The Really Caring Caregivers in Life D.A Strange Phenomenon in Nature
答案以及解析
1.答案：1-4 BCDD
解析：1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中的"Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skillful at tool use"可知, 实验中凤头鹦鹉通过使用工具拿到了盒子里的果仁。故选B。
2. 推理判断题。根据第二段首句"In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age"可知, 在大约一岁时, 婴儿就能将圆形物体放入圆孔中。故选C。
3. 细节理解题。根据最后一段信息可知, 研究人员下一步将查明凤头鹦鹉是否完全依靠视觉线索还是也需要使用触觉来对物体的形状做出选择。故选D。
4.主旨大意题。综观全文, 尤其是根据文章首句"Goffin's cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old"可知, 文章主要讲述凤头鹦鹉出色的形状识别能力。故选D。
2.答案：1-4 CBAB
解析：1.细节理解题。 根据第一段内容The biggest family tree of humanity to date has been built using genetic data from thousands of modern and prehistoric people. The tree gives a view of 2 million years of prehistory and evolution.(迄今为止，人类最大的家谱是利用数干现代和史前人类的基因数据建立起来的。这个家谱展现了200万年的史前历史和进化。)可知，人类最大的家谱展现了人类200万年的史前历史和进化，由此可知，人们可以期待从最大的家谱中清楚地了解人类历史。故选C。2.推理判断题。 根据第三段内容Geneticists have been reading people s entire genomes for the past two decades. McVean and his colleagues analyzed 3609 of these, almost all of which belonged to our species, Homo sapiens, except for three Neanderthals and one from the Denisovan group, which may be a subspecies of Homo sapiens or a separate species.(过去十年来，遗传学家一直在阅读人类的整个基因组。McVean和他的同事分析了其中3609个，几乎所有的都属于我们的物种，除了三个尼安德特人和一个杰尼索万人，这可能是智人的亚种或一个单独的物种。)可知，过去二十年来，遗传学家一直在阅读人类的整个基因组，Gil McVean和他的同事分析了其中3609个，并得出结论，以这种方式为家谱做出贡献，由此可知，Gil的团队是通过分析人的基因为家谱做出贡献的。故选B。3.主旨大意题。根据第五段内容Variants that appeared before 2,000 years ago were most common in north-east Africa, and the oldest 100 variants were also from there, specifically in what is now Sudan.Those oldest variants are about 2 million years old, so long predate our species, which appeared around 30,000years ago.(2000年前出现的变种在非洲东北部最为常见，最古老的100种变种也来自那里，特别是在现在的苏丹。这些最古老的变种大约有200万年的历史，比我们的物种早了这么久，我们的物种出现在大约30万年前。)可知，本段内容主要介绍的是研究发现，研究表明2000年前出现的变种在非洲东北部最为常见，这些最古老的变种大约有200万年的历史，比我们的物种早了很久，由此可知，第五段主要告诉我们的是关于研究的发现。故选A。4.推理判断题。 根据最后一段关键句The simplistic interpretation of this is that humanity first evolved in this region, but later migrations are likely to have interfered(干涉)with the data.(对这一点的简单解释是，人类最初是在这个地区进化的，但后来的迁徙可能会干扰数据。)可知，研究表明人类最初是在同一个地区进化的，只是后来的迁徙可能会干扰数据，由此可推断出，人类可能首先出生在同一地区，后来再进行不断地迁移。故选B。
3.答案：1-4 CDBD
解析：1.细节理解题。 根据第二段"It used real-time data, collected via a smartphone app, rather than relying on people's memory of how they were feeling. "(它是利用通过智能手机应用程序软件搜集到的实时数据，而不是依赖人们对他们的感觉的记忆。)可知，这项研究是通过手机应用程序软件搜集到的实时数据。故选C。2.细节理解题。 根据第四段"The findings pointed to interventions(干预)to reduce loneliness. The researchers said, "Specific measures that increase social inclusion and contact with nature should be taken, especially in thickly populated cities." Time spent in nature is known to boost well-being(健康), with woodland walks estimated to save the UK at least I85m a year in mental health costs, for example. "(研究结果指向了对减少孤独感的干预。研究人员说，"应该采取增加社会包容性和接触大自然的具体措施，特别是在人口稠密的城市。"人们知道，在大自然中度过的时光有助于提高幸福感，例如，据估计，林地散步每年至少可以为英国节省1.85亿英镑的心理健康成本。)可知，英国在对减少孤独感的干预为他们国家节省了1.85亿英镑的心理健康成本，所以是经济上获益很大。故选D。3.推理判断题。 根据最后一段"But when the researchers took age, education, and occupation into account, the benefits of nature contact and feelings of social inclusion on loneliness remained strongly statistically significant. " (但是当研究人员将年龄、教育程度和职业考虑在内时，接触大自然和社会包容感对孤独感的好处在统计学上依然非常显著。)可知，这项研究从统计学上来说还是有显著的好处的。故选B。4.主旨大意题。 根据第二段"The study is the first to assess how the environment can affect loneliness. "(这项研究首次评估了环境对孤独感的影响。)和最后一段"The research collected data from urban citizens across the world using the Urban Mind research app. " (这项研究使用城市思维研究应用程序从世界各地的城市居民中收集数据。)可知，这篇文章主要讲述城市区域内的人们接触大自然对减少他们的孤独感是非常有益的。故选D。
4.答案：1-4 BCCD
解析：1.细节理解题。 根据第二段While the test subjects first heard the new vocabulary, they were simultaneously (同时地) shown a video of a person making a gesture that matched the meaning of the word. When the word was repeated, they were supposed to perform the gesture themselves.(当测试对象第一次听到新词汇时，他们同时看到了一段视频，视频中有人做了一个与单词意思相匹配的手势。当这个词被重复时，他们应该自己做这个手势。)可知，测试对象被要求重复视频里的人所做的事。故选B。2.推理判断题。根据第三段The researchers concluded that the motor cortex contributed to the translation of the vocabulary learned with gestures.(研究人员得出结论，运动皮层有助于翻译通过手势学习的词汇。)可知，发送脉冲是为了确认运动皮层的功能。故选C。3.推理判断题。根据最后一段I think we underuse gesture in our classrooms.(我认为我们在课堂上没有充分利用手势。)可知，Brian Mathias认为这一研究可以用于课堂教学。故选C。4.标题归纳题。 根据第一段But if you also gesture with your arms while studying, you can remember the vocabulary better, even months later. Linking a word to brain areas responsible for movement strengthens the memory of its meaning.(但如果你在学习的时候也用手臂做手势，即使几个月后，你也能更好地记住词汇。将一个单词与大脑负责运动的区域联系起来，可以加强对其含义的记忆。)可知，文章主要介绍了当学习一门外语时，大多数都采取了传统的方法：读、写、听和重复。但是如果你在学习的同时加上手势动作，可以帮助你更好地记住词汇。所以D.Gestures Help Learn New Words(手势有助于学习新单词)作为文章标题最为合适。故选D。
5.答案：1-4 BDBA
解析：1.细节理解题。由第一段中的"According to a recent study in Science. pigs are providing convincing new evidence that animals may respond emotionally to music."可知，本项研究提供了动物可能会对音乐有情绪反应的证据，项目围绕猪对音乐的反应状况展于。故选B。2.细节理解题。由第二段最后一句"...says she chose these animals because they are intelligent and social, and face serious welfare challenges on factory farms"可知,Ceballos团队选择猪作为研究对象的原因之一是它们的智力比较好，故选D。3.推理判断题。由第五段中的"However, he says it's not clear that pigs labeled as "happy" or "uneasy" through QBA actually experience those emotions."可知, Jun Bao觉得Ceballos标记为"快乐"和"不安"的猪是否真的会体验这些情感还不确定，他在猪对音乐情感反应的精准判断方面有怀疑，故选B。4.标题推测题。文章主要介绍了关于音乐对猪的情绪反应的相关性研究。研究表明，音乐可以在猪的身上引发不同的反应。故选A。
6.答案：1.D; 2.C; 3.D; 4.B
解析：1. 细节理解题。根据第二、三段的内容可知,研究人员是通过做实验得出他们的结论的。故选D。
2. 细节理解题。根据第四段中的"Researchers also did not see any effects of the masks during exercise on blood oxygen levels, which wouldn't decrease if breathing was s not affected"可知,研究人员也没有发现运动时戴口罩对血氧水平有任何影响,如果戴口罩时呼吸没有受到影响,血氧水平就不会降低,反之,如果戴口罩时呼吸受到影响,血氧水平就会降低。故选C。
3.观点态度题。作者在肯定该研究结论的同时,在最后一段点出需要对更大的人群进行更多的研究,才能得出关于大众的全面的结论。故选D。
4.主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了一项有关戴口罩是否会影响人们的运动表现的研究,并说明了研究的结果戴口罩不会影响运动表现。故选B。
7.答案：1.C; 2.A; 3.B; 4.D
解析：1.细节理解题。由第一段But last Friday, Vostok set another record, this time for its warmest March temperature ever:-18C,15°C warmer than average.(但上周五,Vostokt创造了另一项记录,这一次是有史以来三月份最热的温度18°C,比平均温度高15°C。)以及第二段other areas in Antarctica were even hotter. A nearby weather station was 37°C higher than average. Some places here were expected to be as much as 50°C warmer than normal!(南极洲的其他地区甚至更热。附近的一个气象站比平均气温高出37°C。一些地区预计会比正常温度高出50°C。)可知,科学家们已经发现南极洲三月的温度要比往年高的多,这是很不正常的。故选C。
2.推理判断题。由第三段Scientists say it's too early to say if this event was caused by climate change. But they say they're watching carefully to see if this is a one-time event or part of a new pattern.(科学家们表示,现在说这事件是否是由气候变化引起的还为时过早。但他还表示,他们正在仔细观察,看看这是一个一次性事件,还是一种新模式的一部分。)可知,科学家们对于气候系统的预料发生了变化。故选A。
3.细节理解题。由文章第四段Scientists are paying great attention to the weather here. In fact, the Arctic is warming two to three times faster than the rest of the planet, and warming events seem increasingly common in recent years.家们非常关注这里的天气。事实上,北极地区气候变暖的速度比地球其他地区快两到三倍,而且近年来发生的气候变暖事件越来越普遍。)可知,科学家们密切关注北极气候的原因是因为变暖事件发生地越来越频繁。故选B。
4.观点态度题。由文章最后一段Scientists explained, this time, the very specific cause for the Arctic heat wave: a "bomb cyclone", a storm that gathers great strength very quickly. This one formed over the east coast of North America, and headed north. The pressure inside this storm system fell sharply, puling an atmospheric river of wet warm air toward the North Pole.(这一次,科学家们解释了北极热浪的具体原因:"炸弹气旋",一种迅速聚集强大力量的风暴。这一风暴形成于北美的东海岸,并向北移动。风暴内部的压力急剧下降,将一股潮湿温暖的大气流拽向北极。)可知,热带气浪是由一种迅速集聚力量的气旋形成的,它的成因是能钩够理解的。A.Controllable可控的;B.Predictable可预测的;C.Adaptable适应性强的;D.Inderstandable可以理解的。故选D。
8.答案：1.A; 2.C; 3.B; 4.A
解析：1. 词义猜测题。根据第一段中Although parenting is usually left to the females, males from many species go above and beyond to care for the offspring.(虽然养育后代的工作通常是由雌性完成的，但许多物种的雄性也会不遗余力地照顾孩子)，由语境以及parenting，care for可推测，许多物种的雄性也会不遗余力地照顾后代，因此offspring意为"后代，孩子"。故选A。
2. 推理判断题。根据第二段内容(尽管雄性海葵体型较小，但它们帮助雌性海葵保护巢穴，但只有雄性海葵鱼负责保护巢穴。它们用鳍作为风扇，提供恒定的氧气流，保持环境清洁。他们也在筑巢方面付出了很多努力。)以及第三段中说明了雄性海葵鱼在卵孵化期间保持卵蛋的清洁，保护他它们不被吃掉；第四段中说明雄性保护新生的鱼，并把那些离巢太远的鱼带回来。由以上推测出，雄性海葵鱼实际上是非常优秀的父亲。故选C。
3. 细节理解题。根据第四段中Once the fish grow up, they become a little bit more independent and start to swim away. The dad swims after them, picks them up in his mouth, and spits them back into his nest. Eventually, he gets to the point where he can't keep track of them and that's when they separate.(一旦鱼长大了，它们就会变得更加独立，开始游走。爸爸在它们后面游泳，用嘴叼起它们，然后把它们吐回巢里。最终，他无法跟踪他们，于是他们分开了。)可知，雄性海葵鱼找不到小鱼，这意味着小鱼长大，独立了。故选B。
4. 标题推测题。根据全文以及第一段中Becoming a parent brings out the best in many animals. Although parenting is usually left to the females, males from many species go above and beyond to care for the offspring. Take anemone fish(海葵鱼) for example.(为人父母激发出了许多动物最好的一面。虽然养育后代的工作通常是由雌性完成的，但许多物种的雄性也会不遗余力地照顾后代。以海葵鱼为例)可知，文章讲述了为人父母后，雄性动物也会不遗余力地照顾后代，并且以雄性海葵鱼为例，说明它是动物王国里的模范父亲。所以短文的最佳标题为"动物王国里的模范父亲"。故选A。
1. 【2022年全国甲卷，阅读B】
Goffin's cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a "keyhole" in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped "keys" to choose from. Inserting the correct "key" would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an "allocentric frame of reference". In the experiment, Goffin's cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin's cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
1. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment
A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool.
C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid.
2. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text
A. Using a key to unlock a door. B. Telling parrots from other birds.
C. Putting a ball into a round hole. D. Grouping toys of different shapes.
3. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos
A. How far they are able to see.
B. How they track moving objects.
C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys.
D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
4. Which can be a suitable title for the text
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers
B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers
D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
2. 【2022年江西高三三模，阅读D】
The biggest family tree of humanity to date has been built using genetic. data from thousands of modern and prehistoric people. The tree gives a view of 2 million years. of prehistory and evolution.
"Humans are all eventually related to each other, "says Gi MeVean at the University of Oxford. "What I've long wanted to do is to be able to represent the totality of what we can learn about human history through this genealogy. "
Geneticists have been reading people's entire genomes for the past two decades. McVean and his colleagues analyzed 3609 of these, almost all of which belonged to our species, Homo sapiens, except for three Neanderthals and one from the Denisovan group, which may be a subspecies of Homo sapiens or a separate species.
The team focused on bits of DNA that vary from person to person. They identified6, 412, 717 variants (变体)and tried to figure out when and where each arose. To do this, they also looked at an extra 3589 samples of ancient DNA that weren't good enough to include in the tree, but did cast light on when the variants arose.
Variants that appeared before 2,00 years ago were most common in north-cast Africa, and the oldest 100 variants we also from there, specifically in what is now Sudan. Those oldest variants are about 2 million years old, so long predate our species, which appeared around 300, 000 years ago.
The simplistic interpretation of this is that humanity first evolved in this region, but later migrations are likely to have interfered(干涉)with the data. The tree also offers clues that people reached Papua New Guinea and the Americas tens of thousands of years earlier than the archaeological(考古的)record implies, hinting at migrations that have yet to be discovered. But both these ideas would need to be confirmed by archaeological finds.
1. What can be expected of the biggest family tree
A. People can change genes with genetic data.
B. People can understand the function of each gene.
C. People can have a clear picture of human history.
D. People can tell the future development of mankind.
2. How did Gil's team contribute to the family tree
A. By collecting people's DNA. B. By analyzing people's genes.
C. By reading previous researches. D. By making archaeological study.
3. What does paragraph 5 mainly tell about the study
A. The findings. B. The treason. C. The process. D. The significance.
4. What can be learned from the last paragraph
A. Migrations have changed humans' genes.
B. Humanity may be first born in the same area.
C. Archaeological finds have proved early migrations.
D. Humans appeared in this world earlier than expected.
3. 【2022年辽宁大连一模，阅读D】
Loneliness is significant mental health concern and can raise risk of death by 45% and contact with nature in cities significantly reduces feelings of loneliness, according to a team of scientists.
The study is the first to assess how the environment can affect loneliness. It used real-time data, collected via a smartphone app, rather than relying on people's memory of how they were feeling.
The research found that feelings of overcrowding increased loneliness by an average of 30%. But when people were able to see trees or hear birds, feelings of loneliness fell by 28%. Feelings of social inclusion also cut loneliness by 21% and when these feelings coincided(巧合)with contact with nature, the beneficial effect was boosted by a further 18%.
The findings pointed to interventions(干预)to reduce loneliness. The researchers said, "Specific measures that increase social inclusion and contact with nature should be taken, especially in thickly populated cities." Time spent in nature is known to boost well-being(健康)with woodland walks estimated to save the UK at least f 185m a year in mental health costs, for example.
The research collected data from urban citizens across the world using the Urban Mind research app. More than 750 people provided 16,600 of these assessments. The participants were self-selecting and so did not provide a representative sample of the wider populations. But when the researchers took age, education, and occupation into account, the benefits of nature contact and feelings of social inclusion on loneliness remained strongly statistically significant. Johanna Gibbons, part of the research team, said, "Cities are probably the only habitat that is increasing at a high rate. So we should be creating urban habitats where people can thrive."
1.How was the research conducted
A.By relying on people's memory.
B.By surveying 750 urban participants.
C.By collecting data through a smartphone app.
D.By checking a worldwide representative sample.
2.What can we learn from Paragraph 4
A.Many big cities take the lead in the research
B.Time spent indoors improves people's well-being
C.Woodland walks greatly reduce social contact with people.
D.Interventions to reduce loneliness benefit the UK financially.
3.What can be inferred about the research
A.It offers a wide range of samples globally.
B.The findings are remarkable in terms of statistics.
C.The carefully selected participants are reliable.
D.Many factors are considered except education.
4.What's the text mainly about
A.The problems of living in big cities.
B.Developing urban habitats at a high speed.
C.Research on how to get rid of loneliness in nature.
D.Reducing loneliness in cities through contact with nature.
4. 【2022年山西太原三模，阅读D】
When learning a foreign language, most people fall back on traditional methods: reading, writing, listening and repeating. But if you also gesture with your arms while studying, you can remember the vocabulary better, even months later. Linking a word to brain areas responsible for movement strengthens the memory of its meaning.
As neuroscientist Brian Mathias and his colleagues describe in the Journal of Neuroscience, they had 22 German-speaking adults learn a total of 90 invented artificial words (such as "lamube" for "camera" and "atesi" for "thought") over four days. While the test subjects first heard the new vocabulary, they were simultaneously (同时地) shown a video of a person making a gesture that matched the meaning of the word. When the word was repeated, they were supposed to perform the gesture themselves. Five months later, they were asked to translate the vocabulary they had learned into German in a multiple-choice test.
At the same time, they had a device attached to their heads that sent weak pulses to their primary motor cortex (皮层)-the brain area that controls voluntary arm movements. When these interfering (干扰) signals were active, the subjects found it harder to recall the words accompanied by gestures. When the device sent no interfering signals (but still appeared to the subjects to be active), they found it easier to remember the words. The researchers concluded that the motor cortex contributed to the translation of the vocabulary learned with gestures. This applied to concrete words, such as "camera, " as well as abstract ones, such as "thought. "
"Our results provide evidence for why learning techniques that involve the body's motor system should be used more often, " says Mathias. "I think we underuse gesture in our classrooms. People use it spontaneously (自发地), if they're good teachers and good listeners. But we don't necessarily bring it into the class if we don't think about it. "
1. What were the subjects required to do in the test
A. Repeat what other subjects describe.
B. Follow what the person in the video did.
C. Match the vocabulary with relative pictures.
D. Translate the vocabulary into a foreign language.
2. Why were pulses sent to the subjects' motor cortex
A. To control their body movements.
B. To shelter other interfering signals.
C. To identify the function of the motor cortex.
D. To confirm the abstract thoughts in their mind.
3. What is Brian Mathias's expectation of the research
A. It will be carried out more frequently. B. It will involve more concrete objects.
C. It will be applied to classroom teaching. D. It will motivate his colleagues to participate.
4. What is the best title for the text
A. Good Learning Techniques Matter More B. Repeating Strengthens Memory
C. Body Language Betters Communication D. Gestures Help Learn New Words
5. 【2022年广东高三模拟，阅读D】
According to a recent study in Science, pigs are providing convincing new evidence that animals may respond emotionally to music. The finding may lead to ways to improve their welfare on farms. "It's a really neat study that shows animals are more emotionally attuned(音感好的) to music than people think"，says Charles Snowdon，an animal behaviour expert at the University of Wisconsin.
Music is sometimes used as enrichment for animals and other captive animals. And Snowball the dancing cockatoo(凤头鹦鹉) likes to dance to the Backstreet Boys. But whether these creatures have a true emotional response to the tunes is unclear. That's what the new study aimed to do—but with pigs. Co-author Maria Camila Ceballos, an animal welfare scientist, says she chose these animals because they are intelligent and social, and face serious welfare challenges on factory. farms.
The researchers composed music that were either consonant or dissonant. To humans, consonant music generally sounds pleasant whereas dissonance tends to sound uncomfortable. The team then filmed six litters of young pigs listening to the music, which was played in a random order with a break in between.
The researchers scored the pigs' body language using an approach called QBA. Picces of consonant music were linked to the pigs experiencing positive emotions, whereas the dissonant music was linked to negative emotions, the team reports this month in Scientific Reports. "So we found that, yes, music generates different emotions," Ceballos says.
Animal welfare scientist Jun Bao from a university in China is skeptical about whether Cebal. los's team detected emotions, however. He recently found that exposure to music increases play and tail wagging in pigs, which he sees as signs of a "positive mood." However, he says it's not clear that pigs labeled as "happy" or "uneasy" through QBA actually experience those emotions.
Ceballos hopes the study will help researchers create welfare-improving music, tailor-made to a specific species. Bao also agrees, adding "It's really interesting, because if it works, it would be the handiest and cheapest way to enrich their environment."
1. What is the recent study mainly about
A. Pigs' welfare on farms. B. Pigs' reaction to tunes.
C. Pigs' daily behaviours. D. Pigs' potential diseases.
2. Why are pigs chosen as Ceballos's objects of study
A. They are easy to regulate. B. They prefer to live alone.
C. They enjoy terrific welfare. D. They own good intelligence.
3. From which aspect is Jun Bao doubtful about Ceballos's research
A. The duration of their on-site observation.
B. The accuracy of judgement on pigs' emotion.
C. The selection of music pigs are exposed to.
D. The appropriateness of the testing approach.
4. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Pigs'Emotion Can Be Tuned by Music B. High Pork Production Is on the Way
C. Pigs'Intelligence Can't Be Overlooked D. The Way to Ease Pigs' Stress Is Found
6. 【2022年四川高三模拟，阅读D】
These days, many gyms require clients to wear masks or face coverings. The good news: research suggests they don't actually hold up your performance.
Researchers at the University of Saskatchewan gathered a group of 7 men and 7 women, ranging from slightly inactive to excellent cyclists and tested the effects of wearing a three-layer cloth face mask, a surgical mask, and no mask on their exercise performance.
The study participants started with a brief warm-up on a fixed bike, then took a progressive intensity exercise test, during which it was vital for them to keep the same pedal rate while the resistance was continually increased until exhaustion (疲惫不堪). Something like the heart rate was recorded every 30 seconds.
The results suggested that wearing a mask had no effect on performance or muscle oxygen levels. Since there was no difference in time to exhaustion between conditions, the highest power reached at the end of each test was similar in mask and no-mask conditions for all participants, Professor Chilibeck explained. Researchers also did not see any effects of the masks during exercise on blood oxygen levels, which wouldn't decrease if breathing was not affected.
And while droplet (飞沫) spread was not measured, all masks used were tested in a previous study in which they were shown to effectively minimize droplet spread, according to Chilibeck. Though the participants represented a wide range of fitness levels, it's important to note that these tests were conducted on a very small sample size, and more research is needed on larger populations to draw sweeping conclusions about the general population.
1.How did the researchers draw the conclusion
A.By doing medical tests. B.By making brief analysis.
C.By observing normal cyclists. D.By conducting an experiment.
2.What will happen if masks block your performance
A.Your heart rate may keep stable. B.You might produce less droplet.
C.Your blood oxygen levels will drop. D.You will feel more tired than before.
3.What is the author's attitude to the study
A.Doubtful. B.Favorable. C.Disapproving. D.Objective.
4.Which of the following could be the best title for the text
A.Why Should We Train with Masks B.Do Masks Affect Our Performance
C.Can We Train While Wearing Masks D.Why Don't Masks Worsen Our Performance
7. 【2022年四川内江模拟，阅读C】
Vostok Station is a Russian weather station in Antarctica, which is widely known for having the coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth: -89. 2℃. But last Friday, Vostok set another record, this time for its warmest March temperature ever: -18℃, 15℃ warmer than average.
Other areas in Antarctica were even hotter. A nearby weather station was 37℃ higher than average. Some places here were expected to be as much as 50℃ warmer than normal.
Scientists said, "At this time of year, Antarctica is losing 25 minutes of daylight every day, and should be getting colder instead of warmer." But an "atmospheric river" of warm, wet air hit Antarctica last Tuesday. This kind of weather pattern isn't that unusual. But once it got to Antarctica, it was blocked from leaving by a high pressure system called a "pressure dome". Scientists say it's too early to say if this event was caused by climate change. But they say they're watching carefully to see if this is a one-time event or part of a new pattern.
On the other hand, winter is just now ending at the North Pole, which means the sun hasn't been shining there for about six months. But that hasn't stopped the Arctic from having a heat wave. Temperatures in the Arctic are about 14℃ higher than normal. Some areas have seen temperatures as much as 28℃ above average. Scientists are paying great attention to the weather here. In fact, the Arctic is warming two to three times faster than the rest of the planet, and warming events seem increasingly common in recent years. There are concerns that this pattern will continue and that the melting(融化) of ice here will increase.
Scientists explained, this time, the very specific cause for the Arctic' heat wave: a "bomb cyclone", a storm that gathers great strength very quickly. This one formed over the east coast of North America, and headed north. The pressure inside this storm system fell sharply, pulling an atmospheric river of wet war㎡ air toward the North Pole.
1.What has Vostok Station done lately
A.It has moved to the coldest place in the world.
B.It has teamed up with a nearby weather station.
C.It's monitored an extremely abnormal temperature.
D.It's finished the temperature records for Antarctica.
2.What have scientists changed concerning the temperatures in Antarctica
A.Their expectations about its climate system.
B.Their impression of the Antarctic seasons.
C.Their ideas of forming a pressure dome.
D.Their attitude toward climate change.
3.Why are scientists watching the weather in the Arctic closely
A.Its winter ends earlier than usual.
B.Warming events occur more frequently.
C.The melting of ice is more serious this year.
D.The temperature is higher than that in Antarctica.
4.What did scientists think of the Arctic heat wave this time
A.Controllable. B.Predictable. C.Adaptable. D.Understandable.
8. 【2022年河北张家口模拟，阅读D】
Becoming a parent brings out the best in many animals. Although parenting is usually left to the females, males from many species go above and beyond to care for the offspring. Take anemone fish(海葵鱼) for example. In finding Nemo, Marlin swims over 1,000 miles from the Great Barrier Reef to Sydney to rescue his son Nemo, who has been caught by divers. In reality, anemone fish rarely move so far away from their home.
Despite their smaller size, the males help the females defend the nest, but only the male anemone fish take care of it. They use their fins as fans to provide a constant flow of oxygen and keep the surroundings clean. They also put a lot of effort in building the nest.
The eggs take about five days to hatch. During this important period, dads fan them to provide oxygen and remove the rubbish. They also pick up the eggs in their mouths and move them around to remove any bacteria. One of the biggest threats comes from female sticklebacks(刺鱼), who form organized groups and attack the nests to eat all the eggs.
Males defend the newborn fish and bring back the ones who move too far from the nest. Once the fish grow up, they become a little bit more independent and start to swim away. The dad swims after them, picks them up in his mouth, and spits them back into his nest. Eventually, he gets to the point where he can't keep track of them and that's when they separate.
Doting(溺爱的) fathers are not restricted to the world of fish. In some poison frog species, the dads also warn the moms when the young ones are hungry and need to be fed. It's generally believed that moms are the caregivers. In fish and frogs, it's actually more common for the dads to provide care.
1.What does the underlined word "offspring" in paragraph 1 probably mean
A.Children. B.Relatives. C.Friends. D.Colleagues.
2.What can we infer about male anemone fish
A.They take full responsibility for building the nest.
B.They are much larger than female anemone fish.
C.They are actually extremely excellent fathers.
D.They frequently make attacks on other fishes.
3.What does it mean when the dad can't track its young fish
A.The dad can't tend to the young fish. B.The young fish are already independent.
C.The living environment is worse. D.The dad is in a state of aging.
4.What can be the best title for the text
A.The Model Father in the Animal Kingdom B.The New Role of the Male Anemone Fish
C.The Really Caring Caregivers in Life D.A Strange Phenomenon in Nature
答案以及解析
1.答案：1-4 BCDD
解析：1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中的"Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skillful at tool use"可知, 实验中凤头鹦鹉通过使用工具拿到了盒子里的果仁。故选B。
2. 推理判断题。根据第二段首句"In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age"可知, 在大约一岁时, 婴儿就能将圆形物体放入圆孔中。故选C。
3. 细节理解题。根据最后一段信息可知, 研究人员下一步将查明凤头鹦鹉是否完全依靠视觉线索还是也需要使用触觉来对物体的形状做出选择。故选D。
4.主旨大意题。综观全文, 尤其是根据文章首句"Goffin's cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old"可知, 文章主要讲述凤头鹦鹉出色的形状识别能力。故选D。
2.答案：1-4 CBAB
解析：1.细节理解题。 根据第一段内容The biggest family tree of humanity to date has been built using genetic data from thousands of modern and prehistoric people. The tree gives a view of 2 million years of prehistory and evolution.(迄今为止，人类最大的家谱是利用数干现代和史前人类的基因数据建立起来的。这个家谱展现了200万年的史前历史和进化。)可知，人类最大的家谱展现了人类200万年的史前历史和进化，由此可知，人们可以期待从最大的家谱中清楚地了解人类历史。故选C。2.推理判断题。 根据第三段内容Geneticists have been reading people s entire genomes for the past two decades. McVean and his colleagues analyzed 3609 of these, almost all of which belonged to our species, Homo sapiens, except for three Neanderthals and one from the Denisovan group, which may be a subspecies of Homo sapiens or a separate species.(过去十年来，遗传学家一直在阅读人类的整个基因组。McVean和他的同事分析了其中3609个，几乎所有的都属于我们的物种，除了三个尼安德特人和一个杰尼索万人，这可能是智人的亚种或一个单独的物种。)可知，过去二十年来，遗传学家一直在阅读人类的整个基因组，Gil McVean和他的同事分析了其中3609个，并得出结论，以这种方式为家谱做出贡献，由此可知，Gil的团队是通过分析人的基因为家谱做出贡献的。故选B。3.主旨大意题。根据第五段内容Variants that appeared before 2,000 years ago were most common in north-east Africa, and the oldest 100 variants were also from there, specifically in what is now Sudan.Those oldest variants are about 2 million years old, so long predate our species, which appeared around 30,000years ago.(2000年前出现的变种在非洲东北部最为常见，最古老的100种变种也来自那里，特别是在现在的苏丹。这些最古老的变种大约有200万年的历史，比我们的物种早了这么久，我们的物种出现在大约30万年前。)可知，本段内容主要介绍的是研究发现，研究表明2000年前出现的变种在非洲东北部最为常见，这些最古老的变种大约有200万年的历史，比我们的物种早了很久，由此可知，第五段主要告诉我们的是关于研究的发现。故选A。4.推理判断题。 根据最后一段关键句The simplistic interpretation of this is that humanity first evolved in this region, but later migrations are likely to have interfered(干涉)with the data.(对这一点的简单解释是，人类最初是在这个地区进化的，但后来的迁徙可能会干扰数据。)可知，研究表明人类最初是在同一个地区进化的，只是后来的迁徙可能会干扰数据，由此可推断出，人类可能首先出生在同一地区，后来再进行不断地迁移。故选B。
3.答案：1-4 CDBD
解析：1.细节理解题。 根据第二段"It used real-time data, collected via a smartphone app, rather than relying on people's memory of how they were feeling. "(它是利用通过智能手机应用程序软件搜集到的实时数据，而不是依赖人们对他们的感觉的记忆。)可知，这项研究是通过手机应用程序软件搜集到的实时数据。故选C。2.细节理解题。 根据第四段"The findings pointed to interventions(干预)to reduce loneliness. The researchers said, "Specific measures that increase social inclusion and contact with nature should be taken, especially in thickly populated cities." Time spent in nature is known to boost well-being(健康), with woodland walks estimated to save the UK at least I85m a year in mental health costs, for example. "(研究结果指向了对减少孤独感的干预。研究人员说，"应该采取增加社会包容性和接触大自然的具体措施，特别是在人口稠密的城市。"人们知道，在大自然中度过的时光有助于提高幸福感，例如，据估计，林地散步每年至少可以为英国节省1.85亿英镑的心理健康成本。)可知，英国在对减少孤独感的干预为他们国家节省了1.85亿英镑的心理健康成本，所以是经济上获益很大。故选D。3.推理判断题。 根据最后一段"But when the researchers took age, education, and occupation into account, the benefits of nature contact and feelings of social inclusion on loneliness remained strongly statistically significant. " (但是当研究人员将年龄、教育程度和职业考虑在内时，接触大自然和社会包容感对孤独感的好处在统计学上依然非常显著。)可知，这项研究从统计学上来说还是有显著的好处的。故选B。4.主旨大意题。 根据第二段"The study is the first to assess how the environment can affect loneliness. "(这项研究首次评估了环境对孤独感的影响。)和最后一段"The research collected data from urban citizens across the world using the Urban Mind research app. " (这项研究使用城市思维研究应用程序从世界各地的城市居民中收集数据。)可知，这篇文章主要讲述城市区域内的人们接触大自然对减少他们的孤独感是非常有益的。故选D。
4.答案：1-4 BCCD
解析：1.细节理解题。 根据第二段While the test subjects first heard the new vocabulary, they were simultaneously (同时地) shown a video of a person making a gesture that matched the meaning of the word. When the word was repeated, they were supposed to perform the gesture themselves.(当测试对象第一次听到新词汇时，他们同时看到了一段视频，视频中有人做了一个与单词意思相匹配的手势。当这个词被重复时，他们应该自己做这个手势。)可知，测试对象被要求重复视频里的人所做的事。故选B。2.推理判断题。根据第三段The researchers concluded that the motor cortex contributed to the translation of the vocabulary learned with gestures.(研究人员得出结论，运动皮层有助于翻译通过手势学习的词汇。)可知，发送脉冲是为了确认运动皮层的功能。故选C。3.推理判断题。根据最后一段I think we underuse gesture in our classrooms.(我认为我们在课堂上没有充分利用手势。)可知，Brian Mathias认为这一研究可以用于课堂教学。故选C。4.标题归纳题。 根据第一段But if you also gesture with your arms while studying, you can remember the vocabulary better, even months later. Linking a word to brain areas responsible for movement strengthens the memory of its meaning.(但如果你在学习的时候也用手臂做手势，即使几个月后，你也能更好地记住词汇。将一个单词与大脑负责运动的区域联系起来，可以加强对其含义的记忆。)可知，文章主要介绍了当学习一门外语时，大多数都采取了传统的方法：读、写、听和重复。但是如果你在学习的同时加上手势动作，可以帮助你更好地记住词汇。所以D.Gestures Help Learn New Words(手势有助于学习新单词)作为文章标题最为合适。故选D。
5.答案：1-4 BDBA
解析：1.细节理解题。由第一段中的"According to a recent study in Science. pigs are providing convincing new evidence that animals may respond emotionally to music."可知，本项研究提供了动物可能会对音乐有情绪反应的证据，项目围绕猪对音乐的反应状况展于。故选B。2.细节理解题。由第二段最后一句"...says she chose these animals because they are intelligent and social, and face serious welfare challenges on factory farms"可知,Ceballos团队选择猪作为研究对象的原因之一是它们的智力比较好，故选D。3.推理判断题。由第五段中的"However, he says it's not clear that pigs labeled as "happy" or "uneasy" through QBA actually experience those emotions."可知, Jun Bao觉得Ceballos标记为"快乐"和"不安"的猪是否真的会体验这些情感还不确定，他在猪对音乐情感反应的精准判断方面有怀疑，故选B。4.标题推测题。文章主要介绍了关于音乐对猪的情绪反应的相关性研究。研究表明，音乐可以在猪的身上引发不同的反应。故选A。
6.答案：1.D; 2.C; 3.D; 4.B
解析：1. 细节理解题。根据第二、三段的内容可知,研究人员是通过做实验得出他们的结论的。故选D。
2. 细节理解题。根据第四段中的"Researchers also did not see any effects of the masks during exercise on blood oxygen levels, which wouldn't decrease if breathing was s not affected"可知,研究人员也没有发现运动时戴口罩对血氧水平有任何影响,如果戴口罩时呼吸没有受到影响,血氧水平就不会降低,反之,如果戴口罩时呼吸受到影响,血氧水平就会降低。故选C。
3.观点态度题。作者在肯定该研究结论的同时,在最后一段点出需要对更大的人群进行更多的研究,才能得出关于大众的全面的结论。故选D。
4.主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了一项有关戴口罩是否会影响人们的运动表现的研究,并说明了研究的结果戴口罩不会影响运动表现。故选B。
7.答案：1.C; 2.A; 3.B; 4.D
解析：1.细节理解题。由第一段But last Friday, Vostok set another record, this time for its warmest March temperature ever:-18C,15°C warmer than average.(但上周五,Vostokt创造了另一项记录,这一次是有史以来三月份最热的温度18°C,比平均温度高15°C。)以及第二段other areas in Antarctica were even hotter. A nearby weather station was 37°C higher than average. Some places here were expected to be as much as 50°C warmer than normal!(南极洲的其他地区甚至更热。附近的一个气象站比平均气温高出37°C。一些地区预计会比正常温度高出50°C。)可知,科学家们已经发现南极洲三月的温度要比往年高的多,这是很不正常的。故选C。
2.推理判断题。由第三段Scientists say it's too early to say if this event was caused by climate change. But they say they're watching carefully to see if this is a one-time event or part of a new pattern.(科学家们表示,现在说这事件是否是由气候变化引起的还为时过早。但他还表示,他们正在仔细观察,看看这是一个一次性事件,还是一种新模式的一部分。)可知,科学家们对于气候系统的预料发生了变化。故选A。
3.细节理解题。由文章第四段Scientists are paying great attention to the weather here. In fact, the Arctic is warming two to three times faster than the rest of the planet, and warming events seem increasingly common in recent years.家们非常关注这里的天气。事实上,北极地区气候变暖的速度比地球其他地区快两到三倍,而且近年来发生的气候变暖事件越来越普遍。)可知,科学家们密切关注北极气候的原因是因为变暖事件发生地越来越频繁。故选B。
4.观点态度题。由文章最后一段Scientists explained, this time, the very specific cause for the Arctic heat wave: a "bomb cyclone", a storm that gathers great strength very quickly. This one formed over the east coast of North America, and headed north. The pressure inside this storm system fell sharply, puling an atmospheric river of wet warm air toward the North Pole.(这一次,科学家们解释了北极热浪的具体原因:"炸弹气旋",一种迅速聚集强大力量的风暴。这一风暴形成于北美的东海岸,并向北移动。风暴内部的压力急剧下降,将一股潮湿温暖的大气流拽向北极。)可知,热带气浪是由一种迅速集聚力量的气旋形成的,它的成因是能钩够理解的。A.Controllable可控的;B.Predictable可预测的;C.Adaptable适应性强的;D.Inderstandable可以理解的。故选D。
8.答案：1.A; 2.C; 3.B; 4.A
解析：1. 词义猜测题。根据第一段中Although parenting is usually left to the females, males from many species go above and beyond to care for the offspring.(虽然养育后代的工作通常是由雌性完成的，但许多物种的雄性也会不遗余力地照顾孩子)，由语境以及parenting，care for可推测，许多物种的雄性也会不遗余力地照顾后代，因此offspring意为"后代，孩子"。故选A。
2. 推理判断题。根据第二段内容(尽管雄性海葵体型较小，但它们帮助雌性海葵保护巢穴，但只有雄性海葵鱼负责保护巢穴。它们用鳍作为风扇，提供恒定的氧气流，保持环境清洁。他们也在筑巢方面付出了很多努力。)以及第三段中说明了雄性海葵鱼在卵孵化期间保持卵蛋的清洁，保护他它们不被吃掉；第四段中说明雄性保护新生的鱼，并把那些离巢太远的鱼带回来。由以上推测出，雄性海葵鱼实际上是非常优秀的父亲。故选C。
3. 细节理解题。根据第四段中Once the fish grow up, they become a little bit more independent and start to swim away. The dad swims after them, picks them up in his mouth, and spits them back into his nest. Eventually, he gets to the point where he can't keep track of them and that's when they separate.(一旦鱼长大了，它们就会变得更加独立，开始游走。爸爸在它们后面游泳，用嘴叼起它们，然后把它们吐回巢里。最终，他无法跟踪他们，于是他们分开了。)可知，雄性海葵鱼找不到小鱼，这意味着小鱼长大，独立了。故选B。
4. 标题推测题。根据全文以及第一段中Becoming a parent brings out the best in many animals. Although parenting is usually left to the females, males from many species go above and beyond to care for the offspring. Take anemone fish(海葵鱼) for example.(为人父母激发出了许多动物最好的一面。虽然养育后代的工作通常是由雌性完成的，但许多物种的雄性也会不遗余力地照顾后代。以海葵鱼为例)可知，文章讲述了为人父母后，雄性动物也会不遗余力地照顾后代，并且以雄性海葵鱼为例，说明它是动物王国里的模范父亲。所以短文的最佳标题为"动物王国里的模范父亲"。故选A。
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