暑期英语提升(七升八)八年级上- 阅读理解词义猜测题破解

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名称 暑期英语提升(七升八)八年级上- 阅读理解词义猜测题破解
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更新时间 2022-08-02 13:59:55

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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
阅读理解词义猜测题破解
考纲解读
题型名片
词义猜测题
定义 阅读理解题中,根据上下文猜测单词、短语或句子意思的题型
占分 阅读总分的10%左右,虽然比重不大,但是运用方法拿到满分的可能性较大
考点 常考查生词词义、熟词生意以及代词的指代
能力 语境分析的能力
命题方式
常考的设问方式:
★ 猜测单词、短语、句子含义
1.What does the underlined word / phrase / sentence "..." most probably mean?
2.The underlined word / phrase "..." means .
3,When you "..." something, you .
4.By saying“…”, we mean .
5.Which of the following can be used here to replace(取代)the underlined phrase "?
6.Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the underlined word?
★ 判断代词指代的对象
The underlined word "it / they / them..." refers to " ".
技巧传授
解决词义猜测题有多种方法,归纳起来主要是五种:构词推测法、逻辑关系法、语境分析法、经验常识法、 选项代入法。其中,构词推测法和逻辑关系法可以有多种角度去猜测词义,帮助学生有效且彻底地破解词义猜测题。
构词推测法
英语中有很多单词是根据一定的构词法构成的,如果我们熟练地掌握了一定的英语构词法知识,我们就可根 据构词法来推测文中生词的含义。英语构词可分为三类:合成、转化和派生。构词推测法是处理词义猜测题的第 一步:根据所给的单词,看是否能用合成、转化或派生进行预判。
合成
合成是将两个、三个或多个词组合在一起形成一个具有不同含义的新词。有些合成了的新词连写;有些词 合成之后,词与词之间要用连词符连接起来。
如:snow+fall → snowfall(下雪),life+long → lifelong(终身的);first +aid → first-aid(急救的), warm +hearted→warm-hearted(热心的)。
转化
转化是由一种词性转化成另一种词性。
如:Our classroom is clean and tidy.(adj. 干净的)→ They clean their room every day.(v. 打扫);It has a good taste. (n. 味道)→ It tastes good. (v. 尝起来)
派生
派生是通过在一个词根的前面加前缀或在其后加后缀构成一个新单词即派生词。这也是构词推测法中用得 最多的一类。如:translate → translator(翻译家);honest → dishonest(不诚实的)。
英语单词大多是由词根、前缀和后缀组成。词根是单词最基本的部分,表达单词的基本含义。在词根基础 上加前缀或后缀,可以用来引申或者转换原词的意义。通常前缀改变词义,后缀概念词性。
▲ 中学阶段常见的前缀有:re-(再、反复)、mis-(错误)、im- / un- / in- / dis- / non-(不、非)、super-(超)、mini-(极小的,微小的)、micro-(极微小的)、over- / out-(超过的,过量的)等。
▲ 中学阶段常见的后缀有:-able(能……的)、-less(不、无)、-wards(向)等。
▲ 注意:利用构词法猜测出词义后,为保险起见再回去看一下原文,检查是否符合语境,防止出现一词多意的情况。
逻辑关系法
当构词推测法无法处理词义猜测题时,我们往往再接着看是否能采用逻辑关系法。逻辑关系法是解决词义猜 测题最常见的方法,它是指根据上下文之间的逻辑关系来判断词义,可借助语法分析、关键词线索来解题。主要 包括看上下文是否符合定义、近义、举例、反义、转折、因果关系等。
定义
通过定义、定语(从句)或者同位语(从句)来确定词义。有的文章中,作者常通过给某些词汇或短语下 定义帮助读者理解词义,尤其在一些科普类、社科类及与专业内容相关的文章中,观察所考察的词前后的 句子往往可以帮助读者理解这个词的意思。
下定义时,作者通常使用信号词,如is(是),is called(被称为),mean(意思是),refer to(指的是),be known as(作为……而出名),namely(也就是),that is(to say)(也就是说),in other words(换言之)等词语进行解释,或利用破折号或逗号等进行解释。
近义
利用文中所给的同义词、近义词或者词组猜测词义。有时作者使意思表达得更清楚明白,通常用一个同义 词或近义词来解释另一个比较难的单词或关键词,这些同义词或近义词为读者推断生词词义提供了线索。 通常使用的信号词有and(和), or(即,或者说),like(像……一样),as...as(如同……一样),the same as(与……相同)等。
举例
利用文章中的举例猜测词义。为了阐明某一种重要观念或者讲清某一抽象概念,作者往往采取举例的方式 对这一观点或概念进行具体的说明和解释。
通常使用的信号词有like(例如),for example(例如),for instance(例如),such as(例如), especially(尤其是),include(包括)等。
学霸示范:猜测下列划线单词的含义。
1.The penguin is a kind of bird living in the south pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it can't fly, it can swim in the icy water to catch the fishes.
思路:由信号词is以及之后的描述,符合逻辑关系法里的定义。说明后面是给penguin的定义描述,“是一种生活 在南极的鸟类。他很胖,走路很滑稽。虽然它不能飞,但它可在冰水里游泳抓鱼”。可推测出penguin意为“企鹅”。
2.He is so homely, not at all as handsome as his brother.
思路:后文有信息词as…as, 符合逻辑关系法里的近义,但是前面有否定词not,所以说明homely是handsome(英俊的)的反义词,由此推测homely意为“不英俊的, 难看的”。
3.In his book, he had challenged readers to make deep cuts in personal emissions to world from reaching extremely important tipping points, such as the melting (融化) of the ice sheets in greenland or West Antarctica.
The underlined words "tipping points" most probably refer to_____.
A.freezing points
B.burning points
C.melting points
D.boiling points
思路:根据后一句的信息词 such as,符合逻辑关系法里的举例,说明后面the melting (融化) of the ice sheets in greenland or West Antarctica是对tipping points的举例说明,可推测出tipping points的意思是:融点。故选 C。
学以致用:请你猜测下列划线单词的含义。。
1.But sometimes, no rain falls for a long, long time. Then there is a dry period, or drought.
2.Today young couples often spend lots of their money on appliances, for instance, washing machines, refrigerators and color televisions.
3.They are all slow and clumsy.
A.笨拙的
B.敏捷的
C.轻盈的
D.细小的
4.Acronyms are often used in chat rooms. Some of them are BTW (by the way) , BRB (be right back), LOL (laughing out loud) , IMO(in my opinion).
A.网友
B.聊天室
C.首字母缩写词
D.关键词
答案点拨:
1.根据信号词“or”,可知a dry period和drought是同义词,符合逻辑关系法里的近义。也可以从drought所在句子的上文我们得知,很久不下雨,于是便有一段干早的时期,即drought,由此推测drought意为“干旱;旱灾”。
2.根据信号词for instance, 再结合句意,符合逻辑关系法里的举例,说明washing machines(洗衣机), refrigerators(冰箱) and color televisions(彩电)是对appliance的举例说明,所以可推测出appliance意为“电器用具”。
3.根据信号词and, 再结合句意,符合逻辑关系法里的近义,slow是“慢的”,跟它意思相近的只能选A。
4.根据信号词are, 再结合句意,符合逻辑关系法里的定义。后面some of them are... 又是在举例解释 Acronyms,根据例子不难猜出该词为首字母缩写词的意思,故选C。
转折
利用文章中的反义词以及表对比关系的词或词组猜测词义。在进行对比的过程中,作者必然会用一些互为 对应、互为反义的词语,使不同事物的特点更为突出。
通常使用的信号词有but(但是),yet(但是),however(然而),while(然而),otherwise(如果 不,否则),although / though(虽然),unlike(不像,不同于),instead(of)(而不是,代替), rather than(而不是),on the other hand(在另一方面),still(仍然)等。
因果
根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说,“有因必有果,有果必有因”。根据原因可以预测结果,根据结果也可以 找出原因。
通常使用的信号词有since(既然),as(因为),because(因为),for(因为),so(所以),thus(因 此),therefore(因此,所以),as a result(因此),for this reason(为此,由于这个原因),so that(因此,以便)等。
学霸示范:猜测下列划线单词的含义。
1.You shouldn't have blamed him for that, for it wasn't his fault(错误).
思路:根据句意,且找到信号词“for”,for这里是表示原因,所以符合逻辑关系法里的因果。因为这不是他的错, 所以你不应该为此他。可推测出blame意为“责怪,责备”。
2.Joan usually wastes a lot of money on such useless things; His wife, however, is very thrifty.
思路:根据句意,且找到信号词“however”,however这里是表示转折,所以符合逻辑关系法里的转折,前后应该 是反义的。Joan通常浪费很多钱在这种无用的东西上,然而他的妻子非常。可推测出thrifty意为“节俭的,节约的”。
学以致用:请你猜测下列划线单词的含义。。
3.Though Tom's face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby.
Even though science can tell us that some of our traditional beliefs don't hold water, there is still a lot of truth in the old wives' tales.
The phrase "hold water" in the last paragraph most probably means "".
A.to be believable
B.to be valuable
C.to be admirable
D.to be suitable
3.July 21st, 2007 was a typical English summer's day——it rained for 24 hours! As usual, I rushed home from work at midday to check on the house. Nothing was amiss. By the time I left work at 5 pm, however, the road into our village was flooded.
What does the underlined word "amiss" in the first paragraph mean?
A.Wrong. B.Missing. C.Right. D.Found.
答案点拨:
根据信号词“though”,再结合句意,符合逻辑关系法里的转折,前后应该是反义的。虽然Tom的脸被洗干净 了,他的脖子仍然很。由此推测grubby意为“脏的”。
本句的意思是:即使科学能告诉我们那些“老人言”是不,但“老人言”中还是有很多正确的东西。这里
的even though是解题关键。可以推断A项正确。
解由后句however引起的转折,即“通往我们村庄的路被淹没了”。可见Nothing was amiss句应该与之形成对比, 即在此之前没有发生什么不正常的事。故选A。
语境分析法
有时单词所在的上下文中没有明显的解释说明性线索,这时可根据上下文的语境进行推理,以确定某 一难词或短语的意义。当做词义猜测题时,构词推测法和逻辑关系法都行不通的时候,则采用语境分析法。
学霸示范:猜测下列划线单词的含义。
1.One of the things I always believe is that no matter how bad something is, you can take something positive out of it.
It wasn't until a few weeks after September 11 that I began to see that perhaps some good did come from this tragedy.
The word "positive" in the passage probably means ______.
A.terrible B.bad C.good D.real
思路:根据下文“直到9.11事件过去几周后,我才开始从这场悲剧中看到一些好的方面”。由此可猜测出“positive” 的词义为“好的,积极的”。因此答案是C。
2.If he thinks he can invite me out, he is all wet. I don't like to be with him. The underlined phrase"all wet"means_______.
A.drunk B.sweating C.happy D.mistaken
思路:根据下句“我不喜欢跟他在一起”可知,“他如果认为能约我出去,他就_____”。可猜测出是“错了”的意思。因此D是正确答案。
3.Without showing her surprise, she rushed in, seized the phone, tore off the wires, and shouted at the phone, "Yeah! Who do you think you are Bad telephone! Bad telephone!" And she swept it into the wastebasket.
I stood watching her, speechless. What on earth ...
Her antics helped me realize I had been driven crazy by small things.
What does the underlined word "antics" refer to
A.Smart words.
B.Unusual actions
C.Surprising looks
D.Anxious feelings
思路: 第一段作者描述了妻子的一连串的动作,让“我”很吃惊,由 speechless可已看出来,“她的帮我认识到在过去一些小事情都会让我发怒。”结合语境,可知选B。
学以致用:请你猜测下列划线单词的含义。
4.If your child is unwilling to discuss something, don't insist he tell you what's on his mind. The more you insist, the more likely that he'll calm up.
What does the phrase "calm up" probably mean
A.Become excited
B.Show respect
C.Refuse to tall
D.Seek help
答案点拨:
由上句语境知,“如果你的孩子不愿谈论某些事情,就不要坚持让他告诉你关于他的想法。”此句中的 clam up应该是孩子对你的不当行为的反应。故选C(拒绝讲话)。
经验常识法
根据普通常识和背景知识来猜测词义。在阅读过程中,如遇到生词,有时可以根据自身的直接或者间接的经 验,或运用自己已有的常识将其推测出来。平时可多了解一些英美国家的天文地理、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、政治 结构、社会制度等,来帮助对文章的理解。
学霸示范:猜测下列划线单词的含义。
Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold.
思路:根据句意,“由于寒冷,大多数玫瑰花开始。”结合生活常识,推测出wither意为“枯萎”。
It's said that Bill Gates is the most affluent person in the world.
思路:根据常识,Bill Gates为世界首富,所以推测affluent可能是“富有的”。
学以致用:请你猜测下列划线单词的含义。
The world is not only hungry, but it is also thirsty for water. This may seem strange to you, since nearly 70% of the earth's surface is covered with water.
答案点拨:
根据句意,“世界不仅饥饿,而且缺水。你可能觉得奇怪,因为地球有近70%被水覆盖。”根据常识猜测,我们知道地球的“表面”70%被水覆盖。推测出surface意为“表面”。
选项代入法
选项代入法是指将找到的词、词组或句子或者选项代入替换,看其意思、逻辑关系是否通顺,并最终确定最 佳答案,常适用于代词指代类的题目。一般代词的指代含义都在上下句中出现的名词中。比如it / they / that / this 的指代,通常大多数题目是在上句找,有时代词指代的对象相隔较远,要认真查找;有时需要对前面提到的内容 或者语境进行总结,才能得出代词所指代的内容。
学霸示范:猜测下列划线代词在文中所指的含义。
1.Information is received into our brain by attention, and its quality determines (决定) how well it will be processed, saved and used afterwards.
The underlined word "it" means______.
A.Information B.Brain C.Attention D.Quality
思路:将各个选项带进语境,信息通过注意力进入我们的大脑,信息的质量决定了后续的处理、保存、
使用等。可知选A。
2.Beijing Opera is China′s national opera and it is full of Chinese cultural traditions. Welcome to China and enjoy Beijing Opera!
A.Beijing Opera B.Local drama C.An opera singer D.A modern play
思路:一般代词的指代含义都在上下句中出现的名词中。比如it/they/that/this的指代,通常大多数题目是在上句 找。或者把选项代入进去筛选排除,京剧是中国的国剧,____有着丰富的中国文化传统。可知答案为A。
学以致用:请你猜测下列划线代词在文中所指的含义。
1.However, the question that "moon people" asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.
A.Moon people B.The question C.Scientists
答案点拨:
将各个选项代入原文进行排除。然而月球人问的问题还是很有趣的。很多科学家正在严肃思考_____. 可知答案为B。本题也可以将原句的定语从句修饰部去掉,即However, the question is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.可看出it指的是问题(the question)
练习题
单项选择
1.Children are always boasting. They say things like "My Dad's car is bigger than your Dad's," "My Mom is smarter than yours." and "My family has more money than yours."
The word "boasting"means_____.
A.骄傲 B.吹牛 C.顽皮 D.幼稚
2.Also, it's important that you must try your best to protect your eyes from harmful things. For example, sunglasses are not just for fashion but they can also serve as a great way to protect your eyesight from ultraviolet rays.
What do the underlined words "ultraviolet rays" mean
A.沙尘 B.闪电 C.紫外线 D.超声波
3.Do you resemble your brother or sister My sister and I don't resemble each other at all. I am tall, but she is very short.
The word "resemble"means______.
A.相似 B.想念 C.害怕 D.憎恨
4.Besides going on trips with their parents, American students enjoy taking part in different kinds of activities during the holidays. For example, some kids enjoy summer camps and outdoor adventure (冒险) holidays. Such trips are great for adventurous students. They also have a lot to offer students who aren't usually interested in traditional PE activities.
What does the underlined word "They" refer to (指) in Paragraph 3
A.Parents. B.Different traditional PE activities. C.Some kids.
D.Summer camps and outdoor adventures.
答案及解析
1.答案:B
解析:根据 "My Dad's car is bigger than your Dad's," "My Mom is smarter than yours." and "My family has more money than yours."(我爸爸的车比你爸爸的大,我妈妈比你妈妈聪明,我家人比你家人更有钱)都是对boasting 的举例说明,不难猜出答案为B。
做题方法:语境中出现信息词like(像),符合逻辑关系法中的举例,所举例子是对考察词汇的补充说明。做词 义猜测题时要多关注是否有信号词出现。
2.答案:C
解析:根据第二段中"For example, sunglasses are not just for fashion but they can also serve as a great way to protect your eyesight." 例如,戴太阳镜不仅是时尚的,还可以作为一种保护视力的好方式。结合选项和常识,太阳镜可以阻挡是"紫外线"。所以"ultraviolet rays"应该是紫外线的意思。故选C。
做题方法:遇到生词要结合上下文语境进行推测判断,本题可根据经验常识法,太阳镜是用来阻挡紫外线的,得 出答案。
3.答案:A
解析:根据 后文I am tall, but she is very short.可知我个子高,她个子矮,因此我们两个不相似,故选A。
做题方法:本题词汇没有明显的词根,所以不能用构词推测法。且没有明显的信号词,也无法用逻辑关系法。所 以采用语境分析法。本题根据下文可推知他们是不相似的。
4.答案:D
解析:根据Besides going on trips with their parents, American students enjoy taking part in different kinds of activities during the holidays.可知美国的学生在假期期间喜欢参加各种各样的活动 故选D
做题方法:一般代词的指代含义都在上下句中出现的名词中。比如it/they/that/this的指代,通常大多数题目是在上 句找。或者把选项代入进去筛选排除,有很多提供给那些对传统体育活动不感兴趣的孩子。可知答案为D。
▲ 经验总结:
① 不管这个词多超纲,根据上下文都能得出其意思。
② 不管这个词多熟悉,都要通过上下文得出其在特定语境中的意思。
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