(共23张PPT)
17 强调、语序、倒装和省略
一. 强调
1. 基本句型:It is/was+被强调的成分+that/who/whom+其他成分。
原句:They will have a meeting in this office tomorrow.他们明天要在这个办公室开个会。
【强调主语】就是他们(而不是别人),明天要在这个办公室开个会。
→ It is they who/that will have a meeting in this office tomorrow.
【强调宾语】他们明天要在这个办公室开个会(而不是做别的)。
→ It is a meeting that they will have in this office tomorrow.
【强调时间状语】就是在明天(而不是其他时间),他们要在这个办公室开个会。
→ It is tomorrow that they will have a meeting in this office.
【强调地点状语】就在这个办公室(而不是其他地方),他们明天要开个会。
→ It is in this office that they will have a meeting tomorrow.
【注意事项】
①强调句中常强调主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)、状语,可以强调单个的词、短语和从句。it本身没有词义。
②强调句中的连接词一般只用who,whom(指代人)和that(可指代物,也可指代人),即使在强调时间状语从句和地点状语从句时也如此。
③that或who,whom之后动词的人称和数要与它前面被强调的名词或代词一致(即人称和数要与原句中的一致),且不可以省略。
④强调句的时态只有两种:一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时,用It was...,其余的时态用It is...。
【区分】强调词it和形式主语it
可用恢复原句的方式来判别,即把It is/was...that...取消后,如果剩下的词仍能组成一个完整的句子,那么这就是强调句型,否则就不是。
①It’s in that very seat that the teacher sat down. 老师坐的就是那个座位。
去掉It was...that...就变成:→In that very seat the teacher sat down.
②It is clear that not all boys like football. 很明显,不是所有的男孩都喜欢踢足球。
去掉It is...that...就变成:→ Clear not all boys like football.
句子成立,强调句
句子不成立,主语从句
2. not…until…句型的强调句
句型:It is/was not until+被强调部分+that+其他成分
原句:My boyfriend didn’t start to work until/till ten o’clock.
我男朋友直到10点才开始工作。
→ 强调句:It was not until ten o’clock that my boyfriend started to work.
【注意】
此句型只用until,不能用till,但如果这句不是强调句型,则till和until可以通用。
因为句型It is/was not...已经是否定句了,所以that后面的从句要用肯定句,切勿再用否定句。
【与倒装句的转换】
原句:I didn’t notice it until/till yesterday.直到昨天我才注意到这件事。
强调句:It was not until yesterday that I notice it.
倒装句:Not until yesterday did I notice it.
【练习】
1. 原句:I didn’t phone the office until/till Wednesday. 直到星期三我才给办公室打去电话。
强调句:It was not until Wednesday that I phoned the office.
倒装句:Not until Wednesday did I phone the office.
2. 原句:The bus will not go until/till all the people get on it.直到所有的人都上车,车才开走。
强调句:It is not until all the people get on it that the bus will go.
倒装句:Not until all the people get on it will the bus go.
=Only when all the people get on it will the bus go.
【谓语动词的强调】
It is/was...that...结构不能强调谓语,如果需要强调谓语,要用助动词do,does或did,后面的谓语动词用原形。
Do sit down.(务必)请坐。
He does work hard. 他学习确实努力。
He did remember writing to you last week. 他确实记得上周给你写了信。
The letter I was expecting did arrive yesterday. 我一直期待的那封信昨天终于到了。
二. 语序
在英语中,句子的一般语序为“主语+谓语+宾语”,此语序与汉语基本相同,但是定语和状语在句子中的位置,英语和汉语略有差异。
1.定语的语序
(1)当定语是形容词或动词-ing形式时,定语前置。
He is a naughty boy. 他是个淘气的男孩。
(形容词作定语)
I need some listening material. 我需要一些听力资料。
(动词-ing形式作定语)
2.当定语是短语、副词、某些动词过去分词或定语从句时,定语后置。
The students in the room are from Asia. 房间里的学生们来自亚洲。
(介词短语作定语)
The young man who is having his lunch is my boyfriend. 正在吃午饭的那个年轻人是我的男朋友。
(定语从句作定语)
The women here are for you. 这儿的女士们都支持你。
(副词作定语)
I like the books written by him. 我喜欢他写的书。
(过去分词作定语)
2.状语的语序
在句子中如果同时有时间状语和地点状语,先地点后时间,这和汉语中的状语的语序不同,汉语是先时间后地点。
The 28th Olympic Games were held in Athens in 2004.
第28届奥运会于2004年在雅典举行。
There was a spring rain in Shanghai last night.
昨夜,上海下了一场春雨。
三、倒装
主语和谓语的顺序分为两种:①自然语序→主语+谓语;②倒装语序→谓语+主语
1.倒装的类别
(1)部分倒装
部分倒装是谓语中的一部分(如情态动词、助动词或系动词be)放在主语前面,其余部分仍在主语后面。
Only in this way can we work out the physics problem. 只有用这种方法,我们才能解出这道物理题来。
(情态动词和主语倒装)
Never had he had any experience like that. 他从来没经历过那样的事。
(助动词和主语倒装)
Not only is he a singer, but (also) he is a dancer. 他不仅是一位歌唱家,而且还是一位舞蹈家。
(系动词be和主语倒装)
2.全部倒装
全部倒装是句子中没有情态动词、助动词或系动词be时,要把谓语动词放在主语的前面。
Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。
Up went the arrow into the sky.箭嗖地一下射上了天。
The door opened and out rushed the children.门一开,孩子们冲了出来。
例外:这时若主语是人称代词,则主谓不倒装(陈述语序)。
Here he comes. 他来了。 Away they went. 他们离开了。
Here you are. 给你。 Here we are. 我们到了。
【语法性倒装】
A. 疑问句
Are you doing your homework now 你正在做你的家庭作业吗?
Which colour do you like best 你最喜欢什么颜色?
注意:主语若是由一个疑问词表示的或修饰的,语序不变。
Who did it 谁做的这件事?
What is your favorite colour 你最喜欢什么颜色?
B. there be句型中的倒装
在此句型中,无论是在陈述句中还是疑问句中,主语总是在谓语之后。
There were no schools or hospitals there before. 以前那里既没有学校,也没有医院。
Is there any milk in the bottle 瓶子里有牛奶吗?
C.直接引语中的倒装
①直接引语的一部分或全部放在句首时,它的主语(说话人)和谓语(引述动词)常要倒装。
“Will you please carry it for me ”said the old man.
②当主语是代词或谓语含有助动词时,一般不倒装。
“Please do me a favour,”he said.
(主语是代词时不倒装)
“I am hungry,”the little girl had said.
(谓语含有助动词)
③如果谓语比主语长,或是它后面有宾语时,一般也不倒装。
“I can’t understand you, please repeat it again,”Tom said to the stranger.
(谓语后面有介词宾语)
D. 省略if的虚拟语气条件句中的倒装
if引导的虚拟语气条件句中如果含有助动词were,should或had时,可以使用倒装。
句型:Were/Should/Had+主语+……=If+主语+were/should/had+……
E. so,nor和neither用于句首时的倒装
so,nor和neither置于句首,用于说明前一句中谓语表示的情况也适用于另一个(些)人或物时,句子要倒装。
含义 用法 倒装句型
so 也 用于肯定句 So+be/have/助动词或情态动词+主语
neither/nor 也不,也没有 用于否定句 Neither/Nor+be/have/助动词或情态动词+主语
A: I have had my breakfast. 我吃过早餐了。
B: So have I. 我也吃过了。
注意:倒装句中的助动词、情态动词、系动词be等要和前一句中的保持一致。
A: Li Ming can speak three languages. 李明会说3种语言。
B: So can I. 我也会(3种)。
A: Will you go to the cinema this weekend 这个周末你去看电影吗?
B: No, and neither will John. 不去,约翰也不去。
After that we never saw her again, nor did we hear from her.
从那以后,我们就再也没看到她,也没收到她的信。
F. as引导的让步状语从句的倒装
句型:形容词+as+主语+系动词be
Strong as Joe is, he cannot lift the weight. = Although/Though Joe is strong, he cannot lift the weight.
句型:名词(不带冠词)+as+主语+系动词be
Child as he is, he knows a lot of things. = Although/Though he is a child, he knows a lot of things.
句型:副词+as+主语+行为动词
Much as I like it, I won’t buy it. = Although/Though I like it much, I won’t buy it.
句型:行为动词+as+主语+助动词
Try as she does, she never seems able to succeed. = Although she tries, she never seems able to succeed.
【修辞性倒装】
A.否定词放在句首时的倒装
句型:否定词+be动词/助动词+主语
By no means is translation easy.
=Translation is by no means easy.
翻译绝不是一件简单的事。
Little did I think that I would lose the game.
=I didn’t think at all that I would lose the game.
我根本没想到我会输掉这场比赛。
【补充】little置于know,think,imagine,guess,dream,expect等有关思考意思的动词前面时,相当于not at all,译为“一点也不”。
常见的放在句首的否定词
by no means绝不 never从不
in no case绝不 no sooner...(than)一……就……
in no way绝不 not不,没有
on no consideration绝不 not a bit一点也不
under no circumstances绝不 not only...but also...不但……而且……
barely简直没有 not...until...直到……才……
hardly几乎不 rarely很少
scarcely几乎不 seldom很少
little几乎没有;一点也不 few没有多少
B.“Only+副词”放在句首时的倒装
①Only+副词+助动词+主语
Only then did I realize I made such a big mistake. = I realized I made such a big mistake only then.
只是在那时,我才认识到我犯了一个多么大的错误。
②Only+副词短语+主语
Only in this way can you work it out. = You can work it out only in this way. 只有用这种方法你才能算出这道题来。
③Only+状语从句+be+主语
only放在句首时,如果only强调的是一个句子,那么从句不倒装,主句倒装。
Only when he got home did he know what happened to his father. = When he got home he knew what happened to his father.
当他到了家之后,他才知道父亲发生了什么事。
【注意】如果only强调的是主语,则句子不倒装。
Only her mother was invited.只有她妈妈被邀请了。
B.副词(短语)放在句首时的倒装
here,then,now,thus,such,there,so,out,in,up,down,away等副词放在句首,句子要倒装,表示特别强调的语气。
Look, here comes Joe in his best suit. = Look, Joe comes here in his best suit. 看,乔穿着他最好的西装来了。
D.频率副词放在句首时的倒装
频率副词always,often,once出现在句首时,句子要倒装。
Always will we remember the importance of the meeting. = We will always remember the importance of the meeting.
我们将永远记住这次会议的重要性。
E.其他情况
为了保持句子平衡或为了强调表语或状语,或为了使上下文紧密衔接时,需要倒装。
The soldiers arrived at a house, in front of which sat a little boy.
士兵们来到了一座房子,房子前面坐着一个小男孩。
四. 省略
【不定式省略】省略不定式符号to后的动词,是指前面出现过的动词在下文再次出现时,可以单纯使用不定式符号to,省去动词。
A. 不定式to作某些动词的宾语时
这种情况常用的动词有like,love,care,hope,wish,expect,prefer,refuse,mean,try,advise,agree,want,afford,forget,remember,manage等。
A: Would you like to go to university 你想去上大学吗?
B: Yes, I would like to (go to university).是的,我想去。
B. 不定式to在句中作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时
这种情况经常用的动词有ask,tell,advise,force,persuade,wish,allow,permit等。
Don’t touch anything unless your teacher allows you to (touch them).
C.不定式to在句中作某些形容词的状语时
这种情况经常用的形容词有happy,glad,eager,anxious,willing,ready等。
A: Will you join us in the game 你想和我们一起做游戏吗?
B: Thank you. I’d be happy to (join in this game).谢谢,我很高兴加入。
D.不定式作某些复合谓语时
这种情况经常用的结构有be able to,be going to,have to,ought to,used to,mean to,try to等。当不定式与上述结构构成复合谓语时,省略to后的动词。
The little girl doesn’t want to clean the plates after dinner but she has to (clean them).
小女孩饭后不想洗盘子,但她不得不洗。
【补充】当省略的不定式内容是作助动词用的have或be的任何形式时,to后要保留到原形have或to。
He did not come, but he ought to have (come).他没有来,但是他应该来的。
Quiz
It was in the small house __________ was built with stones by his father __________ he spent his childhood.
A. which; that B. that; which C. which; which D. that; where
2. Little Jim is going to spend his holiday in Paris,__________ lives his uncle.
A. which B. who C. where D. that
If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If __________ ,__________.
A. not; not B. no; no C. not; no D. no; not
A
C
A