Unit 3 Conservation
Lesson 1 The Sixth Extinction
教学目标与核心素养：
知识目标：Students can learn some new words and expressions and attributive clause.
能力目标：Students can have a further understanding of the passage.
情感目标：Students can think individually and learn cooperatively.
教学重难点
教学重点：How to learn the new words and expressions and attributive clause.
教学难点：Howto make students have a better understanding of the passage.
课前准备：多媒体，黑板，粉笔
教学过程：
一、Pre-reading
1. Greeting
2. Leading-in
ACTIVATE AND SHARE
教师活动：
(1) 教师活动，引导学生完成练习。
How much do you know about extinction Choose the option based on your knowledge.
1 How many times up to today has life on Earth almost died out
a Once. b Five times. c More than 10 times.
2 About what percent of all species on Earth became extinct during the mass extinction known as the "Great Dying"
a Less than 10%. b Nearly 50%. c More than 90%.
3 What do scientists think will cause the next mass extinction
a Human activity. b Natural causes. c Unknown reasons.
Ask for volunteers to share their answers, encourage them to give reasons to their answers.
While- reading
READ AND EXPLORE
1. 学生活动：阅读文章，回答问题。
Read a text about extinction. Then check your answers in Activity 1.
(Answers:b, c, a)
What's the text mainly about
(The text is about extinction and its effect on our planet.)
2. 学生活动：阅读文章，完成练习。
Read the plete the notes. Then talk about the different aspects of extinctions.
(Answers:
1 Meaning of extinction: entire species are wiped out
2 The number of extinctions occurred so far: over 90% of all species that ever lived
3 Two notable extinctions and their consequences: the third mass extinction, killed 90% to 96%of all species; the fifth event, which occurred 66 million years ago, caused the death of thedinosaurs
4 Main reasons that cause extinctions: volcanic eruptions, asteroids hitting the Earth fromspace, changes in sea levels, the decrease of oxygen content of the sea, global warming
5 How to avoid the sixth mass extinction: change the way we live, including setting up specialareas where plants and animals can be protected; change how we work and travel by using cleaner, more natural sources of energy; improve our farming methods)
3. 学生活动：阅读文章，回答下列问题。
Read again. Answer the questions.
1 What did scientists find out in 2015
(The study found that how quickly species die out due to natural causes, that is,the"background extinction rate". They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1, 000 times faster than normal.)
2 Why does the writer think the sixth mass extinction will come
(Because human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth, including animalsand plants.)
3 Why does the writer believe we'll probably die out if 75% of the Earth's species die out
(Because our world and our lives depend on the balance in nature between animals andplants.)
4 What did people do in the case study to protect black robins Which claim(s) did the case study support in the text
(People protected Old Blue's eggs, helped them to hatch, and took care of the chicks. Peopleare restoring their habitats and removing pests like mice and cats from the islands where they live. The case study showed that even in desperate situations, we can do something to help. In short, it's never too late.)
三、After-reading
1. 学生活动： Group Work. Think and share.
1 Use different coloured pens to highlight at least one example for each of the four elements listed below in different colours. Then find out
(1) what typical language is used
(2)What text type is this piece of writing
(3)What is its communicative purpose
facts opinions/predictions
reasons solutions
(Suggested Answers:
1. (1) Facts: over 90% of all species that ever lived are extinct; the “Great Dying", which killed 90% to 96% of all species; human activity is causing species to die out 1, 000 times faster than normal.
Reasons: air and water pollution, forests being destroyed, factory farming and overfishing are causing species to die out; without forests, we would have no air to breathe and without clean water we would be unable to survive.
Opinions/predictions: many scientists say we are now entering the Earth's sixth mass extinction; scientists believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out.
Solutions: we need to take steps to save endangered species, including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected; we need to change how we work andtravel…; we also need to improve our farming methods…
(2) This piece of writing is an exposition.
(3) Its purpose is to explain what the sixth extinction is and its effects and call on people to take action to prevent it from happening.)
2. What ways of argument does the writer use to convince readers Are you convinced Why or why not
(Suggested Answers:
The writer uses ways such as citing ideas from experts or authorities, giving examples and using data. I believe that if we take action now it is not too late to save other species from extinction. The black robin was saved from extinction when only five birds remained, so l think it is possible to save any species if we act right now.)
2. 学生活动：完成练习。
Use the adjectives and nouns to make meaningful expressions. Then use each expression to make a sentence. Write the sentences in the space provided.
(Answers: endangered animals, entire species, natural resources, significant change, mass extinction, solar energy)
3. 学生活动： 完成练习。
Complete the paragraph about extinctions using the correct form of the phrasesbelow
In the last 500 million years, there have been five mass extinction events on Earth. In the third event, which 1 ______________ the "Great Dying", 90% to 96% of all species 2 ______________. Of course, species died out due to many causes. But nowadays, human activity 3 ______________ all types of species that we 4 ______________ for living. We need to 5 ______________ toavoid the sixth mass extinction. We should 6 ______________ to save endangered animals andplants,and 7 ______________ special areas to 8 ______________ them before the next extinction comesthat may 9 ______________ the entire species.
(Answers:
1 is known as 2 died out 3 has affected 4 depend on 5 take action
6 take steps 7 set up 8 take care of 9 wipe out)
四、FOCUS ON LANGUAGE: RELATIVE CLAUSES (4) -DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING CLAUSES
1. Read the sentences and discuss which word (s) the clauses (in italics) refer to.
1 Extinctions, where entire species are wiped out, are not unusual in our Earth's history.
2 These include the third mass extinction, known as the "Great Dying", which killed 90% to 96% of all species.
3 A 2015 study by scientists who were based at Brown University and Duke University in the US, looked at how quickly species die out due to natural causes...
4 If a sixth mass extinction occurs, scientists who have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out.
5 We need to take steps to save endangered species, including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected.
Which of the clauses above:
(1) give information to identify the persons/objects. (___________)
(2) give extra information about a person or a thing, which can be left out. (___________)
(Answers:
1 Refers to extinctions 2 Refers to the "Great Dying" 3 Refers to scientists
4 Refers to scientists 5 Refers to special areas
(1) defining clause (2) non-defining clause)
2. Underline the relative clauses in the sentences and decide if they are defining (D) or non-defining (ND). Translate them into Chinese. Discuss the difference in meaning between the two types of relative clauses.
( ) 1 He went to a city where iron was produced in huge quantities.
( ) 2 The bus which was full of tourists stopped near the Leaning Tower of Pisa.
( ) 3 Melissa lent me some money, which was very generous of her.
( ) 4 The ground is covered with snow and ice, which makes driving very dangerous.
( ) 5 I met the famous professor in the hotel, where the meeting was held.
(Answers:
1 D 2 D 3 ND 4 ND 5 ND)
EXPRESS YOURSELF
学生活动：Group Work
Choose two or three environmental problems that are caused by human activity. Offer solutions. Try to use relative clauses where appropriate.
语法：定语从句
在句中充当定语修饰名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。定语从句可分为两大类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
对比两句：
This is the house which/ that we bought last month.
这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。
The house,which we bought last month, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。
限制性定语从句 是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开 引导词：关系代词和关系副词，做宾语时一些关系代词可以省略
非限制性定语从句 是对主句先行词的补充说明，没有这一从句不影响主句意思完整。一般用逗号把主句和从句分开 引导词：who, whom, whose, which, when, where 等，不用一般that，不能省略
限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子。
Then he met Mary,who invited him to a party.
后来他遇到了玛丽，玛丽邀请他参加晚会。（who指代 Mary）
He changed his mind,which made me very angry.
他改变了主意，这使我很生气。（which指代逗号前的整个主句）
1.定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两类。
关系代词 先行词 作用 备注
who 人 主语 关系代词whom, which, that在从句中做宾语时常可以省略，但在介词后不能省略。
whom 人 宾语
whose 人、物 定语
that 人、物 主语、宾语
which 物、句子 主语、宾语
as 人、物、句子 主语、宾语 as做宾语时一般不省略
关系副词 先行词 作用 备注
when 时间 时间状语 相当于“介词+which”
where 地点 地点状语 相当于“介词+which”
why 原因 原因状语 相当于“for+which”
2.关系代词的用法
（1）只能用that引导定语从句的情况：
① 当先行词是 everything,anything,nothing,all,none,few,little,some等不定代词时，或当先行词被every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等词修饰时。如：
There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world.
对他来说，世界上似乎没有什么不可能的事情。
② 当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：
The first American movie that I watched was Titanic.
我看的第一部美国电影是《泰坦尼克号》。
③ 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：
This is the best museum that I have visited all my life.
这是我这辈子参观过的最棒的博物馆。
④ 当先行词被 the very,the only,the first/last 等修饰时。如：
She is the only person that understands me.
她是唯一理解我的人。
⑤ 当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时。如：
Which is the room that Mr Wang lives in
王先生住的是哪一个房间？
⑥ 当先行词既指人又指物时。如：
Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up thestreet.
瞧瞧那个正在街上走的人和他的驴子。
（2）只能用which引导定语从句的情况：
① 关系代词前有介词时只能用which。如：
This is the room in which she lived.
这是她住过的房间。
② 在非限制性定语从句中，关系词指物时只能用which。如：
He will make a trip to Suzhou, which is famous for its beautiful scenic spots.
他将到苏州去旅行，那里因其美丽的景点而闻名。
③ 先行词本身是that时只能用which。如：
The clock is that which tells the time.
时钟显示时间。
（3）用as引导定语从句的情况：
① 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词被 the same,such,as修饰时，定语从句用as引导。如：
Such problems as are often mentioned should be solved.
类似这样经常被提及的问题应该得到解决。
He would like to use the same pen as I used yesterday.
他想用我昨天用过的同一支笔。
I will read as many books as are required.
要求读多少书我就读多少书。
② 在非限制性定语从句中，as和which都可以用于指代整个主句。
区别在于：as引导时意为“正如”，可位于句首或句中；而which 引导时意为“这一点；这件事”，只能位于句中。
as构成的固定表达：
as is known to all
as we all know
as is often the case
as isexpected
as is often said
as is reported
as is hoped
asis stressed
（4）定语从句中“介词＋关系代词”的用法：
做介词的宾语的关系代词一般是which和 whom。
“介词＋which/whom”既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句。
常见的有以下几种结构：
① 介词＋关系代词
Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice.
＝Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice.
曼德拉是我向其征求建议的一位黑人律师。
I still remember the day on which we had a big party.
我仍然记得我们举行一场盛大聚会的那一天。
注意：
介词的选择与先行词或者从句的谓语动词有关。把先行词放到从句里写出一个完整的句子，然后再将先行词换成对应的关系代词。
固定短语中的介词不能提到关系代词的前面。如：
He is the man that/whom your mother took care of last month.
他是你母亲上个月照顾的那个人。
② 名词/代词/数词＋介词＋关系代词
Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore,three of which were English novels.
＝Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore,of which three were English novels.
上个星期天，我从书店买回几本书，其中3本是英文小说。
③ 形容词最高级＋介词＋关系代词。如：
China has thousands of islands,the largest of which isTaiwan.
中国有成千上万的岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。
（5）定语从句中whose的用法：
① whose既可以指人，又可指物，在定语从句中做定语，表示“……人的；……物的”。如：
The room whose window faces south is mine.
窗户朝南的那个房间是我的。
② whose指物时可用 of which 代替，但语序不同，即
“whose＋名词”相当于“the＋名词＋of which”或“of which＋the＋名词”。如：
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
＝The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
＝The classroom of which the door is broken will soon be repaired.
门坏了的那间教室将很快得到修缮。
3.关系副词的用法
当先行词是表时间、地点、方式或原因等的词，且从句缺状语时，从句用关系副词引导。关系副词有时可转化为“介词＋关系代词”。如：
This is the place where we spent our childhood.
这里是我们度过童年的地方。
注意：
（1）当先行词是表时间、地点、方式、原因等的词时，只有在从句缺状语时才用关系副词引导；否则，用关系代词引导。如：
He'll always remember the day when his grandmother passed away.
他会永远记住他的奶奶去世的那一天。
I will always remember the day that/ which we spent together in the countryside.
我会永远记住我们在乡下一起度过的那一天。
This is the factory where my father once worked.
这是我父亲曾经工作过的工厂。
This is the factory that/which they showed us around lastyear.
这是去年他们领我们参观的工厂。
This is the reason why/for which he was late this morning.
这是他今天早上迟到的原因。
This is the reason that/which may explain his absence.
这是可以解释他缺席的理由。
（2）先行词为 point,situation,case,stage,position,degree等表抽象的地点和情况的名词时，其后常用where引导定语从句，where在定语从句中做地点状语。而occasion 作“时机”讲时用when引导；作“场合”讲时用where引导。如：
Today,we will discuss a number of cases where Englishbeginners fail to use the languageproperly.
今天，我们将讨论一些英语初学者使用语言不当的例子。
I can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel because of ill health.
我记得他因为健康不佳而被迫取消的情况绝无仅有。
（3）先行词是the way（方式、方法），且引导词在定语从句中做状语时可以用in which或that引导从句，也可以省略引导词。如：
The way (that/ in which) he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.
他解释这个句子的方式并不难懂。
练习：
1. The meeting room is crowded with children ___________ have poor eyesight, all of them interested in painting.
2. Tango is a passionate dance, ___________ brings the dancers together in a way that words can't express.
3. I'm taking some weight-loss pills, ___________ are quite popular here.
4. It was the largest map ___________ I had ever seen.
5. Mr Zhang had a lot of friends, none of ___________ could lend him any money.
6. ___________ was announced in the newspaper, our country won 51 gold medals in the 29th Olympic Games.
7. Which was the very hotel ___________ was recommendedto you
8. Great changes have taken place since then in the factory ___________ we are working.
9. Is there anyone in your class___________ family is in thecountry
10. I can never forget the days ___________ we worked together and the time ___________ we spent together.
(Answers:
1. who/ that 2. which 3. which 4. that 5. whom
6. As 7. that 8. where 9. whose 10. when; that/ which)
四、Summary
重点词汇：blame, occur, survival, die out,depend on, at risk
重点句型：关系副词where引导的定语从句；关系副词when 引导的定语从句；关系代词 which 引导的定语从句；“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句；关系副词why 引导的定语从句；含蓄虚拟条件句
重点语法：定语从句
五、Homework
Write a short passage to express solutions for environmental problems.
die out be known as have affected depend on wipe out
take steps take actions set up take care of
PAGE
- 13 -Unit 3 Conservation
Lesson 2 War on Plastic Packets
教学目标与核心素养：
知识目标：Students can learn some new words.
能力目标：Students can listen for general understanding and specific information.
情感目标：Students can think individually and learn cooperatively.
教学重难点
教学重点：How to learn the new words.
教学难点：Howto improve students' listening skills.
课前准备：多媒体，黑板，粉笔
教学过程：
一、Pre-listening
1. Greeting
2. Leading-in
教师活动：
ACTIVATE AND SHARE:
Ask students to have a group work:
Do you often use plastic packets and boxes What are the advantages and disadvantages of using them Use the words and phrases to help you.
convenient wasteful and unnecessary terrible for the environment
environmentally friendly recyclable
to keep the product lasting longer to keep the product fresh/ clean
Ask for volunteers to share their ideas.
(Suggested Answers:
A lot of things we buy in the supermarket are in plastic packets and boxes. It's convenient to buy meat or fruit or vegetables that are in packets or boxes because it makes shopping quicker and it keeps the products fresh and helps it last longer. However, it is wasteful as most people don't recycle the packets.)
(2) 教师引导学生读题
Look at exercise 2 and skill builder, pay attention to identifying opinions.
While- listening
1. 学生活动：完成练习。
LISTEN FOR UNDERSTANDING:
You are going to listen to two people, Kevin and Alicia, talking about plastic packets. Use the Skill Builder to decide whose opinion each statement is from. Write K (Kevin) or A (Alicia).
1. It is stupid to wrap coconuts in plastic. ( )
2. Plastic packaging keeps the product fresh. ( )
3. Plastic packaging is bad for the environment. ( )
4. The packaging should be recyclable. ( )
5. We should do away with packagingcompletely. ( )
6. Refillable containers are not convenient. ( )
(Answers: 1. K 2. A 3. K 4. A 5. K 6. A)
2. 学生活动：完成练习。
Listen again and decide if they are for or against plastic packaging and find out their reasons. Then role-play Kevin and Alicia.
Plastic Packaging
Kevin: For Against Alicia: For Against
·Each coconut was wrapped in clear, thin plastic.Isn't this ______________of packaging ever ·But it's completely ______________. It already has its own natural packaging. It's got a ______________that's almost impossible to break!·A lot of the plastic used in packaging ___________. lt'sterrible ______________: Our oceans are ______________ andanimals and birds end up ______________ as a result. ·But there is_____________. Supermarkets wantto make sure that coconuts reach theconsumer ____________. The packaging helps to _____________, the product _____________.·But the plastic wrapping also_____________.It stops coconut hairs from _____________ during transport. And it keeps the coconut ____________. ·But let's be realistic: We still need packaging. We just need to use the _____________ packaging.
(Answers:
Kevin: Against
the most stupid example; wasteful and unnecessary; tough shell; never recycles; for the environment; full of plastic waste; end ups swallowing the plastic and dying
Alicia: For
a reason for this; in the best condition; keep the product fresh; will last longer; has other uses; getting into other food; clean; right kind)
3. 学生活动：回答问题。
Listen again. Answer the questions.
1. What did Kevin see in the supermarket
2. What does Kevin think about this
3. What solution does Alicia suggest
4. What does Kevin suggest
(Answers:
1. He saw each coconut was wrapped in clear, thin plastic.
2. It's stupid and wasteful.
3. Using recycled packaging.
4 He suggests we should do away with packaging completely and take our own refillable containers.)
FOCUS ON FUNCTION: MAKING AND ACCEPTING SUGGESTIONS
4. 学生活动： 回答问题。
Listen to the conversation and answer the following questions.
1. What are Lisa and Amy talking about in their conversation
2. What kind of wastes did they simply throw away that can be reused or recycled
3. Are they alone in action to protect the environment
(Answers:
1. They are talking about how to become more environmentally aware.
2. They easily throw away newspapers and glass bottles.
3. No, there are lots of groups of people online who share ideas on how to reduce and recycle and who are committed to contributing to a better future for our planet.)
5. 学生活动：完成表格。
Listen again and complete the table.
Wastes that can be reduced or reused What Amy and Lisa decide to do in the future
Plastic bags Buy reusable shopping bags
Takeaway food packaging Cook at home
Cartons and plastic cutlery Tell restaurants not to give any plastic cutlery, chopsticks or paper plates
Newspapers and glass bottles Sort rubbish and take them to a recycling centre
6. 学生活动：完成练习。
Listen and plete the Talk Builder.
Making and Accepting Suggestions
1. ______________ try to cook for ourselves more often.
2. ______________ like a good start.
3. ______________ sort our rubbish and take it to a recycling centre from now on.
4. Wonderful! ______________these are all realistic andachievable steps…
(Answers:
1. We should
2. That sounds
3. Let's
4. I think)
三、After-listening
SPEAK
学生活动：Group work:
Online shopping is becoming more and more popular. However, it produces lots of unrecyclable packaging. What solution do you have to this problem
四、Summary
重点词汇：convenient, set out, stop…from
重点句型：keep＋宾语＋宾语补足语
五、Homework
Write a short passage to express your solutions for unrecyclable shopping packaging.
PAGE
- 6 -Unit 3 Conservation
Lesson 3 The Road to Destruction
教学目标与核心素养：
知识目标：Students can learn some new words and expressions and theusage of it.
能力目标：Students can have a further understanding of the passage.
情感目标：Students can think individually and learn cooperatively.
教学重难点
教学重点：How to learn the new words and expressions and theusage of it.
教学难点：Howto make students have a better understanding of the passage.
课前准备：多媒体，黑板，粉笔
教学过程：
一、Pre-reading
1. Greeting
2. Leading-in
ACTIVATE AND SHARE
教师活动：教师提问
How much time do you spend travelling to school every day How do you feel when you get stuck in traffic jams
(Suggested Answers:
I spend about twenty minutes travelling to school but sometimes there are traffic jams and it takes longer. I feel stressed out and sometimes I feel angry because I don't want to be late.)
While- reading
READ AND EXPLORE
1. 学生活动：预测文章内容。
Below is a passage about car uses in Britain. Guess the answers to the questions before you read the passage.
·How many cars are there on the roads
32 million/ 50 million/ 64 million
·By how much has the number of cars gone up in the last 20 years
10%/ 25% / 40%
·How many people die every year in vehicle accidents
1,000/ 2,500/ 3,000
·How many deaths per year are caused by air pollution
10,000/ 20,000/ 30,000
2. 学生活动：阅读文章，核对预测。
Read Part 1 of the passage. Check your predictions in Activity 2.
(Answers: 32 million; 25%; 2500; 30000)
3. 学生活动：阅读文章，回答问题。
Read Part 1 more carefully. Complete the notes in the diagram. Then think aboutany possible solutions to the problems.
(Answers:
Effects: personal
angry, stressed out, tired
Effects: social
traffic accidents, global warming and climate change, deaths and cancer by air pollution)
4. 学生活动：阅读文章，完成练习。
Read Part 2 and complete the notes.
(Answers:
Use public transport; Think before you go; Share cars; Take action)
三、After-reading
1. 学生活动：Pair Work
Talk about the effects of traffic problems at the personal and sociallevel, as well as the solutions proposed. Then discuss whether the solutions will help solve the problem. Give your reasons. Use the notes in Activities 4 and 5 to help you.
(Suggested Answers:
Nobody likes being in a traffic jam. The personal effects like getting angry or being stressed out can lead to more serious problems, like becoming sick or losing your job. Being on the road can also be dangerous as there are many accidents, and the amount of pollution that traffic causes can also give us health problems. Then, there are the environmental effects to our planet, such as global warming. The solutions could be to try to use the car less. We can cycle, walk or use public transport. We can also share our cars. These are simple solutions that we can all do.)
2. 学生活动：Group Work Think and Share
1. What is the writer's attitude towards cars Find some evidence from the passage.
(Suggested Answers:
The writer knows that cars have negative effects and she wants to help the environment ("We know that cars are bad for us", "All quite simple, isn't it Five easy ways to improve our environment") but she thinks it will be difficult for her to give up her car ("I've got to pick up my daughter form school... The traffic is going to be horrible, but what can I do "))
2. How do you understand the title "The Road to Destruction"
(Suggested Answers:
The road to destruction refers to the fact that the cars on the road will eventually lead to the destruction of our planet.)
FOCUS ON LANGUAGE: COLLOCATIONS (2)
Look at the Word Builder. Match the words (1–8) with the endings (a-h) to form common collocations. Then use the collocations to complete the summary.
(Answers:
1 g 2 d 3 a 4 f 5 b 6 e 7 h 8 c
1. get stuck in a traffic jam 2. cause global warming 3. do a lot of harm 4. protect the environment
5. sharing cars 6. are addicted to 7. make excuses 8. pick up)
Many people often 1 ________________ when they go to work. How annoyed and stressful they often feel! But the problem is that the number of cars is still going up. Traffic pollution has been found to 2 _______________ and climate change to a large degree.
Too many cars 3 ___________________ to the environment andour health. Some advice has been given for people tohelp 4___________________, for example, using public transport or 5___________________, doing your shopping in the shop just around the corner instead of driving to the other sideof town. However, people 6___________________ using cars.They 7___________________ for using their cars, "I need to 8 ___________________ my daughter. What can I do "
EXPRESS YOURSELF
Make a poster based on what you have learnt to encourage people in your neighbourhood to use their vehicles wisely. Search for facts and data to make your poster convincing. Then share your work in groups.
四、语法：it的用法
1.it用作虚词
虚词it常用于充当没有具体语义的主语，表示时间、天气、距离、温度、环境等概念。
It is cooler in Tianjin than in Beijing.
天津比北京更凉快。
It is only about half an hour's ride from here to my home.
从这里到我家坐车只有半个小时的路程。
It's three o'clock now.
现在是3点钟。
It looks as if the college is very small.
这所大学看上去似乎很小。
It is very quiet at the moment.
目前很安静。
2.it用作指示代词
it的基本用法是用来指代上文所提到的事物，同时也可以用于代替指示代词this和that。
My dictionary is missing; I can't find it anyway.
我的字典不见了，我哪儿也找不着它。
Tom has failed in the exam.Have you heard about it
汤姆考试不及格。你听说了这件事了吗？
-What's this 这是什么？
-I's a computer.这是一台电脑。
-Whose bicycle is that 那是谁的自行车？
-It's hers.是她的。
it和one用于指代事物时的区别：
it代替上文提及的原物（复数用they）；one指代与上文提及的原物为同一类的事物（复数用ones）。
it还可以指代不明身份或性别的人，有时可以用来指婴儿，有时还可以指引起某种情况产生的事物。
-Who is making such a noise
是谁这么吵闹？
-It must be the children.
一定是孩子们。
It's the wind shaking the window.
是风在使玻璃颤动。
Look at that lovely baby in the cradle!Oh,dear.It is crying.
瞧瞧摇篮中的那个可爱的婴儿！天哪，他在哭。
3.it用作形式主语和形式宾语
不定式、动名词以及从句做主语或宾语时，为避免“头重脚轻”，要将真正的主语或宾语后置。包含该用法的常见句型如下：
(1) It is clear(obvious,true,possible,certain...)that…
该句型中的it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。
It is very clear that he's lying.
= That he's lying is very clear.
显然，他在撒谎。
(2) It is important(necessary,right, strange,natural...) that....
该句型和上一个句型同属一个类型。由于主句的形容词不同，that后的从句要用虚拟语气（"should +动词原形"结构，should可以省略）。建议记住该句型中的形容词。
It is important that we(should)learn English well.
我们学好英语很重要。
(3) It is said(reported,learned...)that...
该句型中的it仍是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。该结构表示“据说（据报道，据悉……)……”。
It is said that he has come to Beijing.
据说他已来到了北京。
It is reported that another man-made satellite has been put into orbit.
据报道，另一颗人造卫星已被送入轨道。
(4) It is suggested(ordered,required...)that....
该句型和上一个句型同属一个类型。主句中的过去分词是表示请求、建议、命令等的词时，that引导的从句要用虚拟语气（"should+动词原形"结构，should可以省略）。它表示“据建议；有命令……”。
It is suggested that the meeting(should)be put off.
有人建议推迟会议。
It was ordered that we(should)arrive there in two hours.
我们接到命令，要在两小时内到达那里。
(5) It is a pity(a shame...)that…
在该句型中，that 引导的从句一般用虚拟语气（"should +动词原形"结构，should可省略）。表示出乎意料，意为“竟然……”。不包含这种意义时，不用虚拟语气。
It is a pity that such a thing(should)happen in your class.
这种事竟然发生在你们班上，真遗憾！
(6) It is time(about time,high time)that...
在该句型中，that引导的从句应该用虚拟语气，值得注意的是：
① 常用过去时态表示虚拟。② 有时也用“should + 动词原形”结构，should不能省略。它表示“是（正是）……的时候”。
It is time that children should go to bed.
= It is time that children went to bed.
现在该是孩子们睡觉的时候了。
(7) It is the first(second...)time that...
该句型要和上一个句型区别开来。该句型中的that从句不用虚拟语气，而用完成时态。至于用什么完成时态，这由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时，后面从句用现在完成时态；如果是一般过去时，后面从句则用过去完成时态。该结构中的that可以省去，而it有时用this替换。它表示“第一（二）……次……”。
It is the first time I have been here.
= This is the first time I have been here.
这是我第一次来这儿。
(8) It is...since…
该句型主要用于处理瞬间动词和表示一段时间的时间状语连用的问题。主句中表示时间的名词短语做表语，其时态常为一般现在时或现在完成时，而since引导的从句通常用一般过去时，且谓语动词常为瞬间动词。如果主句用一般过去时，从句则用过去完成时。
It is(has been) 5 years since his father died.
他父亲过世已有5年了。
(9) It is...when...
该句型中的when引导的是一个时间状语从句，主句中的it指时间，表语由表示时间的名词短语充当。
It was 5 o'clock when he came here.
他来这儿的时候是五点钟。
(10) It is...before...
该句型中的it指时间，主句的时态常是一般将来时或一般过去时两种时态，主句中的表语多是long,not long,3days,2 weeks等表示时间的词或短语。
It was 3 days before he went to Beijing.
过了三天他才去北京。
It will not be long before he finishes his job.
用不了多久他就会完成他的工作。
(11) It happens(seems,looks,appears)that...
该句型中的it是形式主语，that引导的是主语从句，主句中的happen,seem等词是不及物动词。
It happened(so happened)that he met his teacher in the street.
他碰巧在街上遇见了他的老师。
It seems that he will be back in a few days.
看起来他会在几天内回来。
(12) It takes sb.some time to do sth.
该句型中的不定式是真正的主语，it是形式主语，takes的直接宾语是some time，它表示“做某事要花费某人多少时间”。
It took thousands of people many years to build the Great Wall.
建长城花了成千上万的人许多年的时间。
(13) It is no good(use)doing sth.
在该句型中，真正的主语是动名词短语，主句中的表语可以是no good,no use等。
It is no good learning English without speaking English.
学英语却不将它说出来是没有用的。
(14) It doesn't matter whether(if)...
在该句型中，whether(if)引导的从句是真正的主语，该句型表示“不论（是否）没关系”。
It doesn't matter if they are old.
他们年龄大不大无所谓。
(15) It is kind(of sb.)to do sth.
该句型中的不定式短语是真正的主语，不定式的逻辑主语可由of引出，主句中的形容词必须是能表示逻辑主语特征的形容词。常用于此句型的形容词有：bad,brave,careless,clever,cruel,foolish,good,honest,horrible,kind,lazy,modest,naughty,nice,polite,rude,silly,stupid,wise,wrong等。
这个句型可以改写为：sb.is kind to do sth.
It is kind of you to say so.
= You are kind to say so
你这么说真是太好了。
(16) It is necessary(for sh.)to do sth.
该句型与上一个句型同属一个类型。如果不定式的逻辑主语是由for引出，主句中的形容词通常是表示重要性、紧迫性，频繁程度、难易、安全等含义的形容词。常见的形容词有：
① important, necessary,natural
② easy,safe,common,normal,hard,difficult,dangerous,unusual,rare,impossible,pleasant等
① 中的形容词做表语时可以用从句改写句子，如：
It is important for her to come to the party.
= It is important that she(should)come to the party.
重要的是她来参加聚会
(17) It looks/seems as if...
该句型中的it无实际意义。as if引导一个状语从句。它表示“看起来好像……”。如果与事实不符合，则用虚拟语气。
It looks as if he is ill.（真的病了）
It looks as if he were ill.（没有生病）
看上去他好像病了。
(18) Sb.think it important(easy,useless...)to do sth.
该句型中的it做形式宾语。为了方便记忆我们可称该句型为“6123”结构。
6指主句中常用的动词：think,believe,make,find,consider,feel；
1指的是形式宾语it；
2指的是宾语补足语的两种形式：形容词或名词；
3指的是真正的宾语的三种形式：不定式短语、动名词短语或that引导的宾语从句。
Airplanes have made it easy and comfortable for us to travel.
飞机使得出行对于我们来说轻松且舒适。
I took it for granted that you would stay with us.
我想当然地以为你会和我们待在一起。
We found it useless learning a theory without practice.
我们觉得光学理论而不实践是没有用的。
4.it用于强调句型
(1) It is +被强调部分+ that…
该句型是强调句型，将被强调的部分放在前面，其它部分置于that之后。被强调部分可以是主语、宾语、表语或状语。强调的主语如果是人，that可以由who换用。如果把这种句型结构划掉，即去掉It is(was)和that(who)，剩下的应该是一个完整无缺的句子。这也是判断强调句型与其它句型的方法。
It was about 600 years ago that the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.
第一个带有钟面和时针的钟是在大约600年前的时候被制作出来的。
It was they that/who cleaned the classroom yesterday.
昨天是他们打扫了教室。
It was in the street that I met her father.
我是在街上遇到她父亲的。
(2) It is not until +被强调部分+ that...
该句型也是强调句型。它主要用于强调时间状语，意为“直到……才……”，可以说是not…until…的强调形式。
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.
= Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a famous film star.
= I didn't realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.
直到她摘下墨镜，我才意识到她是一位著名影星。
注意：
（1）强调时间时不能用when，而强调地点时不用where；
（2）不能用此句型强调谓语，应使用助动词do的适当形式。
（3）在强调由until构成的状语时，如果主句中有not，not要提前并与until连用。
I did meet an old friend in the street last week.
上周我确实在街上遇到了一位老朋友。
The teacher didn't begin his class until everybody took their places.
=It was not until everybody took their places that the teacher began his class.
直到所有人已就座，老师才开始讲课。
练习：
1. I'd appreciate _____ if you would like to teach me how to use the computer.
2. I like this house with a beautiful garden, but I don't have enough money to buy _____.
3. The doctor thought _____ would be good for you to have a holiday.
4. _____ is reported in the newspapers, the new president will take office next week.
5. -There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow _____
-No. I'd rather buy _____ in the bookstore.
6. _____ is no use to persuade him to have a holiday because he is a workaholic.
7. As the busiest woman in Norton, she made _____ her duty to look after all the other people's affairs in that town.
8. We've been looking at houses but haven't found _____ we like yet.
(Answers:
1. it 2. it 3. it 4. As 5.it; one 6. it 7. it 8. one)
四、Summary
重点词汇：stressed, figure, fit, suit
重点句型：it作形式主语和形式宾语;连词while的用法
重点语法：it的用法
五、Homework
Write a short passage on how to use vehicles wisely.
PAGE
- 17 -Unit3 Topic talk
1．conservation n．保护 →conserve vt．保护；节省，节约
2．destroy vt．破坏；毁掉→destruction n．摧毁；毁灭；破坏→ destructive adj．毁灭性的
3．mining n．采矿业→mine v．开矿，采矿 n．矿井，矿
4．recycle vt．& vi．再利用，回收利用→recycling n．[U]回收利用→recyclable adj．可回收利用的→recyclable adj．可回收利用的→unrecyclable adj．不可回收的
5．informativeadj．有教育意义的；知识性强的→inform v．通知；通告→informationn．信息
6．threatn．威胁；(灾难等坏事)发生的可能→threaten vt.威胁到，危及；威胁，恐吓→threatened adj.受到威胁的→threateningadj.带有威胁的
7．illegallyadv．非法地，违法地→legaladj．合法的→legallyadv．合法地→illegaladj．非法的
8．huntvi. &vt.猎取，猎杀→huntingn．打猎→huntern．猎人
9．extinctadj．灭绝的，绝种的→extinctionn．灭绝
10．incrediblyadv．非常地，极端地→incredibleadj．难以置信的
11．urgentadj.紧急的，急迫的→urgentlyadv．紧急地→urgencyn．紧急情况
重点单词与短语精析
★课标词 ▲高频词
★1.threatn.[C,usually sing.]构成威胁的人，形成威胁的事物；(灾难等坏事)发生的可能；[C,U]威胁，恐吓
【用法归纳】
pose a threat to... 对……构成威胁
under threat 受到威胁
Drunken drivers pose a serious threat to other passersby.醉驾者对其他路人构成了严重的威胁。
These ancient woodlands are under threat from new road developments.新道路开发可能对这些古老的林地造成破坏。
Her parents made threats to take awayher mobile phone if her grades couldn’t beimproved.
她父母威胁说，如果她不能提高成绩，就要拿走她的手机。
【拓展】相关词语积累：
threaten vt.威胁到，危及；威胁，恐吓
threatened adj.受到威胁的
threateningadj.带有威胁的
【练习】语法填空
①(2019·江苏完形填空改编)Wildlifehas been greatly threatened(threat) in themodern age.
②Floatingice around Iceland was becominga threattonavigation.
③Someculturesseedirecteye contact asimpoliteor threatening(threaten)behavior,while Americansseeitas a sign of honesty.
④Bats areunderthreat in many areas ofthe world. The number of them has gonedown to such a level that the remainingmembers may not be enough to keep thespecies.
▲★2.switch
【用法归纳】
(1)vt.&vi.(使)改变；vt.交换，转换，对调
switch (from A) to B （由A）转变成B
switch off/on 关/开（电灯、机器等）
switch off 不再关注，不再理睬
switch over 换台，换频道
She worked as a librarian before switching to journalism.她在转行从事新闻工作前是图书管理员。
Please make sure all mobile phones are switched off during the performance.请确保演出时关上所有手机。
If he gets-bored, he just switches off and looks out the window.他觉得无聊时，就心不在焉地朝窗外看。
(2)n.[C](电路的)开关，闸，转换器；改变，转变
a light switch 电灯开关
a policy switch 政策的转变
There is a light switch on the wall.墙上有一个电灯开关。
We had to make a switch in our plan.我们不得不改变我们的计划。
[语境串记]Lucy got home from work early.After changing clothes,she switched off the light andcameto the living room.Then she switched on the TV and switched overto Channel10.露西早早下班回到家，换完衣服后，她关灯来到客厅。然后她打开电视，转到第10频道。
【练习】1.语法填空
①After dinner, we often switchontheTVto watchthenews, then switchtofootballgames.At 10o’clockwe switchofftheTVandgoto bed.
②(2020吉林省实验中学月考)Notonlyisbikinggoodexercise, butswitchingfroma car to a bike alsoreducestheamount of pollution in theair.
2.单句写作
(2020·四川成都外国语学校期中)我妈妈让我在离开房间前记得关灯。
Mymum askedmeto remember to switchoff thelightsbeforeleavingtheroom.
3.cut down
【用法归纳】
(1)削减，缩小(尺寸、数量或数目)。可作及物短语动词和不及物短语动词。
cut...down (to...) 减少……(至……)
cut down on... 减少……
We are trying our best to cut down costs and improve quality. 我们正在尽力降低成本，提高质量。
We need to cut the article down to 1,000 words.我们得把这篇文章压缩到1000字。
Cut down on fatty foods if you want to lose weight. 你如果想减肥，就得少吃高脂食物。
(2)(自根基部分)砍倒。为及物短语动词。
Deserts are also formed because people cut down trees and dig up grass.人们伐树掘草也会造成土壤沙化。
【拓展】cut构成的其他短语：
cut in 插嘴 sorry to cut in on you 抱歉打断你的话
cut out 剪下 cut this article out of the newspaper从报纸上剪下这篇文章
cut up 切碎 cutupthemeat把肉切碎
cut off 停止，中断（供给） cut off the gas supply 中断供气
使……与外界隔绝 The village was cut off by floods这个村子被洪水隔离了
【练习】用 cut 的相关短语完成句子
①(2020·江苏南通调研)Thecompanyhascut offthegas supplytemporarilytorepairthedamagedgaspipe.
②It’s rather impolite tocut inwhen otherpeople are talking.
③(2020·山东济南期末)Evidencesuggeststhat theykept the fire burningall winter and used sharpened stone toolstocut upthe meat.
④Expertsthink theamount of homework for thestudents should becut down.
4.in danger
【用法归纳】in danger意为“处于危险中”。其后接 of 可构成 in danger of...“处于……的危险中”。
Once harm is done to the ecosystem,all species will be in danger,including humans.
一旦生态系统遭到破坏，所有物种，包括人类，都将处于危险之中。
What a moving scene to see so many people offer help to those in danger!
看到这么多人帮助那些处于危险中的人，真令人感动!
【拓展】相关词语积累：
in danger 处于危险中 out of danger 脱离危险
danger n.[U]危险→endanger vt.使处于险境，危及→endangered adj.濒危的→dangerous adj.危险的
[语境串记]Last week, John was bitten by a dangerous snake and that endangered his life. Johnwas in greatdanger.Thanks to the doctor,he received treatment in time and he wasout of danger at last.上周约翰被一条危险的蛇咬了，那危及了他的生命。约翰处于极大的危险中。多亏了医生，约翰得到了及时的救治，最后他脱离了危险。
【练习】
1.选词填空：endanger/endangered/dangerous
(2020·陕西西安期末)We should do whatwe can tosavethose endangered species, including tigers which
are considered dangerous because they can endanger people’s lives.
2.结合danger的用法完成句子
①The old man is still in danger . He is no better than he was yesterday.
②I heard Jack had a car accident and was in danger of losing his life, but luckily, he is out of danger now.
★5.urgent adj. 紧急的，紧迫的，迫切的
【用法归纳】
It is urgent that… 急需……（从句谓语用“should＋动词原形”，should可省略）
The children in that area are in urgent need of food.那个地区的孩子急需食物。
It is urgent that those tents (should) be sent to the disaster area.那些帐篷急需被送到灾区。
【拓展】相关词语积累：
(1)urgency n.[U]紧急，迫切
(2)urgently adv. 催促地；急迫地
(3)urge vt. 竭力主张；催促，力劝
urge sb. to do sth. 敦促/力劝某人做某事
urge that... 主张……（从句谓语用“should＋动词原形”，should可省略）
[语境串记]He urged us to collect money for those who were in urgent need of food and clothes.
他敦促我们为那些急需食品和衣服的人募捐。
【练习】语法填空
①(重庆南开中学期中)Researchers have found that red can bring a sense of urgency (urge)into our minds.
②(2020·江苏南通期中)It is urgent that we (should)carry (carry) out the alternative plan.
③Parents should actively urge their children to take (take) advantage of the opportunity to to join sports teams.
基础练｜知识巩固 建议时间：10分钟
一、单词拼写(用本部分所学单词)
1.With every person using about 130 kg of plastic every year, there is an urgentneed of better ways of processing it.
2.(2020·四川宜宾期末)Plasticwaste is a hugeproblem in Indonesia,and this has led its city tocomeupwithan approach to encourage residents to recycle it.
3.The river flooded last summer and the bridgewas totallydestroyed(毁掉)in the floods.
4. A statement from the US listed many mainthreats(威胁)to African lions such as loss of habitat, lack of food and more conflicts with humans.
5.It is not allowed tohunt(猎杀) wild animals in many countries of the world.
6.Many wild animals have beenextinct(灭绝的) for various reasons.
7.We must try our best to keep our environment under carefulconservation(保护).
8.Press these two keys toswitch(切换)between documents on the screen.
9. (2020·福建福州一中期末)The majority of the students find the magazineinformative(有教育意义的) and useful to their English study.
10.The researchers say that more than one-third of ships in the southern Indian Ocean are fishingillegally(非法地).
二、语法填空。在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.(2020·湖北襄阳五校联考)Many species areendangered(endanger)and could disappearoff the face of the Earthvery soon if we don’t do anything to savethem.
2.(2020 ·广东揭阳期中)Destruction(destroy)of theenvironment is one of the most seriouschallenges we face.
3.In hissparetime,he either listens to softmusic to relaxhimself or switchonthe TV to watch the news.
4.His story is really soinformative(inform) that you can reallybenefit from it.
5.(2020·黑龙江哈师大附中期末)When the whole area wascutoff by the flood, the government sent food thereby helicopter.
6.(黑龙江哈六中期末)Thepatient was stillindanger,becauseafter the operation,his body rejected thenew heart.
7.(2020·黑龙江哈三中期末)The class is discussing anewspaper article thaturgescitizensto help(help)reduce the noise and air pollution in the city.
8.The chairman asked me to cutdownthe report, becausehe didn’t want to speak for too long at that meeting.
9.One-fifth of the animals and plants in this region areunderthreat ofextinction(extinct) .
10.Noises, typically caused by ships or construction, do pose athreattomarine animals(海洋动物), disturbing their ability tolocate food.
综合练｜能力提升建议时间：15分钟
一、语法填空。阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Abraham Lincoln 1.(bear) in 1809.He was President of the United States from 1861 until he died in 1865.
Lincoln was 193 cm tall.He was too tall 2.(fit) in most beds.When he was president，people from his hometown gave him a special bed.The length of the bed was 82 cm longer than Lincoln’s 3.(high)．It was enough for him.
All his life，Lincoln liked to laugh.He liked to make other people laugh too.Once Lincoln 4.(talk) with some people，he asked，“How many legs does a sheep have？” “Four，” they answered.“Right，” Lincoln said.“Now how many legs does a sheep have 5. we call the tail a leg？” “Five，” they answered.“Wrong，” Lincoln said，“It still has four legs，because 6.(call) the tail a leg doesn’t make 7. one.”
Many people thought Abraham Lincoln was very ugly.Right before he became president,8. eleven year old girl wrote him a letter.She said that she wanted him 9.(grow) a beard.Lincoln thought about this and decided that it was a good idea.That’s 10. in most pictures of Lincoln he has a short beard.
答案：1. was born 2. to fit 3. height 4. was talking 5. if6. calling 7. it 8. an 9. to grow 10. why
二、阅读理解
Parkside
Pick Your Own
Fancy some fresh fruit and vegetables？At Parkside Farm we grow a wide variety of delicious summer fruits and high quality vegetables for you to come and pick your own.Why not pay us a visit
About us
Our family has been farming at Parkside Farm since 1938.Although we no longer keep cows，we still have some grassland and some fields of wheat and other crops.We started growing strawberries for Pick Your Own back in 1979.Since then，we have made the Pick Your Own area larger and we now grow about 20 different crops.
Opening times
The season starts in late June，but opening hours are variable the first week.Please ring our message line to check.From July onwards，we are open Tuesdays to Saturdays from 9 am to 5∶30 pm (last entry 5 pm)．Opening hours are variable on Sundays.Mondays CLOSED.
Crop calendar(日历)
Some crops may be in limited supply at certain times，so always ring the message line for daily updates before setting out.
Strawberries：early June to mid October
Blackcurrants：early July to mid August
Raspberries：mid June to mid August
Redcurrants：mid July to mid August
Blackberries：mid July to mid October
Plums：mid July to early September
Prices
There is a minimum charge of ￡3 for each adult or child who enters the Pick Your Own area.This means that every person has to spend at least ￡3 on Pick Your Own fruits or they will be charged this amount when they leave.
Strawberries：￡4.49/kg
Blackcurrants：￡4.79/kg
Raspberries：￡6.39/kg
Redcurrants：￡4.79/kg
Blackberries：￡5.39/kg
Plums：￡2.99/kg
Find us
Parkside Farm is in the Enfield of London，north of the city centre.
For more information，please call our message line on 020 8367 2035 or check our website：www.parksidefarmpyo.co.uk.
1．What do we learn about Parkside Farm from the text
A．It doesn’t open on Mondays. B．It sells fruit and vegetables online.
C．It’s situated in the south of London. D．It has a small Pick Your Own area.
2．If a family of three buy 1 kg of strawberries and 1 kg of plums on the farm，they should pay .
A．￡6 B．￡7.48 C．￡9 D．￡16.48
3．What is the main purpose of the text
A．To attract visitors. B．To advise people to grow crops.
C．To tell readers how to pick fruits. D．To recommend a place for holidays.
答案 ACA
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Writing Workshop
教学目标与核心素养：
知识目标：让学生理解如何写议论文。
能力目标：掌握议论文的写作方法，完成议论文的写作和展示。
情感目标：提升学生的写作兴趣。
教学重难点
教学重点：让学生学习议论文的写作方法。
教学难点：让学生完成议论文的写作。
课前准备：多媒体，黑板，粉笔
教学过程：
一、Pre-class
1. Greeting
2. Leading-in
GET READY FOR WRITING
学生活动：Pair Work
You are going to write a "for" and "against" essay on one of the statements.Discuss and list the arguments for and against the statements. Then share your ideas.
Statements "For" "Against" Your opinion
We should only have organic farming.
We should not use animal products for food or clothing.
Have students discuss the statements and share their opinions.
二、While-class
READ FOR WRITING
1. 学生活动：阅读文章，回答问题。
Read the essay. Answer the questions.
1. What is the main topic of the essay
(The pros and cons of factory farming.)
2. What are the main arguments and supporting details used "for" and "against" factory farming
(The main argument for factory farming is that, apart from being alot cheaper than traditional or organic farming, it provides more food for a world population that has already reached seven billion, according to the United Nations. Opponents of factory farming say that it is cruel to the animals.)
3. What is the writer's opinion about factory farming
(We should try to reduce this kind of farming, although we would have to pay more for our eggs and meat.)
FOCUS ON STRUCTURE AND LANGUAGE
2. 学生活动：阅读文章，完成任务。
Read the essay again. Match the functions to each paragraph.
Para. 1 _______________ Para. 3 _______________
Para. 2 _______________ Para. 4 _______________
a. conclusion (your opinion)
b. arguments against the topic
c. introduction to the topic
d. arguments for the topic
(Answers:1. c 2. d 3. b 4. a)
3. 学生活动：完成练习。
Which of the linking expressions in the Sentence Builder has the following function
1. summarising information
2. adding new information
3. giving examples
4. providing sources of information
5. contrasting statements
(Answers:
1. in my opinion
2. moreover/ in addition to
3. for instance
4. according to
5. on the other hand)
4. 学生活动：完成练习。
Write 2-3 arguments on the statement "We should only have organic farming." or "We should not use any animal products for food or clothing." Use the Sentence Builder to help you.
5. 教师活动：介绍议论文的写作方法。
议论文是以议论为主要表达方式的一种文体，它通过摆事实、讲道理的方式来辨明是非曲直，从而表达出作者的观点。它常由论点、论据和论证三部分构成。
1.它要求语言必须简练、准确，因而在写作时要尽可能避免使用口语，多用书面语，可适当使用名言警句；要以议论为主，辅之以叙述、说明和描写等手法。
2.写作时要围绕中心论点展开议论，即论据和论证要围绕论点展开。根据题目要求，有时需要从正反两方面来论述，这样可以增强论证的力度。最后，可得出结论，照应开头，形成一个有机的整体。
3.写作时常以三段式的形式展开议论，即提出论点、组织论据和得出结论。
写作模板
1.不同观点列举型（选择型）
There is a widespread concern over the issue that...But it is well known that opinions concerning this hot topic vary from person to person. A majority of people think that...In their view, there are several factors contributing to this issue. In the first place,…In the second place,…Last but not least,…So it goes without saying that...
However, some people hold the idea that…On the one hand,…On the other hand,…Therefore, there is no doubt that…
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that...It is not only because...but also because...The more...the more...
2.权衡利弊型
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that) ...Generally speaking, it is widely believed that there are several positive aspects. Firstly,…And secondly…
Just as a popular saying goes, every coin has two sides. …is no exception. It also has negative aspects. Tobegin with, …In addition,…
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of... into full play, and reduce the impact of the disadvantages to a minimum at the same time. Then we will definitely make a better use of...
3.提出建议型
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that) ...It is really an important matter to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
There are many steps which can be taken. First of all, …In addition, another way contributing to the success of solving the problem is...
Above all, to solve the problem of… we should find a number of ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem by...
三、After-class
COMPOSE YOUR WRITING
1. 学生活动：上网搜索数据
Search online to find data that can support your argument.
2. 学生活动：Outlining
Complete the outline of your essay on the statement you have chosen based on Activity 3.
3. 学生活动：Drafting
Use your outline and the Writing Help to write your first draft.
4. 学生活动：Editing
Edit your essay in pairs. Then share what you have written in class.
Does the writer give a clear statement "for" or "against" the issue
Does the structure flow well (statement, main argument with supporting details, other arguments and conclusion)
Does the writer use a variety of linking expressions
Do you feel that the writer has a strong belief in the argument he/ she is presenting
四、Summary
重点词汇：1. involve 2. treat 3. apart from 4. In addition to
重点句型：关系代词that引导的限制性定语从句
总结议论文的写法。
五、作业布置
练习：
暑假即将来临，你班同学就假期计划进行了讨论，并提出了不同的看法，请根据提示写一篇英语短文，谈谈你的看法。
方案 优点 缺点
待在家中 花费少、舒适方便 不能亲身了解外界
外出旅游 增长知识、开阔眼界 花费多、旅途中有不便之处
注意：
1.词数：80～120（不含所给开头）；
2.短文必须包含表中所列要点，可根据内容分段表述；
3.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
4.参考词汇：眼界 horizons
The summer holiday is coming. Our class have had a discussion about what to do during the holiday.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
One possible version:
The summer holiday is coming. Our class have had a discussion about what to do during the holiday.
Some are in favor of staying at home. They think it's both convenient and comfortable. What's more, they can save money for other purposes. But they will lose the chance of getting to know the outside world. Meanwhile, others prefer to go out for traveling since it can increase their knowledge and broaden their horizons. But they will spend much money and meet some difficulties while traveling.
In my opinion, it would be much better to stay at home, for I can do what I like, such as reading books, watching TV, and helping my parents with the housework.
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