北京高考英语二轮复习：阅读表达（word版附答案解析）
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| 名称 | 北京高考英语二轮复习：阅读表达（word版附答案解析） |  | |
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| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2022-08-21 14:18:15 | ||
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阅读表达
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
Almost every community in the world has some form of rules and some way of carrying them out. A community is a group of people who are united by a number of factors, including geography, language, and values. So why do we have rules, and what makes people follow them Studies have suggested that the reason we don’t like cheating and rule-breaking is that fairness is programmed into our brains. They have found that the brain reacts in a particular way when we feel we are being treated unfairly. The findings concluded that fairness is a basic human need along with food and social contact.
Our sense of fairness depends on the influences in our culture, the immediate situation we are in, and our own self-interest. Arriving at a feeling of fairness means considering different, often conflicting, points of view. Regardless of the disagreement, people almost always need to compromise. But it can be difficult to arrive at a compromise (妥协) when there are conflicting interests. This is why communities have rules that everyone must follow.
Social controls are an important factor in setting and following rules. They influence the way we behave and can be internal or external. Internal controls come from within and are based on our values and fears. Most of us don’t steal, for example, because we believe that theft is unfair and wrong. In other words, our internal controls keep us from behaving in ways that cause conflict.
External controls include rewards and punishments. They do not come from within but are implemented by an authority—this could be the government, the police, a teacher or parents, depending on the situation. Rewards, such as job promotions, awards, and praise, are designed to encourage people to behave and act in the interest of the whole community. Punishments, such as public embarrassment, fines, and even imprisonment can prevent people from acting against the community’s best interests.
People need their communities to function smoothly. Because of this, humans most often behave in orderly, fair, and predictable ways. If there were no rules, the majority of people would probably continue to interact positively. However, there would always be a minority who would not, with serious consequences. This is why a society without rules is unlikely to become a reality any time soon — at least not in the real world. (390 words)
1．Why do we have rules and follow them
2．How do social controls influence our behavior
3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Our internal control comes from rewards and punishments from an authority like our school.
4．If you could change a rule at your school/home/community, which one would you like to change Why (In about 40 words)
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
Is it possible to improve your brain function The answer is “yes”.
Information in your brain is collected, stored and recalled by neural pathways. These pathways are responsible for your abilities to solve problems, remember familiar faces and tasks, without paying a ton of efforts. Millions of these neural pathways begin developing from the time when you are growing into a baby. To keep our memory healthy, we need to create new pathways continually.
As we age, our lifestyles often change, stopping those pathways from being developed. Two frequent changes are a decrease in exercise and less attention to our diet, which have a negative effect on our brain and memory. Our brain requires consistent stimulation, regardless of our age, and looking for ways to excite the production of new pathways is critical. Just like your physical muscles need to be used in different ways to make them stronger, our brain needs change to help challenge its abilities.
One simple way to stimulate the production of new pathways is trying something new.
Challenge your brain with puzzles, a new language or learning how to play an instrument. Anything different and new can stimulate your brain and memory. The best activities are the ones outside of your comfort zone. They push you as you develop new neural pathways. The effort involved in learning and committing to memory a new skill, with new terms and language, is a great way to exercise your brain.
Another way to stimulate the production of new pathways is doing exercise. When you exercise your body, you are also working out your mind, because regular activity helps to improve the chemicals in your brain and to protect brain cells.
5．According to the passage, what can negatively affect our brain and memory
6．Why are the best activities the ones outside of your comfort zone
7．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
The two ways mentioned in the passage to help create new pathways are trying something new and exercising your brain by challenging your brain with different tasks.
8．What else can you do to improve your brain function (In about 40 words)
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
In life, once on a path, we tend to follow it, for better or worse. What’s sad is that even if it’s the latter, we often follow a certain path anyway because we are so used to the way things are that we don’t even recognize that they could be different. Psychologists call this phenomenon functional fixedness.
This classic experiment will give you an idea of how it works – and a sense of whether you may have fallen into the same trap:
People are given a box of tacks (大头钉) and some matches and asked to find a way to attach a candle to a wall so that it burns properly. Typically, the subjects try tacking the candle to the wall or lighting it to fix it with melted wax (石蜡). The tacks are too short, and the candle doesn’t fasten to the wall. So how can you accomplish the task The successful technique is to use the tack box as a candle holder. You empty it, tack it to the wall, and stand the candle inside it.
To think of that, you have to look beyond the box’s usual role as a container just for tacks and reimagine it serving an entirely new purpose. That is difficult because we all suffer – to one degree or another – from functional fixedness. The inability to think in new ways affects people in every corner of society. The political theorist Hannah Arend coined the phrase frozen thoughts to describe deeply held ideas that we no longer question but should. In Arendt’s eyes, the complacent reliance on such accepted “truths” also made people blind to ideas that didn’t fit their worldview, even when there was ample evidence for them. Frozen thinking has nothing to do with intelligence, she said, “It can be found in highly intelligent people.”
Another context in which frozen thinking can turn truly dangerous is medicine. If you land in the hospital, it’s natural to want to be treated by the most experienced physicians on staff. But according to a 2014 study in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), you’d be better off being treated by the relative novices.
9．What does “functional fixedness” mean
10．How is the candle attached to the wall
11．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Frozen thinking is common among ordinary people but less found in those with high IQ.
12．How can you avoid frozen thoughts in your daily life (In about 40 words)
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容写下相关信息，完成对该问题的回答。
I’m addicted to volunteering. Is that selfish
“You can use me as a last resort, and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids’ lacrosse club.
I guess that there’s probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on… At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I’ll do it.”
I’m secretly relieved because I know there’s real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities among many. The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule, sends out emails, and collects money for end-of-season gifts. Somewhere along the way, the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team. The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season. Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid score a goal.
Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close. That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more: Connecting to the community as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good.
In that sense, I’m pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I’d freely like to admit. However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too, does it really matter where my motivation lies
13．What is the parent’s attitude towards the request for volunteers
14．How do the parents feel in the process of volunteering
15．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
The writer admits volunteering is of a selfish act because her motivation lies in the material rewards.
16．Briefly present the benefits that a memorable volunteering experience brings to you. (In about 40 words)
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
The Power of Determination
Your quest for success and happiness begins with right intentions. It culminates (达到顶点) when you reach your chosen goals. What sustains your effort in between is your determination. What carries you towards your goals is your determination. It means the firmness of purpose or intention.
If there is one gift that you can give to yourself in your life to be what you want to be, it is the power of determination. Without it you are a mere passive spectator in the drama of your life. If there is one quality that makes a difference between a winner and a loser or a leader and a follower, it is the power of determination. Without it, you may dream wild dreams, but you will not accomplish much in life. If you have determination, nothing can stop you and deter you from following your course of action to achieve your goals or realize your dreams.
Obstacles may arise and obstruct your progress. They may delay your success, disturb you temporarily, and may even mislead you, but they cannot withstand the power of determination. It is the power that you generate within yourself to remain committed to your path and conviction, and march towards your cherished goals. Before you take up any project or goal, you should know whether you have the determination to stick to your plans and reach your goals. Your determination has to arise from within and derive its reinforcement from your thinking and beliefs rather than circumstances. Only then will you be able to sustain your effort, even when the going gets tough. Determination is your inner strength. Like the hardwood inside a tree, it gives you the power to stand tall and face the winds of turmoil.
With determination, you can crush the mountains of fear and doubts in you. You can find your way through the most difficult situations. Determination does not mean you will be insensitive to the reality of the situation. A determined person is also an adaptable and flexible person. He is not interested in being tough for toughness sake, but to overcome obstacles and reach his goals. Hence, he remains open-minded about possibilities and opportunities, but firm in his commitment and convictions. Discipline and determination go together. If you have them, you become unstoppable.
17．According to the passage, what is determination
18．What would happen if one does not have determination
19．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
With determination, you can crush the mountains of fear and doubts in you, and you will not make changes.
20．How does being determined benefit you (In about 40 words)
阅读下面的短文和问题，根据短文内容，在相应题号后的横线上写下相关信息，完成对该问题的回答。答语要结构正确，书写工整，字迹清楚。
So many things can keep you from seeing your loved ones in person, from busy schedules to long distances to a rather unexpected pandemic (流行病). Fortunately, thanks to modem technology, the people we miss are often only a phone call or text message away. But if you’re someone who prefers typed out messages to verbal ones, you may want to reconsider. According to science, if you want to feel more connected to the people you’re talking to, you should call them instead of texting.
A new study, published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology, found that communication interactions that included voice, like a phone call or video chat, created stronger social bonds than communication through typing, like text messaging or email.
In the study, researchers used various experiments to gauge connectedness. In one, they asked 20 people to make predictions about what it would be like to reconnect with an old friend by email or by phone and then assigned it on people at random to do one or the other. Although people anticipated that a phone call would be more awkward, hearing someone’s voice actually made the experience better. “People reported they did form a significantly stronger bond with their old friend on the phone versus email, and they did not feel more awkward,” study co-author Amit Kumar, an assistant professor of marketing at the McCombs School of Business, said in a statement.
In another experiment, the researchers had strangers connect by either texting, talking over video chat, or talking using only audio. They found that both forms of voice communication -whether video or audio only-made the strangers feel significantly more connected than when they communicated via texting.
Sabrina Romanoff, a Harvard trained clinical psychologist based in New York City, says people tend to text or email instead of calling because of convenience, as they see it as a controlled form of communication where they can “correspond information exactly in the way they intend without unexpected additions by the other person”.
Romanoff says that in reality, texting can make it hard to determine the true meaning behind a conversation. “A phone call is actually more convenient when considering the net effects of the message” she explains. “Each party is more present, and therefore able to gauge the meaning behind the content without thinking about the endless possible meanings behind words and punctuations.”
21．What did the new study published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology find
22．In the first experiment mentioned in the passage, how do people feel actually when they connected with an old friend by phone
23．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
According to Romanoff, the convenience of text or email lie in its controlled form of communication while a phone call is more convenient because of its instant access.
24．If you are going to reconnect old friends, will you text them or call them directly Why (In about 40 words)
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
For millions of Facebook users, choosing which photo to use for an online profile is an important decision. According to a study by researchers at the UT Dallas Center, the photos we select may reflect individual preferences, but they also appear to reflect more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences. Previous research has shown that culture can affect not only language and custom, but also how we experience the world and process information. Western cultures, for example, condition people to think of themselves as highly independent entities (实体), whereas East Asian cultures stress collectivism and interdependence.
Dr. Denise Park, co-director of the Center at UT Dallas, and former graduate student Dr. Chih-Mao Huang of the University of Illinois, were curious about whether these patterns of cultural influence extend to cyberspace. In a paper published in the International Journal of Psychology, they examined the profile photographs of more than 500 active Facebook users from the United States and East Asia. Overall, they found that profile photos of Americans are more likely to focus on the individual’s face, while the profiles of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users.
The findings show marked cultural differences in the focus of attention among East Asian and American Facebook users. Moreover, they echo previous research on cultural influences on visual perception (感知), attention, and reasoning in the offline world.
“We believe these findings relate to a cultural bias to be more individualistic and independent in the US and more communal and interdependent in Asia,” said Park.
The research also found that cultural influences over our self-presentation online can shift over time and from place to place. In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan and Japanese studying in the United States both showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country.
“Facebook constitutes an extended social context in which personal profiles mirror various individual characteristics, private thoughts, and social behaviors,” noted Huang. “As such, the study presents a new approach to investigate cognition and behaviors across cultures by using Facebook as a data collection platform.”
25．What may an online profile photo reflect
26．According to the research, how are American and East Asian Facebook users different in choosing their profile photos
27．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of America.
28．Apart from cultural differences, what other factors might influence one’s choice of profile photo on social media
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
Everyone needs it, but no one wants to ask for it. “Help” has become a sort of dirty word, implying weakness and neediness, that we can’t handle our problems on our own. However, whether it be for your physical, mental or academic health, getting words of advice or encouragement from an outside source can make all the difference.
During a time of such uncertainty, the frequency of people requesting help for anxiety and depression has increased. The current situation has made people realize they can’t be alone with their thoughts, and that asking for help from professionals is the best way to get their problems off their chests and their minds on the road to wellness.
Still, requesting help carries a societal weight. The British Psychology Society found that two types of stigmas (羞耻、耻辱) exist: public stigma and self stigma. A “public stigma” is external, a collection of beliefs from around us, which holds a heavy weight on our ideas on seeking help. A “self stigma” is internal, assigning ourselves labels based on our state of mental health, claiming we are worthless and undeserving of help. “Public” and “self” stigmas go hand in hand, and when we hear the stigmas being voiced by those around us, we tend to apply them to ourselves because of social influences, especially those concerning mental health.
To be our better selves, we have to break the stigma around “help” and accept the fact that some problems are too tough to overcome on our own. If we fail to break the stigma around the word “help”, we ignore the increasingly more relevant necessity of getting ourselves assistance in times of need. Despite what society may tell us, it’s not odd or wrong to get help — it’s probably one of the most insightful and courageous things we can do for ourselves.
Each one of us should be able to openly admit that we need help, whether it be for problems we face with school or for internalized struggles with mental health. Sometimes we need support, and that isn’t bad — it’s healthy, and remarkably brave.
29．According to the passage, why is “help” considered a “dirty word”
30．What is explained in paragraph 3
31．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
● Breaking the stigma around “help” can increase our need of seeking help.
32．What do you think are some other benefits of asking for help (In about 40 words)
阅读下面短文, 根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
Don’t put your elbows(肘) on the table. The soup spoon should never be put into the mouth. These are some of the examples of table manners. They show the way people behave while eating a meal. Actually, every family follows table manners in its own way. Even in families where no one mentions elbows, there are always behaviours taking effect when sharing meals.
Interestingly, different cultures have different thoughts on table manners-elbows on the table, for example, is very British. Some countries think burping(打嗝) after a meal is a sign that it was delicious. While it is important to keep silent while eating, in some areas it is actually as important to keep up the tradition of eating at the table as a family, with conversations and no mobile phones.
Table manners matter much. They are a reflection of your character. It’s about respect for others. When you are with others in a social setting, you want to be considerate to those around you. Table manners also mean your “ticket” to social success. Good manners will open doors that the best education cannot. Few will want an ill-mannered person in their workplace, or social circle, and this is as relevant today as it was hundreds of years ago.
While globalization has led to the intermixing of cultures, the essence of table manners remains. “I was brought up to have table manners,” says celebrated chef Tony Tan, who grew up in Malaysia, eating Indian, Chinese and Malay cuisines with chopsticks, hands, spoon and fork. Tan, who went on to train as a chef in Paris and London, is an expert in Asian cuisines from Cantonese to Malaysian, which he teaches at his school in country Victoria-but the etiquette(礼节), particularly of his Chinese tradition, has remained. He says, “You’ve got to invite your elders to start eating, or say, ‘We are now eating’, so the elders can say, ‘Go ahead’. It’s a sign of respect to the elderly. When people don’t do that anymore, they lack manners and they lack good upbringing. ”
33．What are table manners
34．Why are table manners important
35．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
>Tony Tan says that it is impolite for younger generations to start eating before the elders do even after they get permission from the elders.
36．Apart from the rules mentioned in the passage, what other table manners do you have in your home （In about 40 words）
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
Math causes anxiety in kids, which can last far into adulthood. This is worsened by the pressure of knowing that math is the gatekeeper to science and technology that drive much of our society.
Ironically, this well-known feature of mathematics is its greatest weakness.
When our kids ask why they need to know algebra, we promise them that it will be useful. Do we listen to jazz because it is useful Humans like the practical, but we also know that there is much more to life. As Aristotle said, knowledge begins with wonder, but what wonder is there in algebra or calculus As it turns out, not much. Yet they form the cornerstone of today’s math education. No wonder math creates boredom.
Happily, unlocking the pleasure of math is simple: Do what mathematicians do and seek out unexplored, unknown, undiscovered math.
Regrettably, the mathematical journey is imagined as a terrifying mountain: The wide base is arithmetic, accessible to everyone. Climbing higher brings us to algebra, geometry, and eventually calculus and beyond. We believe that new math ideas have been nearly exhausted.
In reality, math is alive and still advancing, and most of it remains a vast and uncharted countryside. Fresh ideas are constantly being discovered, opening up new and fascinating puzzles. These puzzles allow us to play at the very edge of the mathematical unknown, and many of them are accessible for our students.
Here’s one: Can every even number be written as a sum of two prime numbers Even numbers such as 8 and 30 can be written as 3+5 and 7+23. But can this be done for every even number No one knows.
As our kids try to solve this kind of problems, a deeply encouraging truth will appear in their otherwise anxious hearts: It’s OK to struggle with math since everyone struggles with math.
These unsolved puzzles are the great equalizers, helping us realize that we are on the same level as the greatest of mathematicians, all of us staring over the unknown abyss, looking for a way down into the mystery.
37．What is the well-known feature of mathematics
38．Why does math cause boredom
39．Decide which part of the following statement is wrong. Underline it and explain why.
The author believes math is accessible for students but that new math ideas have been nearly exhausted.
What else do you think can make math fun (In about 40 words)
参考答案：
1．To promote fairness.
2．Social controls influence the way we behave and can be internal or external.
3．Our external control comes from rewards and punishments from an authority like our school. Because external controls include rewards and punishments. They do not come from within but are implemented by an authority—this could be the government, the police, a teacher or parents, depending on the situation.
4．In my home, all housework is done by my mom, which I think should be changed. Because it is unfair to do all the housework by my mom. We should do it with her to show fairness, our love and share of responsibility.
【解析】
【导语】
本文是说明文。文章主要讲述一项研究表明，人们生活的社区和社会都需要有规则来促进公平，没有规则，社会就无法运行。
1．
细节理解题。根据第二段“Our sense of fairness depends on the influences in our culture, the immediate situation we are in, and our own self-interest. Arriving at a feeling of fairness means considering different, often conflicting, points of view. Regardless of the disagreement, people almost always need to compromise. But it can be difficult to arrive at a compromise (妥协) when there are conflicting interests. This is why communities have rules that everyone must follow.”(我们的公平感取决于我们文化的影响，我们当前的处境，以及我们自身的利益。达到一种公平的感觉意味着考虑不同的，经常是相互矛盾的观点。不管有什么分歧，人们几乎总是需要妥协。但当利益冲突时，可能很难达成妥协。这就是为什么社区有每个人都必须遵守的规则。)可知，我们每个人之所以要遵守规则，原因在于要实现公平。故答案为To promote fairness。
2．
细节理解题。根据第三段“Social controls are an important factor in setting and following rules. They influence the way we behave and can be internal or external.”(社会控制是制定和遵守规则的一个重要因素。它们影响我们的行为方式，可以是内在的，也可以是外在的。)可知，社会控制从内在和外在影响我们的行为方式。故答案为Social controls influence the way we behave and can be internal or external.
3．
细节理解题。根据第三段“Internal controls come from within and are based on our values and fears.”(内部控制来自内部，基于我们的价值观和恐惧。)和第四段“External controls include rewards and punishments. They do not come from within but are implemented by an authority—this could be the government, the police, a teacher or parents, depending on the situation.”(外部控制包括奖励和惩罚。它们不是来自内部，而是由一个权威机构执行——这可能是政府、警察、教师或家长，具体取决于具体情况。)可知，内部控制来自内部，基于我们的价值观和恐惧；而外部控制是来自像学校这样的权威机构执行的奖励和惩罚。所以，这句话“Our internal control comes from rewards and punishments from an authority like our school.”(我们的内部控制来自于像我们学校这样的权威机构的奖励和惩罚。)是错误的，主语internal control应该改成external control。故答案为Our external control comes from rewards and punishments from an authority like our school. Because external controls include rewards and punishments. They do not come from within but are implemented by an authority—this could be the government, the police, a teacher or parents, depending on the situation.
4．
开放性试题。In my home, all housework is done by my mom, which I think should be changed. Because it is unfair to do all the housework by my mom. We should do it with her to show fairness, our love and share of responsibility.
5．A decrease in exercise and less attention to the diet.
6．Because they can stimulate one’s brain and memory to develop new neutral pathways.
7．The two ways mentioned in the passage to help create new pathways are trying something new and exercising your brain by challenging your brain with different tasks. Because the other way mentioned in the passage to stimulate the production of new pathways is doing exercise。
8．To improve brain function, we should pay more attention to the diet. And we should get enough mental exercise like reading and doing math. In addition, mediation is a good way to improve memory and learning.
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章指出大脑的功能是可以主动提升的，并介绍了两种促进神经通路形成、提升大脑功能的方法。
5．
细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“Two frequent changes are a decrease in exercise and less attention to our diet, which have a negative effect on our brain and memory.(两种常见的改变有，体育锻炼的减少和对自身饮食的不加注意，它们对我们的大脑和记忆力都有着消极的影响)”可知，体育锻炼减少和不注意自身饮食会对大脑和记忆力产生负面影响。故答案为A decrease in exercise and less attention to the diet。
6．
推理判断题。根据第五段中“The best activities are the ones outside of your comfort zone. They push you as you develop new neural pathways. The effort involved in learning and committing to memory a new skill, with new terms and language, is a great way to exercise your brain.(最好的活动是那些舒适区之外的活动。它们会促使你发展新的神经通路。那些用于学习和致力于记住一项新技能、新术语或是语言所付出的努力，是锻炼大脑的极佳方式)”可知，舒适区之外的活动，也就是新奇的活动和经历可以激励大脑和记忆力，使人发展出新的神经通路，因此是最好的活动。故答案为Because they can stimulate one’s brain and memory to develop new neutral pathways。
7．
细节理解题。根据第四段“One simple way to stimulate the production of new pathways is trying something new.(一种简单的刺激新通路形成的方式是，尝试新鲜的事物)”和第七段中“Another way to stimulate the production of new pathways is doing exercise.(另一个刺激新通路形成的方式是体育锻炼)”可知，文中提到的两种促进新的神经通路形成的方式分别是尝试新鲜事物和增加体育锻炼，即所给句子中“exercising your brain by challenging your brain with different tasks”部分有误，应画线，故答案（所述理由）为The two ways mentioned in the passage to help create new pathways are trying something new and exercising your brain by challenging your brain with different tasks. Because the other way mentioned in the passage to stimulate the production of new pathways is doing exercise。
8．
推理判断题。根据第三段第二句“Two frequent changes are a decrease in exercise and less attention to our diet, which have a negative effect on our brain and memory.( 两种常见的改变有，体育锻炼的减少和对自身饮食的不加注意，它们对我们的大脑和记忆力都有着消极的影响)”可知，不注意自身饮食会阻碍新的神经通路形成，因此要避免这种行为，此外根据文中已经提到的提高大脑功能的方法还可联想到，适当地进行一些头脑训练，比如阅读、做数学题、练习冥想等。故答案为To improve brain function, we should pay more attention to the diet. And we should get enough mental exercise like reading and doing math. In addition, mediation is a good way to improve memory and learning。
9．It means we are used to the way things are that we don’t even recognize that they could be different.
10．The successful technique is to place it into the emptied tack box that is fastened to the wall.
11．Frozen thinking is common among ordinary people as well as those with high 10 although frozen thinking has much to do with intelligence. Because frozen thinking has nothing to do with intelligence.
12．There are two ways to avoid frozen thoughts. Firstly, I can talk to people who disagree with me, which is good for my brain. What’s more, I always think outside the box, which can broaden my thinking in countless ways.
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。作者介绍了一种心理学家称之为功能固着的现象。
9．
考查细节理解。根据第一段的“What’s sad is that even if it’s the latter, we often follow a certain path anyway because we are used to the way things are that we don’t even recognize that they could be different. Psychologists call this phenomenon functional fixedness.(可悲的是，即使是后者，我们通常还是会走一条特定的道路，因为我们已经习惯了事物本来的样子，甚至没有意识到它们可能是不同的。心理学家称这种现象为功能性固着)”可知，功能固着指的习惯了事物本来的样子，甚至没有意识到它们可能是不同的。故答案为It means we are used to the way things are that we don’t even recognize that they could be different.
10．
考查细节理解。根据第三段的“The successful technique is to use the tack box as a candle holder. You empty it, tack it to the wall, and stand the candle inside it.(成功的方法是把大头钉盒当作烛台。你把它倒空，钉在墙上，把蜡烛放在里面)”可知，成功的方法是把大头钉盒当作烛台，钉在墙上，把蜡烛放在里面。故答案为The successful technique is to place it into the emptied tack box that is fastened to the wall.
11．
考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段的“Frozen thinking has nothing to do with intelligence, she said, “It can be found in highly intelligent people.”(她说，思维僵化与智力无关，“它可以在高智商的人身上找到。”)”可知，“Frozen thinking is common among ordinary people as well as those with high although frozen thinking has much to do with intelligence.”的错误之处是“has much to do with intelligence”，因为思维僵化和智力无关。故答案为Frozen thinking is common among ordinary people as well as those with high 10 although frozen thinking has much to do with intelligence. Because frozen thinking has nothing to do with intelligence.
12．
开放性问题。题干意为“你如何避免日常生活中的思维僵化？”，结合文章内容，答案符合逻辑即可，注意词数限制。例如：There are two ways to avoid frozen thoughts. Firstly, I can talk to people who disagree with me, which is good for my brain. What’s more, I always think outside the box, which can broaden my thinking in countless ways.
13．Unwilling.
14．The parent feels so good.
15．The writer admits volunteering is of a selfish act because her motivation lies in the material rewards.
Because her motivation lies in the good feeling she gets when others benefits in the process of volunteering.
16．(1)Meet New People and Build Community. Everyone loves new friends!
(2)Gain Knowledge and Understanding of Other Ways of Life. Volunteering might take me to a new part of my community I have never been to before.
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了一位母亲因为一次志愿者活动而爱上了做志愿者，开始积极帮助他人。
13．
考查推理判断。根据第二段““You can use me as a last resort, and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids' lacrosse club. (“你可以把我当作最后的救命稻草，如果没有其他人自愿，那我就去做。”这是一位家长在我为孩子的长曲棍球俱乐部征集志愿者后的真实回复)”和第三段“At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I’ll do it.”(这时不情愿的父母说：“好吧。是的，我愿意。”)”可推断，家长对志愿者的要求是不愿意的。故答案为Unwilling.
14．
考查推理判断。根据第四段“The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule, sends out emails, and collects money for end-of-season gifts. Somewhere along the way, the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team. The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season. Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid score a goal. (这名不情愿的家长会安排用餐时间，发邮件，收钱买季末礼物。在这个过程中，同一位家长最终会成为团队中宝贵的成员。教练可以把注意力集中在孩子们身上，而其他家长则可以放心地度过下一个赛季。给嗜血的孩子们分发切片橙子就像看着自己的孩子进球一样令人兴奋)”可推断，这名家长在志愿者的过程中感觉很好。故答案为The parent feels so good.
15．
考查细节理解。根据第五段“That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more: Connecting to the community as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good. (这种解脱伴随着对为什么同样的人会不断回来寻求更多的深刻理解：通过免费奉献你的时间、金钱、技能或服务而与社区建立联系会带来真正的快乐。做志愿者的感觉真好)”和第六段“In that sense, I’m pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I’d freely like to admit.(从这个意义上说，我很确定志愿服务比我愿意承认的更自私)”可知，作者承认志愿服务是一种自私的行为，因为她的动机在于当别人在志愿服务过程中受益时，她得到的良好感觉。由此可知，她的动机并非在于物质奖励。故答案为The writer admits volunteering is of a selfish act because her motivation lies in the material rewards.
Because her motivation lies in the good feeling she gets when others benefits in the process of volunteering.
16．
开放性试题。考生言之有理即可，注意词数限制。参考答案为(1)Meet New People and Build Community. Everyone loves new friends!
(2)Gain Knowledge and Understanding of Other Ways of Life. Volunteering might take me to a new part of my community I have never been to before.
17．Determination means the firmness of purpose or intention.
18．Without determination one might be a mere passive spectator in the drama of their life.或Without determination, one may dream wild dreams, but they will not accomplish much in life.
19．With determination, you can crush the mountains of fear and doubts in you, and you will not make changes.
According to the passage, determination does not mean you will be insensitive to the reality of the situation. A determined person is also an adaptable and flexible person.
20．I can benefit a lot from being determined. It is determination that drives me to keep being hardworking, going to the best university after overcoming all the possible difficulties, and it is determination that makes my life meaningful, fruitful, and unforgettable.
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇议论文，主要论述的是决心的力量。
17．
细节理解题。根据第一段的“What sustains your effort in between is your determination. What carries you towards your goals is your determination. It means the firmness of purpose or intention.(在这中间支撑你努力的是你的决心。带你走向目标的是你的决心。它意味着目的或意图的坚定。)”可知，决心意味着目的或意图的坚定，故答案为Determination means the firmness of purpose or intention。
18．
细节理解题。根据第二段的“Without it you are a mere passive spectator in the drama of your life.(没有它，你只是生活戏剧中的一个被动的旁观者。)”和“Without it, you may dream wild dreams, but you will not accomplish much in life.(没有它，你可能会做一些疯狂的梦，但你不会在生活中取得多少成就。)”可知，没有决心，一个人可能只是生活戏剧中的一个被动的旁观者或者一个人可能会有疯狂的梦想，但这些梦想在生活中不会有多大成就。故答案为Without determination one might be a mere passive spectator in the drama of their life.或Without determination, one may dream wild dreams, but they will not accomplish much in life。
19．
细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Determination does not mean you will be insensitive to the reality of the situation. A determined person is also an adaptable and flexible person. (决心并不意味着你对现实情况不敏感。一个有决心的人也是一个适应性强、灵活的人。)”，因此错误的部分是“you will not make changes”，因为决心并不意味着你对现实情况不敏感。一个意志坚定的人也是一个适应能力强、灵活多变的人。故答案为With determination, you can crush the mountains of fear and doubts in you, and you will not make changes. According to the passage, determination does not mean you will be insensitive to the reality of the situation. A determined person is also an adaptable and flexible person.。
20．
推理判断题。通读全文后，我认为我能从坚定的信念中获益良多。是决心驱使我继续努力，克服所有可能的困难去上最好的大学，是决心让我的生活有意义，有成果，难忘，故答案为I can benefit a lot from being determined. It is determination that drives me to keep being hardworking, going to the best university after overcoming all the possible difficulties, and it is determination that makes my life meaningful, fruitful, and unforgettable。
21．When it comes to stronger social bonds, verbal communication is more useful than typing messages or sending emails.
22．When people connected with an old friend by phone they did not actually feel that awkward.
23． According to Romanoff, the convenience of text or email lie in its controlled form of communication while a phone call is more convenient because of its instant access.
According to Romanoff, the convenience of text or email lie in its controlled form of communication while a phone call is more convenient because there is no need to think about the endless possible meanings behind words and punctuations.
24．If I am going to reconnect my old friends, I will choose to call them directly. The reason is that a phone call is more convenient. Because it is easy to determine the true meaning behind a conversation without a need to think about the endless possible meanings behind words and punctuations.
【解析】
【导语】
本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项新的研究发现，研究表明，和发短信、发邮件等相比，打电话、视频等才是联络感情的更好的方式。
21．
考查细节理解。根据第二段“A new study, published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology, found that communication interactions that included voice, like a phone call or video chat, created stronger social bonds than communication through typing, like text messaging or email.(发表在《实验心理学杂志》上的一项新研究发现，包括电话或视频聊天在内的语音交流互动，比文本信息或电子邮件等打字交流更能建立起更强的社会联系)”可知，研究发现，包含语音的交流互动比打字交流更能建立较强的社会联系。故答案为：When it comes to stronger social bonds, verbal communication is more useful than typing messages or sending emails.
22．
考查细节理解。根据第三段“Although people anticipated that a phone call would be more awkward, hearing someone’s voice actually made the experience better.(虽然人们预计打电话会更尴尬，但听到别人的声音实际上会让体验更好)”可知，当人们打电话和老朋友联系时，他们实际上感觉不是那么尴尬。故答案为：When people connected with an old friend by phone they did not actually feel that awkward.
23．
考查细节理解。根据最后一段“Romanoff says that in reality, texting can make it hard to determine the true meaning behind a conversation. “A phone call is actually more convenient when considering the net effects of the message” she explains. “Each party is more present, and therefore able to gauge the meaning behind the content without thinking about the endless possible meanings behind words and punctuations.”(罗曼诺夫说，在现实中，发短信会让人很难确定对话背后的真正含义。她解释说：“考虑到信息的净效应，打电话实际上更方便”。 “每一方都更在场，因此能够衡量内容背后的含义，而不必考虑单词和标点符号背后无尽的可能含义。”)”可知，打电话更方便的原因是不需要考虑单词和标点符号背后的可能含义。所以原句中的“because of its instant access”是错的。故答案为： According to Romanoff, the convenience of text or email lie in its controlled form of communication while a phone call is more convenient because of its instant access.
According to Romanoff, the convenience of text or email lie in its controlled form of communication while a phone call is more convenient because there is no need to think about the endless possible meanings behind words and punctuations.
24．
开放性题。考生言之有理则可，注意词数限制。参考答案为：If I am going to reconnect my old friends, I will choose to call them directly. The reason is that a phone call is more convenient. Because it is easy to determine the true meaning behind a conversation without a need to think about the endless possible meanings behind words and punctuations.
25．It may reflect individual preferences and more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences.
26．Facebook users in America are more likely to use profile photos that focus on their faces, while the photos of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users.
27．In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of America.
Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country because the culture of their host country has an influence on their self-presentation online.
28．I think apart from cultural differences, age and one’s working area may affect one’s choice of profile photos on social media.
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了我们在社交媒体选择的照片作为自己的头像可能反映了个人偏好，但它们似乎也反映了更根深蒂固的、无意识的文化差异。
25．
考查细节理解。根据第一段“According to a study by researchers at the UT Dallas Center, the photos we select may reflect individual preferences, but they also appear to reflect more deeply rooted unconscious cultural differences.(根据德克萨斯大学达拉斯中心研究人员的一项研究，我们选择的照片可能反映了个人偏好，但它们似乎也反映了更根深蒂固的、无意识的文化差异。)”可知，在线个人资料照片会反映出个人偏好和更加根深蒂固，无意识的文化差异。故答案为It may reflect individual preferences and more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences。
26．
考查细节理解。根据第二段“Overall, they found that profile photos of Americans are more likely to focus on the individual’s face, while the profiles of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more backgroundfeatures. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users.(总的来说，他们发现美国人的头像照片更倾向于关注个人的面部，而东亚人的头像往往不太强调面部，包含更多的背景特征。与东亚脸书用户相比，美国人的微笑程度也更高。)”可知，Facebook用户在美国的档案照片更有可能关注他们的脸，而东亚人的照片往往不太强调面部，包括更多的背景特征。与东亚脸书用户相比，美国人的微笑程度也更高。故答案为Facebook users in America are more likely to use profile photos that focus on their faces, while the photos of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users。
27．
考查细节理解。根据第五段“The research also found that cultural influences over our self-presentation online can shift over time and from place to place. In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan and Japanese studying in the United States both showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country.(研究还发现，文化对我们在线自我表达的影响会随着时间和地点的变化而变化。在其中一个研究样本中，在日本留学的美国人和在美国留学的日本人都倾向于根据所在国的总体喜好来调整自己的头像。)”可知，在日本留学的美国人倾向于根据所在国的总体喜好来调整个人资料照片，因为所在国的文化会影响他们在网上的自我表现。故答案为In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of America.
Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country because the culture of their host country has an influence on their self-presentation online。
28．
开放性题目，答案不唯一，言之有理即可。参考答案：我认为除了文化差异之外，年龄和一个人的工作领域可能会影响一个人在社交媒体上选择个人资料照片。故答案为I think apart from cultural differences, age and one’s working area may affect one’s choice of profile photos on social media。
29．Because some people think if they ask for help, it means they are too weak to handle their own problems by themselves.
30．The second paragraph is mainly about the social influence contributing to the “help” becoming a dirty word and introduced two types of stigmas : public stigma and self stigma.
31．Breaking the stigma around “help” can increase our need of seeking help. The underlined part is wrong because breaking the stigma around “help” can improve ourselves.
32．It is likely that if you can ask somebody for help, you can make a good friend because that makes the other feel they are needed and trusted, and also you can learn a lot during the process.
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。介绍了现在“帮助”一词竟然被污名化，意味着软弱无能。
29．
考查细节理解。根据第一段““Help” has become a sort of dirty word, implying weakness and neediness, that we can’t handle our problems on our own.(“帮助”已经变成了一个肮脏的词，暗示着软弱和需要，我们不能自己处理我们的问题)”可知，“help”被污名化，是因为人们认为自己需要别人帮助就意味着自己弱势，不能把自己的问题处理好。故答案为Because some people think if they ask for help, it means they are too weak to handle their own problems by themselves.
30．
考查段落大意。根据第三段“Still, requesting help carries a societal weight. The British Psychology Society found that two types of stigmas (羞耻、耻辱) exist: public stigma and self stigma...(尽管如此，寻求帮助还是有社会影响的。英国心理学会发现存在两种类型的污名:公众污名和自我污名……)”及后面对两种情况详细展开的介绍可知，本段主要讲述了心理学家发现两种类型的求助耻辱心理：公众污名和自我污名。 故答案为The second paragraph is mainly about the social influence contributing to the “help” becoming a dirty word and introduced two types of stigmas : public stigma and self stigma.
31．
考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段“To be our better selves, we have to break the stigma around “help” and accept the fact that some problems are too tough to overcome on our own.( 要成为更好的自己，我们必须打破围绕“帮助”的污名，并接受这样一个事实：有些问题很难靠我们自己克服)”可知，作者认为打破这个求助的耻辱感，才可以接受事实，适当求助，完善提升自我，所以说“Breaking the stigma around “help” can increase our need of seeking help.”意为：打破“帮助”的污名会增加我们寻求帮助的需求，就会更多地去求助别人，这个说法是错误的。应改为Breaking the stigma around “help” can improve ourselves. 故答案为Breaking the stigma around “help” can increase our need of seeking help. The underlined part is wrong because breaking the stigma around “help” can improve ourselves.
32．
开放题，答案不唯一，言之有理即可。遇到困难自己解决不了，向人求助有很多好处。例如，真心求助会使对方感到被需要，被信任而真心帮助，甚至会成为好朋友，求助者也会向对方学到很多知识。参考答案为It is likely that if you can ask somebody for help, you can make a good friend because that makes the other feel they are needed and trusted, and also you can learn a lot during the process.
33．Table manners are the way people behave while eating a meal.
34．Because table manners can reflect people’s character, such as being respectful and considerate to others, and they can also lead people to social success.
35．Tony Tan says that it is impolite for younger generations to start eating before the elders do even after the get permission from the elders.
According to the passage, if their elders say “Go ahead”, younger generations can start eating before the elders do. So it is acceptable for them to start eating with the permission from the elderly.
36．In my home, when you want something at dinner, don’t point at it with your chopsticks, and don’t speak noisily either. Please use a spoon for soup. When you finish the dinner, and someone is still eating, don’t leave the table.
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了餐桌礼仪及其重要性。
33．
考查细节理解。根据文章第一段“They show the way people behave while eating a meal.(它们展示了人们吃饭时的行为方式。)”可知，餐桌礼仪是人们吃饭时的行为方式。故答案为Table manners are the way people behave while eating a meal.
34．
考查细节理解。根据文章第三段“Table manners matter much. They are a reflection of your character. It’s about respect for others. When you are with others in a social setting, you want to be considerate to those around you. Table manners also mean your “ticket” to social success. (餐桌礼仪很重要。它们是你性格的反映。这是对他人的尊重。当你和别人在一个社会环境中，你想要体谅你周围的人。餐桌礼仪也意味着你获得社交成功的“门票”。)”可知，餐桌礼仪很重要，因为餐桌礼仪可以反映出人的性格，比如尊重和体贴他人，他们也可以导致人们的社会成功。故答案为Because table manners can reflect people’s character, such as being respectful and considerate to others, and they can also lead people to social success.
35．
考查细节理解。根据文章最后一段“He says, “You’ve got to invite your elders to start eating, or say, ‘We are now eating’, so the elders can say, ‘Go ahead’. It’s a sign of respect to the elderly. (他说：“你必须邀请你的长辈开始吃饭，或者说，‘我们正在吃饭’，这样长辈就会说，‘开始吧’。”这是对老人的尊重。)”可知，如果他们的长辈说“开始吧”，年轻一代可以在长辈之前开始吃东西。所以他们在得到老人的允许后开始吃东西是可以接受的。故答案为>Tony Tan says that it is impolite for younger generations to start eating before the elders do even after the get permission from the elders.
According to the passage, if their elders say “Go ahead”, younger generations can start eating before the elders do. So it is acceptable for them to start eating with the permission from the elderly.
36．
开放题。要求考生陈述自己家中的餐桌礼仪，考生言之有理即可。参考答案为In my home, when you want something at dinner, don’t point at it with your chopsticks, and don’t speak noisily either. Please use a spoon for soup. When you finish the dinner, and someone is still eating, don’t leave the table.
37．Math is the gatekeeper to science and technology that drive much of our society.
38．Although math is considered very important, it hardly leads learners to wonder.
39．● The author believes math is accessible for students but that new math ideas have been nearly exhausted. According to the passage, the author believes math is accessible for students and that fresh ideas are constantly being discovered.
40．Working in a team can make math fun because both of the team sprit can be inspired and cultivated. Besides, the progress of figuring out a math problem can bring a sense of achievement, thus motivating us to enjoy the math.
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。数学会给孩子带来焦虑，这种焦虑会一直持续到成年。数学是推动我们社会发展的科学和技术的看门人，这种认识带来的压力使情况变得更糟。文章主要论述了数学的作用以及学习数学的乐趣。
37．
考查细节理解。根据第一段中“This is worsened by the pressure of knowing that math is the gatekeeper to science and technology that drive much of our society.(数学是推动我们社会发展的科学和技术的看门人，这种认识带来的压力使情况变得更糟)”可知，数学的著名特征是数学是推动我们社会发展的科学技术的看门人。故答案为Math is the gatekeeper to science and technology that drive much of our society.
38．
考查细节理解。根据第三段中“Humans like the practical, but we also know that there is much more to life. As Aristotle said, knowledge begins with wonder, but what wonder is there in algebra or calculus As it turns out, not much. Yet they form the cornerstone of today’s math education. No wonder math creates boredom.(人类喜欢实用，但我们也知道生活远不止这些。正如亚里士多德所说，知识始于好奇，但在代数或微积分中有什么好奇呢？事实证明，并不是很多。然而，它们构成了当今数学教育的基石。难怪数学让人感到无聊)”可知，数学会让人感到无聊是因为虽然数学被认为非常重要，但它几乎不会让学习者去思考。故答案为Although math is considered very important, it hardly leads learners to wonder.
39．
考查细节理解。根据倒数第四段“In reality, math is alive and still advancing, and most of it remains a vast and uncharted countryside. Fresh ideas are constantly being discovered, opening up new and fascinating puzzles. These puzzles allow us to play at the very edge of the mathematical unknown, and many of them are accessible for our students.(事实上，数学是存在的，而且还在不断进步，它的大部分仍然是一个广阔而未知的乡村。新鲜的想法不断被发现，打开新的和迷人的谜题。这些谜题让我们能够在数学未知的边缘进行游戏，其中许多谜题对我们的学生来说是可以理解的)”可知，根据这篇文章，作者认为数学对学生来说是容易理解的，新鲜的想法不断被发现。故“but that new math ideas have been nearly exhausted”部分错误。故答案为● The author believes math is accessible for students but that new math ideas have been nearly exhausted. According to the passage, the author believes math is accessible for students and that fresh ideas are constantly being discovered.
40．
开放性题目，言之有理即可。题干：你认为还有什么能让数学变得有趣？可回答：在团队中工作可以使数学变得有趣，因为双方的团队精神都可以得到启发和培养。 此外，解决数学问题的过程可以带来成就感，从而激发我们去享受数学。故答案为Working in a team can make math fun because both of the team sprit can be inspired and cultivated. Besides, the progress of figuring out a math problem can bring a sense of achievement, thus motivating us to enjoy the math.
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
Almost every community in the world has some form of rules and some way of carrying them out. A community is a group of people who are united by a number of factors, including geography, language, and values. So why do we have rules, and what makes people follow them Studies have suggested that the reason we don’t like cheating and rule-breaking is that fairness is programmed into our brains. They have found that the brain reacts in a particular way when we feel we are being treated unfairly. The findings concluded that fairness is a basic human need along with food and social contact.
Our sense of fairness depends on the influences in our culture, the immediate situation we are in, and our own self-interest. Arriving at a feeling of fairness means considering different, often conflicting, points of view. Regardless of the disagreement, people almost always need to compromise. But it can be difficult to arrive at a compromise (妥协) when there are conflicting interests. This is why communities have rules that everyone must follow.
Social controls are an important factor in setting and following rules. They influence the way we behave and can be internal or external. Internal controls come from within and are based on our values and fears. Most of us don’t steal, for example, because we believe that theft is unfair and wrong. In other words, our internal controls keep us from behaving in ways that cause conflict.
External controls include rewards and punishments. They do not come from within but are implemented by an authority—this could be the government, the police, a teacher or parents, depending on the situation. Rewards, such as job promotions, awards, and praise, are designed to encourage people to behave and act in the interest of the whole community. Punishments, such as public embarrassment, fines, and even imprisonment can prevent people from acting against the community’s best interests.
People need their communities to function smoothly. Because of this, humans most often behave in orderly, fair, and predictable ways. If there were no rules, the majority of people would probably continue to interact positively. However, there would always be a minority who would not, with serious consequences. This is why a society without rules is unlikely to become a reality any time soon — at least not in the real world. (390 words)
1．Why do we have rules and follow them
2．How do social controls influence our behavior
3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Our internal control comes from rewards and punishments from an authority like our school.
4．If you could change a rule at your school/home/community, which one would you like to change Why (In about 40 words)
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
Is it possible to improve your brain function The answer is “yes”.
Information in your brain is collected, stored and recalled by neural pathways. These pathways are responsible for your abilities to solve problems, remember familiar faces and tasks, without paying a ton of efforts. Millions of these neural pathways begin developing from the time when you are growing into a baby. To keep our memory healthy, we need to create new pathways continually.
As we age, our lifestyles often change, stopping those pathways from being developed. Two frequent changes are a decrease in exercise and less attention to our diet, which have a negative effect on our brain and memory. Our brain requires consistent stimulation, regardless of our age, and looking for ways to excite the production of new pathways is critical. Just like your physical muscles need to be used in different ways to make them stronger, our brain needs change to help challenge its abilities.
One simple way to stimulate the production of new pathways is trying something new.
Challenge your brain with puzzles, a new language or learning how to play an instrument. Anything different and new can stimulate your brain and memory. The best activities are the ones outside of your comfort zone. They push you as you develop new neural pathways. The effort involved in learning and committing to memory a new skill, with new terms and language, is a great way to exercise your brain.
Another way to stimulate the production of new pathways is doing exercise. When you exercise your body, you are also working out your mind, because regular activity helps to improve the chemicals in your brain and to protect brain cells.
5．According to the passage, what can negatively affect our brain and memory
6．Why are the best activities the ones outside of your comfort zone
7．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
The two ways mentioned in the passage to help create new pathways are trying something new and exercising your brain by challenging your brain with different tasks.
8．What else can you do to improve your brain function (In about 40 words)
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
In life, once on a path, we tend to follow it, for better or worse. What’s sad is that even if it’s the latter, we often follow a certain path anyway because we are so used to the way things are that we don’t even recognize that they could be different. Psychologists call this phenomenon functional fixedness.
This classic experiment will give you an idea of how it works – and a sense of whether you may have fallen into the same trap:
People are given a box of tacks (大头钉) and some matches and asked to find a way to attach a candle to a wall so that it burns properly. Typically, the subjects try tacking the candle to the wall or lighting it to fix it with melted wax (石蜡). The tacks are too short, and the candle doesn’t fasten to the wall. So how can you accomplish the task The successful technique is to use the tack box as a candle holder. You empty it, tack it to the wall, and stand the candle inside it.
To think of that, you have to look beyond the box’s usual role as a container just for tacks and reimagine it serving an entirely new purpose. That is difficult because we all suffer – to one degree or another – from functional fixedness. The inability to think in new ways affects people in every corner of society. The political theorist Hannah Arend coined the phrase frozen thoughts to describe deeply held ideas that we no longer question but should. In Arendt’s eyes, the complacent reliance on such accepted “truths” also made people blind to ideas that didn’t fit their worldview, even when there was ample evidence for them. Frozen thinking has nothing to do with intelligence, she said, “It can be found in highly intelligent people.”
Another context in which frozen thinking can turn truly dangerous is medicine. If you land in the hospital, it’s natural to want to be treated by the most experienced physicians on staff. But according to a 2014 study in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), you’d be better off being treated by the relative novices.
9．What does “functional fixedness” mean
10．How is the candle attached to the wall
11．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Frozen thinking is common among ordinary people but less found in those with high IQ.
12．How can you avoid frozen thoughts in your daily life (In about 40 words)
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容写下相关信息，完成对该问题的回答。
I’m addicted to volunteering. Is that selfish
“You can use me as a last resort, and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids’ lacrosse club.
I guess that there’s probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on… At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I’ll do it.”
I’m secretly relieved because I know there’s real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities among many. The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule, sends out emails, and collects money for end-of-season gifts. Somewhere along the way, the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team. The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season. Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid score a goal.
Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close. That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more: Connecting to the community as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good.
In that sense, I’m pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I’d freely like to admit. However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too, does it really matter where my motivation lies
13．What is the parent’s attitude towards the request for volunteers
14．How do the parents feel in the process of volunteering
15．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
The writer admits volunteering is of a selfish act because her motivation lies in the material rewards.
16．Briefly present the benefits that a memorable volunteering experience brings to you. (In about 40 words)
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
The Power of Determination
Your quest for success and happiness begins with right intentions. It culminates (达到顶点) when you reach your chosen goals. What sustains your effort in between is your determination. What carries you towards your goals is your determination. It means the firmness of purpose or intention.
If there is one gift that you can give to yourself in your life to be what you want to be, it is the power of determination. Without it you are a mere passive spectator in the drama of your life. If there is one quality that makes a difference between a winner and a loser or a leader and a follower, it is the power of determination. Without it, you may dream wild dreams, but you will not accomplish much in life. If you have determination, nothing can stop you and deter you from following your course of action to achieve your goals or realize your dreams.
Obstacles may arise and obstruct your progress. They may delay your success, disturb you temporarily, and may even mislead you, but they cannot withstand the power of determination. It is the power that you generate within yourself to remain committed to your path and conviction, and march towards your cherished goals. Before you take up any project or goal, you should know whether you have the determination to stick to your plans and reach your goals. Your determination has to arise from within and derive its reinforcement from your thinking and beliefs rather than circumstances. Only then will you be able to sustain your effort, even when the going gets tough. Determination is your inner strength. Like the hardwood inside a tree, it gives you the power to stand tall and face the winds of turmoil.
With determination, you can crush the mountains of fear and doubts in you. You can find your way through the most difficult situations. Determination does not mean you will be insensitive to the reality of the situation. A determined person is also an adaptable and flexible person. He is not interested in being tough for toughness sake, but to overcome obstacles and reach his goals. Hence, he remains open-minded about possibilities and opportunities, but firm in his commitment and convictions. Discipline and determination go together. If you have them, you become unstoppable.
17．According to the passage, what is determination
18．What would happen if one does not have determination
19．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
With determination, you can crush the mountains of fear and doubts in you, and you will not make changes.
20．How does being determined benefit you (In about 40 words)
阅读下面的短文和问题，根据短文内容，在相应题号后的横线上写下相关信息，完成对该问题的回答。答语要结构正确，书写工整，字迹清楚。
So many things can keep you from seeing your loved ones in person, from busy schedules to long distances to a rather unexpected pandemic (流行病). Fortunately, thanks to modem technology, the people we miss are often only a phone call or text message away. But if you’re someone who prefers typed out messages to verbal ones, you may want to reconsider. According to science, if you want to feel more connected to the people you’re talking to, you should call them instead of texting.
A new study, published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology, found that communication interactions that included voice, like a phone call or video chat, created stronger social bonds than communication through typing, like text messaging or email.
In the study, researchers used various experiments to gauge connectedness. In one, they asked 20 people to make predictions about what it would be like to reconnect with an old friend by email or by phone and then assigned it on people at random to do one or the other. Although people anticipated that a phone call would be more awkward, hearing someone’s voice actually made the experience better. “People reported they did form a significantly stronger bond with their old friend on the phone versus email, and they did not feel more awkward,” study co-author Amit Kumar, an assistant professor of marketing at the McCombs School of Business, said in a statement.
In another experiment, the researchers had strangers connect by either texting, talking over video chat, or talking using only audio. They found that both forms of voice communication -whether video or audio only-made the strangers feel significantly more connected than when they communicated via texting.
Sabrina Romanoff, a Harvard trained clinical psychologist based in New York City, says people tend to text or email instead of calling because of convenience, as they see it as a controlled form of communication where they can “correspond information exactly in the way they intend without unexpected additions by the other person”.
Romanoff says that in reality, texting can make it hard to determine the true meaning behind a conversation. “A phone call is actually more convenient when considering the net effects of the message” she explains. “Each party is more present, and therefore able to gauge the meaning behind the content without thinking about the endless possible meanings behind words and punctuations.”
21．What did the new study published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology find
22．In the first experiment mentioned in the passage, how do people feel actually when they connected with an old friend by phone
23．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
According to Romanoff, the convenience of text or email lie in its controlled form of communication while a phone call is more convenient because of its instant access.
24．If you are going to reconnect old friends, will you text them or call them directly Why (In about 40 words)
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
For millions of Facebook users, choosing which photo to use for an online profile is an important decision. According to a study by researchers at the UT Dallas Center, the photos we select may reflect individual preferences, but they also appear to reflect more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences. Previous research has shown that culture can affect not only language and custom, but also how we experience the world and process information. Western cultures, for example, condition people to think of themselves as highly independent entities (实体), whereas East Asian cultures stress collectivism and interdependence.
Dr. Denise Park, co-director of the Center at UT Dallas, and former graduate student Dr. Chih-Mao Huang of the University of Illinois, were curious about whether these patterns of cultural influence extend to cyberspace. In a paper published in the International Journal of Psychology, they examined the profile photographs of more than 500 active Facebook users from the United States and East Asia. Overall, they found that profile photos of Americans are more likely to focus on the individual’s face, while the profiles of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users.
The findings show marked cultural differences in the focus of attention among East Asian and American Facebook users. Moreover, they echo previous research on cultural influences on visual perception (感知), attention, and reasoning in the offline world.
“We believe these findings relate to a cultural bias to be more individualistic and independent in the US and more communal and interdependent in Asia,” said Park.
The research also found that cultural influences over our self-presentation online can shift over time and from place to place. In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan and Japanese studying in the United States both showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country.
“Facebook constitutes an extended social context in which personal profiles mirror various individual characteristics, private thoughts, and social behaviors,” noted Huang. “As such, the study presents a new approach to investigate cognition and behaviors across cultures by using Facebook as a data collection platform.”
25．What may an online profile photo reflect
26．According to the research, how are American and East Asian Facebook users different in choosing their profile photos
27．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of America.
28．Apart from cultural differences, what other factors might influence one’s choice of profile photo on social media
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
Everyone needs it, but no one wants to ask for it. “Help” has become a sort of dirty word, implying weakness and neediness, that we can’t handle our problems on our own. However, whether it be for your physical, mental or academic health, getting words of advice or encouragement from an outside source can make all the difference.
During a time of such uncertainty, the frequency of people requesting help for anxiety and depression has increased. The current situation has made people realize they can’t be alone with their thoughts, and that asking for help from professionals is the best way to get their problems off their chests and their minds on the road to wellness.
Still, requesting help carries a societal weight. The British Psychology Society found that two types of stigmas (羞耻、耻辱) exist: public stigma and self stigma. A “public stigma” is external, a collection of beliefs from around us, which holds a heavy weight on our ideas on seeking help. A “self stigma” is internal, assigning ourselves labels based on our state of mental health, claiming we are worthless and undeserving of help. “Public” and “self” stigmas go hand in hand, and when we hear the stigmas being voiced by those around us, we tend to apply them to ourselves because of social influences, especially those concerning mental health.
To be our better selves, we have to break the stigma around “help” and accept the fact that some problems are too tough to overcome on our own. If we fail to break the stigma around the word “help”, we ignore the increasingly more relevant necessity of getting ourselves assistance in times of need. Despite what society may tell us, it’s not odd or wrong to get help — it’s probably one of the most insightful and courageous things we can do for ourselves.
Each one of us should be able to openly admit that we need help, whether it be for problems we face with school or for internalized struggles with mental health. Sometimes we need support, and that isn’t bad — it’s healthy, and remarkably brave.
29．According to the passage, why is “help” considered a “dirty word”
30．What is explained in paragraph 3
31．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
● Breaking the stigma around “help” can increase our need of seeking help.
32．What do you think are some other benefits of asking for help (In about 40 words)
阅读下面短文, 根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
Don’t put your elbows(肘) on the table. The soup spoon should never be put into the mouth. These are some of the examples of table manners. They show the way people behave while eating a meal. Actually, every family follows table manners in its own way. Even in families where no one mentions elbows, there are always behaviours taking effect when sharing meals.
Interestingly, different cultures have different thoughts on table manners-elbows on the table, for example, is very British. Some countries think burping(打嗝) after a meal is a sign that it was delicious. While it is important to keep silent while eating, in some areas it is actually as important to keep up the tradition of eating at the table as a family, with conversations and no mobile phones.
Table manners matter much. They are a reflection of your character. It’s about respect for others. When you are with others in a social setting, you want to be considerate to those around you. Table manners also mean your “ticket” to social success. Good manners will open doors that the best education cannot. Few will want an ill-mannered person in their workplace, or social circle, and this is as relevant today as it was hundreds of years ago.
While globalization has led to the intermixing of cultures, the essence of table manners remains. “I was brought up to have table manners,” says celebrated chef Tony Tan, who grew up in Malaysia, eating Indian, Chinese and Malay cuisines with chopsticks, hands, spoon and fork. Tan, who went on to train as a chef in Paris and London, is an expert in Asian cuisines from Cantonese to Malaysian, which he teaches at his school in country Victoria-but the etiquette(礼节), particularly of his Chinese tradition, has remained. He says, “You’ve got to invite your elders to start eating, or say, ‘We are now eating’, so the elders can say, ‘Go ahead’. It’s a sign of respect to the elderly. When people don’t do that anymore, they lack manners and they lack good upbringing. ”
33．What are table manners
34．Why are table manners important
35．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
>Tony Tan says that it is impolite for younger generations to start eating before the elders do even after they get permission from the elders.
36．Apart from the rules mentioned in the passage, what other table manners do you have in your home （In about 40 words）
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
Math causes anxiety in kids, which can last far into adulthood. This is worsened by the pressure of knowing that math is the gatekeeper to science and technology that drive much of our society.
Ironically, this well-known feature of mathematics is its greatest weakness.
When our kids ask why they need to know algebra, we promise them that it will be useful. Do we listen to jazz because it is useful Humans like the practical, but we also know that there is much more to life. As Aristotle said, knowledge begins with wonder, but what wonder is there in algebra or calculus As it turns out, not much. Yet they form the cornerstone of today’s math education. No wonder math creates boredom.
Happily, unlocking the pleasure of math is simple: Do what mathematicians do and seek out unexplored, unknown, undiscovered math.
Regrettably, the mathematical journey is imagined as a terrifying mountain: The wide base is arithmetic, accessible to everyone. Climbing higher brings us to algebra, geometry, and eventually calculus and beyond. We believe that new math ideas have been nearly exhausted.
In reality, math is alive and still advancing, and most of it remains a vast and uncharted countryside. Fresh ideas are constantly being discovered, opening up new and fascinating puzzles. These puzzles allow us to play at the very edge of the mathematical unknown, and many of them are accessible for our students.
Here’s one: Can every even number be written as a sum of two prime numbers Even numbers such as 8 and 30 can be written as 3+5 and 7+23. But can this be done for every even number No one knows.
As our kids try to solve this kind of problems, a deeply encouraging truth will appear in their otherwise anxious hearts: It’s OK to struggle with math since everyone struggles with math.
These unsolved puzzles are the great equalizers, helping us realize that we are on the same level as the greatest of mathematicians, all of us staring over the unknown abyss, looking for a way down into the mystery.
37．What is the well-known feature of mathematics
38．Why does math cause boredom
39．Decide which part of the following statement is wrong. Underline it and explain why.
The author believes math is accessible for students but that new math ideas have been nearly exhausted.
What else do you think can make math fun (In about 40 words)
参考答案：
1．To promote fairness.
2．Social controls influence the way we behave and can be internal or external.
3．Our external control comes from rewards and punishments from an authority like our school. Because external controls include rewards and punishments. They do not come from within but are implemented by an authority—this could be the government, the police, a teacher or parents, depending on the situation.
4．In my home, all housework is done by my mom, which I think should be changed. Because it is unfair to do all the housework by my mom. We should do it with her to show fairness, our love and share of responsibility.
【解析】
【导语】
本文是说明文。文章主要讲述一项研究表明，人们生活的社区和社会都需要有规则来促进公平，没有规则，社会就无法运行。
1．
细节理解题。根据第二段“Our sense of fairness depends on the influences in our culture, the immediate situation we are in, and our own self-interest. Arriving at a feeling of fairness means considering different, often conflicting, points of view. Regardless of the disagreement, people almost always need to compromise. But it can be difficult to arrive at a compromise (妥协) when there are conflicting interests. This is why communities have rules that everyone must follow.”(我们的公平感取决于我们文化的影响，我们当前的处境，以及我们自身的利益。达到一种公平的感觉意味着考虑不同的，经常是相互矛盾的观点。不管有什么分歧，人们几乎总是需要妥协。但当利益冲突时，可能很难达成妥协。这就是为什么社区有每个人都必须遵守的规则。)可知，我们每个人之所以要遵守规则，原因在于要实现公平。故答案为To promote fairness。
2．
细节理解题。根据第三段“Social controls are an important factor in setting and following rules. They influence the way we behave and can be internal or external.”(社会控制是制定和遵守规则的一个重要因素。它们影响我们的行为方式，可以是内在的，也可以是外在的。)可知，社会控制从内在和外在影响我们的行为方式。故答案为Social controls influence the way we behave and can be internal or external.
3．
细节理解题。根据第三段“Internal controls come from within and are based on our values and fears.”(内部控制来自内部，基于我们的价值观和恐惧。)和第四段“External controls include rewards and punishments. They do not come from within but are implemented by an authority—this could be the government, the police, a teacher or parents, depending on the situation.”(外部控制包括奖励和惩罚。它们不是来自内部，而是由一个权威机构执行——这可能是政府、警察、教师或家长，具体取决于具体情况。)可知，内部控制来自内部，基于我们的价值观和恐惧；而外部控制是来自像学校这样的权威机构执行的奖励和惩罚。所以，这句话“Our internal control comes from rewards and punishments from an authority like our school.”(我们的内部控制来自于像我们学校这样的权威机构的奖励和惩罚。)是错误的，主语internal control应该改成external control。故答案为Our external control comes from rewards and punishments from an authority like our school. Because external controls include rewards and punishments. They do not come from within but are implemented by an authority—this could be the government, the police, a teacher or parents, depending on the situation.
4．
开放性试题。In my home, all housework is done by my mom, which I think should be changed. Because it is unfair to do all the housework by my mom. We should do it with her to show fairness, our love and share of responsibility.
5．A decrease in exercise and less attention to the diet.
6．Because they can stimulate one’s brain and memory to develop new neutral pathways.
7．The two ways mentioned in the passage to help create new pathways are trying something new and exercising your brain by challenging your brain with different tasks. Because the other way mentioned in the passage to stimulate the production of new pathways is doing exercise。
8．To improve brain function, we should pay more attention to the diet. And we should get enough mental exercise like reading and doing math. In addition, mediation is a good way to improve memory and learning.
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章指出大脑的功能是可以主动提升的，并介绍了两种促进神经通路形成、提升大脑功能的方法。
5．
细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“Two frequent changes are a decrease in exercise and less attention to our diet, which have a negative effect on our brain and memory.(两种常见的改变有，体育锻炼的减少和对自身饮食的不加注意，它们对我们的大脑和记忆力都有着消极的影响)”可知，体育锻炼减少和不注意自身饮食会对大脑和记忆力产生负面影响。故答案为A decrease in exercise and less attention to the diet。
6．
推理判断题。根据第五段中“The best activities are the ones outside of your comfort zone. They push you as you develop new neural pathways. The effort involved in learning and committing to memory a new skill, with new terms and language, is a great way to exercise your brain.(最好的活动是那些舒适区之外的活动。它们会促使你发展新的神经通路。那些用于学习和致力于记住一项新技能、新术语或是语言所付出的努力，是锻炼大脑的极佳方式)”可知，舒适区之外的活动，也就是新奇的活动和经历可以激励大脑和记忆力，使人发展出新的神经通路，因此是最好的活动。故答案为Because they can stimulate one’s brain and memory to develop new neutral pathways。
7．
细节理解题。根据第四段“One simple way to stimulate the production of new pathways is trying something new.(一种简单的刺激新通路形成的方式是，尝试新鲜的事物)”和第七段中“Another way to stimulate the production of new pathways is doing exercise.(另一个刺激新通路形成的方式是体育锻炼)”可知，文中提到的两种促进新的神经通路形成的方式分别是尝试新鲜事物和增加体育锻炼，即所给句子中“exercising your brain by challenging your brain with different tasks”部分有误，应画线，故答案（所述理由）为The two ways mentioned in the passage to help create new pathways are trying something new and exercising your brain by challenging your brain with different tasks. Because the other way mentioned in the passage to stimulate the production of new pathways is doing exercise。
8．
推理判断题。根据第三段第二句“Two frequent changes are a decrease in exercise and less attention to our diet, which have a negative effect on our brain and memory.( 两种常见的改变有，体育锻炼的减少和对自身饮食的不加注意，它们对我们的大脑和记忆力都有着消极的影响)”可知，不注意自身饮食会阻碍新的神经通路形成，因此要避免这种行为，此外根据文中已经提到的提高大脑功能的方法还可联想到，适当地进行一些头脑训练，比如阅读、做数学题、练习冥想等。故答案为To improve brain function, we should pay more attention to the diet. And we should get enough mental exercise like reading and doing math. In addition, mediation is a good way to improve memory and learning。
9．It means we are used to the way things are that we don’t even recognize that they could be different.
10．The successful technique is to place it into the emptied tack box that is fastened to the wall.
11．Frozen thinking is common among ordinary people as well as those with high 10 although frozen thinking has much to do with intelligence. Because frozen thinking has nothing to do with intelligence.
12．There are two ways to avoid frozen thoughts. Firstly, I can talk to people who disagree with me, which is good for my brain. What’s more, I always think outside the box, which can broaden my thinking in countless ways.
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。作者介绍了一种心理学家称之为功能固着的现象。
9．
考查细节理解。根据第一段的“What’s sad is that even if it’s the latter, we often follow a certain path anyway because we are used to the way things are that we don’t even recognize that they could be different. Psychologists call this phenomenon functional fixedness.(可悲的是，即使是后者，我们通常还是会走一条特定的道路，因为我们已经习惯了事物本来的样子，甚至没有意识到它们可能是不同的。心理学家称这种现象为功能性固着)”可知，功能固着指的习惯了事物本来的样子，甚至没有意识到它们可能是不同的。故答案为It means we are used to the way things are that we don’t even recognize that they could be different.
10．
考查细节理解。根据第三段的“The successful technique is to use the tack box as a candle holder. You empty it, tack it to the wall, and stand the candle inside it.(成功的方法是把大头钉盒当作烛台。你把它倒空，钉在墙上，把蜡烛放在里面)”可知，成功的方法是把大头钉盒当作烛台，钉在墙上，把蜡烛放在里面。故答案为The successful technique is to place it into the emptied tack box that is fastened to the wall.
11．
考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段的“Frozen thinking has nothing to do with intelligence, she said, “It can be found in highly intelligent people.”(她说，思维僵化与智力无关，“它可以在高智商的人身上找到。”)”可知，“Frozen thinking is common among ordinary people as well as those with high although frozen thinking has much to do with intelligence.”的错误之处是“has much to do with intelligence”，因为思维僵化和智力无关。故答案为Frozen thinking is common among ordinary people as well as those with high 10 although frozen thinking has much to do with intelligence. Because frozen thinking has nothing to do with intelligence.
12．
开放性问题。题干意为“你如何避免日常生活中的思维僵化？”，结合文章内容，答案符合逻辑即可，注意词数限制。例如：There are two ways to avoid frozen thoughts. Firstly, I can talk to people who disagree with me, which is good for my brain. What’s more, I always think outside the box, which can broaden my thinking in countless ways.
13．Unwilling.
14．The parent feels so good.
15．The writer admits volunteering is of a selfish act because her motivation lies in the material rewards.
Because her motivation lies in the good feeling she gets when others benefits in the process of volunteering.
16．(1)Meet New People and Build Community. Everyone loves new friends!
(2)Gain Knowledge and Understanding of Other Ways of Life. Volunteering might take me to a new part of my community I have never been to before.
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了一位母亲因为一次志愿者活动而爱上了做志愿者，开始积极帮助他人。
13．
考查推理判断。根据第二段““You can use me as a last resort, and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids' lacrosse club. (“你可以把我当作最后的救命稻草，如果没有其他人自愿，那我就去做。”这是一位家长在我为孩子的长曲棍球俱乐部征集志愿者后的真实回复)”和第三段“At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I’ll do it.”(这时不情愿的父母说：“好吧。是的，我愿意。”)”可推断，家长对志愿者的要求是不愿意的。故答案为Unwilling.
14．
考查推理判断。根据第四段“The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule, sends out emails, and collects money for end-of-season gifts. Somewhere along the way, the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team. The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season. Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid score a goal. (这名不情愿的家长会安排用餐时间，发邮件，收钱买季末礼物。在这个过程中，同一位家长最终会成为团队中宝贵的成员。教练可以把注意力集中在孩子们身上，而其他家长则可以放心地度过下一个赛季。给嗜血的孩子们分发切片橙子就像看着自己的孩子进球一样令人兴奋)”可推断，这名家长在志愿者的过程中感觉很好。故答案为The parent feels so good.
15．
考查细节理解。根据第五段“That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more: Connecting to the community as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good. (这种解脱伴随着对为什么同样的人会不断回来寻求更多的深刻理解：通过免费奉献你的时间、金钱、技能或服务而与社区建立联系会带来真正的快乐。做志愿者的感觉真好)”和第六段“In that sense, I’m pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I’d freely like to admit.(从这个意义上说，我很确定志愿服务比我愿意承认的更自私)”可知，作者承认志愿服务是一种自私的行为，因为她的动机在于当别人在志愿服务过程中受益时，她得到的良好感觉。由此可知，她的动机并非在于物质奖励。故答案为The writer admits volunteering is of a selfish act because her motivation lies in the material rewards.
Because her motivation lies in the good feeling she gets when others benefits in the process of volunteering.
16．
开放性试题。考生言之有理即可，注意词数限制。参考答案为(1)Meet New People and Build Community. Everyone loves new friends!
(2)Gain Knowledge and Understanding of Other Ways of Life. Volunteering might take me to a new part of my community I have never been to before.
17．Determination means the firmness of purpose or intention.
18．Without determination one might be a mere passive spectator in the drama of their life.或Without determination, one may dream wild dreams, but they will not accomplish much in life.
19．With determination, you can crush the mountains of fear and doubts in you, and you will not make changes.
According to the passage, determination does not mean you will be insensitive to the reality of the situation. A determined person is also an adaptable and flexible person.
20．I can benefit a lot from being determined. It is determination that drives me to keep being hardworking, going to the best university after overcoming all the possible difficulties, and it is determination that makes my life meaningful, fruitful, and unforgettable.
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇议论文，主要论述的是决心的力量。
17．
细节理解题。根据第一段的“What sustains your effort in between is your determination. What carries you towards your goals is your determination. It means the firmness of purpose or intention.(在这中间支撑你努力的是你的决心。带你走向目标的是你的决心。它意味着目的或意图的坚定。)”可知，决心意味着目的或意图的坚定，故答案为Determination means the firmness of purpose or intention。
18．
细节理解题。根据第二段的“Without it you are a mere passive spectator in the drama of your life.(没有它，你只是生活戏剧中的一个被动的旁观者。)”和“Without it, you may dream wild dreams, but you will not accomplish much in life.(没有它，你可能会做一些疯狂的梦，但你不会在生活中取得多少成就。)”可知，没有决心，一个人可能只是生活戏剧中的一个被动的旁观者或者一个人可能会有疯狂的梦想，但这些梦想在生活中不会有多大成就。故答案为Without determination one might be a mere passive spectator in the drama of their life.或Without determination, one may dream wild dreams, but they will not accomplish much in life。
19．
细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Determination does not mean you will be insensitive to the reality of the situation. A determined person is also an adaptable and flexible person. (决心并不意味着你对现实情况不敏感。一个有决心的人也是一个适应性强、灵活的人。)”，因此错误的部分是“you will not make changes”，因为决心并不意味着你对现实情况不敏感。一个意志坚定的人也是一个适应能力强、灵活多变的人。故答案为With determination, you can crush the mountains of fear and doubts in you, and you will not make changes. According to the passage, determination does not mean you will be insensitive to the reality of the situation. A determined person is also an adaptable and flexible person.。
20．
推理判断题。通读全文后，我认为我能从坚定的信念中获益良多。是决心驱使我继续努力，克服所有可能的困难去上最好的大学，是决心让我的生活有意义，有成果，难忘，故答案为I can benefit a lot from being determined. It is determination that drives me to keep being hardworking, going to the best university after overcoming all the possible difficulties, and it is determination that makes my life meaningful, fruitful, and unforgettable。
21．When it comes to stronger social bonds, verbal communication is more useful than typing messages or sending emails.
22．When people connected with an old friend by phone they did not actually feel that awkward.
23． According to Romanoff, the convenience of text or email lie in its controlled form of communication while a phone call is more convenient because of its instant access.
According to Romanoff, the convenience of text or email lie in its controlled form of communication while a phone call is more convenient because there is no need to think about the endless possible meanings behind words and punctuations.
24．If I am going to reconnect my old friends, I will choose to call them directly. The reason is that a phone call is more convenient. Because it is easy to determine the true meaning behind a conversation without a need to think about the endless possible meanings behind words and punctuations.
【解析】
【导语】
本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项新的研究发现，研究表明，和发短信、发邮件等相比，打电话、视频等才是联络感情的更好的方式。
21．
考查细节理解。根据第二段“A new study, published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology, found that communication interactions that included voice, like a phone call or video chat, created stronger social bonds than communication through typing, like text messaging or email.(发表在《实验心理学杂志》上的一项新研究发现，包括电话或视频聊天在内的语音交流互动，比文本信息或电子邮件等打字交流更能建立起更强的社会联系)”可知，研究发现，包含语音的交流互动比打字交流更能建立较强的社会联系。故答案为：When it comes to stronger social bonds, verbal communication is more useful than typing messages or sending emails.
22．
考查细节理解。根据第三段“Although people anticipated that a phone call would be more awkward, hearing someone’s voice actually made the experience better.(虽然人们预计打电话会更尴尬，但听到别人的声音实际上会让体验更好)”可知，当人们打电话和老朋友联系时，他们实际上感觉不是那么尴尬。故答案为：When people connected with an old friend by phone they did not actually feel that awkward.
23．
考查细节理解。根据最后一段“Romanoff says that in reality, texting can make it hard to determine the true meaning behind a conversation. “A phone call is actually more convenient when considering the net effects of the message” she explains. “Each party is more present, and therefore able to gauge the meaning behind the content without thinking about the endless possible meanings behind words and punctuations.”(罗曼诺夫说，在现实中，发短信会让人很难确定对话背后的真正含义。她解释说：“考虑到信息的净效应，打电话实际上更方便”。 “每一方都更在场，因此能够衡量内容背后的含义，而不必考虑单词和标点符号背后无尽的可能含义。”)”可知，打电话更方便的原因是不需要考虑单词和标点符号背后的可能含义。所以原句中的“because of its instant access”是错的。故答案为： According to Romanoff, the convenience of text or email lie in its controlled form of communication while a phone call is more convenient because of its instant access.
According to Romanoff, the convenience of text or email lie in its controlled form of communication while a phone call is more convenient because there is no need to think about the endless possible meanings behind words and punctuations.
24．
开放性题。考生言之有理则可，注意词数限制。参考答案为：If I am going to reconnect my old friends, I will choose to call them directly. The reason is that a phone call is more convenient. Because it is easy to determine the true meaning behind a conversation without a need to think about the endless possible meanings behind words and punctuations.
25．It may reflect individual preferences and more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences.
26．Facebook users in America are more likely to use profile photos that focus on their faces, while the photos of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users.
27．In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of America.
Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country because the culture of their host country has an influence on their self-presentation online.
28．I think apart from cultural differences, age and one’s working area may affect one’s choice of profile photos on social media.
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了我们在社交媒体选择的照片作为自己的头像可能反映了个人偏好，但它们似乎也反映了更根深蒂固的、无意识的文化差异。
25．
考查细节理解。根据第一段“According to a study by researchers at the UT Dallas Center, the photos we select may reflect individual preferences, but they also appear to reflect more deeply rooted unconscious cultural differences.(根据德克萨斯大学达拉斯中心研究人员的一项研究，我们选择的照片可能反映了个人偏好，但它们似乎也反映了更根深蒂固的、无意识的文化差异。)”可知，在线个人资料照片会反映出个人偏好和更加根深蒂固，无意识的文化差异。故答案为It may reflect individual preferences and more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences。
26．
考查细节理解。根据第二段“Overall, they found that profile photos of Americans are more likely to focus on the individual’s face, while the profiles of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more backgroundfeatures. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users.(总的来说，他们发现美国人的头像照片更倾向于关注个人的面部，而东亚人的头像往往不太强调面部，包含更多的背景特征。与东亚脸书用户相比，美国人的微笑程度也更高。)”可知，Facebook用户在美国的档案照片更有可能关注他们的脸，而东亚人的照片往往不太强调面部，包括更多的背景特征。与东亚脸书用户相比，美国人的微笑程度也更高。故答案为Facebook users in America are more likely to use profile photos that focus on their faces, while the photos of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users。
27．
考查细节理解。根据第五段“The research also found that cultural influences over our self-presentation online can shift over time and from place to place. In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan and Japanese studying in the United States both showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country.(研究还发现，文化对我们在线自我表达的影响会随着时间和地点的变化而变化。在其中一个研究样本中，在日本留学的美国人和在美国留学的日本人都倾向于根据所在国的总体喜好来调整自己的头像。)”可知，在日本留学的美国人倾向于根据所在国的总体喜好来调整个人资料照片，因为所在国的文化会影响他们在网上的自我表现。故答案为In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of America.
Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country because the culture of their host country has an influence on their self-presentation online。
28．
开放性题目，答案不唯一，言之有理即可。参考答案：我认为除了文化差异之外，年龄和一个人的工作领域可能会影响一个人在社交媒体上选择个人资料照片。故答案为I think apart from cultural differences, age and one’s working area may affect one’s choice of profile photos on social media。
29．Because some people think if they ask for help, it means they are too weak to handle their own problems by themselves.
30．The second paragraph is mainly about the social influence contributing to the “help” becoming a dirty word and introduced two types of stigmas : public stigma and self stigma.
31．Breaking the stigma around “help” can increase our need of seeking help. The underlined part is wrong because breaking the stigma around “help” can improve ourselves.
32．It is likely that if you can ask somebody for help, you can make a good friend because that makes the other feel they are needed and trusted, and also you can learn a lot during the process.
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。介绍了现在“帮助”一词竟然被污名化，意味着软弱无能。
29．
考查细节理解。根据第一段““Help” has become a sort of dirty word, implying weakness and neediness, that we can’t handle our problems on our own.(“帮助”已经变成了一个肮脏的词，暗示着软弱和需要，我们不能自己处理我们的问题)”可知，“help”被污名化，是因为人们认为自己需要别人帮助就意味着自己弱势，不能把自己的问题处理好。故答案为Because some people think if they ask for help, it means they are too weak to handle their own problems by themselves.
30．
考查段落大意。根据第三段“Still, requesting help carries a societal weight. The British Psychology Society found that two types of stigmas (羞耻、耻辱) exist: public stigma and self stigma...(尽管如此，寻求帮助还是有社会影响的。英国心理学会发现存在两种类型的污名:公众污名和自我污名……)”及后面对两种情况详细展开的介绍可知，本段主要讲述了心理学家发现两种类型的求助耻辱心理：公众污名和自我污名。 故答案为The second paragraph is mainly about the social influence contributing to the “help” becoming a dirty word and introduced two types of stigmas : public stigma and self stigma.
31．
考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段“To be our better selves, we have to break the stigma around “help” and accept the fact that some problems are too tough to overcome on our own.( 要成为更好的自己，我们必须打破围绕“帮助”的污名，并接受这样一个事实：有些问题很难靠我们自己克服)”可知，作者认为打破这个求助的耻辱感，才可以接受事实，适当求助，完善提升自我，所以说“Breaking the stigma around “help” can increase our need of seeking help.”意为：打破“帮助”的污名会增加我们寻求帮助的需求，就会更多地去求助别人，这个说法是错误的。应改为Breaking the stigma around “help” can improve ourselves. 故答案为Breaking the stigma around “help” can increase our need of seeking help. The underlined part is wrong because breaking the stigma around “help” can improve ourselves.
32．
开放题，答案不唯一，言之有理即可。遇到困难自己解决不了，向人求助有很多好处。例如，真心求助会使对方感到被需要，被信任而真心帮助，甚至会成为好朋友，求助者也会向对方学到很多知识。参考答案为It is likely that if you can ask somebody for help, you can make a good friend because that makes the other feel they are needed and trusted, and also you can learn a lot during the process.
33．Table manners are the way people behave while eating a meal.
34．Because table manners can reflect people’s character, such as being respectful and considerate to others, and they can also lead people to social success.
35．Tony Tan says that it is impolite for younger generations to start eating before the elders do even after the get permission from the elders.
According to the passage, if their elders say “Go ahead”, younger generations can start eating before the elders do. So it is acceptable for them to start eating with the permission from the elderly.
36．In my home, when you want something at dinner, don’t point at it with your chopsticks, and don’t speak noisily either. Please use a spoon for soup. When you finish the dinner, and someone is still eating, don’t leave the table.
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了餐桌礼仪及其重要性。
33．
考查细节理解。根据文章第一段“They show the way people behave while eating a meal.(它们展示了人们吃饭时的行为方式。)”可知，餐桌礼仪是人们吃饭时的行为方式。故答案为Table manners are the way people behave while eating a meal.
34．
考查细节理解。根据文章第三段“Table manners matter much. They are a reflection of your character. It’s about respect for others. When you are with others in a social setting, you want to be considerate to those around you. Table manners also mean your “ticket” to social success. (餐桌礼仪很重要。它们是你性格的反映。这是对他人的尊重。当你和别人在一个社会环境中，你想要体谅你周围的人。餐桌礼仪也意味着你获得社交成功的“门票”。)”可知，餐桌礼仪很重要，因为餐桌礼仪可以反映出人的性格，比如尊重和体贴他人，他们也可以导致人们的社会成功。故答案为Because table manners can reflect people’s character, such as being respectful and considerate to others, and they can also lead people to social success.
35．
考查细节理解。根据文章最后一段“He says, “You’ve got to invite your elders to start eating, or say, ‘We are now eating’, so the elders can say, ‘Go ahead’. It’s a sign of respect to the elderly. (他说：“你必须邀请你的长辈开始吃饭，或者说，‘我们正在吃饭’，这样长辈就会说，‘开始吧’。”这是对老人的尊重。)”可知，如果他们的长辈说“开始吧”，年轻一代可以在长辈之前开始吃东西。所以他们在得到老人的允许后开始吃东西是可以接受的。故答案为>Tony Tan says that it is impolite for younger generations to start eating before the elders do even after the get permission from the elders.
According to the passage, if their elders say “Go ahead”, younger generations can start eating before the elders do. So it is acceptable for them to start eating with the permission from the elderly.
36．
开放题。要求考生陈述自己家中的餐桌礼仪，考生言之有理即可。参考答案为In my home, when you want something at dinner, don’t point at it with your chopsticks, and don’t speak noisily either. Please use a spoon for soup. When you finish the dinner, and someone is still eating, don’t leave the table.
37．Math is the gatekeeper to science and technology that drive much of our society.
38．Although math is considered very important, it hardly leads learners to wonder.
39．● The author believes math is accessible for students but that new math ideas have been nearly exhausted. According to the passage, the author believes math is accessible for students and that fresh ideas are constantly being discovered.
40．Working in a team can make math fun because both of the team sprit can be inspired and cultivated. Besides, the progress of figuring out a math problem can bring a sense of achievement, thus motivating us to enjoy the math.
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。数学会给孩子带来焦虑，这种焦虑会一直持续到成年。数学是推动我们社会发展的科学和技术的看门人，这种认识带来的压力使情况变得更糟。文章主要论述了数学的作用以及学习数学的乐趣。
37．
考查细节理解。根据第一段中“This is worsened by the pressure of knowing that math is the gatekeeper to science and technology that drive much of our society.(数学是推动我们社会发展的科学和技术的看门人，这种认识带来的压力使情况变得更糟)”可知，数学的著名特征是数学是推动我们社会发展的科学技术的看门人。故答案为Math is the gatekeeper to science and technology that drive much of our society.
38．
考查细节理解。根据第三段中“Humans like the practical, but we also know that there is much more to life. As Aristotle said, knowledge begins with wonder, but what wonder is there in algebra or calculus As it turns out, not much. Yet they form the cornerstone of today’s math education. No wonder math creates boredom.(人类喜欢实用，但我们也知道生活远不止这些。正如亚里士多德所说，知识始于好奇，但在代数或微积分中有什么好奇呢？事实证明，并不是很多。然而，它们构成了当今数学教育的基石。难怪数学让人感到无聊)”可知，数学会让人感到无聊是因为虽然数学被认为非常重要，但它几乎不会让学习者去思考。故答案为Although math is considered very important, it hardly leads learners to wonder.
39．
考查细节理解。根据倒数第四段“In reality, math is alive and still advancing, and most of it remains a vast and uncharted countryside. Fresh ideas are constantly being discovered, opening up new and fascinating puzzles. These puzzles allow us to play at the very edge of the mathematical unknown, and many of them are accessible for our students.(事实上，数学是存在的，而且还在不断进步，它的大部分仍然是一个广阔而未知的乡村。新鲜的想法不断被发现，打开新的和迷人的谜题。这些谜题让我们能够在数学未知的边缘进行游戏，其中许多谜题对我们的学生来说是可以理解的)”可知，根据这篇文章，作者认为数学对学生来说是容易理解的，新鲜的想法不断被发现。故“but that new math ideas have been nearly exhausted”部分错误。故答案为● The author believes math is accessible for students but that new math ideas have been nearly exhausted. According to the passage, the author believes math is accessible for students and that fresh ideas are constantly being discovered.
40．
开放性题目，言之有理即可。题干：你认为还有什么能让数学变得有趣？可回答：在团队中工作可以使数学变得有趣，因为双方的团队精神都可以得到启发和培养。 此外，解决数学问题的过程可以带来成就感，从而激发我们去享受数学。故答案为Working in a team can make math fun because both of the team sprit can be inspired and cultivated. Besides, the progress of figuring out a math problem can bring a sense of achievement, thus motivating us to enjoy the math.