上海高考英语二轮专题：概要写作（word版附答案解析）
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| 名称 | 上海高考英语二轮专题：概要写作（word版附答案解析） |  | |
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| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2022-08-21 14:24:10 | ||
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概要写作
1．Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then write an English summary within 60 words in your own words according to the passage given below.
Say Thanks
If writing thank-you letters is a task you readily dismiss, you aren’t alone. However, saying thanks could be the best gift you can give, to yourself and others.
The benefits of gratitude have long been championed in philosophical thinking. In recent years, the science has been catching up: it shows that people who feel most grateful generally get a psychological boost (促进) as a result. They also have greater life satisfaction, fewer visits to the doctor and better sleep. This has led to gratitude being a part of our culture, inspiring an explosion of gratitude journals, in which you record things you are thankful for. It has also led to renewed interest in the neuroscience and psychology of gratitude.
However, the benefits of actually expressing this gratitude have received less attention. Now evidence is piling up that shows turning our inner gratitude into action can make our lives even better.
For instance, a simple thank you can build relationships, even with strangers. Take people who have received a note of thanks for something they have done from a peer they don’t know. They are more likely to share their contact details with that person in an attempt to continue the relationship than people who receive a note that doesn’t contain thanks. A simple thank you seems to signal interpersonal warmth.
But the benefits go further than just strengthening social relationships, they can have an impact on health, too. A study of more than 200 nurses working in two Italian hospitals found that gratitude expressed by patients could protect nurses from burnout. That was especially so in the emergency room, where personal interactions with patients are typically shorter and less rewarding. This positive feedback from patients reduced feelings of exhaustion among nurses, says Mara Martini at the University of Turin, who carried out the work.
2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Hugging’s Evolutionary Origins
After long stretches of social isolation, many of us are longing for the warmth of a hug. Degges-White, a professor focused on social relationships, says that our need for a hug goes all the way back to the survival of our species. When we’re born, we can’t care for ourselves and we need to be comfortable with being held in order to survive. We’re rewarded with a rush of feel-good hormones that come from a nice embrace.
When we hug, our brains release the oxytocin hormone, making us feel connected. This connection and sense of community has an important evolutionary role because for humans, the security of our small groups and later communities was crucial to survival. Close contact helped build civilization. We may not know what we are getting from greeting our friends and family with a hug; we just enjoy it. It isn’t until those experiences are taken away that we feel pain and sadness. An elbow bump or air greeting are not enough. Research published in the journal Psychological Science has shown that hugging has a “stress cushioning” effect that may even protect us from chronic illness and infections.
When children don’t experience healthy touch, it can impact their development. Kids who didn’t grow up being held, miss out on that sense of safety and protection. They may act out or isolate themselves from those around them. In some cases, the opposite may also be true. Some children may show too much affection, eager for any form of positive attention that they didn’t get at home.
Still, to hug or not to hug That’s the question right now. According to Degges-White, if you’re both vaccinated, go for it; research has shown that the risk of transmission is extremely low. And if you’re vaccinated but you don’t know for sure whether the person you’re hugging has also been vaccinated, it’s still most likely safe.
3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Working Out Worries by Writing
After his father was driven to the hospital for emergent treatment, 43-year-old Yanatha Desouvre began to panic. So, he did one thing that he knew would calm himself: He wrote. Over the next few weeks, Desouvre filled several notebooks, writing about his worry as well as his happy memories with his dad. “Writing allowed me to face my fear and process my pain,” he says. Psychologists refer to that kind of writing as “expressive writing”. People do it by recording their deepest thoughts and feelings. However, different from writing in a journal, expressive writing is to reflect honestly and thoughtfully on a particular frustration or challenge.
A well-known psychology professor says that hundreds of studies have looked at the potential benefits of expressive writing and found it can help reduce pain and improve mood, sleep and memory. It may even help reduce symptoms of various illnesses, and prevent colds and flu.
Expressive writing takes effect because translating a painful experience into language allows people to make meaning out of it, some experts say. The process forces them to organize their thoughts and offers a sense of control, thus completing the pursuit of value from such an experience. Another research suggested that during expressive writing, the act of labeling a feeling can lessen the activity relating to nerves in the threat area of the brain. With these nerves relaxed, people can lower the symptoms of their diseases, enhance their appreciation for life, and increase the acceptance of various experiences in their lives.
What can’t be ignored is that it shouldn’t be used as a replacement for other medical treatments. And people coping with a severe depression may not find it useful to do on their own, without therapy. Yet, it can be a powerful coping tool for many, in large part because it helps battle against their reluctance to face negative emotions.
4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Teamwork Doubles the Strength
Teamwork is really important for any class or team to achieve its goals and objectives. Let me give you three reasons why teamwork is advantageous.
As individuals, we possess diverse talents, strengths, weaknesses and experiences. A team is like a blanket that weaves what each of us possesses, resulting in an end product that is diverse yet similar. As team members exchange thoughts and experiences, there can be more efficiency and effectiveness at problem-solving. This pooling of talents can also lead to greater innovation and success.
Take Leicester City, for example. It won the Premier League in 2016, to the disbelief of many soccer fans. Leicester City, previously regarded as the underdog in the League, displayed surprisingly impressive teamwork that led to its unbelievable victory in soccer history.
Next, teamwork helps to increase efficiency and productivity as members share the workload. It reduces the stress on each of us and ensures the completion of tasks within the regulated time frame. When work is distributed and each of us in a team specializes in specific tasks, we can expect greater job satisfaction.
And finally, working in a team multiplies learning opportunities. Team members learn from more experienced members who may offer deeper insights and perspectives. Newer members may also contribute new and brave ideas. Besides encouraging the sharing of knowledge and experiences, teamwork also develops soft skills like communication and interpersonal skills. We learn to respect differences in working styles and opinions, and develop trust when working with others.
Some may think that working in isolation is more efficient since more time is taken when cooperating with others. For more talented individuals, working alone means being the star of a project — there’s no need to share the success or glory with others. But, the loss of cooperativity that only team effort can generate may also prevent the team from reaching its fullest potential.
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5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
Secrets of the ginkgo tree
New research into an incredibly long-lived tree has revealed some of the tricks that help it survive for thousands of years. The ginkgo is a huge, slow-growing tree with fan-shaped leaves, native to China, but planted in parks and gardens across the world. Some of the largest ginkgoes are said to be more than 3,000 years old.
In order to discover how these and other trees can live for so long, scientists from the US and China took samples from 34 healthy ginkgoes of various ages. The team studied growth rings in each tree’s trunk, as well as individual cells from the bark (树皮), leaves and seeds. They found that 600-year-old trees were just as healthy as 20-year-olds.
To learn more, the team then looked in detail at the DNA of nine trees aged between three and 667 years old. At the beginning of a tree’s life, DNA instructs the cells in a seedling (幼苗) to divide frequently so the tree grows rapidly. The cells also make special chemicals to help the young plant survive stressful situations, such as disease and lack of water. As most trees grow older and tougher, their DNA tells the cells to divide more slowly and to make fewer chemical defences.
Ginkgoes, however, do things differently. The team found that although their growth eventually slows, both young and old trees make protective chemicals. The secret is maintaining a really healthy defence system. As ginkgoes age, they show no evidence of weakening their ability to defend themselves from stresses. Other trees that live for a long time may have the same ability.
For all their defences, though, ginkgoes cannot live forever—they eventually meet with fatal accidents such as fire, disease and storms. While they last, however, these leafy giants are some of the most beautiful trees in the world.
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6．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
We don’t choose our siblings the way we choose our partners and friends. Of course, we don’t choose our parents either, but they usually make that up to us by accompanying us on the way to adulthood. Brothers and sisters are just sort of there. And yet, when it comes to our development, they can be more influential than parents.
Whether these relationships make our life better or worse is a more complicated question. On the upside, positive interactions with siblings during adolescence foster empathy, prosocial behavior, and academic achievement. However, when a sibling relationship is bad, it can be really bad. Tense sibling relationships make people more likely to be depressed and anxious in adolescence. Moreover, sibling bullying makes a kid involved in self-harm as a teen and develop mental problems in adulthood.
Whether a person models himself after his siblings or tries to distinguish himself has particularly important consequences. One study found that siblings who felt positive about each other tended to achieve similar education levels while those who spent unequal time with their dad and got unequal parental treatment had different educational fortunes. That difference is changeable. On the other hand, following your sibling can be a mistake: teenagers are more likely to be involved in risky behavior if an older sibling did so first.
One way or another, sibling influence is lasting. A study of more than one million Swedes found that one’s risk of dying of a heart attack multiplies after a sibling dies of one, due not only to shared DNA but also to the stress of losing such a key figure. The findings make sense: Most of us are different people than we’d have been if our brothers or sisters were never born.
7．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Does Zoom exhaust you
During the COVID-19 pandemic, as social distancing has kept people apart physically, more people are logging on to popular video chat platforms to connect with colleagues, family and friends. And as a result, virtual meetings, or “zooming”, have skyrocketed. However, communication professor Jeremy Bailenson, founding director of the Stanford Virtual Human Interaction Lab (VHIL) examined the psychological consequences of spending hours per day on these platforms, warning that those video calls are likely tiring you out.
In a normal meeting, people will variously be looking at the speaker, taking notes, or looking elsewhere. But on Zoom calls, everyone is looking at everyone, all the time. A listener is treated nonverbally like a speaker, so even if you don’t speak once in a meeting, you are still looking at faces staring at you. The amount of eye contact is dramatically increased. “Social anxiety of public speaking is one of the biggest fears that exist in our population,” Bailenson said. “When you’re standing up there and everybody’s staring at you, that’s a stressful experience.”
Most video platforms show a square of what you look like on camera during a chat, which is unnatural. Bailenson said, “In the real world, if somebody was following you around with a mirror constantly so that you were seeing yourself in a mirror while you were talking to people, making decisions, giving feedback, etc., that would just be crazy.” He cited studies showing that when you see a reflection of yourself, you are more critical of yourself and there will be negative emotional consequences.
Moreover, video chats dramatically reduce our usual mobility. In-person and audio phone conversations allow humans to walk around and move. But with videoconferencing, most cameras have a set field of view, meaning a person has to generally stay in the same spot. Movement is limited in ways that are not natural. “There’s a growing research now that says when people are moving, they’re performing better cognitively,” Bailenson said.
8．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Ever walked to the shops only to find, once there, you’ve completely forgotten what you went for Or struggled to remember the name of an old friend For years we’ve accepted that a forgetful brain is as much a part of aging as wrinkles and gray hair. But now a new book suggests that we’ve got it all wrong.
According to The Secret Life of the Grown-up Brain, by science writer Barbara Strauch, when it comes to the important things, our brains actually get better with age. In fact, she argues that some studies have found that our brain hits its peak between our 40s and 60s — much later than previously thought.
Furthermore, rather than losing many brain cells as we age, we keep them, and even produce new ones well into middle age. For years it’s been assumed that brain, much like the body, declines with age. But the longest, largest study into what happens to people as they age suggests otherwise.
This continuing research has followed 6,000 people since 1956, testing them every seven years. It has found that on average, participants performed better on cognitive tests in their 40s and 50s than they had done in their 20s. Specifically, older people did better on tests of vocabulary, verbal memory (how many words you can remember) and problem solving. Where they performed less well was number ability and perceptual speed — how fast you can push a button when ordered. However, with more complex tasks such as problem-solving and language, we are at our best at middle age and beyond. In short, researchers are now coming up with scientific proof that we do get wiser with age.
Neuroscientists are also finding that we are happier with aging. A recent US study found older people were much better at controlling and balancing their emotions. It is thought that when we’re younger we need to focus more on the negative aspects of life in order to learn about the possible dangers in the world, but as we get older we’ve learned our lessons and are aware that we have less time left in life: therefore, it becomes more important for us to be happy.
9．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Plan for Domino Effects on Sustainability Goals
Climate change is causing ever-more-extreme events, from storms and droughts to floods and violent windstorms, and these risks interact across many environmental and social systems. A heatwave can spark forest fires, which lead to air pollution. Drought-wrecked harvests can result in food-price unpredictability.
Yet these domino effects are barely considered in most countries’ strategies for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. Many countries that are working hard to reach these goals insufficiently consider the impact of extreme weather. Take Germany as an example. Its 2018 strategy on sustainable development runs to 60 pages yet the word ‘disaster’ appears only once. There is no analysis of the consequences of an increase in such events.
Although many people are now aware that climate change is making fires, floods, heatwaves and storms more frequent, more severe or both, this knowledge isn’t changing policy or research enough. Part of the problem is perception. Future disasters feel unreal to decision-makers, as we’ve experienced with so many governments’ lack of pandemic preparedness, despite years of warning that something similar to COVID-19 was a case of when, not if. Other obstacles are inadequate national and international governance, and communication challenges. The research community has not yet provided effective guidance.
As a consequence, many efforts to achieve the SDGs will, like a house of cards, fall at the first shaking. Our global efforts need to be much more vigorous to the changing and interconnected nature of risk in a warming world.
What now Researchers must create models that are more understandable and useful to policymakers. When possible, SDG targets and indicators should be redesigned to capture weakness to heatwaves, fires, droughts, floods, hurricanes, mudslides and more. And politicians need to be convinced to invest in precautionary measures and adaptation.
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10．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why Is Littering a Surprisingly Big Issue
Compared with the blindingly obvious environmental issues we hear about every day, littering often takes a backseat -- but it’s more pressing than we may think.
If you were to throw, say, a banana peel (香蕉皮) out of your car while driving along the motorway, that would be a completely harmless action, due to the fact that it’s part of a fruit -- right Actually, no. A banana peel can take up to two years to decompose (分解), and with a third of motorists admitting to littering while driving, that’s a whole lot of abandoned banana peels, or much worse. An orange peel and a cigarette butt has a similar biodegrading (生物降解) term to that of a banana, but tin and aluminium cans last up to 100 years, and plastic bottles last forever, as do glass bottles, Styrofoam cups and plastic bags.
Despite the fact that longer-lasting materials will serve to damage the environment and its animals for longer, we can’t only measure the severity of a certain type of rubbish by its lifetime. For example, despite having a fairly short biodegrading period, more than 120 tons of cigarette-related litter is abandoned in the UK every day. Similarly, our regular littering here and there has caused the UK’s rat population to increase by 60 million. This suddenly isn’t so mysterious when you consider that since the 1960s our annual littering has increased by an astonishing 500 per cent.
It’s not a cheap habit either: UK taxpayers shelve out 500 million in order to keep our streets clean, and when you include our green spaces, that goes up to 1 billion. So, it’s not surprising that if caught fly-tipping you could face a 20,000 fine or even jail time and, if you littered something dangerous, the court could give you five years to serve.
To take back our beautiful countryside and cities we need to do more than simply not leaving rubbish where it ought not to be. We need a pride makeover, and we need to truly care more about the world around us.
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参考答案
1．
Gratitude has long been revered by philosophical thinking, and in recent years the physical and psychological benefits of gratitude have sparked renewed interest in neuroscience and the psychology of gratitude. But now there is growing evidence that gratitude can turn our inner gratitude into action. Not only can it strengthen social relationships and transmit interpersonal warmth, but also it can have an positive impact on our health, which is bound to make our life better.
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，感恩一直被哲学思考所推崇，近年来感恩所带来的身体和心理上的益处重新激发了人们对神经科学和感恩心理学的兴趣。但现在越来越多的证据表明，感恩可以将我们内心的感激转化为行动，它不仅仅加强社会关系，传递出人际间的温暖，还可以对健康产生影响，让我们的生活变得更好。
【详解】
1 要点摘录
①In recent years, the science has been catching up: it shows that people who feel most grateful generally get a psychological boost as a result.
②Now evidence is piling up that shows turning our inner gratitude into action can make our lives even better.
③ A simple thank you seems to signal interpersonal warmth.
④But the benefits go further than just strengthening social relationships, they can have an impact on health, too.
2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Gratitude has long been revered by philosophical thinking, and in recent years the physical and psychological benefits of gratitude have sparked renewed interest in neuroscience and the psychology of gratitude.
But now there is growing evidence that gratitude can turn our inner gratitude into action.
Not only can it strengthen social relationships and transmit interpersonal warmth, but also it can have an positive impact on our health, which is bound to make our life better.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] But now there is growing evidence that gratitude can turn our inner gratitude into action. 运用了同位语从句。
[高分句型2]：Not only can it strengthen social relationships and transmit interpersonal warmth, but also it can have an positive impact on our health, which is bound to make our life better.运用倒装句强调感恩所带来的好处，同时使用which引导的非现制定语从句突出对生活产生的积极影响，表达复杂和高级。
2．Hugging has an evolutionary origin. First, new-borns need hugging to survive, for it makes them feel comfortable. Besides, hugging means close contact, which helped to build civilization. When people hug, they feel more bonded. Additionally, hugging helps people feel less stressed and its absence can affect kids’ development negatively. Therefore, hugging is recommended for people who are vaccinated.
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，拥抱有进化的起源。首先，新生儿需要拥抱才能生存，因为这会让他们感到舒适。此外，拥抱意味着亲密接触，这有助于建立文明。当人们拥抱时，他们会感觉更亲密。此外，拥抱有助于减轻人们的压力，它的缺失会对孩子的发展产生负面影响。因此，建议接种疫苗的人拥抱。
【详解】
1 要点摘录
①Degges-White, a professor focused on social relationships, says that our need for a hug goes all the way back to the survival of our species. When we’re born, we can’t care for ourselves and we need to be comfortable with being held in order to survive.
②When we hug, our brains release the oxytocin hormone, making us feel connected. Close contact helped build civilization.
③Research published in the journal Psychological Science has shown that hugging has a “stress cushioning” effect that may even protect us from chronic illness and infections.
④Still, to hug or not to hug That’s the question right now. According to Degges-White, if you’re both vaccinated, go for it; research has shown that the risk of transmission is extremely low.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Hugging has an evolutionary origin. First, new-borns need hugging to survive, for it makes them feel comfortable.
Besides, hugging means close contact, which helped to build civilization. When people hug, they feel more bonded.
Additionally, hugging helps people feel less stressed and its absence can affect kids’ development negatively.
Therefore, hugging is recommended for people who are vaccinated.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] Besides, hugging means close contact, which helped to build civilization.运用非限制性定语从句对原文第二段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Therefore, hugging is recommended for people who are vaccinated.用who引导定语从句对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
3．Writing can help people deal with negative feelings. Desouvre once adopted expressive writing, a reflection of an unpleasant experience by recording inner feelings. It benefits patients mentally and physically because it helps them find value of painful experiences or relaxing their nerves. Though not a substitute for medical treatment, expressive writing works for many. (54 words)
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。写作可以帮助人们处理负面情绪。Desouvre曾经采用表达性写作，通过记录内心感受来反映一种不愉快的经历。它对病人的精神和身体都有好处，因为它帮助他们发现痛苦经历的价值或放松他们的神经。虽然不能替代医疗，但富有表现力的写作对许多人来说是有效的。
【详解】
1 要点摘录
①“Writing allowed me to face my fear and process my pain,” he says.
②Psychologists refer to that kind of writing as “expressive writing”.
③A well-known psychology professor says that hundreds of studies have looked at the potential benefits of expressive writing and found it can help reduce pain and improve mood, sleep and memory. It may even help reduce symptoms of various illnesses, and prevent colds and flu.
④Expressive writing takes effect because translating a painful experience into language allows people to make meaning out of it, some experts say.
⑤With these nerves relaxed, people can lower the symptoms of their diseases, enhance their appreciation for life, and increase the acceptance of various experiences in their lives.
⑥What can’t be ignored is that it shouldn’t be used as a replacement for other medical treatments.
⑦Yet, it can be a powerful coping tool for many, in large part because it helps battle against their reluctance to face negative emotions.
2.缜密构思 将第3/4/5三个要点进行重组，将第1/2、6/7要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Writing contributes to coping with negative feelings.
Desouvre once recorded inner feelings by expressive writing, which was a reflection of an unpleasant experience.
Not only does it benefit patients’ mental health but it makes for physical well-being, for it reveals the value of painful experiences or relaxing their nerves.
Though expressive writing can't be replaced for medical treatment, it still functions for many.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] It benefits patients mentally and physically because it helps them find value of painful experiences or relaxing their nerves. (运用了because引导的状语从句对二、三段内容进行概括)
[高分句型2] Desouvre once adopted expressive writing, a reflection of an unpleasant experience by recording inner feelings. (运用了同位语结构对第一段进行概括)
4．Teamwork is important for any group to reach its goals for three reasons. Firstly, pooling talents helps to solve problems and motivate innovation and success. Secondly, teamwork enhances efficiency and productivity due to shared workload, reduced stress and specific tasks. Finally, teamwork multiplies learning opportunities for both experienced members and newer ones, encouraging sharing and maximizing team’s potential. (58 words)
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，团队合作对任何团队达成目标都很重要，原因有三。第一，凝聚人才，解决问题，激发创新和成功。其次，团队合作可以提高效率和生产力，因为他们分担了工作量，减轻了压力，完成了特定的任务。最后，团队合作增加了经验丰富的成员和新人的学习机会，鼓励分享和最大化团队的潜力。
【详解】
1.要点摘录
①Teamwork is really important for any class or team to achieve its goals and objectives. Let me give you three reasons why teamwork is advantageous.
②As team members exchange thoughts and experiences, there can be more efficiency and effectiveness at problem-solving. This pooling of talents can also lead to greater innovation and success.
③Next, teamwork helps to increase efficiency and productivity as members share the workload. It reduces the stress on each of us and ensures the completion of tasks within the regulated time frame.
④And finally, working in a team multiplies learning opportunities. But, the loss of cooperativity that only team effort can generate may also prevent the team from reaching its fullest potential.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Teamwork is important for any group to reach its goals for three reasons.
Firstly, pooling talents helps to solve problems and motivate innovation and success.
Secondly, teamwork enhances efficiency and productivity due to shared workload, reduced stress and specific tasks.
Finally, teamwork multiplies learning opportunities for both experienced members and newer ones, encouraging sharing and maximizing team’s potential.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] Firstly, pooling talents helps to solve problems and motivate innovation and success.运用动名词作主语对原文第二段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Finally, teamwork multiplies learning opportunities for both experienced members and newer ones, encouraging sharing and maximizing team’s potential.用现在分词作状语对最后两段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
5．One possible version:
Research has disclosed some mystery of ginkoes’ longevity by studying the samples of different-aged ginkoes and other trees. Not like the latter whose DNA directs their cells to defend less efficiently when aging, ginkoes’ defence system constantly maintains healthy, thus ensuring these China-originated slow-growing leafy giants a long life if no deadly accidents occur.
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，研究人员通过研究不同树龄的银杏和其他树木的样本，揭示了银杏长寿的一些奥秘。与银杏不同，银杏的DNA会在衰老时降低细胞的防御效率，银杏的防御系统会一直保持健康，从而确保这些源自中国、生长缓慢的叶类巨物在没有致命事故发生的情况下长寿。
【详解】
1 要点摘录
①New research into an incredibly long-lived tree has revealed some of the tricks that help it survive for thousands of years.
②In order to discover how these and other trees can live for so long, scientists from the US and China took samples from 34 healthy ginkgoes of various ages.
③At the beginning of a tree’s life, DNA instructs the cells in a seedling (幼苗) to divide frequently so the tree grows rapidly. The cells also make special chemicals to help the young plant survive stressful situations, such as disease and lack of water. As most trees grow older and tougher, their DNA tells the cells to divide more slowly and to make fewer chemical defences.
④he team found that although their growth eventually slows, both young and old trees make protective chemicals. The secret is maintaining a really healthy defence system. As ginkgoes age, they show no evidence of weakening their ability to defend themselves from stresses. Other trees that live for a long time may have the same ability.
⑤For all their defences, though, ginkgoes cannot live forever—they eventually meet with fatal accidents such as fire, disease and storms. While they last, however, these leafy giants are some of the most beautiful trees in the world.
2.缜密构思
将第4、5、6三个要点进行重组，将第1、2两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Research has disclosed some mystery of ginkoes’ longevity by studying the samples of different-aged ginkoes and other trees.
Not like the latter whose DNA directs their cells to defend less efficiently when aging, ginkoes’ defence system constantly maintains healthy, thus ensuring these China-originated slow-growing leafy giants a long life if no deadly accidents occur.
【点睛】
[高分句型1]Research has disclosed some mystery of ginkoes’ longevity by studying the samples of different-aged ginkoes and other trees.(运用介词by后接动名词作宾语)
[高分句型2]Not like the latter whose DNA directs their cells to defend less efficiently when aging, ginkoes’ defence system constantly maintains healthy, thus ensuring these China-originated slow-growing leafy giants a long life if no deadly accidents occur. .(运用whose引导的定语从句和现在分词作结果状语)
6．Sibling influence is strong and lasting, in a positive or negative way. A healthy relationship with siblings helps us to be a better person and do better at school, while a bad one might bring great harm to our physical and psychological health. Moreover, whether siblings set good examples matters a lot, because people might follow their siblings’ steps.
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，兄弟姐妹的影响是强大和持久的，无论是积极的还是消极的。与兄弟姐妹之间健康的关系有助于我们成为一个更好的人，在学校表现得更好，而不好的关系可能会给我们的身心健康带来很大的伤害。此外，兄弟姐妹是否树立了良好的榜样也很重要，因为人们可能会效仿他们的兄弟姐妹。
【详解】
1.要点摘录
①And yet, when it comes to our development, they can be more influential than parents.
②On the upside, positive interactions with siblings during adolescence foster empathy, prosocial behavior, and academic achievement. However, when a sibling relationship is bad, it can be really bad. Tense sibling relationships make people more likely to be depressed and anxious in adolescence. Moreover, sibling bullying makes a kid involved in self-harm as a teen and develop mental problems in adulthood.
③Whether a person models himself after his siblings or tries to distinguish himself has particularly important consequences.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Sibling influence is strong and lasting, in a positive or negative way.
A healthy relationship with siblings helps us to be a better person and do better at school, while a bad one might bring great harm to our physical and psychological health.
Moreover, whether siblings set good examples matters a lot, because people might follow their siblings’ steps.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] A healthy relationship with siblings helps us to be a better person and do better at school, while a bad one might bring great harm to our physical and psychological health.运用while连接并列句对原文第二段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Moreover, whether siblings set good examples matters a lot, because people might follow their siblings’ steps.用because引导原因状语从句对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
7．According to Jeremy Bailenson, although virtual meetings are popular, they can be exhausting. Firstly, excessive amounts of eye contact may cause people feel stressed. Secondly, seeing yourself reflected during video chats constantly contributes to negative emotions. Thirdly, video chats greatly prevent us from moving in a natural way, which reduces cognitive performance.
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，Jeremy Bailenson表示，虽然虚拟会议很受欢迎，但它可能会让人筋疲力尽。首先，过多的眼神交流可能会让人感到压力。其次，在视频聊天中不断看到自己会导致负面情绪。第三，视频聊天极大地阻碍了我们以自然的方式移动，降低了认知能力。
【详解】
1 要点摘录
①However, communication professor Jeremy Bailenson, founding director of the Stanford Virtual Human Interaction Lab (VHIL) examined the psychological consequences of spending hours per day on these platforms, warning that those video calls are likely tiring you out.
②“Social anxiety of public speaking is one of the biggest fears that exist in our population,” Bailenson said. “When you’re standing up there and everybody’s staring at you, that’s a stressful experience.”
③He cited studies showing that when you see a reflection of yourself, you are more critical of yourself and there will be negative emotional consequences.
④Moreover, video chats dramatically reduce our usual mobility. In-person and audio phone conversations allow humans to walk around and move. But with videoconferencing, most cameras have a set field of view, meaning a person has to generally stay in the same spot.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
According to Jeremy Bailenson, although virtual meetings are popular, they can be exhausting.
Firstly, excessive amounts of eye contact may cause people feel stressed.
Secondly, seeing yourself reflected during video chats constantly contributes to negative emotions.
Thirdly, video chats greatly prevent us from moving in a natural way, which reduces cognitive performance.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] According to Jeremy Bailenson, although virtual meetings are popular, they can be exhausting.运用让步状语从句对原文第一段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Thirdly, video chats greatly prevent us from moving in a natural way, which reduces cognitive performance.用which引导非限制性定语从句对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
8．Contrary to popular wisdom that our brain gets forgetful with age, it actually performs better, reaching its peak later than thought. Besides, new brain cells continue to be produced until middle age, contributing to its better performance with complex tasks, enabling us to handle complex tasks better. As we age, we value time more and manage our emotions better, thus becoming happier.
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，人们普遍认为，随着年龄的增长，我们的大脑会变得健忘，与此相反，它实际上表现得更好，达到巅峰的时间比想象的要晚。此外，新的脑细胞会持续产生，直到中年，这有助于它更好地处理复杂的任务，使我们能够更好地处理复杂的任务。随着年龄的增长，我们更珍惜时间，更好地管理自己的情绪，从而变得更快乐。
【详解】
1 要点摘录
①According to The Secret Life of the Grown-up Brain, by science writer Barbara Strauch, when it comes to the important things, our brains actually get better with age. In fact, she argues that some studies have found that our brain hits its peak between our 40s and 60s — much later than previously thought.
②Furthermore, rather than losing many brain cells as we age, we keep them, and even produce new ones well into middle age. However, with more complex tasks such as problem-solving and language, we are at our best at middle age and beyond. In short, researchers are now coming up with scientific proof that we do get wiser with age.
③Neuroscientists are also finding that we are happier with aging. A recent US study found older people were much better at controlling and balancing their emotions.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Contrary to popular wisdom that our brain gets forgetful with age, it actually performs better, reaching its peak later than thought.
Besides, new brain cells continue to be produced until middle age, contributing to its better performance with complex tasks, enabling us to handle complex tasks better.
As we age, we value time more and manage our emotions better, thus becoming happier.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] Contrary to popular wisdom that our brain gets forgetful with age, it actually performs better, reaching its peak later than thought.运用同位语从句对原文第一段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Besides, new brain cells continue to be produced until middle age, contributing to its better performance with complex tasks, enabling us to handle complex tasks better.运用了现在分词作状语对第三段、第四段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
9．One possible version:
Despite the negative domino effects resulting from climate change, strategies for achieving sustainability goals seldom consider the impact, due to false perception, lack of effective governance and communication failures. Therefore, more vigorous measures are required, which include the creation of useful models understandable to policymakers, the redesign of sustainability goals and indicators and politicians’ devotion to investing in precautions. （59）
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。本文介绍了气候变化带来了更加极端的天气，但是很多国家却并没有意识它的严重性。虽然它们也在制定一些可持续发展的战略目标，但这些目标并没有考虑到气候变化的影响。因此，更多更加强有力的措施诸如创造更好理解的模式、重设可持续发展目标等应被采取。
【详解】
1.要点摘录
①Climate change is causing ever-more-extreme events. Yet these domino effects are barely considered in most countries’ strategies for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
②Part of the problem is perception. Other obstacles are inadequate national and international governance, and communication challenges.
③Our global efforts need to be much more vigorous to the changing and interconnected nature of risk in a warming world.
④Researchers must create models that are more understandable and useful to policymakers. SDG targets and indicators should be redesigned to capture weakness. And politicians need to be convinced to invest in precautionary measures and adaptation.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Despite the fact that climate change is causing harmful domino effects, most countries’ strategies for achieving sustainability goals fail to take it seriously
It is because of lacking perception, proper governance and communication.
Much more vigorous efforts should be made by creating understandable and useful models to policymakers, redesigning sustainability goals and indicators and involving politicians devoting themselves to investing in precautions.
【点睛】
[高分句型1]：Despite the negative domino effects resulting from climate change, strategies for achieving sustainability goals seldom consider the impact, due to false perception, lack of effective governance and communication failures.(运用了despite引导让步状语从句对原文前三段进行了概括。其中resulting from使用了现在分词作定语，表达高级。)
[高分句型2]：Therefore, more vigorous measures are required, which include the creation of useful models understandable to policymakers, the redesign of sustainability goals and indicators and politicians’ devotion to investing in precautions.(运用了一个复杂的主从复合句概况了最后两段的内容。其中which 引导非限制性定语从句，表达高级。)
10．Though often overlooked, littering is actually an urgent environmental problem. The first thing is that litter like plastic bottles may take years to decompose and plastic bottles last forever, thus causing a destructive effect on the environment. Even rubbish with a shorter biodegrading term can bring about serious problems like rat issues. Furthermore, it is surprisingly costly to clear up litter thrown on the street.
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕为什么乱扔垃圾是一个大问题展开说明，主要列举了乱扔垃圾造成的危害，并呼吁大家不要乱扔垃圾。乱扔垃圾不仅影响环境美观，而且垃圾降解也会花费几年，甚至永远。除此之外，乱扔垃圾还会引发例如老鼠数量增加、耗费资金清理垃圾等其他严重问题。因此，大家应该爱护身边的环境，从不乱扔垃圾做起，努力营造美丽的乡村和城市环境。
【详解】
1 要点摘录
①Littering often takes a backseat -- but it’s more pressing than we may think
②An orange peel and a cigarette butt has a similar biodegrading (生物降解) term to that of a
banana, but tin and aluminium cans last up to 100 years, and plastic bottles last forever, as do glass bottles, Styrofoam cups and plastic bags.
③For example, despite having a fairly short biodegrading period, more than 120 tons of cigarette-
related litter is abandoned in the UK every day. Similarly, our regular littering here and there has caused the UK’s rat population to increase by 60 million.
④It’s not a cheap habit either: UK taxpayers shelve out 500 million in order to keep our streets clean and when you include our green spaces, that goes up to 1 billion.
2.缜密构思将第1个要点进行改写，第2、3两个要点进行重组，将第4个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Though often overlooked, littering is actually an urgent environmental problem.
The first thing is that litter like plastic bottles may take years to decompose and plastic bottles last forever, thus causing a destructive effect on the environment.
Even rubbish with a shorter biodegrading term can bring about serious problems like rat issues.
Furthermore, it is surprisingly costly to clear up litter thrown on the street.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] Though often overlooked, littering is actually an urgent environmental problem.运用了一个主从复合句改写了第一段的内容。其中though引导让步状语从句。
[高分句型2]：The first thing is that litter like plastic bottles may take years to decompose and plastic bottles last forever, thus causing a destructive effect on the environment. 用that引导的表语从句对第二段进行了概括，现在分词causing引出结果状语，表达非常高级。
[高分句型3]：It is surprisingly costly to clear up litter thrown on the street. 用it作形式主语，不定式to clear up litter作为真正主语、thrown过去分词作后置定语的用法比较高级。
1．Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then write an English summary within 60 words in your own words according to the passage given below.
Say Thanks
If writing thank-you letters is a task you readily dismiss, you aren’t alone. However, saying thanks could be the best gift you can give, to yourself and others.
The benefits of gratitude have long been championed in philosophical thinking. In recent years, the science has been catching up: it shows that people who feel most grateful generally get a psychological boost (促进) as a result. They also have greater life satisfaction, fewer visits to the doctor and better sleep. This has led to gratitude being a part of our culture, inspiring an explosion of gratitude journals, in which you record things you are thankful for. It has also led to renewed interest in the neuroscience and psychology of gratitude.
However, the benefits of actually expressing this gratitude have received less attention. Now evidence is piling up that shows turning our inner gratitude into action can make our lives even better.
For instance, a simple thank you can build relationships, even with strangers. Take people who have received a note of thanks for something they have done from a peer they don’t know. They are more likely to share their contact details with that person in an attempt to continue the relationship than people who receive a note that doesn’t contain thanks. A simple thank you seems to signal interpersonal warmth.
But the benefits go further than just strengthening social relationships, they can have an impact on health, too. A study of more than 200 nurses working in two Italian hospitals found that gratitude expressed by patients could protect nurses from burnout. That was especially so in the emergency room, where personal interactions with patients are typically shorter and less rewarding. This positive feedback from patients reduced feelings of exhaustion among nurses, says Mara Martini at the University of Turin, who carried out the work.
2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Hugging’s Evolutionary Origins
After long stretches of social isolation, many of us are longing for the warmth of a hug. Degges-White, a professor focused on social relationships, says that our need for a hug goes all the way back to the survival of our species. When we’re born, we can’t care for ourselves and we need to be comfortable with being held in order to survive. We’re rewarded with a rush of feel-good hormones that come from a nice embrace.
When we hug, our brains release the oxytocin hormone, making us feel connected. This connection and sense of community has an important evolutionary role because for humans, the security of our small groups and later communities was crucial to survival. Close contact helped build civilization. We may not know what we are getting from greeting our friends and family with a hug; we just enjoy it. It isn’t until those experiences are taken away that we feel pain and sadness. An elbow bump or air greeting are not enough. Research published in the journal Psychological Science has shown that hugging has a “stress cushioning” effect that may even protect us from chronic illness and infections.
When children don’t experience healthy touch, it can impact their development. Kids who didn’t grow up being held, miss out on that sense of safety and protection. They may act out or isolate themselves from those around them. In some cases, the opposite may also be true. Some children may show too much affection, eager for any form of positive attention that they didn’t get at home.
Still, to hug or not to hug That’s the question right now. According to Degges-White, if you’re both vaccinated, go for it; research has shown that the risk of transmission is extremely low. And if you’re vaccinated but you don’t know for sure whether the person you’re hugging has also been vaccinated, it’s still most likely safe.
3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Working Out Worries by Writing
After his father was driven to the hospital for emergent treatment, 43-year-old Yanatha Desouvre began to panic. So, he did one thing that he knew would calm himself: He wrote. Over the next few weeks, Desouvre filled several notebooks, writing about his worry as well as his happy memories with his dad. “Writing allowed me to face my fear and process my pain,” he says. Psychologists refer to that kind of writing as “expressive writing”. People do it by recording their deepest thoughts and feelings. However, different from writing in a journal, expressive writing is to reflect honestly and thoughtfully on a particular frustration or challenge.
A well-known psychology professor says that hundreds of studies have looked at the potential benefits of expressive writing and found it can help reduce pain and improve mood, sleep and memory. It may even help reduce symptoms of various illnesses, and prevent colds and flu.
Expressive writing takes effect because translating a painful experience into language allows people to make meaning out of it, some experts say. The process forces them to organize their thoughts and offers a sense of control, thus completing the pursuit of value from such an experience. Another research suggested that during expressive writing, the act of labeling a feeling can lessen the activity relating to nerves in the threat area of the brain. With these nerves relaxed, people can lower the symptoms of their diseases, enhance their appreciation for life, and increase the acceptance of various experiences in their lives.
What can’t be ignored is that it shouldn’t be used as a replacement for other medical treatments. And people coping with a severe depression may not find it useful to do on their own, without therapy. Yet, it can be a powerful coping tool for many, in large part because it helps battle against their reluctance to face negative emotions.
4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Teamwork Doubles the Strength
Teamwork is really important for any class or team to achieve its goals and objectives. Let me give you three reasons why teamwork is advantageous.
As individuals, we possess diverse talents, strengths, weaknesses and experiences. A team is like a blanket that weaves what each of us possesses, resulting in an end product that is diverse yet similar. As team members exchange thoughts and experiences, there can be more efficiency and effectiveness at problem-solving. This pooling of talents can also lead to greater innovation and success.
Take Leicester City, for example. It won the Premier League in 2016, to the disbelief of many soccer fans. Leicester City, previously regarded as the underdog in the League, displayed surprisingly impressive teamwork that led to its unbelievable victory in soccer history.
Next, teamwork helps to increase efficiency and productivity as members share the workload. It reduces the stress on each of us and ensures the completion of tasks within the regulated time frame. When work is distributed and each of us in a team specializes in specific tasks, we can expect greater job satisfaction.
And finally, working in a team multiplies learning opportunities. Team members learn from more experienced members who may offer deeper insights and perspectives. Newer members may also contribute new and brave ideas. Besides encouraging the sharing of knowledge and experiences, teamwork also develops soft skills like communication and interpersonal skills. We learn to respect differences in working styles and opinions, and develop trust when working with others.
Some may think that working in isolation is more efficient since more time is taken when cooperating with others. For more talented individuals, working alone means being the star of a project — there’s no need to share the success or glory with others. But, the loss of cooperativity that only team effort can generate may also prevent the team from reaching its fullest potential.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
Secrets of the ginkgo tree
New research into an incredibly long-lived tree has revealed some of the tricks that help it survive for thousands of years. The ginkgo is a huge, slow-growing tree with fan-shaped leaves, native to China, but planted in parks and gardens across the world. Some of the largest ginkgoes are said to be more than 3,000 years old.
In order to discover how these and other trees can live for so long, scientists from the US and China took samples from 34 healthy ginkgoes of various ages. The team studied growth rings in each tree’s trunk, as well as individual cells from the bark (树皮), leaves and seeds. They found that 600-year-old trees were just as healthy as 20-year-olds.
To learn more, the team then looked in detail at the DNA of nine trees aged between three and 667 years old. At the beginning of a tree’s life, DNA instructs the cells in a seedling (幼苗) to divide frequently so the tree grows rapidly. The cells also make special chemicals to help the young plant survive stressful situations, such as disease and lack of water. As most trees grow older and tougher, their DNA tells the cells to divide more slowly and to make fewer chemical defences.
Ginkgoes, however, do things differently. The team found that although their growth eventually slows, both young and old trees make protective chemicals. The secret is maintaining a really healthy defence system. As ginkgoes age, they show no evidence of weakening their ability to defend themselves from stresses. Other trees that live for a long time may have the same ability.
For all their defences, though, ginkgoes cannot live forever—they eventually meet with fatal accidents such as fire, disease and storms. While they last, however, these leafy giants are some of the most beautiful trees in the world.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
We don’t choose our siblings the way we choose our partners and friends. Of course, we don’t choose our parents either, but they usually make that up to us by accompanying us on the way to adulthood. Brothers and sisters are just sort of there. And yet, when it comes to our development, they can be more influential than parents.
Whether these relationships make our life better or worse is a more complicated question. On the upside, positive interactions with siblings during adolescence foster empathy, prosocial behavior, and academic achievement. However, when a sibling relationship is bad, it can be really bad. Tense sibling relationships make people more likely to be depressed and anxious in adolescence. Moreover, sibling bullying makes a kid involved in self-harm as a teen and develop mental problems in adulthood.
Whether a person models himself after his siblings or tries to distinguish himself has particularly important consequences. One study found that siblings who felt positive about each other tended to achieve similar education levels while those who spent unequal time with their dad and got unequal parental treatment had different educational fortunes. That difference is changeable. On the other hand, following your sibling can be a mistake: teenagers are more likely to be involved in risky behavior if an older sibling did so first.
One way or another, sibling influence is lasting. A study of more than one million Swedes found that one’s risk of dying of a heart attack multiplies after a sibling dies of one, due not only to shared DNA but also to the stress of losing such a key figure. The findings make sense: Most of us are different people than we’d have been if our brothers or sisters were never born.
7．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Does Zoom exhaust you
During the COVID-19 pandemic, as social distancing has kept people apart physically, more people are logging on to popular video chat platforms to connect with colleagues, family and friends. And as a result, virtual meetings, or “zooming”, have skyrocketed. However, communication professor Jeremy Bailenson, founding director of the Stanford Virtual Human Interaction Lab (VHIL) examined the psychological consequences of spending hours per day on these platforms, warning that those video calls are likely tiring you out.
In a normal meeting, people will variously be looking at the speaker, taking notes, or looking elsewhere. But on Zoom calls, everyone is looking at everyone, all the time. A listener is treated nonverbally like a speaker, so even if you don’t speak once in a meeting, you are still looking at faces staring at you. The amount of eye contact is dramatically increased. “Social anxiety of public speaking is one of the biggest fears that exist in our population,” Bailenson said. “When you’re standing up there and everybody’s staring at you, that’s a stressful experience.”
Most video platforms show a square of what you look like on camera during a chat, which is unnatural. Bailenson said, “In the real world, if somebody was following you around with a mirror constantly so that you were seeing yourself in a mirror while you were talking to people, making decisions, giving feedback, etc., that would just be crazy.” He cited studies showing that when you see a reflection of yourself, you are more critical of yourself and there will be negative emotional consequences.
Moreover, video chats dramatically reduce our usual mobility. In-person and audio phone conversations allow humans to walk around and move. But with videoconferencing, most cameras have a set field of view, meaning a person has to generally stay in the same spot. Movement is limited in ways that are not natural. “There’s a growing research now that says when people are moving, they’re performing better cognitively,” Bailenson said.
8．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Ever walked to the shops only to find, once there, you’ve completely forgotten what you went for Or struggled to remember the name of an old friend For years we’ve accepted that a forgetful brain is as much a part of aging as wrinkles and gray hair. But now a new book suggests that we’ve got it all wrong.
According to The Secret Life of the Grown-up Brain, by science writer Barbara Strauch, when it comes to the important things, our brains actually get better with age. In fact, she argues that some studies have found that our brain hits its peak between our 40s and 60s — much later than previously thought.
Furthermore, rather than losing many brain cells as we age, we keep them, and even produce new ones well into middle age. For years it’s been assumed that brain, much like the body, declines with age. But the longest, largest study into what happens to people as they age suggests otherwise.
This continuing research has followed 6,000 people since 1956, testing them every seven years. It has found that on average, participants performed better on cognitive tests in their 40s and 50s than they had done in their 20s. Specifically, older people did better on tests of vocabulary, verbal memory (how many words you can remember) and problem solving. Where they performed less well was number ability and perceptual speed — how fast you can push a button when ordered. However, with more complex tasks such as problem-solving and language, we are at our best at middle age and beyond. In short, researchers are now coming up with scientific proof that we do get wiser with age.
Neuroscientists are also finding that we are happier with aging. A recent US study found older people were much better at controlling and balancing their emotions. It is thought that when we’re younger we need to focus more on the negative aspects of life in order to learn about the possible dangers in the world, but as we get older we’ve learned our lessons and are aware that we have less time left in life: therefore, it becomes more important for us to be happy.
9．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Plan for Domino Effects on Sustainability Goals
Climate change is causing ever-more-extreme events, from storms and droughts to floods and violent windstorms, and these risks interact across many environmental and social systems. A heatwave can spark forest fires, which lead to air pollution. Drought-wrecked harvests can result in food-price unpredictability.
Yet these domino effects are barely considered in most countries’ strategies for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. Many countries that are working hard to reach these goals insufficiently consider the impact of extreme weather. Take Germany as an example. Its 2018 strategy on sustainable development runs to 60 pages yet the word ‘disaster’ appears only once. There is no analysis of the consequences of an increase in such events.
Although many people are now aware that climate change is making fires, floods, heatwaves and storms more frequent, more severe or both, this knowledge isn’t changing policy or research enough. Part of the problem is perception. Future disasters feel unreal to decision-makers, as we’ve experienced with so many governments’ lack of pandemic preparedness, despite years of warning that something similar to COVID-19 was a case of when, not if. Other obstacles are inadequate national and international governance, and communication challenges. The research community has not yet provided effective guidance.
As a consequence, many efforts to achieve the SDGs will, like a house of cards, fall at the first shaking. Our global efforts need to be much more vigorous to the changing and interconnected nature of risk in a warming world.
What now Researchers must create models that are more understandable and useful to policymakers. When possible, SDG targets and indicators should be redesigned to capture weakness to heatwaves, fires, droughts, floods, hurricanes, mudslides and more. And politicians need to be convinced to invest in precautionary measures and adaptation.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
10．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why Is Littering a Surprisingly Big Issue
Compared with the blindingly obvious environmental issues we hear about every day, littering often takes a backseat -- but it’s more pressing than we may think.
If you were to throw, say, a banana peel (香蕉皮) out of your car while driving along the motorway, that would be a completely harmless action, due to the fact that it’s part of a fruit -- right Actually, no. A banana peel can take up to two years to decompose (分解), and with a third of motorists admitting to littering while driving, that’s a whole lot of abandoned banana peels, or much worse. An orange peel and a cigarette butt has a similar biodegrading (生物降解) term to that of a banana, but tin and aluminium cans last up to 100 years, and plastic bottles last forever, as do glass bottles, Styrofoam cups and plastic bags.
Despite the fact that longer-lasting materials will serve to damage the environment and its animals for longer, we can’t only measure the severity of a certain type of rubbish by its lifetime. For example, despite having a fairly short biodegrading period, more than 120 tons of cigarette-related litter is abandoned in the UK every day. Similarly, our regular littering here and there has caused the UK’s rat population to increase by 60 million. This suddenly isn’t so mysterious when you consider that since the 1960s our annual littering has increased by an astonishing 500 per cent.
It’s not a cheap habit either: UK taxpayers shelve out 500 million in order to keep our streets clean, and when you include our green spaces, that goes up to 1 billion. So, it’s not surprising that if caught fly-tipping you could face a 20,000 fine or even jail time and, if you littered something dangerous, the court could give you five years to serve.
To take back our beautiful countryside and cities we need to do more than simply not leaving rubbish where it ought not to be. We need a pride makeover, and we need to truly care more about the world around us.
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参考答案
1．
Gratitude has long been revered by philosophical thinking, and in recent years the physical and psychological benefits of gratitude have sparked renewed interest in neuroscience and the psychology of gratitude. But now there is growing evidence that gratitude can turn our inner gratitude into action. Not only can it strengthen social relationships and transmit interpersonal warmth, but also it can have an positive impact on our health, which is bound to make our life better.
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，感恩一直被哲学思考所推崇，近年来感恩所带来的身体和心理上的益处重新激发了人们对神经科学和感恩心理学的兴趣。但现在越来越多的证据表明，感恩可以将我们内心的感激转化为行动，它不仅仅加强社会关系，传递出人际间的温暖，还可以对健康产生影响，让我们的生活变得更好。
【详解】
1 要点摘录
①In recent years, the science has been catching up: it shows that people who feel most grateful generally get a psychological boost as a result.
②Now evidence is piling up that shows turning our inner gratitude into action can make our lives even better.
③ A simple thank you seems to signal interpersonal warmth.
④But the benefits go further than just strengthening social relationships, they can have an impact on health, too.
2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Gratitude has long been revered by philosophical thinking, and in recent years the physical and psychological benefits of gratitude have sparked renewed interest in neuroscience and the psychology of gratitude.
But now there is growing evidence that gratitude can turn our inner gratitude into action.
Not only can it strengthen social relationships and transmit interpersonal warmth, but also it can have an positive impact on our health, which is bound to make our life better.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] But now there is growing evidence that gratitude can turn our inner gratitude into action. 运用了同位语从句。
[高分句型2]：Not only can it strengthen social relationships and transmit interpersonal warmth, but also it can have an positive impact on our health, which is bound to make our life better.运用倒装句强调感恩所带来的好处，同时使用which引导的非现制定语从句突出对生活产生的积极影响，表达复杂和高级。
2．Hugging has an evolutionary origin. First, new-borns need hugging to survive, for it makes them feel comfortable. Besides, hugging means close contact, which helped to build civilization. When people hug, they feel more bonded. Additionally, hugging helps people feel less stressed and its absence can affect kids’ development negatively. Therefore, hugging is recommended for people who are vaccinated.
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，拥抱有进化的起源。首先，新生儿需要拥抱才能生存，因为这会让他们感到舒适。此外，拥抱意味着亲密接触，这有助于建立文明。当人们拥抱时，他们会感觉更亲密。此外，拥抱有助于减轻人们的压力，它的缺失会对孩子的发展产生负面影响。因此，建议接种疫苗的人拥抱。
【详解】
1 要点摘录
①Degges-White, a professor focused on social relationships, says that our need for a hug goes all the way back to the survival of our species. When we’re born, we can’t care for ourselves and we need to be comfortable with being held in order to survive.
②When we hug, our brains release the oxytocin hormone, making us feel connected. Close contact helped build civilization.
③Research published in the journal Psychological Science has shown that hugging has a “stress cushioning” effect that may even protect us from chronic illness and infections.
④Still, to hug or not to hug That’s the question right now. According to Degges-White, if you’re both vaccinated, go for it; research has shown that the risk of transmission is extremely low.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Hugging has an evolutionary origin. First, new-borns need hugging to survive, for it makes them feel comfortable.
Besides, hugging means close contact, which helped to build civilization. When people hug, they feel more bonded.
Additionally, hugging helps people feel less stressed and its absence can affect kids’ development negatively.
Therefore, hugging is recommended for people who are vaccinated.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] Besides, hugging means close contact, which helped to build civilization.运用非限制性定语从句对原文第二段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Therefore, hugging is recommended for people who are vaccinated.用who引导定语从句对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
3．Writing can help people deal with negative feelings. Desouvre once adopted expressive writing, a reflection of an unpleasant experience by recording inner feelings. It benefits patients mentally and physically because it helps them find value of painful experiences or relaxing their nerves. Though not a substitute for medical treatment, expressive writing works for many. (54 words)
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。写作可以帮助人们处理负面情绪。Desouvre曾经采用表达性写作，通过记录内心感受来反映一种不愉快的经历。它对病人的精神和身体都有好处，因为它帮助他们发现痛苦经历的价值或放松他们的神经。虽然不能替代医疗，但富有表现力的写作对许多人来说是有效的。
【详解】
1 要点摘录
①“Writing allowed me to face my fear and process my pain,” he says.
②Psychologists refer to that kind of writing as “expressive writing”.
③A well-known psychology professor says that hundreds of studies have looked at the potential benefits of expressive writing and found it can help reduce pain and improve mood, sleep and memory. It may even help reduce symptoms of various illnesses, and prevent colds and flu.
④Expressive writing takes effect because translating a painful experience into language allows people to make meaning out of it, some experts say.
⑤With these nerves relaxed, people can lower the symptoms of their diseases, enhance their appreciation for life, and increase the acceptance of various experiences in their lives.
⑥What can’t be ignored is that it shouldn’t be used as a replacement for other medical treatments.
⑦Yet, it can be a powerful coping tool for many, in large part because it helps battle against their reluctance to face negative emotions.
2.缜密构思 将第3/4/5三个要点进行重组，将第1/2、6/7要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Writing contributes to coping with negative feelings.
Desouvre once recorded inner feelings by expressive writing, which was a reflection of an unpleasant experience.
Not only does it benefit patients’ mental health but it makes for physical well-being, for it reveals the value of painful experiences or relaxing their nerves.
Though expressive writing can't be replaced for medical treatment, it still functions for many.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] It benefits patients mentally and physically because it helps them find value of painful experiences or relaxing their nerves. (运用了because引导的状语从句对二、三段内容进行概括)
[高分句型2] Desouvre once adopted expressive writing, a reflection of an unpleasant experience by recording inner feelings. (运用了同位语结构对第一段进行概括)
4．Teamwork is important for any group to reach its goals for three reasons. Firstly, pooling talents helps to solve problems and motivate innovation and success. Secondly, teamwork enhances efficiency and productivity due to shared workload, reduced stress and specific tasks. Finally, teamwork multiplies learning opportunities for both experienced members and newer ones, encouraging sharing and maximizing team’s potential. (58 words)
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，团队合作对任何团队达成目标都很重要，原因有三。第一，凝聚人才，解决问题，激发创新和成功。其次，团队合作可以提高效率和生产力，因为他们分担了工作量，减轻了压力，完成了特定的任务。最后，团队合作增加了经验丰富的成员和新人的学习机会，鼓励分享和最大化团队的潜力。
【详解】
1.要点摘录
①Teamwork is really important for any class or team to achieve its goals and objectives. Let me give you three reasons why teamwork is advantageous.
②As team members exchange thoughts and experiences, there can be more efficiency and effectiveness at problem-solving. This pooling of talents can also lead to greater innovation and success.
③Next, teamwork helps to increase efficiency and productivity as members share the workload. It reduces the stress on each of us and ensures the completion of tasks within the regulated time frame.
④And finally, working in a team multiplies learning opportunities. But, the loss of cooperativity that only team effort can generate may also prevent the team from reaching its fullest potential.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Teamwork is important for any group to reach its goals for three reasons.
Firstly, pooling talents helps to solve problems and motivate innovation and success.
Secondly, teamwork enhances efficiency and productivity due to shared workload, reduced stress and specific tasks.
Finally, teamwork multiplies learning opportunities for both experienced members and newer ones, encouraging sharing and maximizing team’s potential.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] Firstly, pooling talents helps to solve problems and motivate innovation and success.运用动名词作主语对原文第二段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Finally, teamwork multiplies learning opportunities for both experienced members and newer ones, encouraging sharing and maximizing team’s potential.用现在分词作状语对最后两段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
5．One possible version:
Research has disclosed some mystery of ginkoes’ longevity by studying the samples of different-aged ginkoes and other trees. Not like the latter whose DNA directs their cells to defend less efficiently when aging, ginkoes’ defence system constantly maintains healthy, thus ensuring these China-originated slow-growing leafy giants a long life if no deadly accidents occur.
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，研究人员通过研究不同树龄的银杏和其他树木的样本，揭示了银杏长寿的一些奥秘。与银杏不同，银杏的DNA会在衰老时降低细胞的防御效率，银杏的防御系统会一直保持健康，从而确保这些源自中国、生长缓慢的叶类巨物在没有致命事故发生的情况下长寿。
【详解】
1 要点摘录
①New research into an incredibly long-lived tree has revealed some of the tricks that help it survive for thousands of years.
②In order to discover how these and other trees can live for so long, scientists from the US and China took samples from 34 healthy ginkgoes of various ages.
③At the beginning of a tree’s life, DNA instructs the cells in a seedling (幼苗) to divide frequently so the tree grows rapidly. The cells also make special chemicals to help the young plant survive stressful situations, such as disease and lack of water. As most trees grow older and tougher, their DNA tells the cells to divide more slowly and to make fewer chemical defences.
④he team found that although their growth eventually slows, both young and old trees make protective chemicals. The secret is maintaining a really healthy defence system. As ginkgoes age, they show no evidence of weakening their ability to defend themselves from stresses. Other trees that live for a long time may have the same ability.
⑤For all their defences, though, ginkgoes cannot live forever—they eventually meet with fatal accidents such as fire, disease and storms. While they last, however, these leafy giants are some of the most beautiful trees in the world.
2.缜密构思
将第4、5、6三个要点进行重组，将第1、2两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Research has disclosed some mystery of ginkoes’ longevity by studying the samples of different-aged ginkoes and other trees.
Not like the latter whose DNA directs their cells to defend less efficiently when aging, ginkoes’ defence system constantly maintains healthy, thus ensuring these China-originated slow-growing leafy giants a long life if no deadly accidents occur.
【点睛】
[高分句型1]Research has disclosed some mystery of ginkoes’ longevity by studying the samples of different-aged ginkoes and other trees.(运用介词by后接动名词作宾语)
[高分句型2]Not like the latter whose DNA directs their cells to defend less efficiently when aging, ginkoes’ defence system constantly maintains healthy, thus ensuring these China-originated slow-growing leafy giants a long life if no deadly accidents occur. .(运用whose引导的定语从句和现在分词作结果状语)
6．Sibling influence is strong and lasting, in a positive or negative way. A healthy relationship with siblings helps us to be a better person and do better at school, while a bad one might bring great harm to our physical and psychological health. Moreover, whether siblings set good examples matters a lot, because people might follow their siblings’ steps.
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，兄弟姐妹的影响是强大和持久的，无论是积极的还是消极的。与兄弟姐妹之间健康的关系有助于我们成为一个更好的人，在学校表现得更好，而不好的关系可能会给我们的身心健康带来很大的伤害。此外，兄弟姐妹是否树立了良好的榜样也很重要，因为人们可能会效仿他们的兄弟姐妹。
【详解】
1.要点摘录
①And yet, when it comes to our development, they can be more influential than parents.
②On the upside, positive interactions with siblings during adolescence foster empathy, prosocial behavior, and academic achievement. However, when a sibling relationship is bad, it can be really bad. Tense sibling relationships make people more likely to be depressed and anxious in adolescence. Moreover, sibling bullying makes a kid involved in self-harm as a teen and develop mental problems in adulthood.
③Whether a person models himself after his siblings or tries to distinguish himself has particularly important consequences.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Sibling influence is strong and lasting, in a positive or negative way.
A healthy relationship with siblings helps us to be a better person and do better at school, while a bad one might bring great harm to our physical and psychological health.
Moreover, whether siblings set good examples matters a lot, because people might follow their siblings’ steps.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] A healthy relationship with siblings helps us to be a better person and do better at school, while a bad one might bring great harm to our physical and psychological health.运用while连接并列句对原文第二段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Moreover, whether siblings set good examples matters a lot, because people might follow their siblings’ steps.用because引导原因状语从句对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
7．According to Jeremy Bailenson, although virtual meetings are popular, they can be exhausting. Firstly, excessive amounts of eye contact may cause people feel stressed. Secondly, seeing yourself reflected during video chats constantly contributes to negative emotions. Thirdly, video chats greatly prevent us from moving in a natural way, which reduces cognitive performance.
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，Jeremy Bailenson表示，虽然虚拟会议很受欢迎，但它可能会让人筋疲力尽。首先，过多的眼神交流可能会让人感到压力。其次，在视频聊天中不断看到自己会导致负面情绪。第三，视频聊天极大地阻碍了我们以自然的方式移动，降低了认知能力。
【详解】
1 要点摘录
①However, communication professor Jeremy Bailenson, founding director of the Stanford Virtual Human Interaction Lab (VHIL) examined the psychological consequences of spending hours per day on these platforms, warning that those video calls are likely tiring you out.
②“Social anxiety of public speaking is one of the biggest fears that exist in our population,” Bailenson said. “When you’re standing up there and everybody’s staring at you, that’s a stressful experience.”
③He cited studies showing that when you see a reflection of yourself, you are more critical of yourself and there will be negative emotional consequences.
④Moreover, video chats dramatically reduce our usual mobility. In-person and audio phone conversations allow humans to walk around and move. But with videoconferencing, most cameras have a set field of view, meaning a person has to generally stay in the same spot.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
According to Jeremy Bailenson, although virtual meetings are popular, they can be exhausting.
Firstly, excessive amounts of eye contact may cause people feel stressed.
Secondly, seeing yourself reflected during video chats constantly contributes to negative emotions.
Thirdly, video chats greatly prevent us from moving in a natural way, which reduces cognitive performance.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] According to Jeremy Bailenson, although virtual meetings are popular, they can be exhausting.运用让步状语从句对原文第一段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Thirdly, video chats greatly prevent us from moving in a natural way, which reduces cognitive performance.用which引导非限制性定语从句对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
8．Contrary to popular wisdom that our brain gets forgetful with age, it actually performs better, reaching its peak later than thought. Besides, new brain cells continue to be produced until middle age, contributing to its better performance with complex tasks, enabling us to handle complex tasks better. As we age, we value time more and manage our emotions better, thus becoming happier.
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，人们普遍认为，随着年龄的增长，我们的大脑会变得健忘，与此相反，它实际上表现得更好，达到巅峰的时间比想象的要晚。此外，新的脑细胞会持续产生，直到中年，这有助于它更好地处理复杂的任务，使我们能够更好地处理复杂的任务。随着年龄的增长，我们更珍惜时间，更好地管理自己的情绪，从而变得更快乐。
【详解】
1 要点摘录
①According to The Secret Life of the Grown-up Brain, by science writer Barbara Strauch, when it comes to the important things, our brains actually get better with age. In fact, she argues that some studies have found that our brain hits its peak between our 40s and 60s — much later than previously thought.
②Furthermore, rather than losing many brain cells as we age, we keep them, and even produce new ones well into middle age. However, with more complex tasks such as problem-solving and language, we are at our best at middle age and beyond. In short, researchers are now coming up with scientific proof that we do get wiser with age.
③Neuroscientists are also finding that we are happier with aging. A recent US study found older people were much better at controlling and balancing their emotions.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Contrary to popular wisdom that our brain gets forgetful with age, it actually performs better, reaching its peak later than thought.
Besides, new brain cells continue to be produced until middle age, contributing to its better performance with complex tasks, enabling us to handle complex tasks better.
As we age, we value time more and manage our emotions better, thus becoming happier.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] Contrary to popular wisdom that our brain gets forgetful with age, it actually performs better, reaching its peak later than thought.运用同位语从句对原文第一段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Besides, new brain cells continue to be produced until middle age, contributing to its better performance with complex tasks, enabling us to handle complex tasks better.运用了现在分词作状语对第三段、第四段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
9．One possible version:
Despite the negative domino effects resulting from climate change, strategies for achieving sustainability goals seldom consider the impact, due to false perception, lack of effective governance and communication failures. Therefore, more vigorous measures are required, which include the creation of useful models understandable to policymakers, the redesign of sustainability goals and indicators and politicians’ devotion to investing in precautions. （59）
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。本文介绍了气候变化带来了更加极端的天气，但是很多国家却并没有意识它的严重性。虽然它们也在制定一些可持续发展的战略目标，但这些目标并没有考虑到气候变化的影响。因此，更多更加强有力的措施诸如创造更好理解的模式、重设可持续发展目标等应被采取。
【详解】
1.要点摘录
①Climate change is causing ever-more-extreme events. Yet these domino effects are barely considered in most countries’ strategies for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
②Part of the problem is perception. Other obstacles are inadequate national and international governance, and communication challenges.
③Our global efforts need to be much more vigorous to the changing and interconnected nature of risk in a warming world.
④Researchers must create models that are more understandable and useful to policymakers. SDG targets and indicators should be redesigned to capture weakness. And politicians need to be convinced to invest in precautionary measures and adaptation.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Despite the fact that climate change is causing harmful domino effects, most countries’ strategies for achieving sustainability goals fail to take it seriously
It is because of lacking perception, proper governance and communication.
Much more vigorous efforts should be made by creating understandable and useful models to policymakers, redesigning sustainability goals and indicators and involving politicians devoting themselves to investing in precautions.
【点睛】
[高分句型1]：Despite the negative domino effects resulting from climate change, strategies for achieving sustainability goals seldom consider the impact, due to false perception, lack of effective governance and communication failures.(运用了despite引导让步状语从句对原文前三段进行了概括。其中resulting from使用了现在分词作定语，表达高级。)
[高分句型2]：Therefore, more vigorous measures are required, which include the creation of useful models understandable to policymakers, the redesign of sustainability goals and indicators and politicians’ devotion to investing in precautions.(运用了一个复杂的主从复合句概况了最后两段的内容。其中which 引导非限制性定语从句，表达高级。)
10．Though often overlooked, littering is actually an urgent environmental problem. The first thing is that litter like plastic bottles may take years to decompose and plastic bottles last forever, thus causing a destructive effect on the environment. Even rubbish with a shorter biodegrading term can bring about serious problems like rat issues. Furthermore, it is surprisingly costly to clear up litter thrown on the street.
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕为什么乱扔垃圾是一个大问题展开说明，主要列举了乱扔垃圾造成的危害，并呼吁大家不要乱扔垃圾。乱扔垃圾不仅影响环境美观，而且垃圾降解也会花费几年，甚至永远。除此之外，乱扔垃圾还会引发例如老鼠数量增加、耗费资金清理垃圾等其他严重问题。因此，大家应该爱护身边的环境，从不乱扔垃圾做起，努力营造美丽的乡村和城市环境。
【详解】
1 要点摘录
①Littering often takes a backseat -- but it’s more pressing than we may think
②An orange peel and a cigarette butt has a similar biodegrading (生物降解) term to that of a
banana, but tin and aluminium cans last up to 100 years, and plastic bottles last forever, as do glass bottles, Styrofoam cups and plastic bags.
③For example, despite having a fairly short biodegrading period, more than 120 tons of cigarette-
related litter is abandoned in the UK every day. Similarly, our regular littering here and there has caused the UK’s rat population to increase by 60 million.
④It’s not a cheap habit either: UK taxpayers shelve out 500 million in order to keep our streets clean and when you include our green spaces, that goes up to 1 billion.
2.缜密构思将第1个要点进行改写，第2、3两个要点进行重组，将第4个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Though often overlooked, littering is actually an urgent environmental problem.
The first thing is that litter like plastic bottles may take years to decompose and plastic bottles last forever, thus causing a destructive effect on the environment.
Even rubbish with a shorter biodegrading term can bring about serious problems like rat issues.
Furthermore, it is surprisingly costly to clear up litter thrown on the street.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] Though often overlooked, littering is actually an urgent environmental problem.运用了一个主从复合句改写了第一段的内容。其中though引导让步状语从句。
[高分句型2]：The first thing is that litter like plastic bottles may take years to decompose and plastic bottles last forever, thus causing a destructive effect on the environment. 用that引导的表语从句对第二段进行了概括，现在分词causing引出结果状语，表达非常高级。
[高分句型3]：It is surprisingly costly to clear up litter thrown on the street. 用it作形式主语，不定式to clear up litter作为真正主语、thrown过去分词作后置定语的用法比较高级。