(共46张PPT)
Unit 2 Numbers
Period 5 More Practice &
Culture corner&Project
牛津深圳·广州版八年级上册
Learning objectives
1.Knowledge objectives:
①Master finger, toe, mark, token, clay, string, develop, system,Abacus, Hindu Arabic and the use of the phrase develop into, lead to.
②Understand the different ways people around the world write numbers.
2.Skill objectives:
①Be able to guess the meaning of words and phrases such as toe, mark, token, the Hindu Arabic according to the picture and context.
②Students can obtain key information from the reading materials, understand the development process of ancient counting methods, and complete the flow chart.
③Students can work with their classmates to make a "mini encyclopedia" about numbers.
3.Emotional objectives:
①Students can conduct self-assessment on learning contents and reflect on their knowledge and shortcomings in learning.
②Understand the ancient counting methods and wisdom.
4.Thinking capacity(思维品质)
Classify and summarize the information in the text, infer the logical relationship of the information, correctly and rationally express their views, and improve their thinking ability.
Discussion
Group discussion, how did people count numbers in ancient times
tied knots
结绳
Abacus
算盘
counting rod
算筹
token
代币
Presentation
invention
[ n ven n] n.
invent vt.
inventor n.
Before the invention of written numbers, people used many different ways to count things.
在文字数字发明之前，人们用很多不同的方式来算数。
count
[ka nt]v.
Presentation
Before the invention of written numbers, people used many different ways to count things.
在文字数字发明之前，人们用很多不同的方式来计数。
Presentation
Then people began to use tokens made from clay or small stones.
然后，人们开始使用黏土或小石头制成的代币。
token
[ t k n] n.
Presentation
clay
[kle ] n.
Then people began to use tokens made from clay or small stones.
然后，人们开始使用黏土或小石头制成的代币。
Presentation
This developed into tools like the abacus.
这发展成为像算盘这样的工具。
developed into
system
[ s st m]n.
Finally, people began to develop systems of written marks to show different numbers, and this led to the Hindu-Arabic system.
最后，人们开始开发书写标记的方法来表示不同的数字，而这通向了印度阿拉伯系统。
Presentation
Finally, people began to develop systems of written marks to show different numbers, and this led to the Hindu-Arabic system.
最后，人们开始开发书写标记的方法来表示不同的数字，而这通向了印度阿拉伯系统。
led to
Presentation
Game
led to
count
invention
developed into
clay
token
system
Before the invention of written numbers, people used many different ways to count things.
Reading
A Read the online article and then complete the flow chart about the development of counting methods.
Counting before numbers
After that, they began to make small marks on sticks and bones. This helped
them count bigger numbers. They used them to count things like the days of
the month, the amount of food and the number of animals they had.
At first, people used their fingers, and even their toes. However, they could only count small numbers
in this way.
Finally, people began to develop systems of written marks to show different numbers, and this led to the Hindu-Arabic system (0-9). We are still using this system today.
Then people began to use tokens made from clay or small stones. This helped them
count even bigger numbers. They often put the tokens on pieces of string so that they could carry them around easily. This developed into tools like the abacus.
Reading
_______ people used their fingers, and even their toes
_______ small marks on sticks and bones
_______ tokens made from clay or small stones
_______ the Hindu-Arabic system
1
2
3
4
2
1
4
3
Exercise
Read the text and fill in the blanks below with the correct picture numbers.
(1)First, people used _________________________,they could count ____________.
(2)After that, they made _____________________, they could count ______________________,
___________________, ___________________________________________________________.
(3)Then they used _________________________________, ____________________.
(4)Finally, they began to develop __________________________________________.
This led to (5)__________________________________________________________.
their fingers and even their toes
small numbers
small marks on sticks and bones
the number of animals
the days of the month
the amount of food
tokens made from clay or small stones
bigger numbers
systems of written marks
the Hindu-Arabic system (0-9)
Exercise
complete the flow chart about the development of counting
methods.
B Are there any other ways of counting Discuss this with your classmates.
Discussion
Exercise
1.Did people use many ways to count things before written numbers were invented
2.What did people use to count small numbers at first
3.Why did people put the tokens on pieces of string
4.However, they could only count small numbers in this way.The underlined word “in
this way” refer to
5.Which appeared earlier, the abacus or tokens
Tokens.
Yes, they did.
They used their fingers and even their toes.
In order to carry them around easily.
Read the text and answer the following questions.
People used their fingers, and even their toes count small numbers.
( )1. Which can best explain the main idea of the passage
A. Counting before numbers. B. Small and big numbers.
C. Intelligent ancient people. D. Systems of written marks.
( )2. Using small marks on sticks and bones helped people_____.
A. stop counting numbers with fingers and toes.
B. be able to count how many animals they had.
C. invent written numbers for counting things.
D. develop the abacus to count bigger numbers.
( )3. The underlined word “them” in the passage refer to
A. Stones. B. Numbers. C. Strings. D. Tokens.
( )4. How many ways to count things are introduced in the passage
A. Three. B. Four. C. Five. D. Six.
( )5. The Hindu-Arabic system (0一9) we are still using today was invented
A. before people own their food. B. as soon as the abacus was made.
C. after written marks appeared. D. when counting days monthly.
A
B
D
C
C
Exercises
阅读课文，选择出正确的答案。
Counting before numbers
Before the invention of written numbers, people used many different ways 1 count things.
At first, people used 2 _ (they) fingers, and even their toes. 3 , they could only count small
numbers in this way.
After that, they began to make small 4 (mark) on sticks and bones. This helped them count 5 (big)
numbers. They used them to count things 6 the days of month,the amount of food and the
number of animals they had.
Then people began to use tokens made from clay 7 small stones. This helped them count even bigger numbers. They often put the tokens on pieces of string so that they could carry them
around 8 (easy). This developed into tools like the abacus.
Finally, people began to develop systems of 9 (write) marks to show different numbers,
and this 10 (lead) to the Hindu-Arabic system (0-9). We are still using this system today.
阅读下面短文，在空格处填入一个适当的词或者使用括号
中词语的正确形式填空。
Exercises
to
their
however
marks
big
like
or
easily
writing
led
Presentation
Culture corner
Numbers around the world
Chinese:—、二、三、四、五
Romans: I, II, III, IV, V
English: one, two, three, four, five
However, most people around the
world use Arabic numbers
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.) today.
People around the world write numbers in different ways. The following shows how
people from different cultures write one to five.
Discussion
Do you know how people write numbers in other cultures
1.古埃及象形数字
1到9很好理解，1个十、1个百等都是用特殊
的符号来表示,用植物和动物来表示数。
2.古代苏美尔人创造了巴比伦楔形数字
古代苏美尔人用削尖的芦苇杆或木棒在
软泥板上刻写出来的。
3.甲骨文数字
4.算筹
我国古人用同样长短和粗细的小棍子
5.古希腊人创造了阿提卡数字
Discussion
6.玛雅数字
玛雅数字有两种，一种是用头像来表示，另一种是用横条加圆点的方法来表示数。
玛雅头像数字
玛雅符号数字
Discussion
Summary
How well do you know this unit Tick 口 the boxes.
①I can read a story about numbers. 口口口
②I can listen for different kinds of numbers. 口口口
③I can use cardinal and ordinal numbers correctly. 口口口
④I can understand instructions about numbers correctly. 口口口
⑤I can say the strong and weak forms of some words in a sentence. 口口口
⑥I can check some Maths problems with my classmate. 口口口
⑦I can write a report with numbers. 口口口
⑧I know about numbers around the world. 口口口
Self-assessment
√
How much do you know about numbers In this project, you will make a mini encyclopedia of numbers.
*Project
A mini-encyclopedia of numbers
A In groups, brainstorm some topics about numbers. Use the following spidergram to help you.
Discussion
B Each group should decide on a topic and then do some research on it.
C In groups, write a short article on your topic. Follow the
example in the passage.
Exercise
The ancient Romans had a different way of writing numbers. They used letters from their alphabet. For example, the number 12 is "XII" (10 十 1 + 1).
1=1 L=50 D = 500
V = 5 C =100 M = 1,000
X = 10
Today we still see Roman numbers in many places, for example on clock faces, on buildings or in books.
Exercise
Contents
Part 1
Different ways of writing numbers
Chinese numbers 1
Roman numbers 3
Arabic numbers 4
D As a class, put all your articles together to make a mini-encyclopedia of numbers.Make a contents page for your encyclopedia.
Exercise
1. What does this article talk about
2. What number does letter D stand for (代表)
3. How do you write 13 in Roman numbers
4. Do we use Roman numbers in books today
5. What's the time by the clock
The ancient Romans had a different way of writing numbers. They used letters from their alphabet. For example, the number 12 is "XII" (10 十 1 + 1).
1=1 L=50 D = 500
V = 5 C =100 M = 1,000
X = 10
Today we still see Roman numbers in many places, for example on clock faces, on buildings or in books.
阅读短文，然后根据内容回答所提问题。
1:53. /Seven to two.
Roman numbers.
500.
XII.
Yes.
Group work
E Design a cover for the encyclopedia.
Summary
1. invention n.发明;创意;创造
2. count v.计算;计数;记录
3. in this way以这种方式;用这个办法
4. token n.代币;专用辅币;代价券;礼券
5. clay n.黏土;陶土
6. develop into发展成为
7. system n.体系;制度;系统;制度
8. lead to导致;通向
重点单词和短语
Language point
(1)invention n.发明;创意;创造; v. invent vt.发明;创造 inventor n.发明者;发明家
例句:The spinning wheel was a Chinese invention.纺车是中国人的发明。
例句:He invented the first electric clock.他发明了第一个电动机械钟。
(2)count v.计算;计数;记录
There are 12 weeks to go, counting from today.从今天算起还有12个星期。
(3)use...to do用...来做某事
We can use it to do some good.可以拿这笔钱做善事。
1. Before the invention of written numbers, people used
many different ways to count things.在文字数字发明之前，
人们用很多不同的方式来计数。
根据中文含义填空
1.Keep a ______ (记录) of your calorie intake for one week.
2.Fax machines were a wonderful _________ (发明) at the time.
3.Students can even use them ___(用...来做某事) do their homework.
count
invention
to
(1)however adv. 然而;不管怎样;无论如何
例句:However it may be, I shall keep my word.无论如何，我都将信守诺言。
例句:A further obstacle has presented itself, however.然而，突然又出现了一个障碍。
(2)in this way以这种方式;用这个办法
例句:Only in this way can the experiment succeed.惟有这样做，试验才能成功。
例句:In this way, all of these animals are connected.这样的话，所有动物都相互联系了起来。
根据中含义填空
①__________ (以这种方式) the children are introduced to sequential learning.
②_________ (然而), he underestimates the scale of the problem.
In this way
However
Language point
2. However, they could only count small numbers in this
way.然而，他们仅仅以这种方式来算数目小的数。
begin to do sth.开始做某事,相当于begin doing sth.
begin with....开始
例句:Begin to do it at once.马上开始做。
例句:I will begin to do!我要开始去做了！
3. After that, they began to make small marks on sticks and bones.那以后，他们开始在棍子和石头上作小标记。
语法填空
Miss Grant has the children stand in four lines and begin to ____the warm-up.
do
Language point
Language point
help sb.do sth.“帮助某人做某事”，动词不定式to常省略。
也可用help sb. with sth. ;有时也可直接用help do sth.
例句:Will you help me to do out the room on Sunday 你星期天来帮我粉刷房间好吗？
例句:I'll find the people to help do it.我可以找人来帮忙。
4. This helped them count bigger numbers. 这帮助他们计算更大的数目。
语法填空
①Mother cannot get Mary to help ____ the housework, she always has her nose in a book.
②Because goals can help you ___ and experience everything you want in life.
do
do
(1) the amount of “......的数量”后加不可数名词。
例句:Gradually decrease the amount of vitamin C you are taking.逐渐减少维生素C的服用量。
(2) the number of....的数目”后加可数名词的复数形式。
语法填空
①People should decrease the amount ___ fat they eat.
②The number ___students has been falling off recently.
of
5. They used them to count things like the ways of the month, the amount of food and
the number of animals they had.人们使用他们来算数，像月份的方式，他们拥有的食物的数量，动物的数目等。
of
Language point
(1)token代币
例句:The council gives old people free tokens.委员会发给老年人免费代金券。
(2)clay黏土
例句:A clay mould is used for casting bronze statues.用黏土模具来浇铸青铜塑像。
(3)made from...在这里是过去分词短语作后置定语。
6.Then people began to use tokens made from clay or small stones.然后，人们开始使用
黏土或小石头制成的代币。
根据中文含义填空
①He studied sculpture because he enjoyed working with_____(黏土).
②Some of the older telephones still only accept ______ (代币).
clay
tokens
Language point
so that“因此;以便”→so...that...“如此......以至于......”其中so后加副词或形容词,that后加句子。
例句:I'll give you a key so that you can let yourself in.
我把钥匙给你，你可以自己开门进去。
例句:
He was so angry that he could not say.
7. They often put the tokens on pieces of string so that they could carry them around easily.他们经常把代币放在一根绳子上，以便随身携带。
①Her parents made sacrifices so that ______ (因此;以便) she could have a good education.
②He worked so hard_____ (如此......以至于......) his boss liked him very much.
so that
that
Language point
(1)develop v.发展;开发
例句:We need to develop local industries.我们需要发展地方工业。
(2)固定搭配:
①develop into发展成为
例句:The fighting may develop into a full-blown war.战斗可能会发展成全面性的战争。
②develop from从…中长出来〔产生出〕，（使）由…发展成
例句:Most plants develop from seeds.多数植物都是由种了长成的。
(3)拓展:
①developed=develop(e)+ed发达的(国家或地区);成熟的
②developing=develop(e)+ing发展中的
8. This developed into tools like the abacus.这发展成为像算盘这样的工具。
语法填空
①Smoking can increase the risk of __________ (develop) heart disease.
②Support key enterprises to develop _____ large and modern enterprise groups.
developing
into
Language point
(1)system[ s st m]n.体系;制度;系统;制度
例句:By that time the new system should be up and running.
到那时这个新系统应该会运转起来了。
例句:The new system is still in the planning stages.
新体系仍处于规划阶段。
(2)lead to导致;通向 lead过去式是led; lead sb. to...把某人带领到......
例句:A poor diet will ultimately lead to illness.糟糕的饮食终将导致疾病。
9. Finally, people began to develop systems of written marks to show different numbers, and this
led to the Hindu-Arabic system.最后，人们开始开发书写标记的方法来表示不同的数字，而这
通向了印度阿拉伯系统。
Language point
根据中文含义填空
①Abuse can _______ (导致;通向) both psychological and emotional problems.
② Our value system does not match with their value ________(体系).
lead to
system
Homework
1.完成More practice板块的练习B。
2.通过书籍、网络等渠道查询相关信息，完成Project中自己负责的部分。
3.以班级为单位完成一本完整的关于数字的“迷你百科全书”。
4.选择性完成Integration的练习。
5.完成课后练习。
Exercise
Chinese people are used to thinking the numbers 6, 8 and 9 are lucky ones, but how about 142857 This number seems common, but it is the most amazing number in the w__1__. Why Let’s look at a few facts about this number.
First, get the number multiplied by 1 to 6 and all the results are amazing b__2__ they are made
up of the same numbers but in different orders. For example, 142857 multiplied by 2 is 285714 while 142857 multiplied by 6 is 857142. S__3__, if it is multiplied by 7 and we get a more amazing number 99999. Third, the number is multiplied by i__4__ and we can get a super large number 20408122449.
However, when we a__5__ the front five numbers to the back six numbers, we get the same number 142857 again. Is it amazing
In fact, people found this mysterious(神秘的)number inside the pyramids (金字塔)of Egypt. People also discovered the number is linked to seven days of a week. So you see, nature is r __6__ amazing. And we can learn a lot from it.
一、短文汉语提示填空
Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words（在短文
的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词）：
答案：1．world 2．because 3．Second 4．itself 5．add 6．really
【分析】本文介绍了一串神秘的数字142857，这串数字分别乘以1到6，会得到由这些数字按不同顺序组成的另外一串数字，乘以7会得到99999，乘它本身会得到20408122449，人们在金字塔中也发现了这一串数字，它与一周七天也有联系。
1．句意：这串数字很普通，但它是世界上最神奇的数字。
后文提到了the pyramids（金字塔）of Egypt. 根据首字母提示，in the world 固定短语，故答案为world。
2．句意：首先，让这串数字分别乘以1到6，结果是神奇的，因为结果由这些相同数字组成只是顺序不同的另外一串数字。
依据本句前面all the results are amazing结果是神奇的，与后文的they are made up of the same numbers but in different orders结果由这些相同数字组成只是顺序不同的另外一串数字，前后存在因果关系，故答案为because。
Exercise
3．句意：第二，这串数字乘以7我们会得到更神奇的数字99999。
结合首字，第二段开始的first，以及后文的third，中间缺少第二，故答案为Second。
4．句意：这个数字乘以它本身，我们会得到一个超级大数字20408122449。
Be multiplied by乘以，后面不是一个数字，所以这儿应该是乘以本身，故答案为itself。
5．句意：当我们把前面的五个数字和后面的六个数字相加的时候,我们又得到了一样的结果142857。
结合首字母，以及所学词组add…to…把……加到……上，故答案为add。
6．句意：自然界真的很神奇。
amazing惊奇的，是形容词，前面应该用一个副词来修饰，结合首字母，really真正地，故答案为really。
Exercise
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