凡高
文森特·凡·高（Vincent van Gogh, 1853.3.30-1890.7.29）出生在荷兰一个乡村牧师家庭。他是后印象派的三大巨匠之一。
凡·高年轻时在画店里当店员，这算是他最早受的“艺术教育”。后来到巴黎，和印象派画家相交，在色彩方面受到启发和熏陶。以此，人们称他为“后印象派”。但比印象派画家更彻底地学习了东方艺术中线条的表现力，他很欣赏日本葛饰北斋的“浮世绘”。而在西方画家中，从精神上给他更大的影响的则是伦勃郎、杜米埃和米莱（Millet）。
凡·高生性善良，同情穷人，早年为了“抚慰世上一切不幸的人”，他曾自费到一个矿区里去当过教士，跟矿工一样吃最差的伙食，一起睡在地板上。矿坑爆炸时，他曾冒死救出一个重伤的矿工。他的这种过分认真的牺牲精神引起了教会的不安，终于把他撤了职。这样，他才又回到绘画事业上来，受到他的表兄以及当时荷兰一些画家短时间的指导，并与巴黎新起的画家（包括印象派画家）建立了友谊。
凡·高全部杰出的、富有独创性的作品，都是在他生命最后的六年中完成的。他最初的作品，情调常是低沉的，可是后来，他大量的作品即一变低沉而为响亮和明朗，好像要用欢快的歌声来慰藉人世的苦难，以表达他强烈的理想和希望。一位英国评论家说：“他用全部精力追求了一件世界上最简单、最普通的东西，这就是太阳。”他的画面上不单充满了阳光下的鲜艳色彩，而且不止一次地下面去描绘令人逼视的太阳本身，并且多次描绘向日葵。为了纪念他去世的表兄莫夫，他画了一幅阳光下《 盛开的桃花》，并题写诗句说：“只要活人还活着，死去的人总还是活着。”
人们如果确能真诚相爱，生命则将是永存的，这就是凡·高的愿望和信念。可是冷酷和污浊的现实终于使这个敏感而热情的艺术家患了间歇性精神错乱，病发之时陷于狂乱，病过之后则更加痛苦。他不愿增加别人（尤其是弟弟提奥）的负担，于1890年7月23日自杀，几天后身亡，享年只有37岁。几个月后，曾经把自己全部热爱和物力献给他的提奥也死去了。人们说：提奥是为了凡·高而生的……
凡·高的正式作品和素描按照J.B.De LA Faille的“The Works of Vincent Van Gogh: His Paintings and Drawings”一书中所用的编号标出，编号前注有F或SD（从属于素描）；JH为Jan Hulsker所设编号, 相比“F”更准确，也更全面。书信部分按照《文森特·凡·高书信全集》（1981年波士顿出版）的编号标出。凡·高给提奥的信及少量写给其他人的信在编号前注有“L”；写爱弥尔·贝尔纳的信编号前注有“B”；写给安东·凡·拉帕德的信编号前注有“R”；写给威廉敏娜·凡·高的信编号前注有“W”；提奥写给凡·高的信编号前注有“T”。虚拟语气专练
1.— Did you submit(递交）your application for a Master’s degree(硕士学位）？
— Not yet. If I_____ to see my father, I would have.”
A. didn’t go B. haven’t gone C. wouldn’t have gone D. hadn’t gone
2.——Why didn’t Tom give you one of his paintings
——I didn’t want one, but he would have given me one if I ____.
A. Do B. would C. will D. had
3.——Do you think the thief entered through the garage door
——No, if he had, I don’t believe _____broken the living room window.
A. would he have B. he had C. he would have D. he has
4._______I’d have told you.
A. If I would have known it B. If I had have known it
C. Had I know it D. Should I know it
5. I ____come yesterday, but I couldn’t.
A. was to have B. must C. ought D. have to
6.——It is raining, and I have no umbrella.
——Here’s mine, and I insist ____it.
A. you to take B. that you take C. that you taking D. you taking
7. The professor gave orders that the test ____before 5:30.
A. be finished B. will finish C .will be finished D. shall finish
8. I must go there earlier. John has suggested that I _____an hour before the discussion begins.
A. go B. shall go C. will go D. would go
9. I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I ____there.
A. was B. were C. had been D. went
10. She speaks as if she ____on the spot.
A. was B. were C. had been D. is
11. If I ______ten years younger, I _____ very happy.
A. were, would be B. am, shall be C. were, shall be D. am, would be
12.—— You can ask your brother for help.
—— He is not at home. If he ____, I _____.
A. is, would B. were, would C. is, will D. were, will
13. If you ____the doctors advice, you would have already recovered.
A. follow B. followed C. would follow D. had followed
14. If he had not missed the train, he _____by then.
A. might get B. might have got C. got D. had got
15. What would you have done last night, if you _____to write your homework.
A. hadn’t B. haven’t had C. didn’t have D. hadn’t had
16. — Did you catch the plane
— No. if I had hurried, I ______.
A. would B. would have C. could D. did
17. Why didn’t you tell him the truth If I _____you, I would have.
A. were B. had been C. am D. would be
18. — How do you like the party
— Wonderful. If you had come with us, you ____a good time.
A. had B. had had C. would have D. would have had
19. If I _____out of my ink, I would have finished writing the paper.
A. didn’t run B. shouldn’t run C. haven’t run D. hadn’t run
20. If you _____early tomorrow morning, you would be there by noon.
A. have started B. were started C. were to start D. had started
21.— Did you hand in your application for a league member
— Not yet. If I _____to see my father, I would have.
A. didn’t go B. haven’t gone C. wouldn’t have gone D. hadn’t gone
22.— Why didn’t Tom give you one of his paintings
— I didn’t want one, but he would have given me one if I _____.
A. do B. would C. will D. had
23. — Do you think the thief entered through the garage door
— No, if he had, I don’t believe ____broken the living room window.
A. would he have B. he had C. he would have D. he has
24.______I’d have told you.
A. If I would have known it B. If I had have known it
C. Had I known it D. should I know it
25. I ____come yesterday, but I couldn’t.
A. was to have B. must C. ought D. have to
Keys: 1-5 DDCCA 6-10 BAACB 11-15 ABDBD
16-20 BBDDC 21-25 DDCCAUnit 1单元测试卷
第二部分： 英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）
第一节：单项填空（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15 分）
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
21. —Which kind of juice would you prefer, pineapple or orange
—_____. I must say I’ve a strong preference for tea.
A. Both B. None C. Neither D. Either
22. Shall we go to _____ exhibition today The paintings being displayed there are all masterpieces of _____ contemporary artists.
A. an; the B. the; 不填 C. an; 不填 D. the; the
23. _____ defeat after defeat, the young man began to lose faith in himself.
A. To suffer B. Suffering
C. Suffered D. Having suffered
24. Scientists and doctors across the world have done _____ research over the years, hoping to find a cure for cancer.
A. a great deal of B. a good many
C. quite a few D. a large number of
25. If scientists had been able to predict it exactly, the Japan earthquake _____ such heavy losses in human lives.
A. wouldn’t cause B. didn’t cause
C. hadn’t caused D. wouldn’t have caused
26. —Are you fond of sports, Lily
—Not really. Honestly speaking, music _____ me more than sports.
A. appeals to B. responds to C. contributes to D. attends to
27. Believe it or not, I have told the story _____ it happened.
A. because B. since C. as D. for
28. _____ was evident that the policy was a failure; nothing has changed at all.
A. This B. It C. Such D. That
29. Having lost all their _____ in a big fire, the Blacks had to depend on their friends and relatives for a living.
A. galleries B. reputations C. signatures D. possessions
30. I wish I _____ in such activities. But as a student in Senior Three, I’m too busy to spare the time.
A. can join B. could join
C. will join D. have joined
31. —I spent my summer holiday in London.
—What a _____! So did I.
A. coincidence B. conclusion C. consequence D. celebration
32. By sending text messages or chatting online, we’ve been in touch for months, but I’ve never met my new friend _____.
A. by accident B. on purpose
C. in the flesh D. in her absence
33. I once _____ to read an English novel, but there were so many new words that I had to give up halfway.
A. attempted B. managed C. offered D. pretended
34. I’d like to take a vacation this summer, but _____, I don’t want to miss the conference in mid-July.
A. what’s more B. by the way
C. on the other hand D. as a matter of fact
35. —Instead of lending a hand, Jim just stood by, laughing at us in trouble.
—Oh, it’s _____ of him to be so cold-hearted.
A. conventional B. typical C. ridiculous D. aggressive
第二节：完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30 分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
One young person, who was well educated, went for a job as a manager in a big company. The president did the final 36 .
He discovered the youth was 37 and felt satisfied. Then the president asked who paid for his school fees. The youth answered, “My mother did it. She worked as a clothes 38.”
The president requested the youth to 39 his hands. So the youth did. They were smooth. Then he asked, “Have you ever 40 your mother wash the clothes before ” The youth answered, “Never, my mother always wanted me to 41 .”
“Go and clean your mother’s 42 when you go back today, and then 43 me tomorrow morning,” the president said 44 .
The youth felt his chance of getting the job was high, so when he went back, he 45 requested his mother to let him clean her hands. However, his tears fell 46 he cleaned his mother’s hands slowly. It was the first time he had 47 that his mother’s hands were so wrinkled (布满皱纹的). After that, the youth didn’t say a word and washed all the remaining clothes for his mother 48 . That night, Mother and Son 49 for a very long time, longer than any talk before.
The next 50 , the youth went to the president’s office. The president noticed the tears in the youth’s eyes and asked: “Please tell me how you 51 about helping your mother.” The youth said, “Number One, I know now what 52 is. Without my mother, I wouldn’t be successful today. Number Two, by helping my mother, I realize how 53 it is to get something done. Number Three, I’ve come to realize the 54 of family relationship.”
The president said, “You are 55 . This is what I’m looking for to be my manager.”
36. A. election B. test C. interview D. competition
37. A. strong B. excellent C. humorous D. cute
38. A. maker B. cleaner C. mender D. seller
39. A. wash B. hide C. show D. dry
40. A. found B. let C. helped D. watched
41. A. study B. ignore C. work D. rest
42. A. clothes B. hands C. feet D. shoes
43. A. see B. move C. recognize D. answer
44. A. on purpose B. in patience C. by chance D. at last
45. A. carefully B. nervously C. happily D. shyly
46. A. after B. until C. because D. as
47. A. believed B. sensed C. noticed D. expected
48. A. quietly B. sadly C. excitedly D. angrily
49. A. thought B. slept C. sat D. talked
50. A. morning B. noon C. afternoon D. evening
51. A. worried B. felt C. brought D. spoke
52. A. courage B. appreciation C. success D. family
53. A. important B. difficult C. different D. impossible
54. A. value B. secret C. type D. change
55. A. educated B. respected C. trusted D. hired
第三部分： 阅读理解（共两节，满分40分）
第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
A ★
My name is Amanda LaMunyon. I have Asperger’s syndrome, a form of autism (自闭症). I don’t see myself as a person with a disability. I share who I am when I paint, sing and write.
I started writing poetry because I wanted to tell people what it was like to have Asperger’s syndrome. I don’t know how my life would be different without Asperger’s, but I know I look at the world differently than most people. I’m also learning that you don’t have to be like everybody else. You just have to be confident in who you are.
I discovered I could paint when I was 7. My math teacher Mrs. Brock loved one of my paintings so much that she hung it on the wall in her bedroom. I was so encouraged by her and since then my life has changed greatly.
Soon after, people asked me to show my art for charity events. I began to donate prints of my work for charity auctions (拍卖). I was glad that I really made a difference. I learned that when you give, you receive happiness.
I think it is very important for teens to express themselves. It’s a way to know yourself more clearly. You can turn your thoughts and feelings into a piece of artwork or a poem.
For example, when you paint, colors can help you express different emotions. When you write a poem, you have to get really honest with yourself and not be afraid to write down what you feel.
Creativity makes you unique and sets you apart from others. Creative ideas also help you make your dreams come true. They help you look at things in a new way.
I hope my story helps people to believe they can overcome their challenges and achieve their dreams. I like to encourage others. I know what encouragement has meant to me.
56. The author mentions Mrs. Brock because she ______.
A. taught the author how to paint
B. found the author had a gift for painting
C. influenced the author’s later life greatly
D. encouraged the author to change her life
57. The author advises teens to ______.
A. learn more about themselves
B. express themselves in art
C. show their thoughts to others
D. dream big and go for it
58. Which of the following words can best describe the author
A. Lucky. B. Hardworking. C. Positive. D. Humorous.
59. What would be the best title for the text
A. Power of art
B. Happiness of giving
C. Importance of creativity
D. Wonder of encouragement
B ★★
It is a good idea to take your dog to an obedience school, a place that trains dogs how to behave properly. Not only do dogs learn a lot at these classes, but owners also learn proper human to dog communication. When it comes to dog obedience schools, though, there are many to choose from. The following are some things to consider as you are making this decision.
◆You may have a preference for taking one instruction, which is nice when you have a dog that is easily distracted; however, if your dog can focus its attention, you can choose a class with other dogs, which is great for the socialization of your dog.
◆Talk with the trainers about their training methods as there are several methods that are commonly used. Because you are the one that will be taking the dog home after training is over, you should make sure that the method your dog is trained in is one that you will feel comfortable using.
◆If you know other people that have taken their dogs to the obedience school, ask them for introduction or even for places that they were dissatisfied with. Even if you see strangers with dogs that seem well behaved, you may ask if they took a special obedience class.
◆Going online, you can look up what other people have had to say about dog obedience classes that you are considering, and even find out about the trainers. People often post opinions about their own experiences that you can make use of.
60. The underlined word “distracted” in Paragraph 2 probably means “______”.
A. becoming very excited
B. unable to focus
C. very afraid or frightened
D. making trouble
61. What do dog owners usually do in the obedience school
A. They choose the training methods by themselves.
B. They train their dogs together with the trainers.
C. They learn how to communicate with their dogs.
D. They share their experiences of raising dogs with each other.
62. The author wrote this text mainly to tell dog owners ______.
A. what obedience schools are like
B. the benefits of taking their dogs to obedience schools
C. the skills their dogs will learn in obedience schools
D. what to consider before taking their dogs to obedience schools
C ★★★
India now accounts for (占据) 17.5% of the world’s population — India’s population has increased by more than 181 million people during the period 2001 — 2011 to 1.21 billion, according to the 2011 census (人口普查) result.
The figure shows India’s large population is growing fast — 181 million is only slightly lower than the entire population of Brazil. But the speed of growth has slowed — from 21.5% in the last ten years to 17.6% now.
More people now live in India than in the United States, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan and Bangladesh counted together. The United States is the third most populous country in the world.
India is on course to overtake China as the world’s most populous nation by 2030, but its growth rate is falling, figures show. The census also shows a continuing preference for boys — India’s sex ratio (比例) is at its worst since the country was founded in 1947.
Statistics show fewer girls than boys are being born or surviving. They show 914 girls were born for every 1,000 boys under the age of six. The sex imbalance has widened every ten years since 1947.
“This is a serious problem.” Mr. C. Chandramauli, Census Commissioner of India, told a news reporter in the capital, New Delhi. Government officials said they would review all their policies towards it, which they admitted were failing.
The male population has grown by 17.19% to reach 623.7 million while the female population has risen by 18.12% to reach 586.5 million.
Uttar Pradesh, the census shows, is the most populous state with 199 million people and Lakshadweep the least populated at 64,429.
There is good news in the field of education. The literacy rate (识字率) has gone up from about 65% in 2001 to 74% in 2011.
India started the 2011 census in April last year and its census is carried out every 10 years.
63. According to the text, what’s the speed of India’s population growth now
A. 21.5%. B. 17.6%. C. 17.19%. D. 18.12%.
64. The underlined word “it” in the text refers to ______.
A. the literacy rate
B. India’s large population
C. the 2011 census
D. the sex imbalance
65. We can learn from the text that ______.
A. more Indians have been educated in the past ten years
B. New Delhi has a larger population than Uttar Pradesh
C. Brazil’s population is lower than 181 million
D. India will have a larger population than China in ten years
66. Which of the following is TRUE about India’s census
A. The first census was carried out in 1947.
B. The 2011 census was finished in April, 2011.
C. It is carried out every April.
D. There is a census every ten years.
D ★★
Can you smell two things at once This experiment comes from the research of two scientists from Rice University. Denise Chen and Wen Zhou have been experimenting with the science of smell, and have made some very interesting discoveries.
To explore that, you will need two things with strong, characteristic smells and, of course, your nose. The idea is to smell a different smell with each nostril (鼻孔). Hold one smell very close to your right nostril, and the other smell very close to your left nostril. Then breathe in and pay close attention to what you smell.
What you should find is that one smell will be very strong. After another sniff (嗅) or two, the first smell will go away, and you will smell the other smell. Keep sniffing, and the first smell will come back. Instead of smelling the two smells evenly (均匀地) mixed, they will work in turns, one after the other.
Why Chen and Zhou found that your sense of smell acts much like your sense of sight. Hold a book in front of your nose, so that your left eye sees things on the left side of the book, and your right eye sees things on the right side of the book. You will find that your sight works in turns, first on the left side of the book and then on the right side. Notice that you can’t focus your left eye on one object while focusing your right eye on another object. Your brain jumps back and forth (来回地), paying attention to one and then the other. The same thing happens with your nostrils. If they are smelling different smells, your brain pays attention to one and then the other.
67. Which of the following is TRUE about the experiment
A. B.
C. D.
68. Denise Chen and Wen Zhou discovered that ______.
A. our brain focuses on one thing at a time
B. our two nostrils act differently towards the same smell
C. our nose prefers to smell stronger smells
D. our sense of smell is connected with our sense of sight
69. The last paragraph is developed by ______.
A. giving examples B. making a comparison
C. telling a story D. showing the results
70. The main purpose of the text is to ______.
A. report an important event
B. describe a scientific experiment
C. study how the sense of sight works
D. introduce two scientists from Rice University
第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Family traditions are things that families do together on a regular basis. 71 They can be repeated daily, weekly, monthly or once a year. It is important for families to observe their traditions even as their children get older. Here are reasons to observe families traditions:
Family traditions create good feelings and special moments to remember. They are fun things to do. 72 These are the memories that will last a lifetime.
73 Being a part of a family is more than living in the same home or having the same last name. It is about relationships and family bonds. Since family traditions are something you do together, they strengthen the bonds you have between each other creating a stronger sense of belonging to the family.
Family traditions help teens a lot when they are trying to figure out who they are, which job teenagers often do. A family encourages a teen to be a part of it and its traditions provide a strong foundation for teens to stand on. 74
75 Every day teens face some very difficult issues. Knowing that they are secure and have a family to turn to is a powerful tool to use against negative peer pressure, drug use influences, etc.
A. Family traditions offer teens a sense of security.
B. Family traditions help parents inform their children of the family’s values.
C. It’s very important when they’re searching for and defining their sense of self.
D. Family traditions give every member of the family a strong sense of belonging.
E. Enjoying them together as a family will create positive emotions in each member.
F. Old family traditions are important but easily forgotten in today’s society.
G. These things can be enjoyable activities or a certain food that a family likes.
第四部分： 写作（共两节，满分35分）
第一节：短文改错（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：
1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2. 只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
Uncle Lee is my neighbor. He can see things well because of his bad eyesight, so he doesn’t go out very often. Last Friday he had an important letter to post to, so he had to go out himself. He was walking in the street while suddenly the strong wind came up and blew his black hat off his head. The hats rolled and flew, and Uncle Lee had to running after it. Just then a woman in front of him shout at him, “What are you doing ” “Trying to catch my hat,” asked Uncle Lee. “What Your hat ” cried out the woman angry. “Can’t you see that that is our black pet dog ”
第二节：书面表达（满分25分）
过去，我国的一些基层艺术馆的使用率较低。随着艺术馆即将在2012年底前全面免费开放，公众可以有更多的机会接触艺术作品。某艺术馆英文网站就此话题展开讨论，请你写一篇120词左右的短文参加讨论。内容包括：
1． 过去艺术馆使用率较低的原因；
2． 艺术馆免费开放给公众带来的好处。
[参考答案]
21-25 CBDAD 26-30 ACBDB
31-35 ACACB 36-40 CBBCC
41-45 ABADC 46-50 DCADA
51-55 BBBAD 56-60 CBCAB
61-65 CDBDA 66-70 DCABB
71-75 GEDCA
76. ... can see things ... can后加not
77. ... post to ... 去掉to
78. ... in the street while suddenly ... while → when
79. ... the strong wind came up ... the → a
80. The hats rolled and ... hats → hat
81. ... had to running after it. running → run
82. ... shout at him ... shout → shouted
83. … asked Uncle Lee. asked → answered / replied
84. ... cried out the woman angry. angry → angrily
85. ... that is our black pet dog ” our → my
One possible version:
In the past, a lot of art galleries in our country were not made full use of. On the one hand, visitors had to buy tickets to enter. On the other hand, many people were so busy at work to make a living, which left them little time to appreciate works of art in their spare time.
However, things are quite different now. Since people’s lives have improved, they’re eager to grow spiritually. As all the art galleries will be open to visitors for free by 2012, it will be more convenient for the public to enjoy various art works when they are free. It will not only satisfy people’s needs, but also help them to have a better understanding of art.达·芬奇 (1452—1519年)
列奥纳多·达·芬奇是人类智慧的象征，他怀有神灵般的无限理想，试图重新创造世界的美，量度世界的广大无垠，解释世界的奥秘。可是他只有常人的生命和力量。他的抱负是发现一切、研究一切、创造一切。他的生命是一条没有走完的道路，路上是撒满了崇高的未完成作品的零章碎片，他在临终前心酸地说过：“我一生从未完成一项工作。”列奥纳多生于佛罗伦萨郊区的芬奇小镇，因此取名叫芬奇，5岁时能凭记忆在沙滩上画出母亲的肖像，同时还能即席作词谱曲，自己伴奏自己歌唱，引得在场的人赞叹不已。父亲安东尼奥律师认识到儿子的绘画才能，决定送他进佛罗伦萨艺术家委罗基奥工作室学习。在那里，他不仅接受绘画、雕刻、建筑艺术的教育，还受到其他科学的影响。芬奇在委罗基奥工作室曾经研究过鸡蛋的明暗变化关系，发现了明暗渐进画法。他在委罗基奥工作室度过了6个年头，成长为具有现代科学思想和勇于探索的人类智慧的典范。芬奇在佛罗伦萨是无法施展自己的才能的，他一心想要把他的艺术和智慧带进现实世界，光彩照人。他在31岁那年写信给米兰大公鲁多维柯·斯弗查，在信中列举了自己的各种才能，最后他还表示可为大公的父亲塑造一座骑马像，成为世界上前所未有的巨型雕像。大师41岁时完成这一巨作的土制塑像，因没有足够的铜铸造而使巨作终未完成，1499年法军入侵时被毁，否则将成为世界一大奇迹。大公对他的天才和辛勤劳动酬谢不是金币，而是金言玉语，这使芬奇十分不安，大公为了安慰他，请他为米兰格雷契寺院食堂画幅画，这就是《最后的晚餐》。如果说《最后的晚餐》是世界最著名的宗教画，那么芬奇在51岁时自米兰重返佛罗伦萨而作的《蒙娜丽莎》则无愧为世界上最著名、最伟大的肖像画。这两件誉满全球的作品使达·芬奇的名字永垂青史。达·芬奇独特的艺术语言是运用明暗法创造平面形象的立体感。他曾说过：“绘画的最大奇迹，就是使平的画面呈现出凹凸感。”他使用圆球体受光变化的原理，首创明暗转移法(亦称明暗渐进法)，即在形象上由明到暗的过渡是连续的，像烟雾一般，没有截然的分界，《蒙娜丽莎》是这种画法的典范之作。瓦萨利认为这种明暗画法是绘画艺术的一个转折点。芬奇的一生始终在探索艺术的高贵气质，只有在美的创造中他才能感到心满意足。15世纪意大利的科学与理智、美的追求与创造，由于达·芬奇而登峰造极。可是大师的才能到了晚年并没有受到重视和赏识，教皇的冷漠使他十分伤心。1515年法兰西国王弗朗索瓦一世重新占领米兰时，邀请大师赴法国定居克鲁堡，应聘为宫廷画家。大师1519年客死异国，终年67岁。他的学生佛朗西斯柯·穆埃基说：“芬奇的死，对每一个人都是损失，造物主无力再造一个像他这样的人了。”古根海姆家族
古根海姆家族的财富最初来自他们的铜矿开采事业。在20世纪初期，古根海姆家族处于顶峰时代，他们经营的采矿业使他们成为美国最富有的家族之一，也是仅次于罗斯柴尔德家族的世界上最富有的犹太家族。作为纽约“Our Crowd”的成员，瑞士移民梅耶和他的七个儿子开创了一个庞大的商业帝国，后来还涉足了出版业、航空业和赛马业。然而，作为事业成功基石的家族凝聚力（以及他们的财富、权力和宗教信仰）在随后几代人中走向崩溃。与此同时，古根海姆家族的成员在绘画、建筑、出版和考古学方面同样成绩斐然，独树一帜。他们引导和推动了艺术的现代主义潮流，在历史上留下了崭新而辉煌的一笔。
毕尔巴鄂古根海姆美术馆（Museo Guggenheim Bilbao）是一个专门展出现当代艺术作品的美术馆，位于西班牙的毕尔巴鄂。它在1997年由古根海姆基金会创建，是位于全世界数间古根海姆美术馆之一。它的主建筑由法兰克·盖瑞设计，是建筑解构主义的代表作。
纽约所罗门·R·古根海姆博物馆是世界上最著名的西方现代美术博物馆之一。它的收藏基本上是印象派以后各名家的作品，尤其是抽象艺术品的收藏更是居于世界各博物馆之首。
西方艺术的发展自印象派之后出现了十分巨大的变化，在19世纪末以来的100年间，艺术从具象走向完全抽象。展览共展出纽约古根海姆博物馆所藏47位艺术家的58件作品，几乎涵盖了从19世纪晚期后印象主义开始，直至20世纪中期各艺术流派中最著名的艺术家的经典之作。其中有“后印象主义”开创者塞尚、凡高、野兽派大师马蒂斯，立体主义领袖毕加索，德国表现主义的创始者凯尔希纳，幻象派“大师夏加尔，以及瑟拉、蒙德里安、贾克梅蒂等在欧美现代美术史上产生过重大影响的艺术家的佳作。弗里克美术收藏馆介绍
弗里克美术收藏馆简介：
它位于第五大道的亨利克莱弗里克大厦，弗里克美术收藏馆向游客提供绝无仅有的机会去参观弗里克故居的个人收藏。从著名的让雷诺及伦勃朗的作品到复古的家具及雕塑，对于参观的人们来说可以进一步了解第五大道的富裕人们是如何生活的。
关于弗里克美术收藏馆：
位于第五大道的弗里克美术收藏馆是于1913-1914建造的，为了纪念杰出的钢铁及焦炭工业家——亨利克莱弗里克先生。弗里克先生长久的资助于艺术方面，他的收藏包含了变化多样的西方油画，雕塑品以及装饰品。让人印象最深刻的是，参观弗里克美术收藏馆能够有机会看见很多艺术品是按照弗里克先生生前的摆设方式而陈列在收藏馆里的。
弗里克美术收藏馆对于要参观的孩子的要求是年龄不低于十岁和十六岁以下的孩子必须有成人陪同，参观者有能力独自体验丰富多彩的艺术展览。少数展览品将透过玻璃柜台展出，使得参观者能够近距离的观察每一样展品。如果幼童被允许进入展览馆那么这些展品将不会以这种方式进行展出，因为那将会带来危险。
所购买的票中将包含声音导游服务，能够提供关于油画，雕塑，家具以及对该大厦本身的声音讲解，利用声音导游讲解能够了解到更多你所感兴趣的内容。参观弗里克美术收藏馆需要2小时左右。弗里克美术收藏馆也将频繁更换临时展览作品。
弗里克美术收藏馆精品：
奥森威尔伯爵 1845年 让-奥古斯特-多米尼克-安格尔
锻造 1817年 弗朗西斯科-戈雅
自画像 1658年 伦勃朗
母亲和小孩儿 1876年-1878年 皮埃尔-奥古斯特-雷诺阿
托马斯摩尔先生 1527年 汉斯-小荷尔拜因
净化圣殿 1600年 雅各布
泽费奴斯和弗洛拉 1799年 克洛迪昂（克劳德米歇尔）纽约古根海姆博物馆
【摘要：纽约古根海姆博物馆全称所罗门·R·古根海姆博物馆，是古根海姆美术馆群的总部。该建筑是纽约著名的地标建筑，由美国20世纪最著名的建筑师弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特（Frank Lloyd Wright）设计，建筑坐落在纽约市一条街道的拐角处，与其他任何建筑物都迥然不同，可以说外观像一只茶杯，或者像一条巨大的白色弹簧，可能是因为螺旋线结构也有人说像海螺。】
美国纽约古根海姆博物馆 the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
古根海姆博物馆不是单指一处博物馆，而是一个创办于1937年的博物馆群，而是在全球共有五处，并且正在以惊人的速度在世界各地筹建。其中，最著名的古根海姆博物馆为美国纽约古根海姆博物馆（图）和西班牙毕尔巴鄂古根海姆博物馆。
【简介】
纽约古根海姆博物馆全称所罗门·R·古根海姆博物馆，是古根海姆美术馆群的总部。该建筑是纽约著名的地标建筑，由美国20世纪最著名的建筑师弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特（Frank Lloyd Wright）设计，建筑坐落在纽约市一条街道的拐角处，与其他任何建筑物都迥然不同，可以说外观像一只茶杯，或者像一条巨大的白色弹簧，可能是因为螺旋线结构也有人说像海螺。
该建筑为赖特是晚年的杰作。1947年进行设计，1959年建成后，一直被认为是现代建筑艺术的精品，以至于近四十年来博物馆中的任何展品都无法与之比美。建筑外观简洁，白色，螺旋形混凝土结构，与传统博物馆的建筑风格迥然不同。1969年又增加了一座长方形的3层辅助性建筑，1990年古根海姆博物馆再次增建了一个矩形的附属建筑，形成今天的样子。
【建馆基础】
纽约古根海姆博物馆是世界著名的私立现代艺术博物馆，是世界上最早在博物馆业引入和运用“文化产业”概念并在事业上获得巨大成功的博物馆。他们的运作方式被世人称为“古根海姆模式”。博物馆的奠基人所罗门·R·古根海姆出身于一个富裕的瑞士裔大家庭，他们家族主要是在19世纪美国采矿业中发家致富的。
经过许多人的共同努力，古根海姆博物馆成为世界著名的现代艺术博物馆，在纽约拥有两处展览场馆并在意大利威尼斯拥有分馆。作为世界上最著名的西方现代美术博物馆之一，该馆的收藏基本上是印象派以后各名家的作品，尤其是抽象艺术品的收藏更是居于世界各博物馆之首。
【建筑师简介】
建筑师弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特为美国最有创意的建筑师之一，从19世纪80年代开始从事这一行已很长时间，一直工作到1959年去世，作品超过了600 件。赖特以设计私人住宅而著名，其职业生涯有两段时期至为重要，一段为1900～1910年为其获得声誉的草原住宅的设计，一段为20世纪30年代他设计了久负盛名的流水别墅（Falling water），以及一系列的美国风住宅。
多年来赖特一直探求以一条三向度的螺旋形的结构，而不是圆形平面的结构，来包容一个空间，使人们真正体验空间中的运动。他认为人们沿着螺旋形坡道走动时，周围的空间才是连续的、渐变的，而不是片断的、折叠的。为了这个观点，他曾在旧金山设计一家螺旋形的商店，在匹兹堡建一处螺旋形的车库，这次又说服业主，使他相信螺旋形是博物馆最好的形式。1986年，古根海姆博物馆获得了美国建筑师协会25年奖的殊荣。
【建筑设计】
古根海姆博物馆的外部非常朴实无华，只是将博物馆的名字装饰了一下。平滑的白色混凝土覆盖在墙上，使它们仿佛更像一座巨大的雕塑而不是建筑物。
建筑物的外部向上、向外螺旋上升，内部的曲线和斜坡则通到6层。螺旋的中部形成一个敞开的空间，从玻璃圆层顶采光。美术馆分成两个体积，大的一个是陈列厅，6层；小的是行政办公部分，4层。陈列大厅是一个倒立的螺旋形空间，高约30米，大厅顶部是一个花瓣形的玻璃顶，四周是盘旋而上的层层挑台，地面以 3％的坡度缓慢上升。参观时观众先乘电梯到最上层，然后顺坡而下，参观路线共长430米。美术馆的陈列品就沿着坡道的墙壁悬挂着，观众边走边欣赏，不知不觉之中就走完了6层高的坡道，看完了展品，这显然比那种常规的一间套一间的展览室要有趣和轻松得多。
该博物馆保存了所罗门·R·古根海姆有现代艺术收藏品，许多展品由金属杆悬挂着，看起来似浮在空中。按照传统，博物馆在沿大厅四周的墙上展览艺术作品。但古根海姆打破了传统的惯例。
【有关建筑的赞誉和争议】
所罗门·R·古根海姆在博物馆开工前就已经去世，1959年古根海姆博物馆对外开放时，赖特也已经去世半年多了。可是有的批评家并未因此善罢甘休，他们认为弧线型的展览区是对绘画艺术的亵渎。甚至有二十位艺术家签名拒绝在古根海姆博物馆展出他们的作品。这样的行为是由于对现代艺术的误解造成的，现在，对现代艺术和古根海姆博物馆的误解已经烟消云散了。
弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特，提起这个名字，学建筑的人无人不知。他是现代建筑的创始人，他和柯不西耶，密斯．凡，的罗，戈洛皮乌斯并列世界四大建筑师, 他也被誉为是当代建筑界的先驱之一。弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特是跨越19—20世纪最伟大的美国建筑大师之一，他的一生共做了400多个建成的设计，出版了几十部建筑著作及论文集，对美国以至全世界建筑界都产生了极其深远的影响。
他独创了“大草原”和“美国风”住宅，早期的“大草原”建筑在金融危机之后，与部分美国人憧憬的平静单纯的生活产生了极大鸣。“美国风”建筑是赖特为理想的，民主的美利坚合众国所构想的一种建筑体系，主要为美国的中产阶级设计，花费也较为低廉，赖特一生的实践都在为其“有机建筑”的理想而努力，无疑是有机建筑的开山鼻祖，他在各种著作、演讲和作品中讲述和反映他的建筑观念，体现他崇尚自然的建筑观。
赖特设计范围涉猎极广，其中有大量的住宅，各种公共建筑店，办公楼和教堂，露天花园和美术馆等；另外，他还亲自设计具和装饰以配合他的设计理念。
探究赖特长达70余年的设计生涯，回顾其一系列经典的作品与思想，我们就会发现他编织了如此绚丽多彩的美洲精神。他特别尊重土生土长的美国文化，注重对事物内在的发掘，冷峻地看待流行时尚，设计了大批优美华贵又饱含意义的建筑作品，形成了自己的建筑哲学，为现代主义建筑的发展做出了不可估量的历史贡献，
有机建筑倡导者--弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特
他的一生共设计了1000多座建筑，古根汉姆博物馆，流水别墅都是他的杰作。在其作品中，我们可以看到多种先锋运动所遗留下来的影响。如立体主义、表现主义、工艺美术运动、新艺术运动、理性主义和极少主义等。同样，弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特的作品也体现了他创造和组织艺术语言的能力，他的这种语言与其所生活的时代最先进的思想保持着和谐与统一。此外，赖特对新材料应用技术的创造性发展和他将功能性赋予各种空间的技巧都十分出众。
有趣的是，他住的房子叫塔里埃森。这所房子是他和他的学生利用山上的材料自己搭建的。弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特也是有机建筑的倡导者，让后人记忆深刻的是他倡导理念：没有一个建筑可以凌驾于山顶之上。
赖特生平：
1867年6月8日生于美国威斯康辛州赖特。他的父亲William Cary Wright是一个音乐家、传教士；他的母亲Anna Lloyd Jones来自一个位于威斯康星州的Spring Green附近的威尔士家庭，是一个老师；赖特有两个妹妹。
早年，他们一家人过一种游牧式的生活，在1878年来到Madison之前，他们曾经在Rhode Island、Iowa、和Massachusetts住过。从11岁开始，赖特在Madison待了九年，他总是和他的叔叔James Lloyd Jones一起在Taliesin hill附近的农场里度过夏天。其时，他的父亲在Unitarian教堂里当牧师。这段早年在威斯康星州农村的生活经历对赖特的影响非常深刻1885年他的父母离婚了，那之后赖特再也没有见过他的父亲。为了支持这个家庭，赖特开始为Allan Conover工作，此人是威斯康星州立大学工程学院的院长。在威斯康星州立大学，赖特花了两个学期的时间学习土木工程，同时他还为建筑师Joseph Lyman Silsbee画图、监督Unity小教堂的施工。毕加索
毕加索(1881-1973)是现代艺术(立体派)的创始人,西方现代派绘画的主要代表。他是西班牙人,自幼有非凡的艺术才能,他的父亲是个美术教师,又曾在美术学院接受过比较严格的绘画训练,具有坚实的造型能力。
他一生中画法和风格几经变化:第一时期是:"蓝色时期";第二时期是:"玫瑰红时期";第三时期是: "黑人时期";第四时期是:"立体主义时期",分成分解和综合两种形式;第五时期是:"古典主义时期";第六时期是:"超现实主义时期";最后是"抽象主义时期"。
毕加索一生是个不断变化艺术手法的探求者,印象派、后期印象派、野兽的艺术手法都被他汲取改造为自己的风格。他的才能在于,他的各种变异风格中, 都保持自己粗犷刚劲的个性,而且在各种手法的使用中,都能达到内部的统一与和谐。他有过登峰造极的境界,他的作品不论是陶瓷、版画、绘画、雕刻都如童稚般的游戏。
在他一生中,从来没有特定的老师,也没有特定的子弟,但凡是在二十世纪活跃的画家,没有一个人能将毕加索打开的前进道路完全迂回而过。他说过:"当我们以忘我的精神去工作时,有时我们所作的事会自动地倾向我们。不必过分烦恼各种事情,因为它会很自然或偶然地来到你身边,我想死也会相同吧!"
他静静地离去,走完了九十一岁的漫长生涯,他如愿以偿地度过了一生。(共7张PPT)
人教课标
高二 选修 6 Unit 1
1. GaoYan, John and Susan are on holiday in New York. Listen to the three friends discussing the art galleries they would like to visit and answer these questions.
3. Why is Gao Yang interested in visiting the Metropolitan Museum
He wants to see art from all over the world, including some from China.
1. Who first suggested they visit art galleries
2. Who does not like large museums
John
Susan.
4. What is their plan for the first day
Visit the Frick Collection in the morning and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in the afternoon.
5. Why do they do to make Susan happy
They suggest that Susan go back in the afternoon from the Metropolitan Museum of Art to the hotel if she has had enough. John and Gao Yan stay at the museum till it close.
6. Why doesn’t Susan want to go to the Museum of Modern Art
She thinks a monkey could paint better pictures than modern artists.
7. Which two galleries do they decide to visit on Saturday
The Whitney first and the then Guggenheim.(共25张PPT)
人教课标
高二 选修 6 Unit 1
Pre-listening
Look at the four pictures. Answer the questions:
Which object do you think would
be the most expensive
If you could have one of these
objects as a present, which would
you choose Why
If you had to buy a present for
someone who was an art teacher,
which present do you think she
would like best
Mr Hang, the art teacher, is leaving the school. Steve Lee, Wang Pei and Xiao Wei have decided to get him a present. Listen to the tape for the first time and number the presents 1-4 to show the order in which you hear them discussed.
4
1
2
3
Listen to the tape for the second time and answer the questions.
How many boys and girls did you hear speaking
Where are they
Did all three students arrive at the
same time
Did they find it easy to decide on a
present
At the end of the tape, do we know
which present they choose
1. Who arrived late
Xiao Wei.
2. Why did they decide not to get the vase for Mr Hang
It was too expensive.
Listen again and answer the questions.
3. Why did Steve Lee wish they had talked to Mr Hang’s wife before they went shopping
Mrs Hang would probably have known what to get Mr Hang.
4. Which present did Wang Pei prefer
At first he liked the book but later
he thought the wall hanging would be best.
5. Which present do you think the students will get Give a reason.
I think they will probably get the wall hanging because the others seem to respect Wang Pei’s opinion. Also, they know Mr Hang likes that type of wall hanging.
Pre-listening
Look at the artworks on page 44.
Discuss with others:
Your own preferences for particular styles of art work.
In what period of Chinese history do you think they were created
Listen to Zhang Lin’s talk all the way through and number them in the order in which he talks about them.
1
6
4
2
3
5
Listen again to Parts 1-3 and add the historical period when each was made.
5000-3000 BC
First century AD
Tang Dynasty
Yuan Dynasty
20th century
20th century
Listen to the whole text again and take notes about the features that are mentioned for each period of art.
BC After Buddhism Tang Dynasty
Chinese artists started to create art over 7,000 years ago.
Architecture, sculpture and painting began to have religious themes.
Artists were good at delicate figures.
The traditional style of painting was well developed.
Humans and scenes of palace life were popular for painting at this time.
Yuan Dynasty Modern art
Human figures and pictures of still life became popular.
Artists stressed one part of the scenery to show their feelings, thoughts and hopes through their paintings.
Artists experiment with Western techniques and styles in their work.
Western influence can be seen in some modern paintings.(共46张PPT)
人教课标
高二 选修 6 Unit 1
If you could have three of these paintings on the walls for your classroom, which would you choose Discuss your reason.
Look at the paintings. Discuss in groups:
Giotto di Bondone
乔托·迪·邦多纳
犹大之吻
Let’s know some famous western artists.
Leonardo da Vinci
(1452-1519)
Michelangelo Bounaroti (1475－1564)
米开朗基罗
Creation of Adam
Raffaello Sanzio
(1483-1520)
拉斐尔
The School of Athens
Masaccio (1401-1427)
马萨乔
Madonna with
Child and Angels
Crucifixion
凡高
《向日葵》
Xu Beihong
Who are your favorite painters from China
Qi Baishi
Zhang Daqian
Comparison of Western and Chinese painting.
Time Western Chinese
5th to 15th century AD
15th to 16th
century
Late 19th century to early 20th century
20th century to today
Which do you think has a greater change Why
1. lifelike, true to life
2. being in thought but having a physical or practical existence
a. realistic
b. abstract
Match the words with the correct meanings:
[A] [B]
3. classical, of old beliefs
4. accurate, minute
5. sincere to believe in a god or gods
c. detailed
d. religious
e. traditional
Skim the text and complete the main idea of it.
The text mainly tells us _____ of the major movements in ________ art over the centuries.
Western
four
I. Read the text carefully and fill in
the blanks.
Age Main aim of the painters Characteristics of the paintings Artist
__________
_____ (5th to 15th century AD) To represent ________
themes Religious, realistic Giotto di Bondone
The Middle Ages
religious
Age Main aim of the painters Characteristics of the paintings Artist
The Renaissance
(15th to 16th century) To paint _________
______ as they really were Perspective, realistic _______
people and nature
Masaccio
Age Main aim of the painters Characteristics of the paintings Artist
Impressionism
(late 19th to ___________
_______) To show how ____
_________ fell on objects at different times of the day Not detailed,
_________ Not mentioned
early 20th century
light and shadow
ridiculous
Age Main aim Characteristic Artist
__________ (20th century to today) To concentrate on certain ________ of the object Controversial,
_______,
realistic Not mentioned
Modern art
qualities
abstract
II. Choose the best answer.
1. According to the text, art is least influenced by ________.
social changes
B. the way of life
C. the development of agriculture
D. beliefs of a people
2. When did painters mainly focus more on people and less on religion
From 5th to 15th century AD.
B. From 15th to 16th century.
C. From late 19th to early 20th century.
D. From 20th century to today.
3. Who were the first to paint outdoors
Painters in the Middle Ages.
B. Painters in the Renaissance.
C. The Impressionists.
D. Contemporary painters.
III. Are the statements true
or False according to the text
1. Western art has changed very little over the last seventeen centuries.
2. Painters in the Middle Ages did not use perspective.
3. Impressionists painted landscapes.
4. You cannot recognize any object in abstract modern art.
5. In the Renaissance most artists painted indoors.
6. Abstract art is still art style today.
What’s the structure of the text
It is a historical report. The first paragraph introduces the topic and the theme of the text and then state what the rest of the text will be about. The rest of the report presents the information in chronological order and relates this to the them of the change in artistic style reflecting cultural change.
The passage is a historical narrative article. It briefly introduces the main features of different Western
painting styles during the main periods of times. It also analyzes
why and how the styles changed.
What’s the writing style of the passage
The short history of Western painting styles is described clearly and vividly, which gives the readers deep impression.
How about its writing characteristic
Arranged well in the order of time; Catch the features of people and things and use adjectives very exactly; Lay the stress on the main subjects and
purpose, writing details and briefs properly; Insert the typical paintings
to make the passage more vivid and lively.
Middle Ages
Renaissance
Impressionism
Modern art
Now draw the history of western painting:
Middle Ages, from 5th to 15th century.
Impressionism:
late 19th to early 20 century
Modern Art: from 20th to today
The Renaissance:
from 15th to 16 century
Styles in Western art have changed ___________. Art is _________ by the ________ and _______________.
During the Middle Ages, the main ____ of painters was to represent _________ themes. Artists were ___________ creating _______ and _____ for God.
many times
influenced
customs
faith of a people
aim
religious
interested in
respect
love
In the Renaissance, people became _______ more on _______ and less on _______. Artists tried to paint ______ and ______ __ they really _____.
Masaccio used __________ in his paintings which made people _________ they were ______________ a hole in the wall ___ a real scene.
focused
humans
religion
people
nature
as
were
perspective
convinced
looking through
at
In the late 19th century, Europe changed __________ from a mostly ___________ society to a mostly _________ one. The _____________ were the first to paint ________. They had to paint _______ and their paintings were not ___ ______________ of earlier painters.
a great deal
agricultural
industrial
impressionists
outdoors
quickly
detailed as those
as
Today people accept _____________ ________ as the _________ of _______ _______. Some modern art is _______ while some is ___.
impressionists’
beginning
modern
abstract
realistic
paintings
art
What styles of painting there will be in the future
Which art style would you rather see in your home
Which art style do you like least 徐悲鸿
徐悲鸿 ：（1895-1953）现代绘画艺术大师，江苏宜兴人。四岁入塾，从父习画。年甫弱冠，东渡日本，翌年赴法，师事达仰，继入徐梁学院及巴黎国立美术学校1921年游学德，1927年归国，任中大艺术教授。1933年在巴黎画展，法政府选购十二幅，辟专室陈列。旋赴欧，在德、意及苏联举行画展。抗战后，屡在国内广州、长沙以及香港、印度、星洲等各地为救济祖国难民，举办画展。历任北京大学、桂林美术学院教授。后，任北平艺专校长。解放后，任中央美术学院院长，中华全国美术工作者协会主席。在绘画创作上，反对形式主义，坚持写实作风，主张“古法之佳者守之，垂绝者继之，不佳者改之，末足者增之，西方绘画可采入者融之。”继承我国绘画优秀传统，吸取西画之长，创造自己独特风格。长于国画、油画、尤擅素描。造诣极深，善于传神。著名油画《 我后》、《田横五百士》国画有、《九方皋》、《愚公移山》、《会师东京》等，最为所重。画马为世所称，笔力雄健，气魄恢宏，布避设色，均有新意。。1952年病中，曾将自己一生创作和全部珍藏，捐献国家。平生积极从事美术教育事业，为中国美术事业发展，鞠躬尽粹，培育不了少优秀人才。。1953年卒于北京。年仅五十九岁，就其寓所改建徐悲鸿纪念馆。其代表作《奔马图》，最为人所喜爱。间作花鸟及猫，亦别具风格，情趣盎然。著有《普吕动》、《初伦杰作》、《
鸿素描集》、《悲鸿油画集》、《悲鸿彩墨画集》等行世。Giotto di Bondone
Giotto di Bondone (1267 - 1337). Florentine painter and architect. Outstanding as a painter, sculptor, and architect, Giotto was recognized as the first genius of art in the Italian Renaissance. Giotto lived and worked at a time when people's minds and talents were first being freed from the shackles of medieval restraint. He dealt largely in the traditional religious subjects, but he gave these subjects an earthly, full-blooded life and force.
The artist's full name was Giotto di Bondone. He was born about 1266 in the village of Vespignano, near Florence. His father was a small landed farmer. Giorgio Vasari, one of Giotto's first biographers, tells how Cimabue, a well-known Florentine painter, discovered Giotto's talents. Cimabue supposedly saw the 12-year-old boy sketching one of his father's sheep on a flat rock and was so impressed with his talent that he persuaded the father to let Giotto become his pupil. Another story is that Giotto, while apprenticed to a wool merchant in Florence, frequented Cimabue's studio so much that he was finally allowed to study painting.
The earliest of Giotto's known works is a series of frescoes (paintings on fresh, still wet plaster) on the life of St. Francis in the church at Assisi. Each fresco depicts an incident; the human and animal figures are realistic and the scenes expressive of the gentle spirit of this patron saint of animals. In about 1305 and 1306 Giotto painted a notable series of 38 frescoes in the Arena Chapel in Padua. The frescoes illustrate the lives of Jesus Christ and of the Virgin Mary. Over the archway of the choir is a scene of the Court of Heaven, and a Last Judgment scene faces it on the entrance wall. The compositions are simple, the backgrounds are subordinated, and the faces are studies in emotional expression.
Vasari tells the story of how Pope Boniface VIII sent a messenger to Giotto with a request for samples of his work. Giotto dipped his brush in red and with one continuous stroke painted a perfect circle. He then assured the messenger that the worth of this sample would be recognized. When the pope saw it, he "instantly perceived that Giotto surpassed all other painters of his time."
In Rome, Naples, and Florence, Giotto executed commissions from princes and high churchmen. In the Bargello, or Palace of the Podesta (now a museum), in Florence is a series of his Biblical scenes. Among the bystanders in the paintings is a portrait of his friend the poet Dante. The Church of Santa Croce is adorned by Giotto murals depicting the life of St. Francis.
In 1334 the city of Florence honored Giotto with the title of Magnus Magister (Great Master) and appointed him city architect and superintendent of public works. In this capacity he designed the famous campanile (bell tower). He died in 1337, before the work was finished.
Giotto was short and homely, and he was a great wit and practical joker. He was married and left six children at his death. Unlike many of his fellow artists, he saved his money and was accounted a rich man. He was on familiar terms with the pope, and King Robert of Naples called him a good friend.
In common with other artists of his day, Giotto lacked the technical knowledge of anatomy and perspective that later painters learned. Yet what he possessed was infinitely greater than the technical skill of the artists who followed him. He had a grasp of human emotion and of what was significant in human life. In concentrating on these essentials he created compelling pictures of people under stress, of people caught up in crises and soul-searching decisions. Modern artists often seek inspiration from Giotto. In him they find a direct approach to human experience that remains valid for every age.
The Mourning of Christ
Giotto is regarded as the founder of the central tradition of Western painting because his work broke free from the stylizations of Byzantine art, introducing new ideals of naturalism and creating a convincing sense of pictorial space. His momentous achievement was recognized by his contemporaries (Dante praised him in a famous passage of The Divine Comedy, where he said he had surpassed his master Cimabue), and in about 1400 Cennino Cennini wrote `Giotto translated the art of painting from Greek to Latin.'
In spite of his fame and the demand for his services, no surviving painting is documented as being by him. His work, indeed, poses some formidable problems of attribution, but it is universally agreed that the fresco cycle in the Arena Chapel at Padua is by Giotto, and it forms the starting-point for any consideration of his work. The Arena Chapel (so-called because it occupies the site of a Roman arena) was built by Enrico Scrovegni in expiation for the sins of his father, a notorious usurer mentioned by Dante. It was begun in 1303 and Giotto's frescos are usually dated c. 1305-06. They run right round the interior of the building; the west wall is covered with a Last Judgement, there is an Annunciation over the chancel arch, and the main wall areas have three tiers of paintings representing scenes from the life of the Virgin and her parents, St Anne and St Joachim, and events from the Passion of Christ. Below these scenes are figures personifying Virtues and Vices, painted to simulate stone reliefs -- the first grisailles. The figures in the main narrative scenes are about half-size, but in reproduction they usually look bigger because Giotto's conception is so grand and powerful. His figures have a completely new sense of three-dimensionality and physical presence, and in portraying the sacred events he creates a feeling of moral weight rather than divine splendor. He seems to base the representations upon personal experience, and no artist has surpassed his ability to go straight to the heart of a story and express its essence with gestures and expressions of unerring conviction.
The other major fresco cycle associated with Giotto's name is that on the Life of St Francis in the Upper Church of S. Francesco at Assisi. Whether Giotto painted this is not only the central problem facing scholars of his work, but also one of the most controversial issues in the history of art. The St Francis frescos are clearly the work of an artist of great stature (their intimate and humane portrayals have done much to determine posterity's mental image of the saint), but the stylistic differences between these works and the Arena Chapel frescos seem to many critics so pronounced that they cannot accept a common authorship. Attempts to attribute other frescos at Assisi to Giotto have met with no less controversy.
There is a fair measure of agreement about the frescos associated with Giotto in Sta Croce in Florence. He probably painted in four chapels there, and work survives in the Bardi and Peruzzi chapels, probably dating from the 1320s. The frescos are in very uneven condition (they were whitewashed in the 18th century), but some of those in the Bardi Chapel on the life of St Francis remain deeply impressive.
Nothing survives of Giotto's work done for Robert of Anjou in Naples, and the huge mosaic of the Ship of the Church (the Navicella) that he designed for Old St Peter's in Rome has been so thoroughly altered that it tells us nothing about his style. In Rome he would have seen the work of Pietro Cavallini, which was as important an influence on him as that of his master Cimabue.
Several panel paintings bear Giotto's signature, notably the Stefaneschi Altarpiece (Vatican), done for Cardinal Stefaneschi, who also commissioned the Navicella, but it is generally agreed that the signature is a trademark showing that the works came from Giotto's shop rather than an indication of his personal workmanship. On the other hand, the Ognissanti Madonna (Uffizi, Florence, c. 1305-10) is neither signed nor firmly documented, but is a work of such grandeur and humanity that it is universally accepted as Giotto's.
Among the other panels attributed to him, the finest is the Crucifix in Sta Maria Novella, Florence. On account of his great fame as a painter, Giotto was appointed architect to Florence Cathedral in 1334; he began the celebrated campanile, but his design was altered after his death.
In the generation after his death he had an overwhelming influence on Florentine painting; it declined with the growth of International Gothic, but his work was later an inspiration to Masaccio, and even to Michelangelo. These two giants were his true spiritual heirs.(共15张PPT)
人教课标
高二 选修 6 Unit 1
如何写建议信
建议信是应用文的一种，是写信人就某一问题或事件提出看法、建议或忠告的一类书信。它具有应用文的一般特点即：通俗性、广泛性和常用性，同时有固定的格式即信头、称呼、正文、结束语、签名五部分。书信的表述方式很多，根据内容的不同可采用叙述、说明、议论等写作方法。
【写作指导】
高考中一般都会给出书信的格式，因此我们主要从书信的正文进行指导。建议信的正文一般分三部分：
1. 首先表明写作意图；
2. 然后写出具体建议，要注意语气诚
恳、委婉；
3. 最后礼貌地表达希望建议被采纳的愿
望。
【常用表达】
首段：表明写作意图，陈述事由。
It is my pleasure to offer you some advice on ...
I am writing to express my views concerning ...
You have asked for my advice on ... and I will try to make some suggestions.
I wish to make a suggestion about ...
主体：提出建议并阐述理由。
I would like to suggest that ...
If I were you, I would ...
If you were to ..., I believe ...
It seems to me that you could ...
In my opinion, it would be wise to take the following measures ...
I think it would be more beneficial if you could ...
When it comes to such a situation, I would like to suggest ...
As to ... I suggest that you should ...
结尾：希望收信人接受建议。注意措辞要有礼貌，使对方容易接受。
In the end, I will be very glad if you find my suggestions useful.
Thanks for reading my letter. I hope you will consider my suggestions.
I believe you will take my advice into account / consideration.
I hope you will find these suggestions practical / useful / helpful.
I hope that you take my suggestions into consideration.
I do hope you will consider my suggestions.
I would be more than happy if my suggestions could be considered.
【实战演练】
假如你是某中学的学生李华，请你给校委员会写一封信，就开办艺术画廊给出自己的建议及理由，内容包括：
1. 建议开办一个校园艺术画廊，展示在校学生自己的作品；
2. 画廊可以给学生提供一个展示自我的平台，开阔学生视野、传播校园文化。
注意：
1. 词数100左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
【参考范文】
Dear Committee members,
I wish to make a suggestion about starting a school art gallery.
There are many students who are good at painting in our school. The school art gallery can provide these students with a very good platform to display their own paintings, and through the art gallery, other students may not only get a chance to admire the artistic achievements and the development of school culture but also
can widen their knowledge. If you were to offer such an opportunity to the students who are fond of art, I believe they would give you a big surprise.
I would be more than happy if my suggestion could be considered.
Yours faithfully,
Li Hua
通过学习这篇写作指导，你掌握建议信的写作方法了吗？试着根据要求自己写一篇，然后与范文对照，找出其中的不足并加以改进。考点点拨 考例回顾
1. If you could have three of these paintings on the walls of your classroom, which would you choose
[考点] if引导的虚拟条件句与现在事实相反，从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词用“would / should / could / might + 动词原形”。
[考例1] If I _____ plan to do anything I wanted to, I’d like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible. (湖北2005)
A. would B. could C. had to D. ought to
[点拨] 表示与现在事实相反，if从句的谓语要用一般过去时。再根据句意“如果我能计划做我想做的事，我愿意……”，所以选B。
2. A typical picture at this time was full of religious symbols, which created a feeling of respect and love for God.
[考点] typical adj. 典型的，有代表性的；（某人或某事物）特有的，常用于句型： It is typical of sb. to do sth.。
[考例] Jack is late again. It is _____ of him to keep others waiting. (江西2008)
A. normal B. ordinary C. common D. typical
[点拨] 本题考查句型：It is typical of sb. to do sth.。normal 正常的；ordinary 普通的；common常见的。
3. On the other hand, some paintings of modern art are so realistic that they look like photographs.
[考点] on the other hand 意为“另一方面”，引出不同的，尤指对立的观点。
[考例] I would like a job which pays more, but ____ I enjoy the work I’m doing at the moment. (浙江2006)
A. in other words
B. on the other hand
C. for one thing
D. as a matter of fact
[点拨] 由but前后分句内容可知，前后分句是转折关系，故用on the other hand。in other words意为“换句话说”；for one thing意为“一来,一方面”，常与for another thing连用；as a matter of fact意为“事实上”。TOPIC READING
William Merritt Chase
威廉·梅里特·切斯是美国著名的绘画艺术大师。他不仅描绘了一幅幅优美的山水画，而且也塑造了惟妙惟肖的人物画像。
William Merritt Chase was born on November 1st, 1849 in Nineveh, Indiana. After joining and leaving the Navy in 1869, he decided to leave Indiana and head off to New York to study art. While there, he studied at The National Academy of Design. In 1870 he left New York to help support his family in St. Louis, where he worked as a still-life painter and started to make a name for himself. The wealthy art collectors in St. Louis decided to expand his talent in Europe and they sponsored (资助) a 5-year stay in Munich in return for paintings.
Chase returned back to the United States in 1878 and opened a studio in New York City. He was a member of the Tilers, a group of artists including Winslow Homer, J. Alden Weir and Arthur Quartley. He often painted portraits of his family, his wife Alice and his 8 children.
Aside from painting portraits, William Merritt Chase also liked using vibrant (鲜艳的) colors to paint landscapes. New York City parks were often the subject for those landscapes. William Chase enjoyed using oil paints to paint these paintings. He also used watercolors, pastels (蜡笔) and etchings (蚀刻). His studio was filled with portraits, landscapes, and cityscapes.
The portrait of “Lady in Black” is a perfect example of William Merritt Chase’s style. It currently hangs in the Philadelphia Museum of Art. The brush strokes, although wide, don’t hide the intricate (复杂精细的) details of the woman’s face. It’s a piece that leaves the viewers wanting more, and often leaves them wondering what the “Lady in Black” was thinking about.
William Merritt Chase was also famous for his teaching and artistic training. He had a strong following of young students in New York City and was a founding member of the Society of American Artists and in 1880 was elected president. Chase died on October 25, 1916 in New York City.
Fill in the blanks.
William Merritt Chase’s Life
1849 He was 1 in Nineveh, Indiana.
1869 He left for New York to learn 2 .
3 He left New York for St. Louis.
1878 He set up 4 of his own. He would like to paint not only 5 but also landscapes and cityscapes. His masterpiece is the portrait of “ 6 ”.
1880 He was made 7 of the Society of American Artists.
1916 He passed away in 8 .
Key:
1. born 2. art 3. 1870
4. a studio 5. portraits 6. Lady in Black
7. president 8. New York City虚拟语气（一）
[语法导读]
虚拟语气表示说话者的愿望、假设、怀疑或推测，所说的话或与现在事实相反，或与过去事实相反，或与将来事实相反，它通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。我们现在就以下面这两个句子为例来迈入虚拟语气的大门。
1. He is busy now. If he were free, he would go with you.
2. I wish I could go to the movie with you tonight, but I have to finish my homework then.
第1个句子中的“忙碌”是现在的事实，这样后面句子中的“空闲”则是与现在事实相反的假设，所以“和你一起去”也与现在事实相反。因此，if从句的谓语用一般过去式were（be动词的过去式一般用were），而主句的谓语用“would +动词原形”。
第2个句子中的主句的谓语是wish，从后面but表示的转折的意义看，“今晚我去看电影”是不现实的，所以从句的谓语用“could + 动词原形”。
[寻规找矩]
请观察下列几组句子，特别要注意其中谓语动词的不同形式。
1. a. If I were you, I would accept the invitation and attend the meeting.
b. If he studied harder, he would pass all the examinations.
2. a. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year round.
b. Peter wishes that he had studied law instead of literature when he was in college.
c. I wish it would stop raining soon so that we could go hiking as planned.
[功能小结]
通过观察分析以上几组例句，我们可以发现与之相对应的虚拟语气的用法：
一、虚拟语气用在条件句中
与现在事实相反：从句的谓语用一般过去式（be动词的过去式通常用were），主句的谓语用“would / should / could / might + 动词原形”。
二、虚拟语气用在wish引导的宾语从句中
在wish 后接的宾语从句中，谓语要用过去的某种时态表示虚拟语气。
1. 表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句的谓语用一般过去式；
2. 表示过去不能实现的愿望，从句的谓语用“had +过去分词”或“could / would + have + 过去分词”；
3. 表示将来不能实现的愿望，从句的谓语用“would / could + 动词原形”。
[即学即练]
I. 用括号内所给动词的适当形式完成下列句子。
1. I failed the exam. How I wish I ______ (remember) all those English words before the test!
2. If I ______ (be) ten years younger, I would accept the offer and do the job.
3. We wish we ______ (live) on the moon in the future.
4. I don’t know the word. If I ______ (know) the meaning of it, I wouldn’t have to look it up.
II. 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. — Have you ever been to Beijing
— No, but I wish I ______.
A. have B. will C. do D. had
2. If there were no water in the world, everything ______.
A. will die B. would die
C. would have died D. have died
3. I wish that I ______ with you last night.
A. could have gone B. could go C. have gone D. went
4. If I ______ you, I ______ more attention to English idioms and phrases.
A. was; shall pay B. am; will pay
C. would be; would pay D. were; would pay
5. I wish that you ______ such a bad headache because I’m sure that you would have enjoyed the concert.
A. wouldn’t have B. didn’t have
C. hadn’t had D. haven’t had
Key: I. 1. had remembered 2. were
3. could live 4. knew
II. 1-5 DBADCEXPRESSIONS
a great deal
a great deal意为“大量”，可单独使用，也可以用在比较级前。而a great deal of只能修饰不可数名词，表示“大量的”。如：
We see the girl a great deal.
我们经常见到这个女孩。
I’m feeling a great deal better.
我感觉好多了。
Drinking a great deal of wine is harmful to your health.
喝大量的酒有害健康。
A great deal of air pressure may lead to the explosion.
大量的气压会导致爆炸。
[小试] 根据括号内的汉语提示完成下列句子。
1. The government has spent ____________ (大量的资金) on education.
2. Because of his practice, he can run _____________ (快得多) than before.
3. They ________ (谈论了很多) about this problem.
Key:
1. a great deal of money 2. a great deal faster
3. talked a great deal
[拓展] 英语中有很多短语表示“许多，大量”，可以分为三类：
※ 常用于修饰可数名词的有：
many; scores of; dozens of; a great / good many; a great / good / large number of; quite a few 等。
※ 常用于修饰不可数名词的有：much; a great / good deal of; a great / large amount of; quite a little等。
※ 既能修饰可数名词,又能修饰不可数名词的有: lots of / a lot of; plenty of; a large quantity of / quantities of; a mass of / masses of等。
on the other hand
on the other hand 意为“另一方面……”，常用于句式on the one hand ... on the other hand ...表示“一方面……另一方面……”。该句式用于引出不同的，尤指对立的观点、思想等。如：
Buying a car will cost us a lot of money, but on the other hand, it will save us time.
买车会花去我们很多钱，但是它会为我们节省时间。
On the one hand you accepted her presents, but on the other hand, you were rude to her family.
一方面，你接受了她的礼物，但另一方面，你却粗鲁地对待她的家人。
[小试] 把下列句子翻译成英文。
1. 他很聪明，但另一方面，他经常犯许多错误。
2. 一方面，我应该去参加玛丽的聚会，可是另一方面，我想复习我的功课。
Key:
1. He is very clever, but on the other hand, he often makes many mistakes.
2. On the one hand I should go to Mary’s party, but on the other hand I’d like to go over my lessons.Background Knowledge: Chinese painting
Chinese painting, the flower of Chinese culture, is distinguished by a spirit and an atmosphere all its own, entirely different from Western painting. It is as different from Western painting as Chinese poetry is different from Western poetry. That difference is hard to grasp and express. It has a certain tone and atmosphere, visible in Western painting, but essentially different and achieved by different means. It shows a certain economy of material marked by the many blank spaces, an idea of composition determined by its own harmony and marked by a certain "rhythmic vitality," and a boldness and freedom of the brush which impress the onlooker in an unforgettable manner. - From My Country and My People by Lin Yutang
Figure painting (人物画）: It includes portraits, story painting and genre painting with figures as the main subject. Lines are the key point in the portrayal.
Landscape painting （山水画）: Chinese landscape paintings can be divided into blue-and-green landscape, gold-and-green landscape, light-purple-red landscape and water ink landscape according to the colors that used in painting. The one without outlines is called boneless landscape.
Flower and bird painting （花鸟画）: Flowers, rocks and birds are usually the main subject of this kind of paintings. Technically, there are elaborate style with colors and free style with ink.
Court painting （宫廷画）: It refers to the works done by those professional painters employed by the royal court, or imitations of their works by other painters. This kind of painting is usually very elaborate and meticulous, sumptuous and decorative.
Literati painting （文人画）: It generally refers to the paintings done by intellectuals and officials, who usually took painting as a kind of their spiritual sustenance, emphasizing more the scholarly execution of brush strokes and ink colors in expression than painting's likeness to real images.
Dan Qing (traditional Chinese painting): The Chinese water ink painting actually developed from early "contour lines with filled-in colors" painting. "Dan Qing" literally means the mineral colors of cinnabar and azurite that used in those early paintings. So, people today use this term for the traditional Chinese paintings.
Four masters of the Yuan dynasty: In Chinese history, Wang Gongwang, Wu Zhen, Ni Zhan and Wang Meng are the four great masters of landscape painting of the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368). They initated the literati's water ink painting with their skillful brush strokes and exerted great influence on the late development of Chinese painting.GUIDED WRITING
关注留守儿童，构建和谐社会
——谈建议信写作
文体介绍
如何用英文写建议信是本单元的写作辅导内容。建议信是书信的一种形式，属于应用文文体。建议信是对收信人就某一问题提出看法、建议或忠告。信中应明确写信的目的、建议的内容、提出建议的理由以及采纳建议的益处。最后礼貌地总结或期盼回复，或者表达希望采纳建议的愿望。其语言要具有合理性和说服力。
任务聚焦
现在很多地方，出现了“留守儿童”一族（ 尤其在中国的农村地区，父母外出打工后，孩子被留在了家中，由祖父母照顾或者是独自生活）。假设你叫李华，是一名高二年级的学生，请你就留守儿童所面临的问题，以建议信的形式，发一张帖子到某英文网站的论坛上，建议人们帮助、关爱他们。
激活大脑
1. 表明写作目的。首先要在信件的开头简要介绍自己并表明你写这封建议信的目的：希望全社会的人都来关注和帮助留守儿童。
2. 陈述具体内容。包含三部分内容：其一，提出建议的理由。因为留守儿童面临着许多问题，如：长期缺乏父母的关爱，缺少与父母的沟通，容易导致厌学、逃学和辍学，有的甚至走上犯罪的道路；其二，建议的内容——如何帮助这些留守儿童。如：多与他们交流，尽力解决他们的实际问题，在生活上多照顾他们，在学习上多鼓励和帮助他们；其三，采纳建议的益处，也就是关注和帮助他们的意义。如，有利于他们的健康成长，同时也是构建和谐社会的要求。
3. 呼吁大家采纳。关爱留守儿童是大家的共同责任，希望大家多关爱身边的留守儿童，让他们象其他的小朋友那样快乐地成长。
J 参考句型：
I would like to suggest that...
I’m writing to express my views concerning...
I will highly appreciate your consideration of my proposal.
I believe you will take my advice into account.
I hope you will find these proposals / suggestions / recommendations practical / useful / helpful.
I will be ready for further discussing this matter in detail.
I am looking forward to your reply.
范文参考
Dear everybody,
I’m a Senior Two student. Having learnt about the difficulties and problems of left-behind children (especially in rural China, some children are left behind by their parents and live with their grandparents or live alone), I can’t help writing this letter. I would like to suggest that everyone should help left-behind children.
Left-behind children face many problems. They lack the love from their parents. Worse still, they seldom communicate with their parents. As a result, they tend to get tired of their studies, play hooky or drop out of school. Worst of all, some even commit crimes. So, we should try our best to help solve their problems. We should communicate with them more often, help them work out the difficulties of their daily life and help them with their lessons with more encouragement. And, helping left-behind children is of great significance. We can offer them a favourable environment where they can grow healthily. In addition, it’s one of the requirements to build a harmonious society.
All in all, I think helping left-behind children is every citizen’s responsibility and I hope everybody will take action and help such children around you. I will highly appreciate your consideration of my proposal.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua乔尔乔内 (1477-1510年)
原名乔尔乔·巴巴雷里·达卡斯特弗兰柯。出生于威尼斯附近的卡斯特弗兰柯小镇，后来迁居威尼斯，他追求个性解放和享受生活乐趣，长于谈吐，善于交往。他热爱自然，喜欢唱歌，弹得一手好竖琴，他的笛声能引得少女神魂颠倒。瓦萨利在他死后30年写道：“大自然赋予他如此轻而易举和顺利成功的天姿；他的油画和壁画中的色彩忽而活泼鲜明，忽而柔和平稳，并且把从明到暗的过渡画到如此程度，以至于当时的许多优秀大师都承认他是一个生来就使人体富有生气的画家。”他对大自然的色彩变化有着超凡的敏锐洞察能力和表现能力，他的目光能透过千变万化的阳光，捕捉到色彩变化的精髓，并且能生动地呈现在画布上。由于他画了美丽的威尼斯，人们这才发现威尼斯光彩绮丽的美，他用天才的笔触画出青翠的山坡和陡峭的悬崖，人们这才注意到威尼斯风景所呈现出的明暗差别，怪不得有人说威尼斯的美是乔尔乔内画出来的。犹大之吻 (意大利 乔托)
《犹大之吻》是十三世纪后期佛罗伦萨大画家乔托的代表作之一，它是欧洲文艺复兴初期的绘画杰作。
十三世纪的意大利是欧洲文艺复兴的春鸟，它在文学上的伟大代表是诗人但丁和小说家薄伽丘，在绘画领域里的伟大代表则是乔托。因此，在文艺复兴史上，乔托与但丁齐名，而且乔托在但丁的著名诗篇《神曲》里得到赞扬，说他超越了他的老师契马布埃，声誉高过其师；薄伽丘则在《十日谈》中评价乔托说：“他生而具有超群的想象力，凡自然界的森罗万象，他无一不能运用他的妙笔画得惟妙惟肖，令见者几疑是物的真体。”
乔托的贡献在哪里呢？十三世纪以前的意大利绘画，一直在拜占庭艺术的控制之下。所谓拜占庭艺术，是一种受罗马拜占庭帝国影响而产生的艺术风格，它的特点是高度的程式化，色彩艳丽而人物僵硬，重装饰而鄙视造型，离开真实非常遥远。特别表现在宗教画上，人被“神化”，而神又被僵化，人物没有个性，形象呆滞僵直。这种情况从契马布埃(约1240-1320)开始，逐渐有所转变，但是真正使意大利绘画摆脱拜占庭定型式的宗教画风的是乔托。
乔托(1266-1337)是佛罗伦萨人，据传说，他是契马布埃的学生。传说乔托小时候是个牧羊人，在牧羊时以石块和树枝在地上作画，契马布埃偶然在途中见到，惊异于这个牧羊少年画得生动而真实，就收他为学徒了。后来，他一生从事于为教堂画壁画，从1308年到1334年间，他的壁画遍及罗马、佛罗伦萨、巴图亚、比萨、维罗纳、那不勒斯等地，可惜大都损毁了，保存下来的真迹不多。最著名的有《犹大之吻》、《逃往埃及》、《基督传》等。
《犹大之吻》是《圣经》故事之一，犹大是出卖耶稣的叛徒。在逾越节的晚餐桌上，耶稣指出他是出卖主的人。他知道自己已经暴露，就提前溜走，立即去给敌人引路前来捉拿耶稣，他以亲吻作为暗号。画面上表现的是犹大带领了一队兵马，还有祭司长和法利赛人的差役，直奔耶稣，要与他亲吻。画面上耶稣双目盯紧犹大，满眼怒火；犹大则十分紧张。四周则充满着骚动，气氛极其悲壮。这幅画虽然是圣经故事，但从生活的光明和黑暗两个方面表现了一个真实的人的形象，表现了正义与邪恶的搏斗。整个画的光线、色彩、构图都集中在中心人物形象上，犹大的黄色大氅明亮而醒目。全画用重色调，上部深蓝，下部褐色，造成一种沉重的黑暗感，以渲染这种斗争的紧张气氛。17世纪巴洛克艺术风格经典作品赏
它的名称由来，说法不一，一说来自葡萄牙或西班牙语，意思是不圆的珠子；又一说它来自意大利语，有奇特、古怪或推论上错误的含义。
总的来说这个名称在当时含有贬意，是18世纪古典主义艺术理论家对于上一个世纪一种艺术风格的称呼。
古典主义者认为巴洛克是一种堕落瓦解的艺术，只是到了后来，才对巴洛克艺术有了一个较为公正的评价
巴洛克艺术产生于16世纪下半期，它的盛期是17世纪，进入18世纪，除北欧和中欧地区外，它逐渐衰落
巴洛文艺术最早产生于意大利，它无疑与反宗教改革有关，罗马是当时教会势力的中心，所以它在罗马兴起就不足为奇了，
可以说，巴格克艺术虽不是宗教发明的，但它是为教会服务，被宗教利用的，教会是它最强有力的支柱
概括地讲巴洛克艺术有如下的一些特点：首先是它有豪华的特色，它既有宗教的特色又有享乐主义的色彩；
二是它是一种激情的艺术，它打破理性的宁静和谐，具有浓郁的浪漫主义色彩，非常强调艺术家的丰富想象力
三是它极力强调、运动，运动与变化可以说是巴洛克艺术的灵魂；
四是它很关注作品的空间感和立体感；五是它的综合性，巴洛克艺术强调艺术形式的
综合手段，例如在建筑上重视建筑与雕刻、绘画的综合，此外，巴洛克艺术也吸收了文学、戏剧、音乐等领域里的一些因素和想象；
六是它有着浓重的宗教色彩，宗教题材在巴洛克艺术中占有主导的地位
七是大多数巴洛克的艺术家有远离生活和时代的倾向，如在一些天顶画中，人的形象变得微不足道，如同是一些花纹。
当然，一些积极的巴洛克艺术大师不在此例，如鲁本斯、贝尼尼的作品和生活仍然保持有密切的联系
艺术上的巴洛克时期，通常指17世纪。这时，欧洲封建宫廷通过对外扩张，大量攫取财富，提供了产生宏伟、豪华艺术风格的物质基础。
而由于宗教改革的冲击，教会也需要有更新颖的方式来宣传教义，吸引人们到教
堂去
经济的繁荣、宗教意识的淡化，使中产阶级(主要是市民)的艺术趣味抬头，并为贵族所利用。
这就使气势宠大、形式新颖、感情充沛、注重光和色的作用的艺术风格得以出现，史称巴洛克风格
巴洛克(Baroque)一词源出西班牙语，意为不合常规、外形畸变的珍珠
最后被批评家用来比喻那些背离古典传统、追求新奇趣味的艺术作品后来这类作品有增无减，乃至形成潮流， “巴洛克样式”一词便也不带贬义了。Masaccio
Masaccio (1401-1427), the first great painter of the Italian Renaissance, whose innovations in the use of scientific perspective inaugurated the modern era in painting.
Masaccio, originally named Tommaso Cassai, was born in San Giovanni Valdarno, near Florence, on December 21, 1401. He joined the painters guild in Florence in 1422. His remarkably individual style owed little to other painters, except possibly the great 14th-century master Giotto. He was more strongly influenced by the architect Brunelleschi and the sculptor Donatello, both of whom were his contemporaries in Florence. From Brunelleschi he acquired a knowledge of mathematical proportion that was crucial to his revival of the principles of scientific perspective. From Donatello he imbibed a knowledge of classical art that led him away from the prevailing Gothic style. He inaugurated a new naturalistic approach to painting that was concerned less with details and ornamentation than with simplicity and unity, less with flat surfaces than with the illusion of three dimensionality. Together with Brunelleschi and Donatello, he was a founder of the Renaissance.
Only four unquestionably attributable works of Masaccio survive, although various other paintings have been attributed in whole or in part to him. All of his works are religious in nature—altarpieces or church frescoes. The earliest, a panel, the Madonna with St. Anne (circa 1423, Uffizi, Florence), shows the influence of Donatello in its realistic flesh textures and solidly rounded forms. The fresco Trinity (c. 1425, Santa Maria Novella, Florence) used full perspective for the first time in Western art. His altarpiece for Santa Maria del Carmine, Pisa (1426), with its central panel of the Adoration of the Magi (now in the Staatliche Museen, Berlin), was a simple, unadorned version of a theme that was treated by other painters in a more decorative, ornamental manner. The fresco series for the Brancacci Chapel in Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence (about 1427) illustrates another of his great innovations, the use of light to define the human body and its draperies. In these frescoes, rather than bathing his scenes in flat uniform light, he painted them as if they were illuminated from a single source of light (the actual chapel window), thus creating a play of light and shadow (chiaroscuro) that gave them a natural, realistic quality unknown in the art of his day. Of these six fresco scenes, Tribute Money and the Expulsion from Paradise are considered his masterpieces.
Masaccio's work exerted a strong influence on the course of later Florentine art and particularly on the work of Michelangelo. He died in Rome in 1427 or 1428.TOPIC READING
Leonardo da Vinci
达·芬奇，意大利文艺复兴三杰之一，在艺术和科学方面均有创造性见解和成就。下面我们就来了解一下他和他的传世之作《蒙娜·丽莎》。
Leonardo da Vinci was one of the great creative minds of the Italian Renaissance. He was not only hugely influential as an artist and sculptor but also talented as an engineer, scientist and inventor. He was widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time. He was born on 15 April, 1452 near the town of Vinci in Florence. In about 1483, he moved to Milan to work as an engineer, sculptor, painter and architect. Da Vinci remained in Milan until the city was invaded by the French in 1499. He may have visited Venice before returning to Florence. During his time in Florence, he painted several portraits (肖像画), but the only one that survives is The Mona Lisa.
The Mona Lisa was one of Da Vinci’s favourite paintings, and he carried it with him until he died. Today, it is regarded as the most famous painting in the world, and is visited by many thousands of people every year.
The painting, a half-length portrait, depicts a woman with an expression often described as mysterious. Who is this familiar figure Many suggestions have been made, but the most likely one is Lisa Gherardini, the wife of a Florentine silk merchant. Another more unlikely — but popular — theory is that the painting was a self-portrait. There are certainly similarities between the facial features of the Mona Lisa and of the artist’s self-portrait painted many years later. Could this be why Da Vinci gave the subject such a mysterious smile
Da Vinci used a technique known as Sfumato (渲染层次) — the blurring (使模糊不清) of sharp edges by mixing colours — to leave the corners of the eyes and the mouth in shadow. It is this technique that makes the Mona Lisa’s expression that can be understood in more than one way. Today, the Mona Lisa looks rather sad, in dull shades of brown and yellow. This is due to a layer of varnish (清漆) covering the paint, which has yellowed over the years. It is possible that the painting was once brighter and more colourful than it is now.
True (T) or False (F):
1. The Mona Lisa looks brown and yellow because it is not well protected.
2. It was in Milan that Da Vinci painted The Mona Lisa.
Key: 1. F 2. F莫奈
莫奈于1840年10月14日生于巴黎，一度随父亲居住在海边小城阿弗尔做杂货买卖，自幼就厌恶学校，视为“监狱”，像个流浪汉成天流连在海边。他说：“我愿永远站在大海面前或波涛之巅。”他喜欢画画，15岁画的画就已挂在布丹的画框店展出，并得到布丹的忠告：“当场直接画下来的任何东西往往是有一种你不能再在画室里找到的力量和用笔的生动性。”布丹的忠告渗透了莫奈的灵魂，成为他终生追求的画旨：“我想在最易消逝的效果前表达我的印象。”在他19岁时来到巴黎，父亲希望他进美术学院受教于著名画家，而他的叛逆性使他拒绝学院派教育而流连于各种画展，并和一些反学院派的青年画家聚在一起高谈阔论。莫奈没有逃避兵役，他被编入非洲军团在阿尔及利亚度过了虽极为艰苦，但对青年画家来说是美好的两年，因病被父亲赎回法国，又在家乡阿弗尔海滩作画了，在这里结识了热爱大自然的画家琼坎。莫奈说：“从那时候起，他成为我真正的老师，他完成我眼睛观察事物的教育。”
22岁的莫奈再次来到巴黎求学，入古典主义学院派画家格莱尔画室，在这里结识了同学巴齐依、雷诺阿和西斯莱，他们结成“四好友集团”，听话的三个朋友与莫奈一道开始倾向于走出画室向卢浮宫和大自然学习。学业结束后就完全转向枫丹白露森林和自己家乡大自然写生。他开始独具匠心地尽情描绘大自然的光和色彩。
莫奈所关心的是整个大自然，在莫奈的画中人和大自然和谐地融为一体，他们融合在景色、阳光和空气中，而这一切又融合在画家特有的灿烂、艳丽、却又像乐曲般和谐的色彩之中。色彩就是描绘壮丽的自然交响乐的音符！莫奈研究色彩，入迷到了在守护病中妻子时竟下意识地去观察搜索死亡在她面孔上引起褪色的迹象，看到的是蓝色、黄色和灰色的细微变化。他曾说过：“当你去画画时，要设法忘掉你面前的物体，一棵树、一片田野。只是想这是一小块蓝色，这是一长条粉红色，这是一条黄色，然后准确地画下你所观察到的颜色和形状。直到它达到你最初的印象时为止。”
莫奈很重视笔触，它成为色彩表现的灵魂，不同的笔触能表现出事物不同的质感和动势，他运用不同的笔触充分表现色彩以符合自然的本来面貌。在他29岁时开始和雷诺阿共同在塞纳河上写生作画，他们为水面上闪烁和晃动不已的光所激动，为迅速变幻的丰富色彩所迷惑，于是自然而然产生了迅速疾驰粗犷的笔触和灿烂斑驳的色块。他们在迅疾挥毫中获得了捕捉瞬间即逝的印象的有效方法。
巴黎公社诞生前，莫奈曾和画家巴齐依参加过保卫共和国的国民自卫军，巴齐依英勇战死。莫奈后来前往英国，在那里会见过毕沙罗，曾取道荷兰写生。回国后又与雷诺阿共同作画，于1874年展出惊世之作《印象·日出》。历经磨难的43岁莫奈带着失去母亲的儿子与阿丽丝组成新家庭定居于离巴黎40公里的吉维尼村，隐居作画又生活了43年，在这里创作了许多作品，重要的《睡莲》就是他晚年的名作。1926年11月5日，这位86岁的印象派之父永远离开了他热爱的阳光与色彩。Guggenheim Museum
1929–30 At age sixty-six, the wealthy American industrialist Solomon R.Guggenheim begins to form a large collection of important modern paintings by artists such as Vasily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, and Marc Chagall. He is guided in this pursuit by a young German artist and theorist, Hilla Rebay (born Baroness Hilla Rebay von Ehrenwiesen). In July 1930, Rebay brings Guggenheim to Vasily Kandinsky's Dessau studio, and Guggenheim purchases several of the artist’s paintings and works on paper; he will eventually acquire more than 150 works by Kandinsky.
1930s Guggenheim's growing collection is installed in his private apartment at the Plaza Hotel in New York. Small exhibitions of newly acquired works are held there intermittently for the public. Rebay organizes a landmark loan exhibition entitled Solomon R. Guggenheim Collection of Non-Objective Paintings, which travels to Charleston, South Carolina; Philadelphia; and Baltimore.
1937 The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation is formed for the "promotion and encouragement and education in art and the enlightenment of the public." Chartered by the Board of Regents of New York State, the Foundation is endowed to operate one or more museums. Solomon Guggenheim is elected the first President of the Foundation, and Rebay is appointed its Curator.
1938 At age forty, Peggy Guggenheim, Solomon's niece, opens Guggenheim Jeune, a commercial art gallery in London representing such avant-garde artists as Jean Cocteau, Kandinsky, and Yves Tanguy. Initially advised by Herbert Read and Marcel Duchamp, she soon begins to amass her own important collection of Surrealist and abstract art.
1939 Under the auspices of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, the Museum of Non-Objective Painting opens in rented quarters at 24 East Fifty-fourth Street. Under Rebay’s direction, the museum— decorated with pleated gray velour on the walls and thick gray carpeting, and featuring recorded classical music and incense—showcases Solomon's collection of American and European abstract artists.
1942 Peggy opens Art of This Century, a unique gallery-museum on Fifty-seventh Street in New York, designed by Frederick Kiesler. The inaugural installation features her own collection displayed in unconventional ways. Over the next five years, Peggy mounts dozens of important exhibitions devoted to European and American artists such as Giorgio de Chirico, Robert Motherwell, Jackson Pollock, and Mark Rothko.
1943 Solomon and Rebay commission Frank Lloyd Wright to design a permanent structure to house the Museum of Non-Objective Painting. Over the next fifteen years, Wright will make some 700 sketches, and six separate sets of working drawings, for the building. The Foundation acquires a tract of land between East Eighty-eighth and Eighty-ninth Streets on Fifth Avenue, but construction is delayed until 1956 for various reasons, foremost among them postwar inflation.
1949 One year after Peggy exhibits her now fabled collection of Cubist, Surrealist, and European abstract painting and sculpture at the Venice Biennale, she purchases the Palazzo Venier dei Leoni on Venice's Grand Canal, installs her collection there, and opens it to the public. She establishes the Peggy Guggenheim Foundation to operate and endow the museum.
1952 Rebay resigns and James Johnson Sweeney is named Director of the museum. The name of the Museum of Non-Objective Painting is changed to the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum to designate it as a memorial to its founder, who died in 1949, and to signify a shift toward a broader view of modern and contemporary art. Under Sweeney, the Foundation purchases several sculptures by Constantin Brancusi and other important artists whose work does not fall within the category of non-objective art.
1959 The museum opens to an enthusiastic public on October 21, just six months after Wright's death. From the beginning, the relationship between the breathtaking architecture of the building and the art it was built to display inspires controversy and debate. One critic writes that the museum "has turned out to be the most beautiful building in America . . . never for a minute dominating the pictures being shown," while another insists that the structure is "less a museum than it is a monument to Frank Lloyd Wright."
1961 One year after the resignation of Sweeney, Thomas M. Messer is appointed Director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. He will remain in that position for twenty-seven years, during which time he greatly expands the collection and establishes the Guggenheim as a world-class institution known for its art scholarship and special exhibitions.
1963 The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation receives a major portion of Justin K. Thannhauser's renowned personal collection of Impressionist, Post-Impressionist, and early modern art. Over the years, Thannhauser and his widow, Hilde, will give the Guggenheim more than seventy works, including thirty-four by Picasso alone. This donation greatly enlarges the scope of the collection to include painting of the nineteenth century, beginning with Camille Pissaro’s The Hermitage at Pontoises. Under the terms of the gift, the Thannhauser Collection is on permanent view at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.
1976 Peggy Guggenheim transfers ownership of her collection to the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation with the understanding that the works of art will remain in Venice. Peggy dies in 1979 and the Foundation takes ownership of the palazzo. Thomas M. Messer is appointed Director of the Peggy Guggenheim Collection in addition to his role overseeing the New York museum, and he supervises a major effort to conserve and document the Venice holdings. In 1980, Messer is named Director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation.
1988 Thomas Krens succeeds Messer as Director of the Foundation. Krens takes charge of an expansion program already underway in New York, which will include an annex designed by Gwathmey Siegel and Associates Architects, and initiates planning for a comprehensive restoration of the Wright building.
1990 The Wright building is closed to the public so that the restoration and expansion can begin. Over the next two years, masterpieces from the collection are exhibited in a triumphant international tour to Venice, Madrid, Tokyo, Australia, and Montreal.
1991 Through purchase and gift, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation acquires the Panza di Biumo Collection of Minimalist and Conceptual Art. This acquisition dramatically enlarges the Foundation’s permanent collection, giving it great depth in works by American postwar masters Carl Andre, Dan Flavin, Robert Ryman, and Richard Serra, among others.
1991–92 Agreements are signed between the Basque Administration and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation to create a Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain. The Basque Administration will fully fund the $100 million construction and will make annual contributions to the operating budget. The Foundation will provide curatorial and administrative expertise as well as the core art collection and programming. Frank Gehry is chosen as the architect of the future museum. The Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation gives the Guggenheim 200 vintage photographs by Mapplethorpe, as well as a grant to launch a photography program. Contemporary photography quickly becomes a major area of collecting for the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, and within a decade it is able to mount major exhibitions based on its holdings.
1992 After a three-year restoration of its interior, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum reopens to great acclaim. An eight-story annex, designed by Gwathmey Siegel and Associates Architects, opens simultaneously. The Guggenheim Museum SoHo opens. During its ten years in operation, the museum, designed by Arata Isozaki, will mount many small but important exhibitions focusing on artists such as Max Beckmann, Marc Chagall, and Antoni Tàpies as well as on art created in new media.
1997 The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao opens and is instantly hailed as an architectural masterpiece. Frank Gehry's titanium and steel structure becomes the first work of museum architecture to rival the Wright building in its achievement and influence. Guided by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, the Bilbao museum forms an important collection of postwar American and European painting and sculpture that complements the Foundation's holdings in New York and Venice. The exhibition program includes exhibitions that originate at the New York Guggenheim, as well as at other internationally prominent museums. In only a few years, the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is widely credited with reviving the reputation and fortunes of the Basque region. The Deutsche Guggenheim, Berlin, opens. This small museum, designed by Richard Gluckman, is a unique partnership between the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation and Deutsche Bank. Funded entirely by the German corporation, the museum's primary purpose is to commission important new works by contemporary artists that will then enter the Guggenheim collection. Over the next eight years, several distinguished international artists are commissioned, including William Kentridge, Jeff Koons, Gerhard Richter, James Rosenquist, Hiroshi Sugimoto, Rachel Whiteread, Bill Viola, and Lawrence Weiner.
2000 The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation signs an alliance agreement with the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, which becomes a trilateral alliance in early 2001 when these institutions are joined by the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. The objectives of the alliance are to expand international cultural relations; to make each museum's collections accessible to broader audiences; to pursue collection sharing strategies that complement each institution's holdings; to implement joint exhibition, publishing, educational, and retail initiatives; and to facilitate each institution's long-term goals. Philip Rylands is promoted from Deputy Director to Director of the Peggy Guggenheim Collection.
2001 The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation and the State Hermitage Museum jointly open the Guggenheim Hermitage Museum at the Venetian Resort in Las Vegas. This small museum, designed by Rem Koolhaas, is devoted to masterworks from the permanent collections of the allied museums. Simultaneously, a large Kunsthalle called the Guggenheim Las Vegas opens at the Venetian in order to provide a venue for the Foundation’s popular exhibition The Art of the Motorcycle. The exhibition runs for an unprecedented sixteen months, at which time the Guggenheim Las Vegas closes.
2005 Richard Serra's monumental site-specific installation The Matter of Time (2005) opens at the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao. The largest sculpture commission in history, it is hailed by critics as a singular achievement. Restoration of the exterior of the Frank Lloyd Wright building begins. Work will be finished in time for the fiftieth anniversary of the museum's opening. Lisa Dennison is promoted from Deputy Director and Chief Curator to Director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.WORDS
aim
【观察】观察aim在下列句中的词性、含义及用法。
1. John has only one aim in life — to be a musician.
2. Jeremy aimed (his gun) at the bird carefully, fired but missed.
3. We must aim at increasing / to increase exports.
4. We’re aiming for a big improvement.
5. What I said isn’t aimed at you.
6. This book is aimed at children between six and ten.
【点拨】
aim作名词，意为“目标，目的”（句1），可构成with the aim of，意为“为了……”；
aim作动词，意为“_______”，构成aim (sth.) at sth. 结构（句2）；还可意为“（向某方向）努力”，这时常用aim at doing / to do sth.（句3）或aim for sth.（句4）；be aimed at意为“针对”（句5）、“对象是”（句6）。
【小试】将下列句子翻译成英语。
1. Shirley去纽约是为了找份好工作。
2. 上个月采取的这些措施旨在防止空气污染。
Keys:
【点拨】瞄准
【小试】
1. Shirley went to New York with the aim of finding a good job.
2. These measures taken last month were aimed at preventing air pollution.
attempt
[观察] 阅读下列各句，并观察attempt在句中的词性及用法。
1. We attempted to finish the task in two months.
2. He attempted the examination but failed.
3. They are beginning a new attempt to solve the problem.
4. His first attempt at English composition was poor.
5. The murderer made no attempt at escaping.
6. The police caught him on the spot, so his attempt on his wife’s life failed.
7. He made a successful attempt on the world record.
[点拨] attempt vt. 尝试、企图，跟动词不定式， 如句1；跟名词或代词，如句2。
n. 努力、尝试、企图，跟动词不定式， 如句3；跟at sth. / doing sth.，如句4、5；杀……企图，跟on sb. / sb’s life, 如句6；(为超越某事物的)尝试、努力，跟on sth. 如句7。
[小试] 根据括号内的汉语提示完成下列句子。
1. I will ___________ (努力回答你的全部问题).
2. The prisoner ___________ (企图逃跑), but failed.
3. We failed in our ___________ (企图爬山).
Key:
1. attempt to answer all your questions
2. attempted to escape / an escape
3. attempt to climb / at climbing the mountain
appeal
[观察] 阅读下列各句，并观察appeal在句中的词性及用法。
1. This book doesn’t appeal to children.
2. I appealed to the students to make less noise.
3. They are appealing to the government for money to build a new hall.
4. If you don’t obey me, I shall appeal to force.
5. If you are not satisfied with the judgment (判决), you can appeal.
6. He intended to appeal that judgment.
7. The book lost its appeal.
8. She made one last appeal to her husband to forgive her.
9. Everyone has the right of appeal.
[点拨] appeal vi. 投合（兴趣或心意）、有感染力, 后跟介词to，如句1；请求、呼吁，构成短语：appeal （to sb.） to do sth. 呼吁或请求（某人）做某事，如句2；appeal （to sb.） for sth. 为……向某人呼吁或请求, 如句3; 求助于，后跟介词to，如句4；上诉，申诉，如句5。
vt. 将……上诉，如句6；
n. 吸引力，如句7；恳求、呼吁，如句8；上诉, 如句9。
[小试] 把下列句子翻译成汉语。
1. We are appealing to the young man for the fact.
2. The poor woman appealed to the doctor to cure her son.
3. The rhythm of the song appeals to the musician.
4. Local urban movies have much appeal for the audience.
5. He will appeal against this sentence.
Key:
1. 我们正呼吁这个小伙子说出真相。
2. 那个可怜的女人请求医生给他的儿子治病。
3. 音乐家被这首歌的节奏所吸引。
4. 富有当地都市色彩的电影对于观众有很大的吸引力。
5. 他将对这个判决提出上诉。毕加索其人和他的艺术
毕加索从不执意拒绝接受当代人类文明事件的压力，也从不否定不论是来自他的内心世界还是来自他的家庭感情的推动和激励；他从不对他同时代的人在文化和语言方面提出的主张视若无睹，也从不对古老的历史文明或者所谓原始文明的深邃而富有魔力的启示视而不见，这也正是这位艺术家的特点之一。但是，他既不乔装打扮，也不改变本色；他永远是他自己，永远保持着他那猛禽般狂暴的豪情和那紧抓现实不放的作风，永远保持着他那异乎寻常的巨大魅力和巨大热情。
有了毕加索，绘画破天荒第一次在表现形象方面不仅得以再现现实的外表，和通过现实来表达情感，而且还表现有关对现实本身的感觉的思想内涵。正因为如此，表现就变为讲述，也正因为如此，艺术家所具有的全部经验在每一幅绘画中都能发挥作用。绘画不再是形体美的抽象理想或是用诗情画意的手法来体现视觉表象，绘画成为艺术家面对某一事物或某一事件有感而生的思想的客观叙述。肉眼可以看到的现实的外表形式与绘出的形象二者之间的那种外部相似性，已经不再有任何价值了，艺术家也不必再在自然的广阔天地中去闯荡，去寻找“图式”和“印象”；因为艺术家本身就带有自身丰富的认识经验和感情经验。因此，从不临摹实物作画的毕加索就曾说过：“我不是在寻找，而是在发现。”
这位西班牙艺术家在创造出立体主义语言之前的那些时日中所走的路程的各个阶段，都是处于“世纪末”的欧洲文化气氛之下，并带有双重探索的标记；既探索风格上的坚定意志，又探索巨大的狂暴感情。他曾尝试过运用强烈而明亮的色彩，加强他那些属于蓝色时期的绘画中的忧伤而多感的笔调；他也曾从后印象派色调的精细中重新发现形体上的大略简洁笔法，而这就是“玫瑰红时期”的典型画法。中世纪美术综述
按历史学家界定中世纪是指欧洲封建社会历史时期，是从公元476年西罗马帝国灭亡到公元17世纪中叶英国资产阶级革命前夕止。但在文化史上习惯指到公元14世纪意大利文艺复兴开始为标志，恩格斯说过但丁是中世纪最后一位伟大诗人。
欧洲封建社会的精神支柱是基督教，中世纪是上帝主宰的时代，是神灭掉人的最黑暗时代。
封建统治阶级利用基督教麻痹和毒害人民。愚民们纷纷走进教堂，接受上帝的熏陶，忍受现世的苦难，祈望死后进入天堂。教堂里有《圣经》，但大多数人读不懂、不会读，所以神圣的教义只能通过绘画和石头来讲述——把它雕刻在教堂的墙壁和柱子上。于是圣人的形象和《圣经》的内容，寓言和布道场景都装饰到了教堂上，那里便成了大家都能读懂的“石头圣经”。
所以中世纪的美术基本上是基督教美术，基督教活动主要是教堂，所以其美术和教堂建筑、 壁画和雕塑装饰融为一体。
中世纪教堂建筑的形式主要有两种：早出现的一种叫“罗马式”，它是由更早的“巴西里卡式”演变而来，其外形像封建领主的城堡以其坚固、敦厚、牢不可破的形象显示教会的权威，如意大利的比萨教堂。较后一种称为“哥特式”，它的形式比“罗马式”轻巧而更富于装饰意味，采用很多矢状卷的构造和尖塔式的装饰，以其高耸入天与上帝接近的感觉，控制人们的精神感情。如意大利的米兰大教堂和法国的巴黎圣母院。
中世纪教堂的装饰美术是基督教美术的主要组成部分。在教堂的内部布置有大量的宣传基督教教义的装饰壁画、窗玻璃画、浮雕和圆雕。其共同点是：内容全部是圣经故事和人物用以宣传教义、规劝世人服从神权和容忍上帝对现实世界的一切安排，做一个顺从的“上帝的奴仆”，实际上成为封建统治者的奴仆。从其形式来看，人物形象是超现实人世的、实际上是解释教义的一种精神符号，表情没有人性，显得呆板僵化，表现出一种远离尘世的圣者气息，在人物神态上有一种静穆的神秘感，有的形象夸张到令人感到恐怖，众多的这类形象布置
在教堂内外，从四面八方造成一种令人震慑的非人间的世界。
教堂装饰中采用彩色镶嵌画和窗玻璃画，这种透光的画面在白天的阳光和夜晚的烛光下摇曳闪耀不定，画上的圣像和五彩装饰图案，在光的照射下令人目眩神迷，这一切更增加了教堂内部的光怪陆离和神秘恐怖，非尘世的特殊效果，达到了基督教征服人心的目的。Unit 1 Art
课型：阅读课 授课时间：_______________
班级：______________ 姓名：________________ 授课教师：_______________
教学目标：让学生运用本课所学的语言知识与课文内容进行听说读写的综合训练。
教学重点与难点：理解课文并学习灵活运用虚拟语气的用法。
教学方法：任务型教学
课前复习：
1.我试图使他相信那个人不是个好人,可他不在乎。(convince)
____________________________________________________________________
2. 在过去几个月里，我们的医疗队取得了很大成功。(a great deal)
____________________________________________________________________
3. 他在这家公司工作已有几十年了(scores of)
____________________________________________________________________
4. 那个男孩想熬夜看世界杯但被他的父母阻止了。(attempt)
____________________________________________________________________
5. 人们开始较少关注宗教主题而采取一种更人性化的生活态度。
____________________________________________________________________
6. 他们的画不像以前那些画家们的画那样细致了。
____________________________________________________________________
7. 如今他们已被人们接受而成为现在我们所说的“现代艺术”的始祖了。
____________________________________________________________________
8. 一方面，有些现代艺术是抽象的，……用色彩、线条和形状把他们呈现出来。
____________________________________________________________________课前预习：
I. Answer the following questions:
1) What do you think the purpose of this text is
_______________________________________________________________
2) Who do you think the text was written for ________________________
2) Where might you see such a text _________________________
II. Learn to use the map
Match the number on the map with the names of the museums.
课上完成：
I. Detailed reading
Name Address Which countries What countries
America
Museum of American Art
From Ancient to modern times
Guggenheim Museum western countries
The Frick Collection western countries
II. Key points
1. 比起做某事更愿意做某事 3种表达方式:
______________________________________________________________
2. Henry Clay Frick, died in 1919, ________ his house, furniture and _________________ to the American people.
1）make a collection of… 收藏 have a large collection of… 收藏有大量的…
2）父母在事故中丧生，留下了儿子孤单一人。
_____________________________________________
3. have a preference for ________________
关于prefer 的 习惯用语：
____________________________________________________________
E.g. 比起西餐我更喜欢中餐。________________________________________________
4．总结worth / worthy / worthwhile 的用法：
____________________________________________________________________
E.g.我认为他的建议非常值得考虑。
_____________________________________________________
5. appeal to: ______________________________________________
1) 小孩喜欢鲜艳的颜色。__________________________________________
2) 政府呼吁人人节约用水。
___________________________________________________________
6. 这家博物馆以收藏艺术品种类繁多而享有盛名。
____________________________________________________________________7. The collection of Western art includes paintings by ______ famous artists ______ Monet, ……
1）像他那样的人不允许到这里来。
_____________________________________=_____________________________
2) I like such films as Gone with the Wind.
______________________________________________
8. every two years=every other year=every second year 每隔几年
_____________________
III. 当堂检测 (学生活动)
I. Multiple choices
1. It was _________ creative thinking that I took the course, not to get high marks in examinations.
A. developing B. to develop C. developed D. to have developed
2. It’s common in China now that both parents work, ___________ the grandparents raising their grandchildren.
A. leave B. left C. leaving D. leaves
3. While driving home, you ________ be careful enough.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. shouldn’t D. needn’t
4. Jane burst into tears _________ she heard the good news.
A. the instant B. in an instant C. for the moment D. an instant
5. I think, Tom, rather than you, __________.
A. are blamed B. is to be blamed C. is to blame D. are to blame
6. ---You ought to have called him yesterday. --- Yes, I know I __________.
A. ought to B. have to C. should have D. must have
7. No one really thinks that the Internet will completely __________ the TV.
A. take place of B. take the place of C. taken place of D. taken place
8. He looked as if he _____ ill for a long time.
A. was B. were C. has been D. had been
9. If it were not for the fact that you _____ ill, I would ask you to do this right now.
A. were B. had been C. are D. should be
II. Translation
1. I drink black coffee __ .
我爱喝清咖啡而他喜欢加奶油的。
2. I consider_______________________________.
我认为帮助你学习英语是我的职责。
3. The doctor _______________________________. (convince) 医生说服我戒烟。
4. The storm________________________________.
暴风雨造成了大量物质损失。
5. They hold______________________________________对待这个问题他们持有相反的态度。
6. People concentrate _______________________________现在，人们更关注生活的质量。
7.The weather in Beijing __________________________________北京的天气不如杭州那么好。
8. It’s natural __________________________很自然地，我们会跟与我们有相同兴趣的人交朋友。
课后提升：I. Do exercises on P10-18 in WB ★
II. Cloze ★★
I was studying theater at Southern Methodist University In Dallas and feeling anxious and uncertain about my future. Will I be able to support myself I 36 . That summer, I decided to see if I could 37 it on my own.
Two girlfriends and I piled into a car and 38 to Aspen, Colo. Where I found a job as a maid at a resort hotel. I don’t remember what I 39, but it was so little that I lived on spaghetti, brown rice and Kool-Aid.
I was at the hotel by six o’clock every morning to 40 with continental breakfast. When breakfast was finished, I cleaned the room 41 it was served and then the conference rooms and lobby restrooms. I had never been in a men’s room before, and I was always terrified at someone 42 in while I was on my knees scrubbing the floors and toilets
I came from an upper-middle-class background, and my parents’ friends always treated me 43 . But now that I was a servant, I found that many of the guests of the same background were not so nice. That was a 44 .
People were 45 to serve themselves at the continental breakfast; it was my 46 to walk around the room and refill coffee and juice. But some people wanted me to do 47 for them. I remembered one man who kept 48 me to get his food and demanding things we did not 49 . He was also very critical. Even though I wanted to say, “Go and get it yourself.” I knew it was my job to be 50 and do in a nice way whatever I was told. So I’d take a deep 51 and somehow get what he wanted.
Still, I have never forgotten how it felt to be spoken to so 52 . Today, whenever I am in a cab or a restaurant, I always try to be as thoughtful as possible. Service industry jobs are not easy, and they’re even 53 when people treat you like dirt.
My first job also helped me gain confidence. After that summer I realized that what I had been afraid of in acting was 54 . I now knew that it would be worse if I failed at it without really trying. I decided to give it all my 55 . If I failed, at least I would always know that I had done my best.
36.A.knew B. guessed C. wondered D. understood
37.A.make B. give C. work D. take
38.A.set B. left C. headed D. arrived
39.A.did B. found C. learned D. earned
40.A.cook B. deal C. help D. come
41.A.what B. that C. when D. where
42.A.walking B. looking C. going D. standing
43.A.badly B. well C. friendly D. hard
44.A.danger B. problem C. shock D. pleasure
45.A.thought B. supposed C. hoped D. believed
46.A.turn B. honor C. chance D. job
47.A.anything B. everything C. nothing D. something
48.A.ordering B. wanting C. begging D. persuading
49.A.give B. get C. serve D. like
50.A.busy B. ready C. fast D. quiet
51.A.walk B. note C. breath D. rest
52.A.rudely B. nicely C. nervously D. angrily
53.A.nicer B. dirtier C. ruder D. worse
54.A.failure B. success C. loss D. fortune
55.A.life B. patience C. thought D. energy
Keys:
I tried to convince him that the man wasn’t a good person, but he did not care.
Our medical team has achieved a great deal in the last few months.
He has been working in the company for scores of years.
The boy attempted to stay up for the World Cup but was stopped by his parents.
If she could sing, I would invite her to the party.
If I were you, I would plant some trees round the house.
I wish I had more time.
My father wishes that he had gone to university.
Both of them died in the accident, leaving their son alone
I think his suggestion is well worth considering.
36—40 CACDC 41—45 DABCB 46—50 DBACD 51—55 CADADAre you smiling better than Mona Lisa
《蒙娜丽莎》，你到底是谁，你的表情是喜还是悲？看那丝神秘的微笑，既有欣喜，又有悲伤；既有惆怅，又有希望。那丰富复杂的感情、那变幻莫测的心境跃然纸上，给人无穷的回味和联想!
Da Vinci was one of the great creative minds of the Italian Renaissance. He is not only hugely influential as an artist and sculptor but also talented as an engineer, scientist and inventor. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived. He was born on April 15, 1452 near the town of Vinci. In about 1483, he moved to Milan to work as an engineer, sculptor, painter and architect. Da Vinci remained in Milan until the city was invaded by the French in 1499. He may have visited Venice before returning to Florence. During his time in Florence, he painted several portraits (肖像), but the only one that survives is the famous Mona Lisa.
The Mona Lisa was one of Leonardo’s favourite paintings, and he carried it with him until he died. Today, it is regarded as the most famous painting in the world, and is visited by many thousands of people every year.
The painting, a half-length portrait, depicts a woman with an expression often described as mysterious. Who is this familiar figure Many suggestions have been made, but the most likely one is Lisa Gherardini, the wife of a Florentine silk merchant.
Another more unlikely — but popular — theory is that the painting was a self-portrait. There are certainly similarities between the facial features of the Mona Lisa and of the artist’s self-portrait painted many years later. Could this be why Leonardo gave the subject such a mysterious smile
Leonardo used a technique known as Sfumato — the blurring of sharp edges by blending colours — to leave the corners of the eyes and the mouth in shadow. It is this technique that makes the Mona Lisa’s expression ambiguous. Today, the Mona Lisa looks rather somber (忧郁的), in dull shades of brown and yellow. This is due to a layer of varnish (清漆) covering the paint, which has yellowed over the years. It is possible that the painting was once brighter and more colourful than it is now.(共47张PPT)
人教课标
高二 选修 6 Unit 1
The Frick Collection弗里克收藏馆
Home of Frick
煤矿大亨亨利弗里克的宅邸
Henry Clay Frick
5th Avenues and E.70th Street
Many art lovers would rather visit this small art gallery than any other in New York. Henry Clay Frick, a rich New Yorker, died in 1919, leaving his house, furniture, and art collection to the
The Frick Collection
Avenue n. 大街: a hotel on Fifth Avenue
第五大街上的旅馆
American people. Frick had a preference for pre-twentieth century Western paintings, and these are well-represented in this excellent collection. You can also explore Frick’s beautiful home and garden which are well worth a visit.
Guggenheim Museum
古根海姆博物馆
1929–30 At age sixty-six, the wealthy American industrialist Solomon R. Guggenheim begins to form a large collection of important modern paintings by artists such as Vasily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, and Marc Chagall. He is guided in this pursuit by a young German artist and theorist, Hilla Rebay (born Baroness Hilla Rebay von Ehrenwiesen).
In July 1930, Rebay brings Guggenheim to Vasily Kandinsky’s Dessau studio, and Guggenheim purchases several of the artist’s paintings and works on paper; he will eventually acquire more than 150 works by Kandinsky.
5th Avenue and 88th Street
This museum owns 5,000 superb modern paintings, sculptures and drawings. These art works are not all displayed at the same time. The exhibition is always changing.
Guggenheim Museum
exhibition n. 展览, 展出; 展览品
It will appeal to those who love Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings. The Guggenheim Museum building is also world-famous. When you walk into the gallery, you feel as if you were inside a fragile, white seashell. The best way to see the paintings is to start
from the top floor and walk down to the bottom. There are no stairs, just a circular path. The museum also has an excellent restaurant.
Metropolitan Museum Of Art
大都会博物馆
Metropolitan Museum of Art
(5th Avenue and 82nd Street)
The reputation of this museum lies in the variety of its art collection. This covers more than 5,000 years
of civilization from many parts of the world, including America, Europe, China, Egypt, other African countries and South America. The museum displays more than just visual delights of art. It introduces you to ancient ways of living. You can visit an Egyptian temple, a fragrant Ming garden, a typical room in an 18th century French house and many other special exhibitions.
civilization n. 文明
Museum of Modern Art
现代艺术博物馆
Museum of Modern Art
(53rd Street, between 5th and 6th Avenues)
It is amazing that so many great works of art from the late 19th century to the 21st
century are housed in the same museum. The collection of Western art includes paintings by such famous artists as Monet, Van Gogh, Picasso, and Matisse. A few words of warning: the admission price is not cheap and the museum is often very crowded.
Monet
Matisse
French painter
Whitney Museum of American Art
惠特尼美国艺术博物馆
Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City
Whitney Museum of American Art
(945 Madison Avenue, near 75th St.)
The Whitney holds an excellent collection of contemporary American painting and sculpture. There are no permanent displays in this museum and exhibitions change all the time.
contemporary adj. 当时的, 同时代的
permanent adj. 永久的, 持久的
Every two years, the Whitney holds a special exhibition of new art by living artists. The museum also shows videos and films by contemporary video artists.
Number on map Museum
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Whitney Museum of American Art
The Frick Collection
Museum of Modern Art
Guggenheim Museum
4
5
Match the number on the map with the names of the museum.
1
2
3
Name Address Which centuries What countries
Whitney Museum of American Art 945 Madison Avenue (near 75th St.)
20th-21st centuries
America
Complete the chart with the information from the reading passage.
Name Address Which centuries What countries
Museum
of
Modern
Art 53rd Street (between 5th and 6th Avenues)
19th -21st century
Western art
Name Address Which centuries What countries
Metropolitan Museum of Art 5th Avenue and 82nd Street
All over the world
From
ancient
to modern
times
Name Address Which centuries What countries
Guggen
heim
Museum
5th Avenue and 88th Street
20th-21st centuries
Western countries
Name Address Which centuries What countries
The Frick
Collection 5th Avenue
And E.70th Street
Pre-20th century
Western countries
Match the names in column I with the collections in column II.
I
1. Museum of Modern Art
2. The Frick Collection
3. Whitney Museum of American Art
4. Metropolitan Museum of Art
5. Guggenheim Museum
II
a. Pre-twentieth century Western paintings
b. Art collection covering more than 5, 000
years of civilization from many parts of
the world
c. Great works of art from the late 19th
century to the 21st century
d. 5, 000 modern paintings, sculptures and
drawings
e. Contemporary American painting and
sculpture
1. Museum of Modern Art
2. The Frick Collection
3. Whitney Museum of American Art
4. Metropolitan Museum of Art
5. Guggenheim Museum
c
a
e
b
d
1. It will appeal to those who love Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings.
appeal to (对某人) 吸引力；(使某人)感兴趣；向…...呼吁
e.g. Bright colours appeal to small children.
小孩喜欢鲜艳的颜色。
e.g. The United Nations appealed to the people of the developed countries for aiding those of the backward countries.
联合国呼吁发达国家的人民援助落后国家的人民。
2. This covers more than 5000 years of
civilization from many parts of the
world, including America, Europe,
China, Egypt, other African countries
and South America.
这涵盖五千多年来世界上众多国家的文
明史，其中包括美洲，欧洲，中国，埃
及，非洲其他国家和南美洲。
Civilization 文明。指人类改造世界的物质和精神成果的总和，社会进步和人类开化状态的标志。“文明”一词来源于拉丁文“civitas”, 意思是 “公民的，国家的，社会的”，用以表示国家，社会的进步状态。
根据句意及所给单词的首字母或汉语
提示，写出所缺单词的正确形式。
1. Do be careful with that vase — it’s very f______.
2. Put your s________ here, and then print your name underneath.
3. The history book covers the __________
(文明) of ancient Greece and Rome.
fragile
signature
civilizations
4. The area has a really bad __________
(名声) but it isn’t as bad as people
think.
5. The car accident has caused _________
(永久的) damage to Jane’s eyesight.
6. Laura is on the finance _________
(委员会).
reputation
permanent
committee
II. 根据汉语提示完成下面短文。
Los Angeles art galleries
These art galleries feature ________________ (当代艺术) and traditional fine art, and other types of __________ (视觉艺术). _____________
_________________ (如果你偏爱艺术), these are two of the art galleries that
you should visit.
contemporary art
visual art
If you have a preference for art
Artspace Warehouse
As one of ___________________ _________ (世界上的主要画廊) for contemporary art, Artspace Warehouse specializes in urban, pop, and abstract art.
the world’s leading galleries
Beverly Hills Fine Art
The gallery represents over 45 of the top living artists including fine art,
celebrity photography, contemporary painting, and sculpture. Beverly Hills _________________________________ (容纳了不同的艺术收藏品) which are of
good quality.
holds a diverse collection of artworks
III. 根据括号内的提示，将下列句子翻译
成英语。
出国工作这个想法对我来说确实有吸引
力。(appeal to)
The idea of working abroad really appeals to me.
2. 这对夫妇在地震中去世，他们的孩子成
了孤儿。(动词-ing形式作结果状语)
3. Mary总是以我姐姐的语气和我说话。
(as if)
The couple died in the earthquake, leaving their child an orphan.
Mary always talks to me as if she were my elder sister.
4. 让人惊讶的是Bob竟然通过了这次考
试。(It is amazing that ...)
5. 公共汽车每隔5分钟发一班车。(every)
It is amazing that Bob passed the exam.
The buses go every five minutes.拉斐尔 (1483—1520年)
达·芬奇的艺术深沉、含蓄、富有理智、充满智慧；米开朗基罗的艺术博大、雄伟、富有激情、充满力量；而拉斐尔的艺术则以优雅、秀逸、和谐、高度的完美为标志。拉斐尔·桑蒂1483年生于意大利山区的乌尔宾诺小公园。父亲乔万尼·桑蒂是乌尔宾诺大公的御用画家，拉斐尔的启蒙教师。15岁的拉斐尔在波伦亚画家的画室里学习，他勤奋地探索绘画的奥秘，能敏感地捕捉住美和艺术的真谛。16岁时离开家乡乌尔宾诺到北意大利安布利亚地区的裴路基亚城，从师于佩鲁基诺。一天，佩鲁基诺对拉斐尔说：“我不想让这小地方拖住你，你要到大师云集的佛罗伦萨去，你可以独立工作了。”这时拉斐尔19岁。拉斐尔从老师那里学到了色彩感觉与透视原理，绘画技巧相当成熟，才能已超过老师。在佩鲁基诺的引导下，拉斐尔跨进了佛罗伦萨的艺术世界，很快就融入到画家群里。他那讨人喜爱的外貌和善于自持的性格，立刻就为自己开辟了艺术道路。佛罗伦萨给了拉斐尔从未有过的艺术教益。他急切地吸取着大师们作品中的成就，他以一个学生的姿态对待达芬奇和米开朗基罗。他充分利用佛罗伦萨能提供给他的一切：他研究解剖学、观察大自然和新的社会中人际关系，他对生活、对人、尤其对女性和母亲更加充满感情和爱，他既崇拜达芬奇，也尊重米开朗基罗，他要把佛罗伦萨的全部艺术精华变成自己的营养。他开始意识到自己的羽毛已经丰满了，他可以走向更高的艺术殿堂，他想到罗马去一显自己的才能，让世人看一看谁是当今意大利最优秀的画家。教皇朱理二世为了赞颂自己，把最优秀的画家、雕刻家、建筑家都请到罗马来为他服务，当时，米开朗基罗正在为他画西斯廷教堂天顶画。刚满25岁的拉斐尔，在佛罗伦萨接到罗马送来的圣旨：“教皇想尽快在梵蒂冈见到拉斐尔，以便他在罗马与意大利最优秀的艺术家一起，为美化罗马而工作。”不久梵蒂冈的画家们被告知：除了拉斐尔和米开朗基罗之外，其余的画家们全被辞退了。教皇认为罗马只要有这两位大师就足够了。天才的成就，引来繁重的订画任务，这是拉斐尔的光荣，也是他的悲剧，太大的名望终于把他压垮了。 1520年4月1日，他病了。医生为他诊断病情以后摇着头说：“您，亲爱的大师，您从年轻时候起就过着过于紧张的生活，现在受到报应了。人们都知道艺术家是一些什么都不在乎的人，他们不吝惜生命，而是让生命去燃烧。”一个星期以后的4月6日他死了。他死后的荣誉，将永远存在于他的作品之中，载入人类文明的史册。(共57张PPT)
人教课标
高二 选修 6 Unit 1
1. If you could have three of these paintings on the walls of your classroom, which would you choose
【考点】 if 引导的虚拟条件句与现在事实相反，从句的谓语用一般过去式，主句的谓语用“would / should / could / might + 动词原形”。
【考例】
If I _____ plan to do anything I wanted to, I’d like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible.
(湖北 2005)
would B. could
C. had to D. ought to
【点拨】根据句子提供的语境，这是一个与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，if从句的谓语要用一般过去式；再根据句意“要是我能计划做我想做的事，我就……”，选could。
2. realistic adj. 现实主义的，逼真的
v. realize 实现
n. reality 现实
abstract 抽象的
realistic 现实主义的
3. sculpture n. 雕像，塑像
v. sculpt 雕刻
n. sculptor 雕刻家
adj. sculptural 雕刻的
clay sculpture 泥塑
ice sculpture 冰雕
sculpture park 雕塑公园
4. Art is influenced by the customs and faith of a people.
faith n. 信任, 信仰
e.g. I kept faith with him.
我信守了对他的诺言。
He who loses faith, loses all.
失去信心的人, 失去所有。
faithful adj. 忠诚的，可靠的
have faith in 相信, 信任
in good faith 老实地；诚恳地
break one’s faith with sb.
对某人不守信用
keep faith with 忠于信仰; 守信
5. As there are so many different styles of
Western art that it would be impossible
to describe all of them in a short text．
so … that … “如此……以至于……”可引导结果状语从句
so + adj. /adv.原形 + that …
so + adj. + a(an) + [c]单数 + that
so many/few + pl + that
so much/little + [u] + that
【考例】
_______ that Maric was able to set up new branches elsewhere. （07陕西）
A. So successful her business was
B. So successful was her business
C. So her business was successful
D. So was her successful business
6. consequently adv. 所以，因此
consequent adj. 随后的，相应的
consequence n. 后果
e.g. Mr Foster has never been to China. Consequently, he knows very little about it.
“福斯特先生从未去过中国, 所以对中国了解的很少。”
It rained that day and ___ the baseball game was called off. A. however B. still
C. so D. consequently
7. During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes.
v. （常与at连用）瞄准；对准
努力; 力争
aim to do sth. 立志要做某事
n. 目标, 目的 (purpose)
adj. aimless 无目的, 无目标的
【小试】将下列句子翻译成英语。
1. Shirley去纽约是为了找份好工作。
2. 上个月采取的这些措施旨在防止空
气污染。
Shirley went to New York with the aim of finding a good job.
These measures taken last month were aimed at preventing air pollution.
8. A conventional artist of this period was
not interested in showing nature …
conventional adj. (traditional)常规的， 通常的，传统的；受俗套束缚的， 按习惯办事的， 陈旧的，形式上的
e.g. The chairman made a few
conventional remarks.
主席说了几句客套话。
conventional weapons
常规武器
a conventional design
传统图案
conventional opinions
旧观念
9. A typical picture at this time was full
of religious symbols, …
typical adj. 典型的；具有代表性的；
象征性的
= representative
a typical character 典型人物
typical example 典型事例
【考例】 Jack is late again. It is ________ of him to keep others waiting.
A. normal B. ordinary
C. common D. typical
（江西2008）
【点拨】 选D。typical of sb. / sth. 表示“不出所料，特有的”。句意为：Jack又迟到了，让别人等真是他一贯的作风。
10. But it was evident that ideas were
changing in the 13th century...
evident adj. 明白的, 明显的(apparent)
evidence n. 证据; 证明
e.g. The applause made it evident the
play was a hit.
掌声显然表明该剧是成功的。
It’s evident that you are tired.
显然你累了。
11. People began to concentrate less on
religious themes and adopt a more
humanistic attitude to life.
1) concentrate on (upon) 集中在；专心于
concentrate one’s attention on / upon
把注意力集中在
e.g. I concentrate on the lecture.
我专心听讲。
2) adopt 采纳；收养
adopt an idea / a new technique
采纳意见；采用新技术
adopt a child 收为养子
12. They paid famous artists to paint … their houses and other possessions …
possession n.
拥有, 占有, 所有, 着迷, 领土, 领地, 财产(常用复数)
possess v.
e.g. He possesses two cars. 他有两辆汽车。
She possesses some interesting pictures.
她有一些有趣的画儿。
13. When people first saw his paintings they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in the wall at a real scene.
当人们第一次看到他的画时，还以为是透过墙上的小洞来观察真实的场景，并对此深信不疑。
【点拨】该句是一个复合句，when引导一个时间状语从句，主句为they were convinced，且包含一个省略了that的宾语从句。looking后面接了两个介词短语through a hole和at a real scene, in the wall作a hole的后置定语，汉语意为“通过墙上的小洞来观察真实的场景”。
convince vt. 使相信; 信服; 说服
convince sb. to do sth.
说服某人做某事
convince sb. of sth. / that从句
使某人确信某事
e.g. He convinced me that I should study
law. 他劝我应该学法律。
【考例】
Scientists are convinced _____ the possible effect of laughter _____ physical and mental health. (江西 2007)
A. of; at B. by; in
C. of; on D. on; at
【点拨】根据搭配be convinced of ...和effect on ...可知选C。
convinced adj. 确信的；深信的
be convinced that / of 确信
convincing adj. 有说服力的
1. I was convinced ____ he knew the truth.
2. I couldn’t convince him ___ his mistake.
3. The doctor convinced me ___ stop
smoking.
4. The more he said, the less _________ he
was.
that
of
to
convincing
14. By coincidence, oil paints were also
developed at this time…
by coincidence 碰巧, 由于巧合
e.g. What a coincidence!
多么凑巧的事情啊！
What a coincidence to
meet you here.
真巧在这儿碰到你。
Just by coincidence, I met my old schoolmate again fifty years later.
碰巧，50年后我遇到一位老校友。
15. In the late 19th, Europe changed a
great deal, …
a great deal可单独使用，也可
用在形容词或副词的比较级前，表示“大量；许多”，相当于副词
much或a lot；而 a great deal of只能用在不可数名词前，表示“大量的”。
e.g. 1. We learned a great deal from
the superb players.
2. Jacob ran a great deal faster
than I.
3. Simon gave me a great deal
of help when I was in trouble.
英语中表示“大量；许多”的短语有很多，根据性质可分为以下三类：
★ 修饰可数名词的有：a good /
great many, a large / great
number of, scores of 等，谓语
动词用复数形式。
e.g. 1. A great / good many words and
expressions have come into the language from American English.
2. There were scores of boxes, all waiting to be checked.
★ 修饰不可数名词的有：a large amount of, a good deal of 等，谓语
动词用单数形式。
e.g. A large amount of money has been spent on his new house.
★ 既能修饰可数名词，又能
修饰不可数名词的有：a lot of,
lots of, plenty of等，谓语动词的
数根据被修饰的名词是可数或
不可数而定。
e.g. 1. A lot of / Lots of people are coming to the meeting.
2. There’s a lot of / lots of rice in the bag.
3. There are plenty of eggs in
the fridge.
4. Don’t worry about it. We have plenty of time.
修饰可数名词:
many
few/a few
a good/great many
a large/ great/ big/ small number of
many a + 单数名词
more than one + 单数名词
修饰不可数名词:
much
little/a little
a good/great deal of
a large amount of
(谓语动词用单数)
large amounts of
(谓语动词用复数)
修饰可数和不可数名词:
a lot of/lots of
plenty of
a large quantity of
(谓语动词用单数)
large quantities of
(谓语动词用复数)
16. Among the painters who broke
away from the traditional style of
painting …
break away from …
逃走；逃脱；革除(习惯等)
e.g. Break away from the
enemy jail.
从敌人的监狱逃路。
e.g. You must break away from
such bad habits.
你必须革除这样的坏习惯。
17. shadow--shade
As the sun set, the _______ became longer.
Under the floodlight, each
player in the football match
has four ________.
Let’s find some ______ and take
a rest.
shadow
shadows
shade
[U] — 任何遮住阳光的地方
影子
18. On the one hand, some modern art is abstract; that is, the painter does not attempt to paint objects as we see them with our eyes, but instead concentrates on certain qualities of the object, using colour, line and shape to represent them.
[翻译] 有些现代艺术是抽象的，也就是说，画家并不打算把我们眼睛看到的东西如实地画出来，而是集中展现物体的某些品质特性，用色彩、线条和形状把它们呈现出来。
【点拨】本句中的that is可以作that is to say，意为“换句话说”，相当于in other words，用于更清楚地解释刚刚说过的话。解释部分是一个由but连接的并列句：前一个分句包含一个as引导的方式状语从句；后一个分句中的using colour, line and shape为动词-ing形式短语作状语。
attempt 尝试、企图 n. /v.
e.g. The second question was so difficult that I didn’t even attempt it.
I attempted to speak but was told to keep quiet.
She made an attempt to lock the door.
attempt to do / doing
= try to do / doing
in an attempt to
为了……
make no attempt to
没有尝试 / 企图 ……
at the first / second / ... attempt
第一 / 二 / …… 次尝试
【小试】将下列句子翻译成英语。
他们试图在一个月内完成这项工作。
2. 我考汽车驾驶执照时一次就
通过了。
They attempted to finish the work within a month.
I passed my driving test at the
first attempt.
I would like a job which pays more, but
___________ I enjoy the work I’m
doing at the moment.
A. in other words B. on the other hand
C. for one thing D. as a matter of fact
（浙江2006）
【考点】 on the other hand（可是）另一方面，引出不同的（尤指对立的）观点。
【点拨】 选 B。句意为：我想找个薪水更高的工作，可是另一方面我又喜欢我目前的工作。
in other words 换句话说；
for one thing 一来，一方面；
as a matter of fact 事实上。
选用方框内合适的短语，并用其适当形式填空。
I can’t ______________ what I’m
doing with all that noise going on.
concentrate on
by coincidence lead to
on the other hand concentrate on
a great deal of break away from
2. Eating too much sugar will surely
_______ health problems.
3. ______________, Paul and Jim were
travelling on the same train.
4. This is a difficult project because it
requires ____________ time and energy.
lead to
By coincidence
a great deal of
by coincidence lead to
on the other hand concentrate on
a great deal of break away from
5. What can we do to help them
________________ the lawless group
6. Maria won’t go hiking with us. On the
one hand, she is not feeling well;
________________, she doesn’t like
outdoor sports.
on the other hand
break away from
by coincidence lead to
on the other hand concentrate on
a great deal of break away from
II. 根据括号内的提示，将下列句子翻译
成英语。
1. 显然，Anna不能胜任那份工作。
(It is evident that ...)
2. 我确信Karl是个诚实的工人。
(be convinced that)
It is evident that Anna is not equal to the job.
I am convinced that Karl is an honest worker.
3. 在过去几个月里，我们的医疗队取得了很大成功。(a great deal)
4. 他在这家公司工作已有几十年了。(scores of)
Our medical team has achieved a great deal in the last few months.
He has been working in the company for scores of years.
5. 那个男孩想熬夜看世界杯但被他的父母阻止了。(attempt)
6. 要是她会唱歌, 我就邀请她参加晚会了。(if)
The boy attempted to stay up for the World Cup but was stopped by his parents.
If she could sing, I would invite her to the party.Unit 1 Art
Ⅰ. 单元教学目标
技能目标Skill Goals▲ Talk about art and galleries▲ Talk about likes and preferences▲ Learn words in families▲ Use the subjunctive mood▲ Write a letter to give suggestions
Ⅱ. 目标语言
功 能 句 式 Talk about likes and preferences:I’d prefer ... I’d rather ... I’d like ...Which would you prefer... I really prefer ...Would you rather... Would you like ... or...
词 汇 1． 四会词汇abstract, sculpture, gallery, consequently, belief, consequent, aim, symbol, value, focus, religion, possession, convince, shadow, ridiculous, controversial, nowadays, attempt, predict, aggressive, scholar, flesh, geometry, bunch, avenue, exhibition, civilization, contemporary, permanent, district, tip2． 认读词汇realistic, Giotto di Bondone, renaissance, the Renaissance, perspective, Masaccio, impressionism, impressionist, Madison, post-impressionist, Manhattan, mansion, Guggenheim, metropolitan, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Monet, Picasso, Matisse, Whitney3． 词组focus on, a great deal, scores of, in the flesh
语法 The subjunctive mood If I were you ... I wish I could ...Learn words in families
重点句子 1. There are so many different styles of Western art that it would be impossible to describe all of them in a short text. P12. People became focused more on humans and less on religion. P23. If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, people would not have been able to paint such realistic pictures. P24. At the time they were created, the impressionists’ paintings were controversial but today they are accepted as the beginning of what we now call “modern art”. P35. It is amazing that so many great works of art from the late-19th century to the 21st century could be contained in the same museum. P66. We would like to turn the empty land at the back of the school into a nature garden. P457. When we have finished the work, we hope the council will join us in a celebration morning tea so that the whole school can thank you. P45
Ⅲ. 教材分析与教材重组
1. 教材分析
本单元以Art为主题, 主要介绍了西方绘画简史，描写了曼哈顿最好的艺术长廊。帮助学生了解更多有关美术的背景知识，分析中西方艺术史上各大流派的特点，指出其代表性的画家和作品，并对中西方绘画艺术进行比较。最后要求学生为当地举办的一场别开生面的画展提出合理化建议。
1.1 Warming Up部分要求学生运用相关的目标语言对自己所喜欢的艺术形式和艺术流派展开讨论，并说明喜欢的原因。
1.2 Pre-reading让学生讨论有关画展或书中的艺术作品以及西方不同历史时期的著名画家。
1.3 Reading介绍了西方绘画简史上不同历史时期的艺术流派、艺术特点及其代表性的画家和作品等。
1.4 Comprehending要求学生在理解课文的基础上，写出三件有关西方艺术史的事并指出西方艺术风格变化大的原因。
1.5 Learning about Language由Discovering useful words and expressions 和Discovering useful
structures两部分组成。要求学生对课文进行概括和总结，找出所提供单词的词根，并学习虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的运用。
1.6 Using Language是由Reading, Listening, Discussing 和Writing四部分组成，通过对学生听说读写综合能力的培养，要求学生在了解艺术长廊相关知识的基础上，为当地举办的一场别开生面的画展提出合理化建议。
1.7 SUMMING UP 要求学生总结本单元所学的知识。
1.8 LEARNING TIP在阅读技巧方面对学生进行指导。
2. 教材重组
2.1 Warming Up, Pre-reading, Reading和Comprehending四部分都是关于西方绘画简史的内容，整合为一节精读课。
2.2 Learning about Language中的Discovering useful words and expressions 以及Workbook中的USING WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS 都是关于形容词、动词和名词后缀及其三者之间的相互转换，整合为一节语言学习课。
2.3 Learning about Language 中的 Discovering useful structures和Workbook 中的 USING STRUCTURES，都是有关虚拟语气用法的讲解与练习，整合为一节语法课。
2.4 Workbook中LISTENING， TALKING和LISTERNING TASK三个部分,都是有关于中国不同历史时期各种绘画流派的特点及其不同的艺术表现形式，整合为一节听说课。
2.5 Using Language中的Reading, Listening, Discussing 和Writing，都是艺术长廊的相关知识，整合为一节综合课（一）。
2.6 Workbook 中的READING TASK， SPEAKING TASK与WRITING TASK都是关于学校环境保护的内容,整合为一节综合课（二）。
3. 课型设计与课时分配
1st Period Reading
2nd Period Language Study
3rd Period Grammar
4th Period Listening and Speaking
5th Period Integrating Skills (I)
6th Period Integrating Skills (II)
Ⅳ. 分课时教案
The First Period Reading
Teaching goals 教学目标
1. Target language 目标语言
a. 重点词汇和短语
realistic, abstract, religion, religious, sculpture, gallery, belief, consequent, consequently, aim, symbol, value, focus, possession, convince, impressionism, impressionist, shadow, ridiculous, nowadays, attempt, predict, the Renaissance, focus on, a great deal, scores of
b. 重点句式
There are so many ... that it would be impossible to ... P1
People became focused more on ... and less on ... P2
If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, people would not have been able to paint ... P2
2. Ability goals 能力目标
Enable the students to talk about the short history of Western painting.
3. Learning ability goals 学能目标
Help the students learn how to talk about the short history of Western painting.
Teaching important & difficult points 教学重难点
Enable the students to talk about their opinions about different styles of Western art.
Teaching methods 教学方法
Skimming and scanning; individual, pair or group work; discussion.
Teaching aids 教具准备
A recorder, a computer, a projector and some famous paintings.
Teaching procedures & ways 教学过程与方式
Step ⅠLead-in
T: Good morning, class. Another week begins. Have you found any changes in our school
S: The walls were painted white.
S: Some figure sculptures stand along the two sides of the school yard near the school gate.
S: There are many world famous paintings hanging on the walls of the corridors of the school building.
T: Wonderful! You are very good at observing. These things like sculptures and paintings can make our school more beautiful. What do we usually call them in general
S: Generally, we call the things which can bring us beauty the works of art.
T: Exactly.
Step ⅡWarming Up
At first, ask the students to match some new words with the correct English meanings. Then ask them to look at the paintings in this unit and discuss the questions in Warming Up in groups of 4. Next, get them to answer the other questions in pairs. At last, check the answers with the whole class.
T: First, please match some new words in Column A with the correct English meanings in Column B.
Show them on the screen.
A B
a. realistic 1. accurate, minute
b. abstract 2. state or fact of existing
c. existence 3. being in thought but having a physical or practical existence
d. detailed 4. lifelike, true to life
e. religious 5. classical, of old beliefs
f. traditional 6. sincere to believe in a god or gods
Key: a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1, e-6, f-5
T: I’d like you to look at the paintings in this unit, and then work in groups of 4 to discuss the questions in Warming Up. I will give you six minutes.
Six minutes later.
T: Which would you choose to put up on the walls of our classroom And why Volunteers
S: Let me have a try. I like the painting on page 3. Because it gives us a special feeling.
S: I prefer to choose the painting on the top of page 2. The painter painted it in a more realistic style to show respect and love for God.
S: I’d rather choose the painting on the bottom of page 2. It gives us an abstract impression and appears very lively and vivid.
T: Excellent job! Then would you rather have Chinese or Western paintings in your home Give your reasons.
S: I’d rather have Chinese paintings in my home, because traditional Chinese painting is a combination of the arts of poetry, calligraphy, painting and seal engraving.
S: I agree with her. I also like Chinese paintings because they have an air of living in nature, harmony and peace, which is not always found in the art of other civilizations.
T: Quite right. The Chinese strive to maintain a delicate, harmonious balance between tradition and innovation. Any other ideas
S: I prefer to have Western paintings. I like the abstract paintings of the modern art using color, line and shape to show the objects. I think they can make people create limitless imagination.
S: I’d rather like the western styles. And I prefer to choose the paintings of realistic style.
T: Well done! If you were an artist, what kind of pictures would you paint
S: If I were an artist, I’d like to paint the romantic pictures which deal with the destinies and passions of mankind. Romanticism’s aim was to unify the mind within the finite world with the infinite.
S: I’d rather choose to paint the Chinese paintings. I like the bird-and-flower paintings. It has been a popular theme among modern artists.
S: I enjoy painting landscape very much. You know, Yin and Yang are opposite forces, which are expressed almost completely in this type of art. Shan shui or
mountain-water is in itself symbol of yin-yang. Mountains are believed to be associated with yang while water is associated with yin.
T: OK! You have done a good job. The last question
S: I’d rather paint pictures. I think it’s very interesting. I can express my own feelings by painting an object or landscape.
S: In my spare time, I enjoy painting pictures with a pen, a pencil or crayon. I like many styles of drawings, such as sketch, diagrams and graphs.
S: I prefer to make sculptures. I made some simple sculptures by hand before. I think it is very interesting.
S: I enjoy designing buildings. The famous architect Gaudi designed his buildings like dreams, full of fantastic colors and shapes. The Opera House in Sydney makes people think of seashells. The 2008 Olympic Stadium in Beijing looks like a bird’s nest made of tree branches. Although the stadium will be made of concrete and steel, the flowing lines and round shapes make the building look warm and friendly. I dream some day I can design a building that would draw the attention of people all over the world.
Step Ⅲ Pre-reading
Get the students to discuss the questions in Pre-reading in pairs. Then check the answers with the whole class.
T: Do you ever visit art galleries What kind of paintings have your ever seen
S: Yes, I have ever visited an art gallery with my parents. There were many famous paintings in it. What impressed me most was the horses drawn by Xu Beihong.
S: Till now I haven’t a chance to visit an art gallery. But I saw many paintings by Picasso on the Internet. Though I cannot understand them completely, I think they are fairly beautiful and can make me have a special feeling.
T: Quite good! From what you said, I can see that you know about many artists at home and abroad. Can you speak out the names of some famous Western artists and tell me in which century they lived
S: Vincent van Gogh was a Dutch Post-Impressionist. His thickly painted canvases with their kinetic, swirling brushstrokes have come to symbolize Expressionism. He was a famous artist in 19th century.
S: Henri Matisse was a French painter considered to be one of the great formative figures in 20th-century art.
...
T: I’m proud of you for your great jobs. Do you want to know more about the Western painting Now let’s begin to learn a passage introducing the short history of Western painting.
Step Ⅳ Reading
Task 1 Scanning
T: Please read the passage as quickly as you can to find out the answers to the questions on the screen.
Show some questions on the screen.
1. What were the artists interested in from 5th to 15th century AD
2. How did Masaccio paint his paintings
3. Why did the impressionists have to paint quickly
After the students finish reading the passage, check the answers.
T: Now who would like to answer Question 1
S: They were interested in creating respect and love for God.
S: They painted many religious scenes.
T: Good! Who’d like to answer Question 2
S: He drew things in perspective, which makes pictures very realistic.
T: Who can tell us the reasons why the impressionists had to paint quickly
S: Because natural light changes quickly, they had to paint quickly.
T: Well done.
Task 2 Skimming
Let the students read the passage again and get the main idea of it. Then complete the following chart on their own. And check the answers with the whole class.
T: Now please read the text again to get the main idea of it. And fill in the following chart.
Show the chart with blanks on the screen. A few minutes later, check the answers.
Sample answers:
Name of Ages Time Artist Feature
The Middle Ages 5th to 15th century AD Giotto di Bondone religious, realistic
The Renaissance 15th to 16th century Masaccio perspective, realistic
Impres-sionism late 19th to early 20th century detailed, ridiculous
Modern art 20th century to today controver-sial, abstract, realistic
Task 3 Explanation
T: Now I’ll deal with some language points about the text. Please turn to the reading passage. Let’s explain some sentences.
1. There are so many ... that it would be impossible to...
This sentence means that there are too many different styles of Western art to introduce in a short passage.
2. People became focused more on humans and less on religion.
It tells us that people began to pay more attention to humans than religion.
3. If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, people would not have been able to paint...
This sentence means that people discovered the rules of perspective, so that they painted such realistic pictures.
4. During the Renaissance oil paints were also developed, which made colors look ...
That is to say, during the Renaissance oil paintings were so advanced that colors looked richer and deeper.
5. At the time they were created, the impressionists’ paintings were controversial but today they are accepted as the beginning of what we now call “modern art”.
When the impressionists started to paint in their own way, some people did not accept their paintings. However, nowadays people consider them as the beginning of the Modern Art.
Step Ⅴ Comprehending
Let the students read the passage again and deal with the Exercises 1 ＆ 2 in Comprehending.
T: Now please read the passage again and then do the Exercises 1 ＆ 2 in Comprehending. I will give you five minutes. Then I will ask some of you to answer them.
Five minutes later, check the answers.
T: Quite right! Now that we have learned the passage, I have a question: What is the writing style of the passage
S: The passage is a historical narrative article. It briefly introduces the main features of different Western painting styles during the main periods of times. It also analyzes why and how the styles changed. The short history of Western painting styles is described clearly and vividly, which gives the readers deep impression.
T: Good. How about its writing characteristic
S: The writing characteristic of it is: Arranged well in the order of time; Catch the features of people and things and use adjectives very exactly; Lay the stress on the main subjects and purpose, writing details and briefs properly; Insert the typical paintings to make the passage more vivid and lively.
Step Ⅵ Homework
1. Underline the time expressions in the reading passage.
2. Retell the passage with the help of the chart about the text.
3. Discuss the question in Exercise 3 on page 3.
The Second Period Language Study
Teaching goals 教学目标
1. Target language 目标语言
a. 重点词汇和短语
influenced, symbolic, shadowy, attemptable, valuable, aimless, prediction, believable, European, ridiculous
b. 重点句式
I would love to visit France ... P4
I like religious art better than realistic art because it makes you see ... P4
2. Ability goals 能力目标
Enable the students to learn the uses of the word family.
3. Learning ability goals 学能目标
Help the students learn how to judge the parts of speech according to the suffixes and determine their functions in the sentences.
Teaching important points 教学重点
Get the students to learn word formation by adding suffixes.
Teaching difficult points 教学难点
Get the students to judge the parts of speech according to the suffixes and determine their
functions in the sentences.
Teaching methods 教学方法
Study individually; practice in groups.
Teaching aids 教具准备
A computer and a recorder.
Teaching procedures & ways 教学过程与方式
Step ⅠRevision
T: At the end of the last period, I asked you to underline all the time expressions in the reading passage, have you finished
Ss: Yes.
Ask some students to speak them out.
T: Now who’d like to have a try to retell the short history of Western painting
S: Let me try. The Middle Ages in Europe began from the 5th century and lasted about 10 centuries. Paintings from this period are full of religious symbols. The following period is called The Renaissance, which lasted almost 100 years. Masaccio discovered how to make paintings look more real by using perspective. This led to a great change in painting styles. Oil paints were developed which made colours look much richer. In the late 19th, the impressionists developed a new style of painting. They were more interested in light and color. The impressionists’ paintings are recognized as the beginning of modern art. Today there are many different styles of Western art and no doubt there will be even more new styles in the future.
T: Now I’d like you to discuss the question in Exercise 3 on page 3 in groups of 4. And then we’ll check the answers with the whole class.
The students talk about their answers.
T: All right! Now who’d like to give us the reasons
S: Art is influenced by beliefs of the people. For example, during the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes because of the people’s respect and love for God. But in the Renaissance, people became focused more on humans and less on religion. Therefore, painters drew people and nature as they really were.
S: Art is also changed according to the way of life. Take the Europe in the late 19th century for example, many new inventions were created and society changed greatly, so painting styles were different from the traditional style.
S: China has lived the similar way of life for a very long time, so Chinese art has changed less often. But nowadays China has more and more modern styles.
S: Yes, I think so. With the great development of our economy and changes of thoughts, there will be more new Chinese art styles in the near future.
Step Ⅱ Suffixation
Let the students learn some uses of suffixes.
T: Today we’re going to learn some uses of suffixes. Do you know what a suffix is
S: A suffix is a particle, which is added to the end of a root.
T: Right. Anything more about it
S: Generally, suffixes do not change the meaning of the root, but can change its part of speech. For example: lead (v.)→leadership (n.); ill (adj.) → illness (n.)
S: Although each suffix has its own meaning, it cannot be used separately without the root.
S: Sometimes, some suffixes add new meanings to the newly formed words. For example: meaning → meaningless; think → thinker
T: Quite good! Now let’s present some most commonly used suffixes.
1. Suffixes used as a noun signifier
Verb Adjective Suffix Noun
read -er reader
act -or actor
train -ee trainee
build -ing building
attend -ance attendance
punish -ment punishment
invent -tion invention
sick -ness sickness
special -ist specialist
true -th truth
2. Suffixes used as an adjective signifier
Noun Verb Suffix Adjective
wind -y windy
adventure -ous adventurous
hope -ful hopeful
hero -ic (-ical) heroic
nation -al national
care -less careless
trouble -some troublesome
depend -ent / -ant dependent
comfort -able / -ible comfortable
act, imagine -ive / -tive / -ative / -itive active, imaginative
second -ary secondary
change -able changeable
annoy -ing annoying
excite -ed excited
3. Suffixes used as a verb signifier
Adjective Noun Suffix Verb
broad fright -en broaden, frighten
simple -fy simplify
modern -ize (-ise) modernize
Then let the students do Exercise 1 on page 42 and check the answers.
Step Ⅲ Practice
Get the students to review the uses of verbs, nouns and adjectives.
T: Now let’s review the uses of verbs, nouns and adjectives. Please fill in the form below. Who can tell us what these three parts of speech can be used as
Ss:
Part of speech Noun Verb Adjective
Subject √
Object √
Predicate √
Predicative √ √ √
Objective Complement √ √
Attribute √
T: Terrific! Now practice Exercises 2, 3 ＆ 4 on page 42.
A few minutes later, check the answers with the whole class. Then let the students do Exercises 2, 3 ＆ 4 on page 4 and check the answers.
Step Ⅳ Homework
Prepare to learn the grammar of the subjunctive mood.
The Third Period Grammar
Teaching goals 教学目标
1. Target language 目标语言
a. 重点词汇和短语
wish, factual, non-factual, aggressive, scholar, in the flesh
b. 重点句式
I wish ... were / did...
If ... were / did ..., ... would / could / should / might do...
2. Ability goals能力目标
Enable the students to use the subjunctive mood correctly in different situations.
3. Learning ability goals 学能目标
Help the students learn how to use the subjunctive mood.
Teaching important and difficult points 教学重难点
Enable the students to use the correct form of the subjunctive mood.
Teaching methods教学方法
Summarizing; comparative method; practising activities.
Teaching aids教具准备
A projector and a blackboard.
Teaching procedures & ways 教学过程与方式
Step ⅠPresentation
At first, give the students an example to present what the subjunctive mood is and in what situations we should use the subjunctive mood. Then, show them the sentence structures of the subjunctive mood.
T: Now please listen to the following example: Suppose I’m a basketball fan, Yao Ming is coming here to play a basketball game this evening. But unfortunately, I haven’t got a ticket for it. I feel sorry about that and what should I say in this situation I will say: I wish I watched the basketball game. / If I had got a ticket, I would go to watch the basketball game. Have you ever heard such kind of sentences
Ss: Yes. They use the subjunctive mood.
T: Then do you know what is the subjunctive mood and in what situations we should use the subjunctive mood
S: The subjunctive mood is used when we want to express a wish, request, recommendation or report of a command.
S: Also, the subjunctive mood is used to express something that is contrary to the fact, highly unlikely or doubtful.
T: Exactly. How can we show our feelings in such situations We can use the following two sentence structures to express our regretting.
1. Subject + wish + Object Clause
Time Verb Object clause
now wish would do / could do / were / did
past wished had been / done
future wish would do / could do / were / did
2. “If” clause ..., main clause...
Time Verb Main clause
now were / did Would / could / should / might do
past had done Would / could / should / might have done
future were / did Would / could / should / might do
were to do
should do
Samples:
Fact Request Subjunctive mood
not getting a ticket(If I got a ticket,) watch the game(I could watch the game.) I wish I watched the basketball games.
not having wings(If I had wings, ) fly in the sky(I could fly in the sky.) I would fly freely in the sky.
not having enough money(If I had enough money,) buy a new computer(I could buy a new computer.) I could buy a new computer.
Step Ⅱ Practice
First, show the students some more situations. Then raise some questions and ask them to discuss them according to the situations in groups of 4, using the subjunctive mood. At last, get them to show their sentences.
T: Now I’d like to give you some more situations. Please discuss how to answer the questions using the subjunctive mood in groups of 4.
Show them on the screen.
1. Helen has been living with AIDS for many years. Now she is celebrating her birthday with her friends. If you were Helen, what kind of wishes would you make
2. It is said that a falling star can let your dreams come true. If you saw a falling star, what kind of wishes would you make
3. Besides a falling star, a magic lamp can also let your dreams come true. If you had a magic lamp, what would you ask it to do for you
After discussion.
T: All right, now who would like to be volunteers to speak out your wishes
Ss: If I were Helen, I would ask for living longer / follow the doctors’ advice.
(I wish I had a longer life / I followed the doctors’ advice.)
If I saw a falling star, I would promise to have a flourish future. / I would promise to make my parents happy forever.
(I wish I would have a flourish future / make my parents happy forever.)
If I had a magic lamp, I would ask it help the poor / I would ask it to bring peace to the whole world.
(I wish it could help the poor / bring peace to the whole world.)
Step Ⅲ Consolidation
Ask the students to do Exercises 1 ＆ 2 in Discovering useful structures on page 4 and Exercises 1-4 in USING STRUCTURES on page 43. Then check the answers.
Step Ⅳ Homework
Prepare for the Listening and Talking on page 41.
The Fourth Period Listening and Speaking
Teaching goals 教学目标
1. Target language 目标语言
a. 重点词汇和短语
traditional, abstract, figurative, photography, dimensional, sculpture, pottery, wood carving, clay figures, paper cutting
b. 重点句式 P7
Talk about likes and preferences:
I’d prefer...
I’d rather...
I’d like...
Which would you prefer...
I really prefer...
Would you rather...
Would you like ... or...
2. Ability goals能力目标
Enable the students to express their likes and preferences.
3. Learning ability goals 学能目标
Help the students learn how to express their likes and preferences.
Teaching important & difficult points 教学重难点
Teach the students to express their likes and preferences.
Teaching methods教学方法
Speaking; making conversation; comparative method.
Teaching aids教具准备
A computer, a recorder and some slides.
Teaching procedures & ways 教学过程与方式
Step Ⅰ Listening
Task 1 Do some listening practice on page 41.
At first, ask the students to listen to the tape for the first time to number the presents 1-4. Next, listen to it again to fill in the form. Then listen again and answer the questions in Exercise 3. At last, check the answers with the whole class.
Task 2 Do some listening practice on page 44.
Before listening, ask the students to look at the paintings and discuss in what period of Chinese history they were created. Then, listen to the tape for the first time and number the pictures. Next, listen to it again to write the names of the historical periods when they were painted. At last, listen again and list the features.
Check the answers with the whole class.
Step Ⅱ Talking
Ask the students to discuss the questions in TALKING in pairs.
T: So far, we have learned some knowledge about the art. Today let’s talk about how to express likes and preferences. Now I’ll show you some sentence structures. Please discuss the questions on page 41 in pairs and make up a dialogue.
Show some sentence structures on the screen.
I’d prefer...
I’d rather...
I’d like...
Which would you prefer...
I really prefer...
Would you rather...
Would you like ... or...
A few minutes later, ask some students to present their dialogues.
Sample dialogue 1:
S1: Who are your favorite Chinese artists
S2: I’d prefer the Chinese famous painter Qi Baishi, who is a master of traditional Chinese realistic painting. He is good at combining two kinds of techniques: traditional Chinese realistic painting and freehand brushwork in traditional Chinese painting.
S1: Would you like any western artists
S2: Yes, of course. I prefer the Italian artist Giotto di Bondone. He is well-known for his rediscovery of the third dimension.
Sample dialogue 2:
S1: What kind of art do you prefer, traditional or modern
S2: I’d prefer the traditional styles. Chinese traditional painting dates back to the Neolithic Age about 6,000 years ago. According to Chinese tradition, painting is a delineating form of brush lines. In great paintings, the mark of the brush stroke remains invisible, while the structural action of the strokes goes on. Chinese painting is an important part of Chinese culture. It has a long history. Would you like traditional styles
S1: No, I’d rather enjoy modern styles. The pictures of this kind are designed according to the artists’ own aesthetic values. Their artistic creations are not restricted by any regulations and rules, and sometimes look strange and absurd. The colors used are simple and bright, providing a strong visual effect. Then what would you like, abstract or figurative
S2: I’d prefer the abstract styles. And I like the paintings by Picasso best. Some of his paintings are rich, soft colored and beautiful. Others are ugly, cruel and strange. But such paintings allow us to imagine things for ourselves. They force us to ask ourselves, “What does he see that makes him paint like that ” And we begin to look beneath the surface of the things we see. Would you like the abstract styles
S1: No, I like figurative products very much, such as all kinds of sculptures, stainless steel sculpture, interior ornament, handcraft and so on. I have ever been to a Sand Sculpture Festival. From July 18th to August 1st artists were working daily to build the giant sand sculpture which was ultimately 100 meters long, 100 meters wide and 15 meters tall. Seventy-five international sculptors once again transformed nine million kilos sand into 28 fabulous sand sculptures, creating a fantastic city in sand on the Zeebrugge beach.
Sample dialogue 3:
S1: Which style would you prefer, two-dimensional or three-dimensional
S2: I prefer two-dimensional style. My favorite art style is photography. My ideal is to be a photographer. Images and information can be presented to thrill and inspire people.
S1: I’d rather like three-dimensional style. I like pottery very much.
Sample dialogue 4:
S1: There are many kinds of folk arts in China, such as paper cutting, kites, jade and other stone carvings, etc. What kind of Chinese art do you like best
S2: I enjoy paper cutting very much. The crafts use simple materials. Though they require very simple skills, their contents are rich and reveal many local Chinese customs. I think an understanding and scrutiny of paper cuts is a good beginning to get to know and appreciate the complexity of Chinese folk arts.
S1: I’d rather like clay figures. Chinese folk artists use simple and cheap materials to make small and delicate handicraft. Clay figurine making is a unique folk handicraft of China. The most famous were the Clay Figurine Zhang made in Tianjin and the Huishan clay figurines made in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. It has been introduced abroad as a cultural envoy between China and foreign countries, and it has been widely accepted and appreciated by China’s foreign friends.
Step Ⅲ Homework
Ask the students to introduce the galleries they have ever been to.
The Fifth Period Integrating Skills (I)
Teaching goals 教学目标
1. Target language 目标语言
a. 重点词汇和短语
avenue, mansion, exhibition, metropolitan, Manhattan, civilization, contemporary, permanent, district, tip
b. 重点句式
Henry Clay Frick, ..., died in 1919, leaving his house ... to the American people. P5
The garden of this ... is also well worth a visit. P5
Its art collection covers ... civilization from ..., including ... P6
2. Ability goals能力目标
Enable the students to talk about art galleries.
Enable the students to write a letter to give suggestions.
3. Learning ability goals 学能目标
Help the students learn how to talk about art galleries.
Help the students learn how to write a letter to give suggestions.
Teaching important & difficult points 教学重难点
Teach the students to write a letter to give suggestions.
Teaching methods教学方法
Fast reading; close reading; discussion.
Teaching aids 教具准备
A projector, a computer and a recorder.
Teaching procedures & ways 教学过程与方式
Step ⅠRevision and Lead-in
T: Have you ever been to any galleries before Do you think visiting galleries is interesting Now work in groups of 4 and I’ll give you a few minutes to talk about the galleries you have been to. And then I’d like to ask some of you to introduce the galleries to the class.
After discussion.
T: Who would like to introduce something about the galleries you’ve ever been to before
S: I’ve ever been to the Gallery of China. It has various kinds of beautiful Chinese paintings. The one I like best is a dragon painting. It gives people the feeling of admiration. And I think the Gallery is able to establish an “Art Kingdom”.
S: I have ever been to a gallery in Beijing. Its exhibition halls are filled with oil paintings, sketch, watercolor, gouache, prints, tempera, lacquer painting, traditional Chinese paintings, calligraphy, photography, sculptures, performance art and installation art. I like all of them, because they can bring me pleasure and by visiting it I have learned much about the cultures of many countries.
T: Wonderful! Visiting galleries can not only bring people wonderful feelings but also teach them many things. So I think you should visit some galleries if you have a chance.
Step Ⅱ Reading
Ask the students to read the passage about art galleries on page 5.
T: Today we’re going to read a passage about art galleries. Now please open your books and turn to page 5. Read the passage quickly to get the main idea.
After the students finish reading.
T: Who would like to tell us the main idea of this passage
S: Let me have a try. The passage introduces some best art galleries of Manhattan. And I think this passage is perhaps from a tourist guide book.
T: Very good. Then please read the passage carefully again, and deal with Exercises 1 ＆ 2 below.
A few minutes later, check the answers.
Step Ⅲ Listening
Ask the students to do some listening practice on page 7.
At first, ask them to listen to the tape for the first time and number the galleries.
Next, listen again and answer the questions.
At last, check the answers with the whole class.
Step Ⅳ Discussion
First, ask the students to read the passage “The Best of Manhattan’s Art Galleries” again by themselves. And then show them some expressions about likes and preferences, and ask them to tell the group members which galleries being introduced they prefer in groups of 4. At last, discuss how they will spend the day. A few minutes later, ask several groups to show their discussions and report their decisions.
T: Now I’d like you to do some discussion work. Please work in groups of 4. Read the passage again and use the expressions on the screen to tell the others in your groups which galleries you prefer. If you have a chance to visit the galleries in the district, how will you spend the day
Show some expressions on the screen.
I’d prefer...
I’d rather...
I’d like...
Which would you prefer...
I really prefer...
Would you rather...
Would you like ... or...
A few minutes later, ask several groups to show their discussions.
A sample dialogue:
S1: I’d prefer to go to the Frick Collection because I like western paintings very much. By the way, I also enjoy exploring Frick’s lovely garden, beautiful house and the furniture. Which do you prefer
S2: I really prefer to visit the Whitney Museum of American Art. I’m interested in the contemporary American paintings and sculptures very much. I think they are very special, fashionable and modern with exhibition of new art. And we can also watch some videos and see films when we have a rest. Which do you like, Metropolitan Museum of Art or Museum of Modern Art
S3: I’d rather visit Metropolitan Museum of Art. This museum has the greatest collection of art in the USA, which covers over 5,000 years of civilization from all over the world. I prefer it partly because the museum displays more than just art with many other special exhibitions. Would you rather visit this museum
S4: Yes, I’d love to. But I also prefer Guggenheim Museum, because the largest collection in it is the impressionist and post-impressionist section and its building is famous worldwidely. And it has an excellent restaurant. We can have a rich dinner there.
T: Excellent job! If you have the chance to visit the galleries in the district one day, how will you spend the day
S: After discussion, we decide to visit the four museums from south to north. We shall have breakfast at home. At 8:00 am, we’ll meet at the Frick Collection, which is on the 5th and Madison Avenue. After watching the western paintings there, we can explore its beautiful garden. Later, we’ll take a taxi to the Whitney Museum of American Art. After visiting the exhibition of new art, we will watch some videos and see films to have a rest, eat some fast food for lunch. In the afternoon, we plan to take a bus to go to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the greatest collection of art in the USA. There we can enjoy over 5,000 years of civilization from all over the world and many other special exhibitions. Next, we’ll continue to go northward by taxi until we get to the Guggenheim Museum. We can see the collection that is impressionist and post-impressionist and appreciate its great architectural art. At last, we decide to have a rich dinner in its restaurant. We wish we spent a meaningful day, had a good time and learned much knowledge about art.
Step Ⅴ Writing
First, ask the students to discuss the questions in Exercise 1 on page 8 in groups of 4, giving their own suggestions and reasons. Then, write a letter to give their opinions.
T: Today we’re going to practice writing a letter to the art gallery committee. You can practice according to the following steps:
1. Discuss the questions in Exercise 1 in groups of 4, expressing your suggestions and reasons.
2. Write a letter to give your suggestions and reasons.
A sample letter:
Dear Sir,
As we know, we will establish a great museum of the 21st century, building up an “Art Kingdom” of the cyber world, which has a plentiful supply of art and an invaluable collection of works of art. I think we should serve art lovers from all over the world, making their life more prosperous through art.
In order to meet the 2008 Olympic Games, I suggest starting a new gallery to spread our national civilization and improve the Olympic movement. The emblem “Chinese Seal, Dancing Beijing” adopts a special form of traditional Chinese art combining the arts of Chinese characters, seal carving and art of handwriting. Some fine photographs of some famous Olympic athletes also can be collected. Sculpture works will be exhibited and confirmed the great progress that has been made in the creation of Chinese sculpture. One of the sculptures conveys the strenuous effort made by Chinese athletes in global sports competitions in order to bring honor to their homeland. It captures a typical movement of the athlete as she relaxes her hip joints and walks on her heels and toes.
So we should mainly show Chinese paintings. In this broad and deep historical river, Chinese calligraphy art reappear this historic evolutional process with its particular artistic form and artistic language seals carving and art of handwriting. People will be pleased with Chinese folk art, such as paper cutting, kites, jade and other stone carvings, wooden toys — these arts with ancient roots in China are still widely practiced, especially among ethnic groups. Embroidery is a traditional Chinese craft, which consists of pulling colored threads through a background material with embroidery needles to stitch colored patterns. All kinds of products about Chinese knots, which is a kind of characteristic folk decoration of handicraft art expressing warmest regards, best wishes and finest ideal. Today, more and more people are fond of it for its characteristic form, colorfulness and profound meaning.
What’s more, the following products can be considered to be shown: the colorful national arts of minor nationalities, especially the condemns, beautiful natural sightseeing and landscape pictures of our motherland, glorious architectural sculptures and the photographs showing the great changes of all professions after joining WTO.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
Step Ⅵ Homework
Prepare for the READING TASK on page 45.
The Sixth Period Integrating Skills (II)
Teaching goals教学目标
1. Target language 目标语言
a. 重点词汇和短语
environment, council, attractive, permission, imagination, cross out
b. 重点句式 P45
We would like to turn ... into...
When we have finished the work, we hope ... will join us in ... so that...
2. Ability goals能力目标
Enable the students to talk about environment.
Enable the students to write a letter asking for permission.
3. Learning ability goals 学能目标
Help the students learn how to talk about environment.
Help the students learn how to write a letter asking for permission.
Teaching important & difficult points 教学重难点
Teach the students to write a letter asking for permission.
Teaching methods教学方法
Fast reading; careful reading; discussion.
Teaching aids 教具准备
A projector, a computer and a recorder.
Teaching procedures & ways教学过程与方式
Step I Reading Task
Task 1 Fast reading
T: At the beginning of this week, we have noticed that our school has been painted white and decorated with many famous works of art. They all make our school look more beautiful. Here is a letter on page 45 from a group of students who would like to make their school more attractive. Please read it as fast as possible to answer the questions on the screen.
Show the questions on the screen.
1. Why do they become worried
2. What do they hope the headmaster to do for their project
After a few minutes, check the answers.
Sample answers:
1. Lately their class has become worried about the environment at the back of the school and they would like to do something to make their school more attractive.
2. They hope their headmaster will give them permission for their valuable plan and help them donate 500 dollars.
Task 2 Careful reading
T: Suppose you were the president of the high school council and you received this letter. Prepare to make notes for a report about the letter to the school council, filling the blanks on page 46. Before reading, I’ll show you some tips about how to make notes.
Show the following on the screen.
1. Just write down some key words.
2. Use words or phrases.
3. Omit the small words like prepositions.
T: Now please read the letter carefully. When you read, please catch the key words. Then make notes for the report by filling the blanks.
A few minutes later, check the answers with the whole class.
Step II Speaking Task
Ask the students to discuss how to improve the environment of their school in groups of 4. Then ask some of them to speak out some proposals to make their school more attractive.
T: Now I would like you to discuss how to improve the environment of our school to make it more attractive in groups of 4. Practice the tasks according to the instruction in SPEAKING TASK on page 46.
After a few minutes.
T: I’d like some of you to give your opinions about what and how we should do to improve the environment of our school.
S: I suggest planting more trees, grass and flowers to make our school look like a beautiful garden. They can also make the air fresh. You’d better not to pick the flowers and stamp the grass.
S: I think we should not throw litter on the ground or floor. Instead, pick up rubbish and throw it into a dustbin, collect waste paper and bottles for recycling. We should put different rubbish into different dustbins.
S: We should prevent the factories from pouring waste and polluted water not only into the river near our school but also into the other rivers. We can go outside to hand out leaflets about protecting the environment. We also can visit the factories to tell the owners the serious result they will bring to the people.
S: Keep the schoolyard or the classroom clean. Don’t draw pictures on walls. Don’t carve names on the trees or on the desks and chairs. Do some cleaning carefully and regularly. We may draw some big posters about environmental protection. We shouldn’t throw about waste batteries and fruit peel.
S: I advise making our school a non-smoking place. I’d like to persuade both teachers and staffs not to smoke, telling them it’s a bad habit to smoke, and smoking does damage to one’s health and cause some deadly diseases.
T: It means that you have already done something useful to improve the environment. If everyone makes contribution to protecting the environment, the world will become much more beautiful. If all Chinese care about the environment, I’m sure China will become one of the most beautiful countries in the world.
Step Ⅲ Writing Task
Ask the students to write a letter to the headmaster of the school asking for permission to improve the environment of the school. Tell them while writing, they can refer to the instruction in WRITING TASK.
A sample letter:
Dear Mr. Wang,
As you know, our school used to look like a beautiful garden with green trees and many kinds of flowers in our schoolyard all year round. But great changes have taken place since a chemical work was built near our school two years ago. It produces poisonous gases and pours a large amount of waste water into the river. The terrible pollution has done great harm to students and teachers as well as to the surroundings. It’s time for us to do something to protect our school and prevent her from being polluted.
First, we must make great efforts to clean up polluted water and stop further water pollution. Ask the government to maintain and improve present facilities, and construct new project with health, safety, and protection of the environment as primary concerns.
Second, we must insist that water pollution control laws be passed and strictly enforced. This responsibility extends also to members of the general public in our surrounding community. An important aspect of this responsibility is making ongoing programs to protect the community’s air, land and water quality. This is of such importance, that is must be given precedence over operating productivity.
Finally, we can also protect ourselves against polluted water. We should take measures to clean the polluted water. To cooperate with government, industry and academia is supporting research and maximizing benefits for the general public in safety, health and environmental matters.
We hope you will give us a permission to carry out the project and donate 5,000 yuan we need. And we also require you to make a report to ask for the government’s rescue. By doing so, we will be able to live a healthier and happier life.
Yours sincerely,
Liu Wei
附 件
Ⅰ. 课文重点难点解析
1. There are so many different styles of Western art that it would be impossible to describe all of them in a short text. P1
a. so ... that ... 如此……以致于……; so之后可接形容词、副词或加修饰语的名词：
e.g. This is so interesting a book that we all like to read it. 这本书很有趣， 我们都喜欢读。
He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over.
他摔了许多跤，以致全身都青一块紫一块。
b. 当不定式、动名词、从句等结构用作主语时， 为了避免“头重脚轻”，往往用it作形式主语而把真正的主语放在句子末尾。
e.g. Is it necessary to tell her father everything 有必要把一切都告诉她父亲吗？
It is said that he got married last month.
据说他上个月已经结婚了。
2. People became focused more on humans and less on religion. P2
focus ... on ... 对准焦点；使集中
e.g. He focused the camera on her.
他把照相机的焦点对准了她。
The teacher focuses her attention on the book.
老师正集中精力看书。
3. During the Renaissance oil paints were also developed, which made colors look richer and deeper. P2
Which可用作关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句时，可指代其前面的一个指代事物的名词，在此句中指代整个主句。
e.g. She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise.
她收到了老板的邀请，这是她意想不到的。
The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames.
这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。
Ⅱ. 文化背景知识
Painting Styles
When we speak of painting styles coming and going, we often think in terms of a decade or so of prominence in this century, perhaps twice that length of time in the previous century, and a generation or two in the century before that. As painting has developed in the art of man, the lifespan of a given style of painting has decreased in duration geometrically. Broadly speaking, for instance, the so-called “Renaissance” style of painting spans a hundred years or more. The mannerist style of painting that followed it somewhat less than that, perhaps 75 years, while the Baroque era lasted anywhere from 75 to 100 years depending upon which art historian you prefer. Moving back a century or so, early Christian art, sometimes called Byzantine art was little changed for perhaps 1,000 years. Talk about a style with legs! A Madonna and Child fresco painting from the Catacomb of Priscilla in Rome dates from the third century. It features a sitting Madonna holding a child-like Christ on her lap. Stylistically, it is little different from one painted in the 1300’s by the Italian artist, Duccio. The Duccio panel is rich in heavy gold leaf and much more linear in design with the Madonna enthroned in what would appear to be a circular seat that would appear to have been modelled after the Coliseum.
The third century fresco, in contrast, lacks a halo and actually seems more naturalistic than the Duccio figure. It seems possible, if not certain, that Duccio might have been familiar with the catacomb fresco. Whatever the case, though different, there is little doubt that stylistically, they are cut from the same thousand-year-old cloth. Pursuing Madonna and child paintings down through Giotto, (a student of Duccio) to Massaccio (a student of Giotto) to his student, Piero della Francesca we can watch generation by generation as the Byzantine slowly gave birth to the Renaissance like a mother giving birth to a child.
Traditional Chinese Painting
Next to the supremely difficult art of calligraphy, the Chinese have for centuries seen painting as the highest form of art. Chinese paintings have an air of living nature, harmony and peace that is not always found in the art of other civilizations. Like all other forms of art, the Chinese strive to maintain a delicate, harmonious balance between tradition and innovation.
Painting originated in the late Chou Dynasty, and its roots were cultivated in the Han Dynasty. These early paintings, which usually depicted the afterlife and heroic tales, saw a heightened sensitivity to space, distance and the first exhibition of the elements of the landscape: small trees and great mountains. In the period of the Six Dynasties, which harbored Ku K’ai-chih, long considered the father of landscape painting, Chinese painting took on a delicate and ethereal quality that has been adhered to throughout the long tradition of Chinese landscape art.
The Tang Dynasty (618-906), the golden age of cultural accomplishment, saw the rise of three great painters — Wang Wei, who instilled a sense of intimacy, simplicity and sad quietness into his works, Li Su-hsun and Li Chao-tao, who are both known for the vivid green and blue, complex landscapes that have come to define the Tang painting.
Painting diverged into many threads of ideas, styles and schools in what is generally seen as its culmination in the Song Dynasty (960-1279). The Song established a royal painting academy for the first time, and officially patronized a plethora of famous artists. The bird-and-flower painting found its home in the royal court and has since been a popular theme among modern artists. A split between the Northern and the Southern styles emerged as well. The paintings of the North Song reflected a concern with complex composition and brushwork, texture, and high concentrations of rocky cliffs, waterfalls, and bands of small figures. A type of literati painting, known as wen-jen hua, surfaced, preferring simple, revelatory subjects such as a tree or a rock or a bamboo shoot. The South Song saw a landscape tradition regarded as the Ma-Hsia school, after Ma Yuan and Hsia Kuei, which produced expansive, over-arching views, covering great spans of land and mist, and cultivating a feeling of weightlessness and otherworldliness. To convey the void, the sensation of open space, and to suggest the never-ending quality of the world was the greatest objective here. Ma Yuan, “one-corner Ma”, liked to paint in one corner of the canvas and leave the rest empty. The Zen painting, originating with Zen monks, who disliked the academic cult and coveted the spontaneity of painting, produced free and loosely defined paintings, which would be popular in later centuries.
The Yuan (1279-1368), Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1912) Dynasties, saw a gradual disillusionment with the court, and many officials retired from royalty to become painters, comprising a school known as the literati and separate from the patronized and academic tradition. In the Yuan and Ming, bolder dashes of brush strokes were employed and interested in void and space yielded to a dramatic appreciation for form. While the academic art school continued to imitate the work of previous centuries, individual scholars or literati, compensated by contributing to the dynamism and mutability of Chinese painting. The seeds of individuality were planted as painters rejected orthodoxy and imitation, and became freer and less restrained with their art.
In the 20th century, with the fall of the Qing Dynasty and the rise of the Republic of China and then the People’s Republic of China, Chinese painting has also undergone the pressure to modernize and adopt Western styles and traditions. Many painters studied in the international world and brought innovative styles, such as the use of bold colors, European brushwork and perspective. Some paintings by Mao Zedong even took on political commentary in subject matter while retaining the old styles. Nevertheless, Chinese painting has never let go of its long-standing and centuries-old tradition. Painting will always contain the Tao, the notion of one power penetrating the whole universe. The Chinese artist still seeks harmony with the universe by communion with all things. If an artist has qi, the spirit of art and of the universal order, everything else follows; but if he or she misses chi, no amount of likeness, embellishment, skill, or even genius can save the work from lifelessness. The western mind is apt to think of Chinese painting as unemotional, as western content leans so heavily on the portrayal of love, joy, grief, anger and courage. But in Chinese painting, drama is handled differently. Brush and ink are not just tools. They possess the Tao, and reveal the spirit of chi. The chi is in the tip of the brush. The brush is an extension of the hand, which is the servant of the spirit. Use of the brush must be effortless. Yet there must be strength in the brush, which depicts the trees and mountains. Ink is thought to have five colors. It can be used to depict both what is and what is not. There must be unity in composition. Yin and yang are opposing forces, which need one another for completeness. The term for landscape, shan shui or mountain-water, is in itself symbolic of yin-yang. Mountains are believed to be associated with yang while water is associated with yin. Yin-yang applies to perspective. Objects in the layout should be looked at from the front and the side. Brush strokes should be upright and slanted. There should be parts that are sparse and parts are dense. The light and the thick should balance. Thick ink must be accompanied by thin ink. Everywhere this principle of the opposites is applied to painting. Voids contribute much towards the suggestive quality of landscape painting. Like all other forms of art, Chinese painting, while changing and yielding to the times like an organism, will always have its distinctly Chinese character.
The Pioneer of Contemporary Realistic Painting
The New Culture Movement started from the May Fourth Movement, which at the beginning of the 20th century started a revolution against imperialism and feudalism in Chinese cultural fields. Many Chinese painters went abroad to learn Western painting skills. One of them was Xu Beihong, who went to Europe to study Western classical realist painting, and then combined it with traditional Chinese painting methods. He was the pioneer of contemporary Chinese realist fine arts.
Xu Beihong (1895-1953) was a native of Yixing, Jiangsu Province. His father, from whom he learned painting in his childhood, was also a painter. At the age of 20, Xu went to Shanghai to sell paintings. In 1918, at the invitation of Cai Yuanpei, he went to Peking University to work as an instructor at the Painting Research Society. The next year, he went to Paris to study, then transferred to Berlin and Belgium to learn oil painting and sketch drawing. He liked the Western classical paintings of the Renaissance very much and diligently copied them day and night. After he came back to Beiping (present-day Beijing) in 1927, he served as the president of the Beiping Art Institute, dean of the Art Department of Nanjing Central University and later as principal of the Beiping Vocational Art School. After the liberation of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, Xu worked as the president of the Chinese Central Academy of Fine Arts and chairman of the Chinese Artists’ Association.
Learning from Western paintings, Xu also incorporated his knowledge of human anatomy and modeling in his figure paintings. During his eight years in Europe, he studied the classic, romantic and impressionist painting styles and tried to understand their different ideas. After he came back to China, he blended them with traditional Chinese painting. He considered Chinese and Western paintings as different branches of art with respective advantages and he thought they should be combined, absorbing the essence and rejecting the dross.
Though Xu adopted many Western painting techniques, he was also a master of traditional Chinese painting. He spoke highly of Yan Liben, Wu Daozi, Li Sixun of the Tang Dynasty, Huang Quan and Fan Kuan of the Five Dynasties and Xu Wei, Chen Laolian, Shi Tao and Bada Shanren of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. He also had great admiration for Ren Bonian. According to him, artists should seek after truth and take a proper attitude to life. He summarized seven painting rules in the preface of his book, The Painting Center. The seven rules are proper composition, accurate proportion, clear distinction of white and black, natural movements and gestures, harmony between bright and light colors, clear characterization and unambiguous expression of emotions. From these rules, we can see Xu’s careful research into traditional Chinese and Western paintings and his quest to combine the painting methods of the two. The rules provide a good summary of his art practice and also represent a big achievement in modern realist fine arts research.
Xu Beihong created thousands of excellent traditional Chinese paintings, oil paintings and sketches during his life. In his traditional Chinese painting Foolish Old Man Removing Mountains, (Fig. 2-40) oil paintings Five Hundred Soldiers in The Field and Wait After Me, he depicted traditional Chinese folk tales or historical stories to hint obliquely at contemporary realist themes. His works have impeccable composition, extensive scenes and rich characterization to reflect the themes. His paintings of animals, flowers and birds, such as Crowing Cock in Storm and Galloping Horses, all reflect positive ideas. His works reveal his concern about society, the people and his devotion to art. Xu Beihong had researched the body shape and characteristics of horses and drew sketches of thousands of horses. The horses under his painting brush combine Western and traditional Chinese painting skills, which have a unique attraction.
During his life, Xu Beihong also devoted heart and soul to the education of new artists and made important contributions to fine arts education after the founding of New China.SENTENCE EXPLANATIONS
1. [原句] A conventional artist of this period was not interested in showing nature and people as they really were.
[翻译] 这个阶段的常规艺术家对于如实地展现自然和人物不感兴趣。
[点拨]此句中as作连词，引导方式状语从句。as they were意为“照他们本来的样子”。又如：
The trousers are rather long, but I’ll take them just as they are. 这条裤子有点儿长，不过，就这样吧，就要这条了。
A witness must state the facts as they are.
目击者必须如实地阐述事实。
[小试] 用as they are / were翻译下列句子。
① 你最好接受事物的现状。
② 最后，他别无选择只好顺其自然。
Key:
① You had better take things as they are.
② Finally he had no choice but to leave things as they were.
2. [原句] Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived and worked in Paris.
[翻译] 在那些突破传统画法的画家中有在巴黎生活和工作的印象派画家。
[点拨] 此句是一个复合句。其主句为Among the painters were the Impressionists, 是一个倒装句，倒装形式是：表语+be+主语。正常语序是：The Impressionists were among the painters。该复合句的从句为由who引导的两个定语从句，分别修饰the painters 和the Impressionists。
3. [原句] On the one hand, some modern art is abstract; that is, the painter does not attempt to paint objects as we see them with our eyes, but instead concentrates on certain qualities of the object, using colour, line and shape to represent them.
[翻译] 一方面，有些现代艺术是抽象的，也就是说，画家并不打算把我们用眼睛看到的东西如实地画出来，而是集中展现物体的某些品质特性，用色彩、线条和形状把它们呈现出来。
[点拨] 本句中的that is 可以写作that is to say,意为“换句话说”，相当于in other words, 用于更清楚地解释刚刚说过的话。解释部分主语是the painter, 谓语是由not ... but ...连接的两个并列谓语。Unit 1-1 Art
课型：阅读课 授课时间：
班级：________________ 姓名：________________ 授课教师：___________
教学目标：
让学生运用本课所学的语言知识与课文内容进行听说读写的综合训练。
教学重点与难点：
理解课文并学习运用名词性从句进行写作。
教学方法：
任务型教学。
Step1 Revison
1. g______ 1.a place where many pictures or paintings are on display
2. s_______ 2.a person, a thing, etc that stand for a more general quality or situation
3. f_______ 3.to give attention, effect to a particular thing, situation or person rather
than another
4.p_________ 4.something one owns; wealth
5. r_________ 5.very funny, silly or unreasonable
6.c_________ 6.causing discussion and disagreement
7.c_________ 7.to make sb. believe that something is true
8.p_________ 8.foretell; to say something will happen in the future
Step2 Warming-up
1. What kinds of paintings do you like Chinese or Western
2. What Chinese folk art do you know
3. Have you ever been to a gallery
Step3 Fast reading
1. What’s the main idea and how is the information organized
2. How many styles of Western painting are mentioned in the text What are they
Step 4 Skimming
1. What were the artists interested in from 5th to 15th century AD Creating _______ and ____ for God.
2. How did Masaccio paint his paintings He drew things in__________, which makes pictures very _______.
3. Why did the impressionists have to paint quickly
Because the natural light _______ quickly, they had to _____ quickly.
Step5 True or False
1. Western art has changed very little over the last seventeen centuries.
2. Painters in the Middle Ages painted mainly religious subjects.
3. Paintings in the Middle Ages were very realistic.
4. Renaissance painters tried to paint things in a realistic way.
5. Two important discoveries in the Renaissance period were oil paints and drawing in perspective.
6. Impressionists painted their pictures mainly indoors.
7. At first people did not like the impressionists’ paintings.
8. Modern art began with the impressionists.
Step 6 Read again and then complete the following chart.
Name of Ages time artist feature
The Middle Ages
The Renaissance
Impres-sionism Late 19th to early 20th century
Modern art 20th century to today
Step7当堂检测
Styles in Western art have changed __________. Art is _________ by the ________ and _________________. During the Middle Ages, the main ____ of painters was to _________________ themes. Artists were ___________ creating ______ and _____for God.
In the Renaissance, people became _______ more on _______and less on _______. Artists tried to paint ______ and ______ __ they really ____.
Masaccio used __________ in his paintings which made people ________ they were ______________ a hole in the wall __ a real scene.
In the late 19th century, Europe changed __________ from a mostly __________ society to a mostly ________ one. The ____________ were the first to paint ________. They had to paint ______ and their paintings were not __ ______________ of earlier painters.
Today people accept _____________ ________ as the _________ of _______ _______. Some modern art is _______while some is ___.
Step 8 课外拓展
1. Discussion
Work in pairs: What styles of painting there will be in the future
1. 阅读理解
GU Zhaodi, 60, had taken water for granted for years. In fact, no one in the beautiful lake city of Wuxi, Jiangsu Province had bothered to spare a thought on water.
But all that changed dramatically overnight last month when taps in the city ran dry. Due to a blue-green algae(藻类) outbreak in Taihu Lake, China’s third largest freshwater lake and the source of drinking water for 4 million Wuxi residents(居民),water from the city’s taps became dark and smelly.
“I can’t believe there is no water for drinking, let alone cooking and washing,” said Ｇu.
The lake was blanketed with the algae, giving off a strong smell of rotting meat. A stone thrown into it took a long time to sink. Experts said that algae usually boom because of hot water and rich chemicals like phosphor(磷)in the water.
“High temperature and a lack of rain in the past few months helped the growth of algae,” said Zhang Lijun, an official from the State Environment Protection Administration. “However, pollution from human activity should be most blamed for the disaster.”
Taihu Lake is surrounded by many small factories, which sprang up in the 1980s.Inthe 1990s,many foreign-funded(外资的) companies joined in. The industries prospered(繁荣)，Wuxi has grown into one of the wealthiest cities in East China.
But that came at the price of pollution. The lake was treated like a waste dump(垃圾堆)，with factories emptying industrial waste and untreated sewage(污水)into it.
Although, after the government's effort, life in the city has gone back to normal, the one-week crisis（危机）rang a bell for the government and local people. “It's time to rebuild the beauty of nature, or our lives will be at risk,” said Gu.
“A safe environment comes first. Economic growth will be nothing without fresh water to drink and clean air to breathe.” said China Daily.
1、The following can help the blue green algae grow______
A. high water temperature B. rich chemicals in the water
C. a lack of rain D. plentiful water and sunshine
2、 What can we learn from the passage
A. The one-week disaster has made the local people realize the importance of
building a beautiful city.
B. It is human activity rather than the algae that is to blame for the water Pollution.
C. Only when the environment is safe and friendly can man live a better and healthier life.
D. Environment should be taken into consideration first if a city plans to develop its economic.
3、Which of the following can be the best title of the passage
A. Who is to blame, man or algae B. Water turned off
C. Water pollution troubled Wuxi D. Algae threatened Taihu Lake
4、According to the passage, Taihu Lake________
A. is the third largest lake in China.
B. is surrounded by many foreign-funded factories and companies.
C. used to be a waste dump.
D. suffered from industrial waste，untreated sewage and algae.
5、The underlined phrase “sprang up” in the sixth paragraph means______
A. develop quickly B. produce goods quickly
C. come to life D. grow up
3.阅读下面对话，掌握其大意，并根据所给字母的提示，在标有题号的右边横线上写出一个英语单词的完整、正确形式，使对话通顺。
Travel Agent——T; Paul——P
T: Good afternoon, how can I help you
P: Hi, I want to (61) b a room and some tickets for the summer holiday.
T: Where are you going
P: Sydney.
T: And how many people will be going
P: Four. Two (62) a and two children.
T :( 63) W would you like to go
P: Anytime after 12th July, but (64) b 20th July. Can you tell me the (65) p of the cheapest flight
T: Sure, can I ask if your children are over two years old
P: Yes, they are.
T: In that (66) c , for the flight they will be charged at children’s rates and for the hotel there won’t be any charge. It (67) l on 15th July and returns on 29th July on Virgin Atlantic. This is the cheapest flight (68) a .
P: Fine. Do you have a (69) c of the journey plan that I can take away with me
T: Sure. I hope to hear from you soon.
P: Thanks. I’ll think about it tonight and ring you in the (70) m tomorrow.
T: Thanks. I’m looking forward to your reply.
Step9 Homework
1. Read the text more after class.
2. Write down three new things you have learned about western art:
教后记：
____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________READING TASKS
A short history of Western painting
I. Read the text carefully and fill in the blanks.
Period Main aim Characteristics of the paintings Representative painters
The Middle Ages (5th to the 15th century AD) To represent 1 themes ◆ Full of religious symbols◆ In a more realistic way 2
The Renaissance (15th to 3 ) To paint 4 asthey really were ◆ Painted in 5 ◆ Realistic Masaccio
6 (late 19th to early 20th century) To show how 7 fell on objects at different times of day ◆ Not as 8 as paintings of earlier painters◆ Controversial at first Not mentioned
Modern Art (20th century to today) To concentrate on certain 9 of the objects or to make the paintings look like photographs ◆ 10 ◆ Realistic Not mentioned
II. Read the text carefully and choose the best answers.
1. When were oil paints developed
A. From 5th to the 15th century AD.
B. From 15th to 16th century.
C. From late 19th to early 20th century.
D. From 20th century to today.
2. It is ______ that help create “modern art” according to the text.
A. paintings in the Middle Ages
B. paintings in the Renaissance
C. the Impressionist paintings
D. the religious paintings
Key:
I. 1. religious 2. Giotto di Bondone
3. 16th century 4. people and nature
5. perspective 6. Impressionism
7. light and shadow 8. detailed
9. qualities 10. Abstract
II. 1. B 2. C(共24张PPT)
人教课标
高二 选修 6 Unit 1
1. Find the word or expression for
each of the following meanings
from the text.
_________ excellent; splendid
_________ purpose; intention
_________ silly or unreasonable
_________ trust; strong belief
_________ easily noticed or understood
_____________ traditional
superb
aim
ridiculous
faith
evident
conventional
7. _________ room or building for showing
works of art
8. _________ based on general ideas rather
than specific examples
9. _________ method of doing or
performing something,
especially in the arts or
sciences
gallery
abstract
technique
10. __________ the art of making figures,
objects, etc out of stone,
wood, clay, etc.
sculpture
2. Complete the passage below using
the words in the box in the correct
form.
predict adopt attempt possess by coincidence a great deal on the other
Are those sunflowers a real painting by Van Gogh
The most popular art style in Western countries is Impressionism. Many people would love to _______ an Impressionist painting and spend ___________ of
possess
a great deal
money to own one. ______________ there are a lot of painters who can ______ the
art style of any famous Impressionist artist and produce unknown “masterpieces”. One such painter, Otto Wacker, __________ to make a lot money quickly and painted lots of “masterpieces” in the style of Van Gogh. Many were
attempted
adopt
By coincidence
considered to be Van Gogh’s own work by important art critics. On the one hand some of them were discovered. ________________ some famous art critics wonder if there are many other “masterpieces” hanging on gallery walls. As a man looking after Van Gogh’s paintings said: “I would not be surprised
On the other hand
if the number (of “masterpieces”) grows to more than 200.” So who can _______
where and when the next “masterpieces” will be discovered
predict
根据汉语提示，完成下列对话或短文。
A
Alice: Do you think the boss would be
angry __________________ (如果我
早回家)
Daisy: Yes, I do. As a matter of fact, I
think she’d be very angry.
Alice: Do you really think so
if I went home early
Daisy: Yes, I’m positive. ______________
_____________________ (如果我
是你的话我不会早回家的).
Alice: I suppose you’re right.
I wouldn’t go home early if I were you
B
Dick: My son wants to be a doctor. You
know, I ______________________
________ (希望他不想当一名医生).
John: Oh Why do you say that
Dick: ______________________________
______________________________
_______ (如果他不想当医生的话，
我就可以培养他管理我的鞋店).
John: Oh. I see.
wish he didn’t want to be a doctor
If he didn’t want to be a doctor, I could train him to manage my shoe store.
C
Mrs. Watson is “sick and tired” of teaching seventh-grade math! She has been teaching that subject for the past eighteen years. Mrs. Watson __________
___________________ (希望她教点别的). In fact, at this point in her life, __________________________________
__________________________________ (她愿意教其他任何科目，只要不是七年级的数学).
wishes she taught something else
she would be willing to teach anything, as long as it wasn’t seventh-grade mathGRAMMAR
虚拟语气（上）
[想一想] 请观察下列几组句子，想一想其中谓语动词的用法有何特点。
1. a. If I had enough money now, I would lend it to you.
b. If he had taken your advice, he wouldn’t have made such a bad mistake.
c. If he were / should be / were to be given another chance, he could certainly do a much better job.
2. a. Were it not for their help, we would be in serious trouble.
b. Had we started a bit earlier, we would not have missed the train.
c. Should he leave for Paris today, he would get there by Friday.
3. a. I wish I had more time.
b. I wish you hadn’t told me all this.
c. I wish you would stay a little longer.
4. a. He talks as though he knew where she was.
b. He talked about Rome as though he had been there himself.
c. You look as if you didn’t care.
[讲一讲]
虚拟语气表示说话人所说的话不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。虚拟语气主要用于条件从句、让步从句和名词性从句中。通过观察、分析以上几组例句，我们可以发现与之相对应的虚拟语气用法原则：
一、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法：
1. 与现在事实相反或实现可能性不大：从句的谓语用动词的过去式，主句的谓语用would / should / could / might + 动词原形。注意：be的过去式通常用were。
2. 与过去事实相反：从句的谓语用had + 过去分词，主句的谓语用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词。
3. 与将来事实相反：从句的谓语可以用动词的过去式，也可用were to / should + 动词原形，主句的谓语用would / should / could / might + 动词原形。
4. 当从句谓语中有were / had / should时，可将if省略，而将were / had / should 提前。
二、虚拟语气在wish的宾语从句中的用法：
在wish 后的宾语从句中，谓语用法如下：
1. 表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句的谓语用动词过去式；
2. 表示过去没有实现的愿望，从句的谓语用had + 过去分词；
3. 表示将来不能实现的愿望，从句的谓语用would / could / might + 动词原形。
三、虚拟语气在as if / as though引导的表语从句或方式状语从句中的用法：
在以as if / as though引导的表语从句或状语从句中的谓语形式：表示现在情况时用动词过去式，表示过去情况时用had + 过去分词。
不过，as if / as though引导的从句如果是事实或可能性很大时，多用陈述语气，特别是在句型“It looks as if ... / It seems as if ...”中，用陈述语气较常见。如：
It seems as if the teacher is not satisfied with our performance.
Better take an umbrella with you. It looks as if a big storm is just around the corner.
[练一练] 用括号里所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. Had the weather been good, we _____ (go) out for a walk.
2. If there _____ (be) any change about the date, I would inform you in time.
3. If I _____ (leave) sooner, I’d have caught the bus.
4. We all wish that our English teacher _____ (join) us in the game.
5. _____ (be) I to do the work, I should do it in a different way.
6. Had I turned off the electric heater, the house _____ (not catch) fire.
7. The boy can play football so well as if he _____ (train) for years.
8. If you _____ (come) yesterday, you would have met that famous professor.
参考答案:
Key:
1. would / could / should / might have gone
2. were to be / should be / were
3. had left 4. would / could join 5. Were
6. would / could not have caught
7. had been trained 8. had comeThe birth of modern poetry
一提到诗歌，人们总会想到“押韵”和“节奏”，但是现代诗歌的诞生却打破了这种传统！
When asked about poetry, most people will say that a poem is a text that has rhythm and rhyme. Famous are the lines by William Blake, which have clear rhythm and rhyme:
Tiger, tiger, burning bright,
in the forest of the night.
Other people will add that poems must have a certain form, with a fixed number of lines and a fixed rhyme pattern, such as a sonnet (十四行诗). With rhyme, most people mean the rhyme of sound of words at the end of the lines. It is also true that much of the classical poetry that we have looks like that. Except for some short songs and poems included in his plays, all of Shakespeare’s greatest poems are sonnets.
John Milton was one of the first poets who started writing poems without rhyme at the end of the lines. He wrote other poems too, but he is famous for his long poems without rhyme. After Milton, almost every poet had a hand at this kind of poetry that was free of rhyme. Wordsworth and Keats wrote some such poems, but that is not what they are famous for. This style of poetry became known as free verse (自由诗).
It was not until the twentieth century that modern poetry was really developed. Modern poets wanted to break with all the traditional forms of poetry. One of the characteristics of modern poetry is that it usually does not have rhyme at the end of a line, and it is also often about common topics.
In China, free verse was known and used much earlier. The unhappy official by Bai Juyi is an example of a poem written in free verse.惠特尼博物馆
惠特尼博物馆（Whitney Museum of American Art）的全名是惠特尼美国艺术博物馆，在1931年由葛楚·范德伯尔特·惠特尼女士（Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney）成立，位于纽约市曼哈顿区。
此博物馆以美国现代艺术的收藏闻名，作品有些比另一家现代艺术博物馆还要新，在惠特尼博物馆建馆前30年，美国的艺术是相当保守而且崇欧的，艺术品的展出、购买和教育几乎都由美国国家设计学院主导，因此惠特尼博物馆的成立，打破了美国艺术的保守情况，1918年，一开始仅是艺术家俱乐部的会员成果展，称为惠特尼画室俱乐部，年度大展吸引了越来越多美国当代艺术家，1928年，会员成长到800名左右，于是开始筹备博物馆设立，在1931年正式在美国曼哈顿上东区开幕。
早期的惠特尼博物馆收藏偏向于写实派的绘画作品，后来在1940年代开始变成完全的现代艺术，也就是抽象与概念化的作品居多，在1960年代更因普普艺术盛行，加入了不少具有流行意象、反讽的现代作品。
1968年，惠特尼在馆外开始有雕塑品展览，首次展品来自于知名的艺术家丹尼斯·欧本海默（en: Dennis Oppenheim）和麦可·海泽（en: Michael Heizer）。1970年则因地景艺术盛行，在纽约市布朗斯区，展出了艺术家罗勃·史密森(en: Robert Smithson)的作品《螺旋堤》（Spiral Jetty）。
1975年以后，影片类艺术大为引人注目，惠特尼也将录影、摄影或电影艺术列入收藏。接着是1981年开始收藏装置艺术类作品。1989年更进一步也收藏了行为艺术作品。这使得惠特尼博物馆在美国成为当代艺术的先趋，也奠定了后来惠特尼双年展的地位。目前惠特尼双年展是该博物馆的重点活动之一，在美国艺术界，鲜少有艺术家不知道惠特尼双年展。
该馆收藏了爱德华·霍普的许多作品，近年来也积极发展网络艺术部份展览和收藏，在惠特尼博物馆的网站上，就有网络艺术的专门区域，过去称为“Net Art”、现已改名为“Artport”。Henry Clay Frick
The Frick is one of the predominant small art museums in the whole of the United States. The museum is located on Fifth Avenue and 70th street, and faces onto Central
Park.
The building is the former residence of steel magnate Henry Clay Frick (1849-1919). It was constructed in 1913-1914 from a design by Thomas Hastings. Frick was generally regarded as a tough entrepreneur whose only interest was in business, but within his family, he was regarded as a warm and affectionate man. He became an avid collector of art which he eventually left to the American people, plus a large endowment for its upkeep.The Frick Collection includes many very well known paintings by some of the greatest artists in Europe, plus major works of sculpture and bronzes, there is some superb eighteenth-century French furniture and porcelains, also Limoges enamels, Oriental rugs, and other works of remarkable quality.
Frick's, private art collection was made into a museum after his death. It has been designed to feel more like a private home than a public place, with the mansion itself being considered to be a work of art in its own right. The low stone building and courtyard take up almost an entire city block. Over the years the Collection has expanded, with about one third of the pictures now being exhibited having been acquired since his death. In 1935 and again in 1977, the building was enlarged to accommodate the growing collection.
The furniture that adorns all the rooms of the house is almost entirely from the sixteenth century. Many rooms have rich wood walls and floors, marble fireplaces and decorative columns, giving visitors the sense of the grandeur of a bygone age. You will see nothing more recent than 1880’s French Impressionism here; most of the work is at least a century older than that, with one piece being nearly seven hundred years old. The house has several small, rooms set off from the main ones, so take care not to miss any during your visit to the museum.
The treasures found here include major works by Bellini, El Greco, Vermeer, Velazquez, Goya, Turner, Van Dyke, Rembrandt, Renoir and Holbein, plus wall panels by Fragonard and Boucher.
The indoor courtyard with a fountain and glass ceiling is a lovely tranquil spot. Both the mansion and the works in it serve as a monument to one of America's greatest art collectors. Many of the rooms are arranged almost precisely the way Henry Clay Frick would have wanted them. Unlike many other museums, the works of art are not displayed in any particular order of date or style, which adds to the impression of intimacy. Nowhere in New York, or in the United States for that matter, will you find such an inviting, intimate museum displaying such rare works.(共65张PPT)
人教课标
高二 选修 6 Unit 1
虚拟语气
在英语中，表示说话人所说的话不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测，要用虚拟语气。虚拟语气可以用于条件状语从句、主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等。本节课我们主要学习if条件从句和wish后的宾语从句中表示现在或将来情况的虚拟语气的用法。
【观察体会】
请看下图及对话，体会表示现在的虚拟语气的用法。
A: Why don’t our grandchildren visit us
more often
B: They don’t have enough time. If they
had more time, they’d visit us more
often.
A: I wonder why Fred works so hard.
B: I don’t know. He must like his job.
A: If he didn’t like his job, he wouldn’t
work so hard.
A: Do you enjoy driving a school bus
B: Not really. I wish I drove a taxi.
A: Can Jonathan dance
B: No, he can’t, but he wishes he could.
If he could dance, he’d go dancing
every night.
一、虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中
(1) 表示与现在事实相反的假设, 条件 状语从句中的谓语动词用“过去式(be 动词的过去式用were)”, 而主句中的谓语动词“would / should/ could / might + 动词原形”。
虚拟语气
e.g. If I were a boy, I would join the
army.
What would you do if you won the lottery
If I won the lottery, I would…
If I had a lot of money, I would buy a villa.
If I had a lot of money now, I would travel around the world.
If I had a lot of money, I would go shopping.
a. If they _____ (be) here, they __________ (take) your advice.
b. If the world-war _____ (burst) out again, what _____________ (happen) to our people on earth
were
would take
burst
would happen
c. If the policeman ________ (be not) in that room, it ________ (be) very dangerous.
d. If I _____ (be) in your position, I _________ (ask) for teacher’s help.
were not
could be
were
would ask
Choose one of the topics and discuss it in groups.
1. You had a dream that you were a teacher. What would you do if you were a teacher
2. Suppose you won a lot of money. What
would you do with the money
If I _____ a teacher, I would …
were
(2) 与过去的事实相反
从句的谓语用had ＋ 过去分词, 构成 If I (we, you, he, they)＋had＋过去分词的形式；
主句的谓语用should(第一人称)/would (第二、三人称) / could / might have ＋动词过去分词。
If he __________ more carefully, he _________________ the car accident yesterday.
had driven
would not have had
If I __________ how to swim,
I __________________ trapped in this island.
had learnt
would not have been
a. If Tom ________ (be) more careful in the exam, he ________________ (pass) it already.
b. If you _______ (get) up earlier, you ________________ (catch) the first train.
had been
would have passed
had got
would have caught
c. If I ________ (meet) you yesterday, we _______________ (go) to the concert together.
had met
would have gone
Solve problems
The students failed the English exam. Could you give him some suggestions
(3) 与将来事实相反
从句的谓语用If I (we, you, he, they) ＋动词过去式或 were to do 或should do 形式, 主句谓语用should(第一人称) /would (第二、三人称) /could/ might ＋动词原形。
If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
If you should succeed, everything would
be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.
If he got up early,
he would be on time.
假如他来了, 我们对他说什么呢？
If he were to come, what should we say to him.
假如他看见我, 就会认识我。
If he should see me, he would know me.
a. If there _________ (be) no natural resource any more, we ___________ (make) use of nuclear power.
b. What ____________ (happen) if you ____________ (get up) too late tomorrow
should be
should make
would happen
should get up
c. If Robots ______________ (control) the world some day, here _________ (be) no friendship.
were to control
would be
主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间, 这时主从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同, 这叫做混合条件句。
e.g. If you had asked him yesterday, you
would know what to do now.
例句中从句与过去事实相反, 主句与现在事实相反。
If the staff had been more careful,
the mall would not be on fire now.
条件从句 If 从句的谓语形式 主句的谓语形式
现在
过去时(were)
would/could/should/might +v. (原)
总结：虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的用
法。
条件从句 If 从句的谓语形式 主句的谓语形式
过去
过去完成时
would/could/should/might + have + p.p.
条件从句 If 从句的谓语形式 主句的谓语形式
未来
1. 过去时
2. should + v.
3. were to do
would/could/ should/ might + v. (原)
二、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法
1. 在动词wish后的宾语从句中, 表示与现在或过去的事实相反, 或对将来的主观愿望, 从句通常省略连词that。
1) 表示对现在情况的虚拟: 从句动词用过去式或过去进行式 (be动词一般用were) 。
I wish I were as tall as you.
I wish every day were my birthday.
I wish/wished I hadn’t eaten so much watermelon.
(2) 表示对过去情况的虚拟: 从句动词常用“had＋过去分词”。
The party was terrible, I wish I had never gone to it.
(3) 表示对将来的主观愿望: 从句动词形式为 “ would＋动词原形”。
注意: 主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同, 因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外)。
e.g. 但愿你立刻来。
I wish you would come soon.
I wish it would rain tomorrow.
2. 表示要求，命令，建议的虚拟语气。
常见动词： 一个坚持，两个命令，三个建议，四个要求。即:
insist
2. order, command
3. advise, suggest, propose
4. demand, require, request, desire
这些动词后面的宾语从句要使用虚拟语
气。即从句中的动词使用should + 动词
原形，或者将should省略。
e.g. 我们建议汤姆去休息一下。
他坚决要求我到场。
We suggested that Tom (should) have
a rest.
He insisted that I (should) be present.
The king ordered that the prisoners
(should) be killed the next day.
They requested that we (should) send
them to work there.
e.g. 国王命令囚犯明天要实施死刑。
他们要求我们派他们去那儿工作。
以上动词相应的名词构成的名词性从
句包括主语从句，表语从句和同位语从句
也要使用虚拟语气。从句中的动词形式一
样。即：(should)＋v.
order, advice, suggestion, proposal,
demand, request, desire
e.g. It’s suggested that the plan be carried
out.
My demand is that she should come to
see me once a week.
All of us are for the advice that the
chemical factory should be closed down.
insist / suggest 不接虚拟的用法
e.g. She insisted that she was right.
她坚持认为自己是对的。（坚持事实）
His uncle insists that he should not stay
in the hotel.
他的叔叔坚持要求他不要待在旅馆里。
e.g. The look on his face suggested that
he was unhappy.
I suggested that the teachers’ wages
(should) be increased.
3. It’s (about/high) time + (that)…
should +v.
过去时
你该走了。
我们该去睡觉了。
It’s time that you went.
It’s time that you should go.
It’s time that we went to bed.
It’s time that we should go to bed.
(should不可省略)
as if/as though
由as if (as though)或even though (even though) 引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时, 从句谓语形式为动词的过去式 (be用were) 或 “had＋过去分词”。
He behaves as if he owned the house.
(But he doesn’t own it or probably doesn’t own it or we don’t know whether he owns it or not.)
She talks about Rome as though she had been there herself.
他那样对待我, 好像我是陌生人似的。
He treats me as if I were a stranger.
注意: 如果表示的事情可能会发生, 那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。
Even if she were here, she could not solve the problem.
4. would rather (that)
现在：
过去：
将来：
I would rather you paid me now.
I would rather you had gone, too.
Don’t come. I would rather you came
tomorrow.
过去时
过去时
过去完成时
关于虚拟语气 辩析1
关于虚拟语气 辩析2
关于虚拟语气 辩析3
关于虚拟语气 辩析4
关于虚拟语气 辩析5
根据语境或括号内的提示，用虚拟语气完成下列对话。
1. A: Why doesn’t Sally get good grades
B: She doesn’t study enough. If _____
______________________________
________
2. A: Why don’t I feel energetic
B: You don’t sleep enough. If _______
______________________________
she studied enough, she’d get good grades.
you slept enough, you’d feel energetic.
3. A: I wonder why Alan makes so
many mistakes.
B: I don’t know. He must be careless.
A: You’re probably right. If _______
_____________________________
_______________________
4. A: Does Mr. Robinson enjoy being a
teacher
B: Not really. ___________________
________ (an actor)
he weren’t careless, he wouldn’t make so many mistakes.
He wishes he were an actor.
5. A: Does Sarah enjoy having two
part-time jobs
B: Not really. _____________________
_________________ (one good
fulltime job)
6. A: Can Steve use a computer
B: No, he can’t, but he wishes he could.
_____________________________
____________________ (be able to
get a better job)
She wishes she had one good full-time job.
If he could use a computer, he’d be able to get a better job.
句型练习 (用If I were you句型翻译下列句子)
1. 我要是你的话, 我就会把英语学好。
2. 如果你昨天来, 你就会看见他。
3. 万一明天下雨, 我们就不到那儿去。
4. 我希望我十年前认识他。
5. 他对待我就像对待他自己的儿子一样。
Homework马奈
马奈1832年1月23日生于巴黎， 父亲是司法部官员，门第高贵， 自幼受到良好的教育。父亲希望他献身公职，但他却醉心绘画。1850年，他进入古典派画家库退尔的画室学习但却不盲从老师的方法。他从委拉斯贵支、哈尔斯、戈雅和拉斐尔等前代大师的作品中汲取了较多的营养。
1856年，马奈建立画室。这一年，他到荷兰、意大利和德国旅行，萍心地临摹过委拉斯贵支和提香的作品。1859年，他首次向沙龙送去作品，但被评审委员所拒绝。1861年，他的《弹吉他的西班牙歌手》等两件作品入选，并在展出时获奖。1863年，他的大幅油画《草地上的午餐》以"有伤风化"的罪名被拒绝；随后，油画《奥林匹亚》受到批评家的谴责。于是，他仿效库尔贝的做法，结合一部分落选画家，举行了《落选作品展览会》 (落选沙龙)。对于这些作品，舆论褒贬不一，狂热的吹捧和刻薄的讥消都达到空前的水平。1867年，同世界博览会相对抗的马奈作品展开幕。马奈在目录册的序言中写道："马奈先生根本无意于提出抗议，相反，是别人对他提出了抗议。而这是非他所料的，这些反对者都是以传统的观念来理解绘画的形式、手法和观点的，他们不承认其它的理解方法。他们在这方面表现了一种幼稚的偏见。除了他们的公式，一切都毫无价值。马奈先生一向承认别人的才识，从不妄想消灭先前的绘画或创造新的绘画。他只不过是要做他自己，而不想去做某一个别人。
他的努力得到著名作家左拉的支持，左拉化名克洛德，在《事件》报上预言：青年马奈的作品必将在卢佛 宫占有一席之地。这一预言在马奈死后的1907年终于兑现。这一年，由法国总理克列孟梭签署命令，将马奈的《奥林匹亚》一画置于卢佛富陈列。
马奈并不分成印象派的色彩理论，与印象派之排斥黑色不同，马奈却是十分善于使用黑色的。它像乐队中的定音鼓，使整个画面的色彩响亮醒目而又各得其所。在瓦伦斯的肖像中，裙子的黑色正是起到了这种作用。1812年，马奈在巴提约尔街的画室成为青年画家向往和聚会的地方。后来成为印象画派成员的马奈、德加、雷诺阿等人，经常在此聚会，马奈成为他们心目中的领袖。但是，马奈不赞成印象派的观点，也没有参加过印象主义者的画皮，所以，他不是印象派的成员。1883年4月30日， 马奈因疽毒症不治身亡。，数万人参加了他的葬礼，著名画家埃德加·德加，望着长长的送葬者行列，深深地感慨道： "马奈比我们想像的更伟大!"
