课件20张PPT。名词专有名词(Proper Nouns)普通名词
(Common Nouns)个体名词(Individual Nouns)集体名词(Collective Nouns)物质名词(Material Nouns)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns)不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)
可数名词(Countable Nouns)Proper Nouns:
指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称Eg:Diana; Beijing; Americans;English; May; New Year’s Day注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写 Common Nouns：
专有名词以外的名词都是普通名词1。Individual Nouns: 指作为个体而存在的人或东西。可以指具体的人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments也可指抽象东西。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream2. Collective Nouns: 表示由个体组成的集体。Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。Eg: His family isn’t large.Cf: His family are all music lovers.在不少情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以用，没什么差别。Eg: The audience was (were) excited by the show.有少数集体名词通常用作单数。Eg: The gang is being hunted by the police.Our company is sending him to work in Berlin. 个别集体名词则多作复数看待。Eg: The police are looking for him. 3. Material Nouns: 指无法分为个体的东西。Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; detergent; fur; ice; paint; paper; soil一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：1)有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 两份）Three beers, please. (三杯）It was a special tea. (一种）2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。Eg: rains （雨季）snows (积雪）waters(海域)…
（see note paper)4.Abstract Nouns: 表示一些抽象的概念。Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc.多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。Eg: He’s learning French for fun.I wish you good luck.有时也可以加冠词。He works hard for the welfare of the poor. After a brief peace, war broke out again. 有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。glass ( 玻璃 )
copper ( 铜 )
tin ( 锡 )
paper ( 纸 )
iron (铁 )
wood ( 木头 )
gold (金子 )
youth (青春 )
power ( 力量 )
beauty ( 美 )
pleasure( 愉快 )
relation(关系）a glass ( 玻璃杯 )
a copper ( 铜币／板 )
a tin ( 罐头，听头 )
a paper ( 报纸，证件，论文 )
an iron (熨斗 )
a wood ( 树林 )
a gold (金牌 )
a youth (年青人 )
a power ( 大国 )
a beauty ( 美人，美的东西 )
a pleasure( 使人感到愉快的事 )
a relation(亲戚） 英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。a poem(一首诗 )
a machine(一台机器 )
a job(一件工作 )
a laugh(一个笑声 )
a permit(许可证 )
a garment (一件衣裳 )
a bag(case) (一件行李 )
a loaf (一只面包 )
a hair(一根头发 )poetry(诗歌总称 )
machinery(机器总称 )
work(工作 )
laughter(笑声 )
permission(允许 )
clothing(衣裳总称 )
luggage, baggage(行李 )
bread(面包 )
hair( 头发)名词复数情况加法例词一般情况以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词以辅音＋y结尾的词以辅音+o 结尾的词以f或fe结尾的词加-s加-es去y加-ies多数加-es 把f/fe改成vesBrothers;schoolsBuses;watches;dishes*1Ladies;countries;*2Heroes; tomatoes*3Halves; leaves;*4Notes:*1:stomachstomachs*2:以元音+y或以专有名词+y结尾的名词，直接在词尾加-s.
Eg:boys; toys; Germanys; Henrys*3: 以元音+o eg: videos; studios
以oo结尾 eg: zoos; bamboos;kangaroos
一些外来词(特别是音乐方面的词)eg:pianos
一些缩写词 eg: kilos; photos; memos
一些专有名词 eg: Eskimos; Filipinos直接在词尾加-s.*4:以f/fe结尾只加-s的词：
proofs;gulfs; cliffs; roofs;serfs; beliefs;chiefs不规则复数：1.manmenEg: woman– women; chairman-chairmen2.ooeeEg:foot-feet; tooth-teeth; goose-geese3.+enEg:child-children; ox-oxen4.ouseiceEg: mouse-mice; louse-lice（虱子）有些外来词的不规则复数形式：Eg: analysis-analyses; basis-bases; thesis-theses; crisis-crisescriterion-criteria; phenomenon-phenomena; medium-media 单复数相同的情况：sheep; deer; means; fish; works; species; Chinese;Japanese
以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。
Eg: yuan,jiao,fen, jin, mu复合名词的复数形式：1.词末+-s eg:film-goers ; forget-me-nots
2.主体名词变为复数形式：lookers-on; editors-in-chief;sons-in-law
3.两个组成部分皆变为复数：women doctors; men cooks* 这种形式的第一个名词必须是man或woman名词所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns)some patterns:I’ll take the risk for friendship’s sake.
She was at her wit’s end.
Now they could sing at their heart’s content.
We should get the children out of harm’s way.
We had best keep them at arm’s length.
For goodness’ sake,stop arguing.
Jane got the money’s worth out of the coat.
(为了友谊）（黔驴技穷）（尽情地）（不受损害）（保持距离）（看在上帝的份上）（很合算）主谓一致１。语法形式上的一致（主单谓单；主复谓复）２。意义上的一致（主语形单意复，谓语用复数。Eg:people;police)
（主语形复意单，谓语用单数。Eg: news;economics) 3.就近原则： either…or; neither…nor; not only…but also4. 单复数视情况而定。
１）集体名词作主语：强调整体，用单数；强调个体，用复数２）单复数同形名词作主语，按意义一致原则。Eg:means,species３）中心词是all, most, half, rest时，按意义一致原则。即主语单数意义，谓语用单数；主语复数意义，谓语用复数。
４）主语是and连接两个名词时，指一样东西，谓语单数；指两样东西，谓语复数。Eg: A knife and fork is on the table. 5)代词作主语，取决于它代替的是单数还是复数。意义一致原则。Eg: ours, yours; such, the same; who, that, which; any, either, neither,(单独作主语，谓语单数） none, all, some, more, ６）分数，量词，half of, part of 作主语，于中心词保持一致。７）what 引导的主语从句。通常用单数；所指的具体内容为复数时，谓语用复数。８）主谓倒装，谓语与其后主语一致。５。 谓语用单数的情况。１）名词所有格之后的名词被省略。（指商店，工场，住宅等）作主语。Eg: The doctor’s, my uncle’s, the baker’s2) 中心词是时间、距离、金额、度量、书名等复数名词。Eg: three years; The selected poems of Li Bai; 3) each, every, no 所修饰名词，即使以and 或逗号连接。
Eg: each boy and each girl ; every man and woman4) 主语有more than one…; many a 5) a kind of; a pair of; a series of…6) This kind of…7) The number of…8) A great deal of…; a large amount of… +un9) One and a half +可数名词复数
eg: One and a half bananas is left on the table. 10) The departed (死者）意义上指个体11) the only one of +可数名词复数＋定语从句。从句中的谓语用单数。６。谓语用复数的情况。１）police,;people;cattle; militia(民兵）作主语。２）有两个部分构成的名词。（表示衣物或工具）eg: glasses; chopsticks…3)these kind of men（口语); men of this kind 作主语４） both…and…. 修饰主语5) A number of; large quantities of; large amounts of修饰主语６） the+ 形容词作主语，一般情况下７） one of the+可数名词复数＋定语从句，从句中谓语动词用复数。Assignment:1. Try to learn these words by heart: (通常用于复数形式的词）scissors剪刀; pants裤子; contents目录
compasses两脚规; cords灯心絨裤; arms武器
earphones耳机; pyjamas睡衣裤; ashes灰烬
scales天平; overalls工装裤; tropics热带
spectacles眼镜; braces背带; stairs楼梯
nail-clippers指甲刀； slacks便装裤; brains头脑
belongings所有物； savings积蓄； tidings消息
doings行为； writings作品； findings调查结果
And the words in your note paper.2. Finish Ex. Book Chapter 2. Nouns. (P7-P16)&Chapter 12(P133-P136)高中英语 名词（重点）
一、名词的数
在熟悉名词单数变复数规则的基础上，突出以下几点：
1. 注意以下名词数的概念
①以s结尾，仍为单数的名词(多为学科名词), 如：
physics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news, the United States
②总称名词：表示一类事物的总称，不能加s，如：
machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence
③单数和复数形式表达不同的意思，如：
fish 鱼肉—fishes 各种鱼 paper 纸—papers 试卷
water 水—waters 水域 room 空间—rooms 房间
time 时间—times 时代 arm 手臂—arms 武器
④形式上虽是单数，但表示的是复数含义，如：
people, police, cattle, staff, public, the ＋adj., the ＋ 分词
2. 集体名词的数
family，team，audience，class，club，committee，crowd, group, enemy, cattle, government, majority, minority, part, people, police, public, staff等
集体名词注意其主谓一致，一般来说，视为整体时作单数看待，侧重其成员时则作复数看待。
The enemy has suffered heavy losses.
The enemy are in flight.
3. 单复数同形的名词
a．某些动物名称
fish, deer, sheep
b．某国人的名词
Chinese, Japanese, Swiss
c．其他
means, species, works, offspring
4. 由连字符构成的复合名词的“数”：
①合成名词的复数形式通常只将其中的主体名词变成复数：
lookers－on 参观者 sons－in－law 女婿
editors－in－chief 主编 shoe－makers 鞋匠
firemen 消防员 chairwomen 女主席
②如果没有主体名词，在最后一个词的词尾加s:
go－betweens 中间人 grown－ups 成人
follow－ups 续集 good－for－nothings 饭桶
③man, woman作定语时，定语和被修饰词都变成复数：
man－servant—men－servants
5．不规则名词的“数”：
woman — women child — children
ox — oxen tooth — teeth
goose — geese foot — feet
mouse — mice phenomenon — phenomena
analysis — analyses
6. 专有名词的“数”
史密斯一家人 the Smiths
两个玛丽 two Marys
.
二、名词所有格
1. 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示“分别有”；只有一个's，则表示“共有”。
John's and Mary's rooms(两间)
John and Mary's room(一间)
2. 省略格：在表示店铺、教堂、诊所或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词。
在诊所at the doctor's
在我姐家at my sister's
【疑难点击】
3. 双重格：of ＋名词's。
I saw a play of Shaw's.
注意：当of 之前的名词是picture, portrait等词时含义不同：
This is a picture of my friend's.
这是我朋友收藏的一幅画。
This is a picture of my friend.
这是我朋友的一张照片。
三、名词作定语
某些名词可以用作定语修饰后面的名词。
①表示类别、处所、材料、时间、功能、用途等名词作定语时通常要用单数形式。
paper flower 纸花 cotton goods 棉织品
orange juice 橘汁 credit card 信用卡
②少数名词可以用复数形式作定语。
sports meeting 运动会
clothes shop 服装店
customs officer 海关人员
sales manager 销售经理
名词
可数名词和不可数名词
什么是不可数名词？
1）物质名词 glass, tea 2）抽象名词 beauty, youth 3) 科学名称 physics, maths
练习：找出不可数名词
boot tear knowledge money wood chicken music
homework bread blood dress news milk dustman
2．不可数名词变成可数名词
1）词义发生改变
time—times work---works
wood—woods sand—sands
cloth—clothes glass—glasses
2) 加量词
a glass of water , two pieces of paper
练习；填入恰当的量词
a ________________ of good news (条)
a ________________ of trousers (条)
a ________________ of advice ( 条)
a ________________ of coffee (杯 )
a ________________ of oil (滴)
a ________________ of time (段)
a ________________ of matches (盒)
a ________________ of glasses (副)
a ________________ of chocolate (条)
a ________________ of ink (瓶)
a ________________ of tea (壶)
two ______________ of fish (盘)
three ______________ of rice (袋)
four ______________ of furniture (件)
five _______________ of sugar (磅)
six ________________ of clothes (套)
3．可数名词的复数构成
规则变化
构成法
例词
一般情况在词尾加______
Desk------desks
以___ ____ ____ ____结尾加 ______
Bus ------buses
以____ 结尾的加_____
Face-----faces
以辅音+______结尾，变____为_____加 _________
Baby------babies
以辅音+ _____结尾加______
Tomato-----tomatoes
以元音+ _____结尾加______
Radio -----radios
以____或____结尾，变___/____ 为____, 加 _____
Life----lives
练习：写出下列名词的复数形式。
1）shoe 2) orange 3) eye 4) month
5) fox 6) match 7) city 8) class
9) family 10) country 11) boy 12) key
13) leaf 14) thief 15)hero 16)photo
不规则变化
单复同形
deer sheep fish Chinese Japanese means
只有复数形式
people police cattle clothes trousers, glasses
不规则变化
man---- men woman---- women foot ----- feet tooth-----teeth
mouse ------mice child-----children German------Germans
复合名词的复数
将后一部分变成复数
Englishman---Englishmen gentleman---gentlemen policewoman----policewomen
grown-up----grown-ups
将主要成分变成复数
looker-on----lookers-on son-in-law----sons-in-law
如果前一词是man, woman，将两部分都变成复数
men doctors women singers
练习：
roof________ woman driver________________ step-mother_______________
sheep _____________ Japanese __________________sister-in-law__________________
名词所有格
表示有生命的东西的名词，所有格在名词后加’s
Mr Li’s house The cat’s food James’ dog The dogs’ food
表示无生命的东西的名词，用of+名词的结构来表示
The leg of the desk the cover of the magazine
在时间，距离，度量，价值等名词后，可用名词所有格。
Two months’ time Today’s newspaper fifty pounds’ weight
表示店铺或某人的家时，常在所有格后省去shop, home.
The doctor’s the tailor’s my uncle’s the barber’s
名词前有冠词，数词，不定代词或指示代词时，用of词组+所有格表示
a friend of John’s that bike of Tom’s
6. 某样东西为两人或多人共有，在后一个名词尾+’s .
Jane and Fred’s mother Jane’s and Fred’s mother
Tom and Tim’s car Tom’s and Tim’s car
基础练习
1. In his speech, he gave us _____ on how to learn a foreign language.
A. some advice B. some advices C. several advices D. an advice
2. Thank you very much for giving us _____ on this matter.
A. these informations B. so many informations
C. an information D. so much information
3. ---Where did you have your supper? --- ________.
A. With my sister B. At my sister C. At my sister home D. At my sister’s
4. She is from __________. She is ______________.
A. Germany; a Germany B. German; A Germany
C. the Germany; German D. Germany; a German
5. He bought a ________ of trousers. They were expensive.
A. piece B. set C. pair D. pile
6. The town is about _________ ride form here. You ought to start, right away.
A. two hour B. two hour’s C. two hours’ D. two-hours
7. A _______ of money has been spent on the building.
A. great deal B. good many C. plenty D. great number
8. ______ been made in science since then.
A. A great progress has B. Great progresses have
C. Great progress has D. Many progresses have
9. We must help ________.
A. a blind B. the blind C. people D. the people blind
10. The great writer and solider _______.
A. is an old man B. are both old men
C. is an old man and a young man D. were two Chinese
11. At present Zhang’s family __________ rather big, with twelve people in all.
A. is B. are C. being D. was
12. This is not my dictionary. It is ________.
A. Mary B. Mary’s C. of Mary D. the book of Mary
13. There are twenty ______and forty nurses in the hospital.
A. women doctors B. woman doctors C. women doctor D. woman doctor
14. ________ came to our school yesterday.
A. The Williams B. The William’s C. Williams D. The William
15. Twenty miles ________ a long way to walk.
A. are B. is C. has been D. be
