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语法专项突破
语法专项十五 交际用语
(一)社会交往
一、表达“感谢”的注意事项
(1)英语中表达“感谢”时除了常用的Thank you (very much)./Thanks a lot!/Many thanks./Thanks for...以外,It is very kind of you to.../It is very considerate of you to.../I appreciate your help.等都可表示感谢;对“感谢”的答语常用:That's all right./That's OK./You are welcome./Don't mention it./It is my pleasure./My pleasure.等。
知识必备
(2)在英语文化中人们常常通过赞扬来鼓励某些合乎自己心意的行为,如:You did a good job!/Well done!/You look beautiful in the dress.等;对他人的赞美,最普通、最常用的答语是“Thank you.”。
(3)英国人收到礼物时,通常都会当着送礼人的面打开礼物,同时会说一些喜欢或赞美的话以表示谢意,送礼人此时常常附和说“I‘m glad you like it”。
(4)在西方,别人给你做事或帮忙、别人向你问候或祝贺、别人给你鼓励或赞扬时,应直接说“Thank you.”。
(5)当别人邀请你喝茶或吃点什么东西时,你若要喝或吃应说“Yes,please.”,若你不想喝或吃应说“No,thank you.”或“No,thanks.”。
(6)没得到或不需要对方的帮助可以说“Thank you all/just the same.”或“Thank you anyway.”。
二、表达“抱歉”的注意事项
(1)英语中表达“抱歉”时除了用(I am) Sorry (for/about/to do...)以外,Excuse me(for...)/Pardon me (for...)/Please forgive me (for...)/I am afraid that...等也可以表示“抱歉”。常用的答语是:That's OK./That's all right./It's all right./Never mind./It doesn't matter (at all)./It's nothing./Let's forget it./Forget it.等。
(2)“Excuse me.”通常用于下列情形:需要打断别人谈话或工作时;有求于他人时;因故需要暂时离开时;就某事表示不同意见时;在说或做可能令人不悦的事情之前使用,以引起别人注意。
(3)“Sorry.”用于说话人做了错事或无意中与别人发生冲撞后而向他人表示歉意;也可表示因不能满足他人要求或请求而表示歉意。
(4)“I beg your pardon.”是用来表示听话人未能听清楚他人所说的话,而希望说话人重复所说的话时的礼貌用语,意为“麻烦再说一遍”。表达此意时,常用升调。
(5)“I'm sorry to hear it/that.”是对说话者本人或近亲属已经发生的不幸进行安慰。
三、表达“邀请”的注意事项
(1)接受他人邀请时通常还要表示一下感谢。常用:Yes,I'd love to./Yes,it's very kind/nice of you.
(2)如果是稍有保留地接受,常用:I will if I can./It's verykind of you to invite me,but I'm not sure if I can come.
(3)拒绝他人的邀请一般不直接说No,而要婉言谢绝(通常会说明理由),并声明自己是愿意接受“邀请”的,但因某种原因不能接受,并表示歉意或感谢。常用:I'd like to,but.../I'm sorry I can't,but.../I really enjoy it,but I've got to go now./I wish I could accept your invitation,but...
四、表达“请求允许”的注意事项
(1)回答“Would/Do you mind if...?”时,首先要根据情况回答“是否介意”,如果真的介意,要委婉拒绝。不介意的答语:No,of course not./Certainly not./No,go ahead./Not at all.等;介意的答语:I'm sorry you can't./Sorry,but it's not allowed./You'd better not./I would rather you didn't.../I'm afraid...等。
(2)回答“I wonder if I could/can...”时,表示“允许”用:Sure,go ahead./Yes,please do./Yes,of course./Certainly.表示“不允许”用:I'm sorry,but.../I'm afraid not./No,please don't./You'd better not.
五、表达“祝愿和祝贺”的注意事项
(1)表示祝愿的常用句子为:Best wishes to you!/I wish you good health./Good luck to you!/Good luck with.../Good luck and success to you!/Wish you success!/May you succeed!/Merry Christmas!/Happy birthday to you!/Happy New Year!/Congratulations(on...)!/Well done!等。
(2)对于他人的祝愿和祝贺,英美人表示感谢(Thanks)。
(3)与大家同乐,回答用The same to you./You too.
(4)为人送行用Have a good trip./Have a pleasant journey./Good luck with your trip!/Good trip to you!/Nice journey to you!
六、表达“建议与劝告”的注意事项
以建议或劝告的形式要某人做一件事,不同于直接命令,因为说话人只是提出建议,而把做与不做的决定权留给听话人。对他人提出的建议和忠告,若认为可以接受,要表示赞赏或感谢。在拒绝对方的建议时,一般要给出理由。提出建议或劝告时,常用I advise you (not) to.../You'd better (not).../I suggest that you (should).../Why not...?/Why don't you do...?/How about doing...?/What about doing...?/Shall we...?/Why bother?等。
表示乐意接受对方的劝告或建议时,常用Yes,I suppose so./Yes,I certainly will./That's great./Good idea./That's a good idea./Why not?拒绝对方的建议或劝告时,常用Yes,but don't you think...?/That's impossible,but thank you all the same./It's not our fault.I'm afraid I can't do that./I'm afraid I can't follow your advice./I'm afraid not.
(二)情感和态度
表达“情感和态度”易混点总结
1.Forget it./Don't mention it.
Forget it.意为:(1)别提了;(2)没关系;(3)休想/不可能。
Don't mention it.意为:不客气,不用谢。
2.What if?/So what?/What for?/Guess what?/What?/What then
3.How come?/How about...?/And how?/How so?/How is that
4.It depends./It's up to you./It's hard to say.
6.My pleasure./With pleasure.
My pleasure.不用谢 ,相当于It's a pleasure.类似表达还有:Not at all./It's all right./That's all right./You're welcome./That's OK./Don't mention it.等。
With pleasure.乐意效劳,非常愿意。
—It's a wonderful evening. Thank you.
—My pleasure.
——今晚真不错,谢谢。
——不用谢。
7.Come on!/Cheer up!
Come on!快点,加油,表示敦促、鼓励等;也可表示不耐烦的语气,意为“得了吧”。Cheer up!高兴起来/振作起来,用于鼓励对方使其振作精神。
8.Help yourself./Yes, please./Go ahead./Go on./Come on!/Hurry up.
9.Good luck./Congratulations./Have fun!/Best wishes.
10.What's (going) on?/What's up
What's (going) on?怎么了?这里发生什么事了?有什么节目?上演什么电影?用于询问情况。
What's up?怎么了?有什么事吗?
11.Never mind./Not at all./No problem.
Never mind.相当于Don't worry.不必担心。
Not at all.有下列几种用法:
①用于回答感谢,意为“不用谢;不客气”。
②用于回答道歉,意为“没关系”。
③用于表示否定(是No的加强说法),意为“一点也不,完全不”。
No problem.既可用来回答感谢(不用谢)又可用来回答抱歉(没关系),还可用来表示同意或愉快地回答请求,意为:没问题;小事一桩。
12.All right./That's all right./That's right.
(1)All right.用于赞同对方的意见、建议或邀请,意为“好,行,可以”。
(2)That's all right.有下列几种用法:
①对别人致谢的回答。意为“不用谢;别客气”。相当于That's OK./Not at all./You're welcome.等。
②对别人致歉时的回答,意为“没关系;别介意”。相当于It doesn't matter./Never mind.等。
(3)That's right.意为“正确;对”,用于表示对某一事物的肯定,即同意对方的观点或意见。
13.Why sb.?/Why not?/Why bother
(1)Why sb.?用来提问某人为什么会被选中或受苦?
(2)Why not?用来表达同意对方的建议。
(3)Why bother?何必那么麻烦?用来表达某事没必要那样麻烦。
1.积累交际用语句型,体会不同民族文化特征。
在复习备考过程中,要熟悉句型结构,进行大量阅读,积累各种情景中的交际用语,尤其需要注意中英文化差异,增强理解能力,从而真正提高运用能力。例如:
技巧点拨
(2013·河南省中原名校联考)—What are you going to do this evening
—I don't know. ________
A.That‘s OK.
B.Never mind.
C.It depends.
D.It doesn't matter
解析:第一句提出疑问:今晚打算做什么?由于对方回答I don't know可知用It depends (依情况而定)进行补充。
答案:C
2.分析题目语言环境,确保用语和谐一致。
交际用语的考查主要设置在真实的语境中,做题时要考虑全面,要注意语境的和谐一致。特别要注意上下句的关系,不能只看到题目的一部分就得出结论。特别是对话,要看答语和问句是否一致。例如:
—Michael was fired from the company.
—________? He is always working hard and is easy going.
A.What about
B.So what
C.Why not
D.How come
解析:从后面的“He is always working hard and is easy going.”可知D项正确。句意:——迈克尔被公司开除了?——怎么会呢?他总是又能干又随和。
答案:D
3.摈弃汉语思维习惯,考虑英语文化内涵。
平日学习中要多说英语,多读英文读物,培养语感,做题时多从英语的角度思考,体会讲英语国家的文化背景,不要从汉语的角度思维。同时要把语法转化为一种语言习惯。做题时还要遵循文明礼貌、委婉客气的原则,同时要考虑一些常见的句式和结构。例如:
—Can I speak to Mr. Li, please
—________
A.Who are you
B.I'm Li.
C.Speaking.
D.Are you John
解析:本题考查打电话时的交际用语。根据语境可知打电话者要找李先生,与汉语表达方式不同,如果是李先生本人接到电话,他的回答是This is Mr.Li speaking或省略的回答Speaking,然后如果要知道对方是谁,应问Who is that speaking?所以选C项。
答案:C
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