观察日志
本单元写作项目是描写植物生长过程的观察日志。
[基本框架]
1．开头(beginning)——写作目的
2．主体(body)——植物成长的过程
3．结尾(ending)——你的感受
[常用词块]
1．growth condition of the plant植物生长条件
2．a hole large enough一个足够大的洞
3．put the earth back in the hole把土回填到洞里
4．up to 20 feet in length长度达20英尺
5．select proper seeds挑选合适的种子
6．a light application of fertilizer使用微量的肥料
[常用语句]
★精彩开头
1．Do you have an experience of planting a kind of plants？你有过种植植物的经历吗？
2．Let me share you with the process about my experience of growing watermelon
让我分享我种植习惯的经历给你。
3．I once lived in the countryside and planted some garlic in the garden.
我曾经在乡村住过，在菜园里种过大蒜。
★正文佳句
1．Check to see if there are any local requirements about digging.检查当地是否有关于挖掘的要求。
2．Take a suitable shovel and dig a hole that is 4－5 times the width of the root ball，more than enough so it will fit.用一把合适的铲子挖一个比根球宽4－5倍的洞，足够大。
3．Use the garden cultivator to loosen the dirt all around the hole to make it easier for the roots to spread.用园艺耕耘机把洞周围的泥土松掉，使根部更容易散开。
★余味结尾
1．Seeing the flowers，I was too excited to express my feelings.看到这些花，我太兴奋了不能表达我的感受。
2．I can't wait to show my grandparents the fruit trees I have planted.我迫不及待地给祖父母看我种的果树。
3．No pains，no gains.不劳无获。
假如你是李华，请你写一篇短文，描述你种植绿豆(mung)的经历。
1．购买种子，种在菜园里；
2．几天后，绿豆长出地面；
3．又过了几天，长出绿叶；
4．给绿豆浇水，长得很好；
5．绿豆不断生长，三个月后终于开花结籽。
注意：
1．词数：80左右；
2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：长出地面come up；长叶子 come into leaf；洒水 sprinkle water；开花结籽go to seed
【参考范文】
Last summer I planted some mung in my garden.
First I bought some seeds from a seedman.Then I sowed them in the garden.A few days later，I went to the garden and found the mung were beginning to come up.Another few days passed and the mung were coming into leaf.Now and then I sprinkled water on them so that they grew well.
The mung I planted kept growing，and finally three months later they began to go to seed.I was very happy to see the fruits of my work.
1All nature is but art，unknown to thee.
整个自然都是艺术，这是你所不知的。
—Pope
Nature is not governed except by obeying her.
自然不可驾驭，除非顺从她。
—Bacon
Deviation from nature is deviation from happiness.
对自然的背离就是对欢乐的背离。
—Samuel Johnson
The intimacy between man and Nature began with the birth of man on the earth，and becomes each century more intelligent and far reaching.To Nature，therefore，we turn as to the oldest aim most influential teacher of our race；from one point of view once our task master，now our servant；from another point of view，our constant friend，instructor and inspirer.
Charles Darwin was born in 1809 in England.At school he didn't do well and got poor marks.He was a good athlete though and loved studying nature.He also kept doing chemistry experiments.
His father was a doctor and expected Charles to become one too.Charles started studying medicine at Edinburgh University but soon gave up his studies there.
In 1831，Darwin went on a five year journey to South America，Australia and South Africa by ship.He was seasick but the things he saw on this trip changed his life.He collected many animal and plant specimens.
In 1839，Darwin married his cousin Emma Wedgwood with whom he had ten children! He was a loving father and enjoyed family life which was always more important to him than his research.In spite of having many health problems throughout his life，Darwin lived until he was 73.
Darwin's most famous book On the Origin of Species came out in 1859 and sold out in a day.It said that all living things were related.His ideas were not popular at first，but now most people agree with them and admire Darwin as a great scientist.
[探究发现]
1．What was Darwin's father
A doctor.
2．How many continents had he gone to during his trip
Three.
3．When Darwin died
In 1882.
1阅读“Reading 2”中的材料，选出最佳选项。
1．Which is NOT a bean plant does when it is attacked by insects
A．To release tiny amounts of chemical to warn its neighbour.
B．To release chemical to drive the insects away.
C．To release chemical to drive the wasps.
D．To release chemical to attract wasps.
2．How can a chilli plant tell if its neighbouring plants is helpful
A．By producing chemical.
B．By sounds.
C．By wood wide web.
D．By insects.
3．Why “wood wide web”is similar to the Internet we use
A．Because it can use it to communicate.
B．Because it is linked together.
C．Because it can share information.
D．Because it can share food.
[答案] 1－3 CBB
Words And Phrases
知识要点1 characteristic n．特征，特性
(教材P53) Gregor Mendel chose to study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control.
格里哥·孟德尔之所以选择豌豆作为研究对象，是因为豌豆的特性易于控制。
[例] The need to communicate is a key characteristic of human society.
需要交流是人类社会最重要的一个特征。
[造句] 这两组儿童具有截然不同的特点。
The two groups of children have quite different characteristics.
[知识拓展]
(1)characteristic adj. 典型的；独特的；特有的
be characteristic of＝be typical of
是……的典型特征
(2)character n. 性格，特征；人物，角色；字体
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Fiction is the essential characteristic of the drama.
②The characteristics(characteristic) of the machine are fully detailed in our brochure.
知识要点2 blame v．责怪，指责；把……归咎于
(教材P53) The extinction of the Pinta Island tortoise is blamed on humans.
平塔岛龟的灭绝要归咎于人类。
[例1] She doesn't blame anyone for her father's death.
她没把她父亲的死归罪于任何人。
[例2] How can I blame him It wasn't intentional.
我怎么能怪他呢？那又不是有意的。
[造句] 别责怪他。他总还是个孩子。
Don't blame him.After all，he's only a child.
[知识拓展]
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①While we can't change the body type we are born with，we can't blame our genes for making us fat.
②The police blamed the traffic accident on Jack's careless driving.
③The driver was not to blame(blame) for the traffic accident.
④You must bear the blame for the accident.
知识要点3 decline vi.下降；减少；衰退；拒绝；谢绝 n．下降；衰退；衰退期
(教材P53) After goats in particular had been brought to the island，the Pinta Island tortoise population declined.
特别是山羊被带到岛上后，平塔岛龟的数量下降了。
[例1] The number of staff has declined from 217,000 to 114,000.
员工人数已从217 000人减少到114 000人。
[例2] The company reported a small decline in its profits.公司报告其利润略有减少。
[造句] 他要给男孩们拿些咖啡。他们礼貌地拒绝了。
He offered the boys some coffee.They declined politely.
[知识拓展]
(1)decline(from...)to... (从……)下降/减少到……
decline by 下降/减少了……
decline doing/to do sth. 婉言拒绝做某事
(2)fall into (a) decline 开始衰落，衰弱下去；走下坡路
a decline in ……的下降
in decline 在下降，在衰退
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Since the beginning of 2019，the price of worldwide milk products has declined by 3.8%.
②Industry in Britain has been in decline since the 1970s.
③He declined going/to go(go) to the party with her.
知识要点4 detect v．发现，察觉(尤指不易察觉到的事物)
(教材P56) When another bean plant detects the chemicals from its injured neighbour，it starts to release its own，different chemicals.
当另一棵豆秧察觉到从它受伤的邻居身上释放出的这些化学物质时，它开始释放自己的不同化学物质。
[例1] The dentist could detect no decay in her teeth.
牙科医生检查了她的牙，没有发现龋齿。
[例2] The tests are designed to detect the disease early.
这些检查旨在早期查出疾病。
[造句] 我能觉察到老人脸上的一丝悲伤。
I could detect a certain sadness in the old man's face.
[知识拓展]
(1)detect sb.in doing sth. 发现某人正在做某事(坏事)
(2)detective n. 侦探
detection n. 侦查，发现，发觉
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He was detected in cheating(cheat) in the exam.
②The detective(detect) was trying to winkle information out of her.
③Last year the detection(detect) rate for car theft was just 13%.
Sentence Patterns
重点句式1 be said to据说……
(教材P56) Alexander the Great and Marco Polo were said to have visited such a tree in India.
据说亚历山大大帝和马可波罗在印度都去看过这样一棵树。
句式分析：sb./sth.is said...，是一个被动语态的谓语形式，常译为“据说……”，此结构中被动语态的谓语动词后总是跟一个不定式。
[例1] He was said to have lost his will to live.
据说他已经失去了生存的意志。
[例2] They are said to control large parts of the east and south of the country.
据说他们控制了该国东部和南部的大片地区。
[造句] 据说她是一位剪纸大师。
She is said to be a master of paper cutting.
[知识拓展]
(1)本句型中的不定式可用一般时、进行时或完成时，分别表示与谓语动词动作同时发生或在其后发生的动作或状态、与谓语动词动作同时发生的进行动作或在谓语动词动作之前发生的完成动作。
(2)类似句型：
sb./sth.is believed/reported to do sth.
＝It is believed/thought/hoped/reported that...
人们相信/认为/希望/据报道……
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He is said to be writing(write) another novel about the same theme.
②She is said to have gone(go) abroad.
③America is reported (report) to declare war on Iran likely.
重点句式2 way后面跟定语从句
(教材P57) Scientists are learning more every day about the secret ways in which plants talk to each other.
科学家们每天都在了解更多关于植物相互交流的秘密方式。
句式分析：本句是一个复合句，in which引导的定语从句修饰先行词ways。
[例] I liked the open，honest way in which the man talked to me.
我喜欢那个人和我坦率、诚恳的谈话方式。
[造句] 这是他记住单词的最好方法。
This is the best way in which he can remember the words.
[知识拓展]
(1)way后面的定语从句还可以用that引导，或不用关系词。
(2)way作先行词，如果关系词在从句中作主语、宾语，只能用that或which，作宾语时，that及which均可省略；作状语时，关系词用that或in which，并且还可省略。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I'm disgusted with the way that/in which he was treated.
②I couldn't understand the way that/which he introduced to me.
排序题
排序题的考查形式是在选项中列举一些具体的事实，然后对这些事实进行排序。
[例文] A schoolgirl saved her father's life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic (过敏的) reaction which stopped his heart.Izzy，nine，restarted father Colm's heart by stamping(踩) on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing.Izzy's mother，Debbie，immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father，so decided to use CPR.However，she quickly discovered her arms weren't strong enough，so she stamped on her father's chest instead. 方法技巧：要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生、发展的正确顺序，解题方法可采用“首尾定位法”。即先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。
◆What's the right order of the events
①Izzy kicked Colm. ②Debbie called 999.
③Izzy learned CPR. ④Colm's heart stopped.
A．③①②④ B．④②③①
C．③④②① D．④③①②
[答案] C
请快速排出下列事件的正确顺序
People can use a home computer to make their shopping lists.Once at the store，a shopper can use a preferred customer card to start a system (系统) that will organize the trip around the store.If you're looking for toothpicks，you type in the word or pick it from a list，and a map will appear on the screen showing where you are and where you can find them...
◆Which of the following is the correct order of shopping with the computerized shopping carts？( )
a．Start the system.
b．Make a shopping list.
c．Find the things you want.
d．Go to a self checkout stand.
A．abdc B．bacd
C．acbd D．bcad
[答案] B
11．distant adj.遥远的→distance n．远处
2．evolve v．进化→evolution n．进化
3．suspect v．猜想，怀疑→suspected adj.被怀疑的
4．generate v．产生，创造→generation n．产生
5．nature n．自然→natural adj. 自然的 n．擅长做某事的人→naturalist n．博物学家
Words And Phrases
知识要点1 distant adj.遥远的；远处的；久远的；疏远的
(教材P50) The captain of the ship，the Beagle，wanted someone who would “profit by the opportunity of visiting distant countries yet little known”．
“贝格尔号”船长需要个人，此人能“有机会访问遥远而鲜为人知的国家并从中受益”。
[例1] The airport was about 20 kilometres distant.
机场在大约20公里远的地方。
[例2] Pat sounded very cold and distant on the phone.
从电话里听起来帕特非常冷淡和疏远。
[造句] 这学校距离车站3英里。
The school is three miles distant from the station.
[知识拓展]
distance n． 距离；远方
at a distance 隔一段距离；距离稍远
in the distance 在远方
out of distance from 离……太远；达不到
keep sb.at a distance 对……冷淡；与……疏远
keep distance from 与……保持距离
distance oneself from 使远离；使疏远
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①She was warned to keep her distance(distant) from John if she didn't want to get hurt.
②The sound of the cheering faded away in the distance.
③Jay had always tended to keep his girlfriends at a distance.
知识要点2 be a disgrace 是耻辱，是丢脸的事
(教材P50) What's more，he had recently received a letter from his father predicting that he would be “a disgrace to yourself and all your family”．
更有甚者，他最近收到了父亲的一封信，信中预言他将是“你和你全家的耻辱”。
[例] He is a disgrace and an embarrassment to this hospital.他是这家医院的耻辱和尴尬。
[造句] 你成了你的学校的耻辱，你的家庭的耻辱。
You are a disgrace to your school，and to your family.
[知识拓展]
(1) disgrace v． 使丢脸；使蒙受耻辱；使名誉扫
地；使失势；使失去地位
(2)in disgrace 很不讨人喜欢
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I disgraced myself(me) by drinking far too much.
②Mum told me Meggie was sent home in disgrace.
知识要点3 lead to引起，导致；通向
(教材P50) Despite all this，his adventures on this ship would lead to one of the most important scientific discoveries of all time.
尽管如此，他在这艘船上的冒险经历将导致有史以来最重要的科学发现之一。
[例1] The laws have lead to a reduction in fuel consumption in the US.
这些法律已经使美国燃料消费量有所减少。
[例2] Excuse me，does this road lead to the railway station？请问，这条路通向火车站吗？
[造句] 他们的分歧导致了街头的暴力活动。
Their disagreements lead to violence on the streets.
[知识拓展]
lead sb.to do sth. 使某人做……
lead sb.to... 使某人得出……
lead sb.by the nose 牵着某人的鼻子走
in the lead 领先，处于首位
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①What led you to select(select) your major
②I'm not going to allow anyone to lead me by the nose.
③They were in the lead.The finish line was close.
知识要点4 fascinate v．使入迷，吸引
(教材P50) The young man in question，Charles Darwin，was a geologist and naturalist，fascinated by rocks，plants and animals.所提到的那位年轻人叫查尔斯·达尔文，是一位地质学家和博物学家，对岩石、植物和动物着迷。
[例1] It was a question that had fascinated him since he was a boy.这是他自幼就着迷的问题。
[例2] Therefore，I do not have anything with which to fascinate people.
因此，我没有什么能使人着迷的东西。
[造句] 这一整个流程都让我着迷。
The whole process fascinates me.
[知识拓展]
fascinating adj. 迷人的
fascinated adj. 着迷的
be fascinated by/with... 被……迷住
fascination n. 魅力，迷惑力；迷恋
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I retreated before her only as quickly as was necessary，fascinated(fascinate)．
②Because of your existence，my life will be more fascinating(fascinate)．
③In those days，she was fascinated by/with past visitors.
知识要点5 be crowded with...挤满……；充满……
(教材P51) After Darwin had spent some time in South America，his room on the ship was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had collected.
达尔文在南美待了一段时间后，在船上他的房间里塞满了收集的动植物样本。
[例1] The old town square was crowded with people.
古老的小镇广场上挤满了人。
[例2] The roads are crowded with vehicles of all kinds.
马路上挤满了各种车辆。
[造句] 路上挤满了各阶层的人。
The roads are all crowded with people of all ranks.
[知识拓展]
crowded adj. 拥挤的
crowd n．& v. 人群/拥挤；聚集
a crowd of 一群……
the crowd 群众；民众
crowds of 许多
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①There were crowds(crowd) of people at the theatre.
②This morning，the ground is crowded with white snow.
③The crowd was/were(be) marching on the street to improve their living conditions.
[名师点津]
crowd可用作名词，译作“人群，大众”，在句中作主语时，谓语动词可按单数或复数对待，the crowd“老百姓，大众”。
知识要点6 exist vi.存在；生存，生活
(教材P51) As he studied these，he asked himself the question: how did different species come to exist
当他研究这些的时候，他问了自己这个问题：不同物种是如何存在的？
[例1] The problem only exists in your head，Jane.
这个问题不过是你的想象，简。
[例2] Few of these monkeys still exist in the wild.
这些猴子野生的已为数不多了。
[造句] 它只存在于他的想象。
It exists only in his imagination.
[知识拓展]
(1)exist in 存在于……之中
exist on＝live on 靠……为生
There exist... 有……，存在……
(2)existence n. 存在；生存
in existence 存在
out of existence 消失
come into existence 出现，产生
bring into existence 使……出现/产生
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①But，there are some problems existed in its study.
②It was impossible for them to exist on such a small income.
③New companies come into existence(exist) every year.
知识要点7 adapt to 适应，适合
(教材P51) Maybe animals evolved as they adapted to their changing environments
也许动物是随着适应环境的变化而进化的？
[例1] I found it not easy to adapt to new life.
我发现适应新生活并不容易。
[例2] We must adapt to a changing world.
我们必须适应不断变化的世界。
[造句] 我们必须通过持续不断的学习来适应新变化。
We must adapt to the new changes through our continuous learning.
[知识拓展]
adapt...to... 使……适应或适合……
adapt...from... 根据……改编或改写
adapt...for... 改编或改作……之用
adaptable adj. 能适应的，适应性强的
adaptation n. 改编(本)，改造；适应
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①It's hard to adapt this novel for children.
②These flowers are well adapted to the harsh winter.
③He tried to adapt himself(him) to the new life.
④The author is going to adapt his play for television.
知识要点8 suspect v．怀疑；不信任；猜想
(教材P51) Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor，which had arrived on the islands a long time before.
达尔文怀疑这些雀科小鸟是从一个共同的祖先进化而来的，这个祖先很久以前就来到了这些岛屿。
[例1] I suspected her motives in offering to help.
她主动要帮忙，我怀疑她的动机。
[例2] You don't really think Webb suspects you
你不是真的认为韦布怀疑你吧？
[造句] 你为什么凭空怀疑这消息的真实性？
Why do you suspect the truth of the information
[知识拓展]
suspect sb.of (doing) sth. 怀疑某人做了某事
suspect sb.to be... 疑心某人是……
suspect that... 疑心……
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Some people suspected him of theft.
②The police suspected him of taking(take) a part in the jewel robbery.
③The doctor suspected that he was ill with flu.
知识要点9 convincing adj.令人信服的；有说服力的
(教材P51) But Darwin's scientific studies were so convincing that more and more people started to believe his theory.
但是达尔文的科学研究是如此令人信服，以至于越来越多的人开始相信他的理论。
[例1] He can come up with a convincing explanation.
他能说出个道道来。
[例2] His version of the accident seemed most convincing.他对该事件的叙述似乎最令人信服。
[造句] 他每句话都在理上，使人听了不能不心服。
Everything he says is reasonable and convincing.
[知识拓展]
(1)convince vt. 使确信；使信服；使相信
convince sb.of sth. 使某人相信某事
convince sb.that... 使某人相信……
convince sb.to do sth. 说服某人做某事
(2)convinced adj. 坚信不移的
be convinced of sth. 深信某事
be convinced that... 深信……
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①How can I convince you of her honesty
②What convinced you to vote(vote)for them
③)I tried to convince myself that the trouble was with the problem itself，not with me.
④They were convinced(convince)of the suspect's guilt.
[小片段助记]
He tried to make me convince him of the explanation.I was convinced of his words because of his convinced expression on his face.
Sentence Patterns
重点句式 so...that...句型
(教材P51) But Darwin's scientific studies were so convincing that more and more people started to believe his theory.但是达尔文的科学研究是如此令人信服，以至于越来越多的人开始相信他的理论。
句式分析：句中的so...that...表示“如此……以至于……”，that引导结果状语从句。
[例1] He was so angry that he couldn't say a word.
他如此生气以至于说不出话。
[例2] He is so young that she can't look after herself.
他太小了，不能照顾自己。
[造句] 他学习如此努力，以至于得了一等奖。
He works so hard that he got the first prize.
[知识拓展]
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①There was so much work to do that everybody got bored.
②There was so little time left that we could hardly finish the work.
③They are such good children that we all love them.
When the Beagle reached the Galapagos Islands in 1835，Darwin saw a variety of new species，but it was the birds that interested him the most.
[分析] 本句是一个复合句，when引导时间状语从句，but连接并列句，but后面是一个强调句，强调主语the birds。
[译文] 1835年，当贝格尔号到达加拉帕戈斯群岛时，达尔文看到了许多新物种，但最令他感兴趣的是鸟类。
教材 高考
1.The captain of the ship，the Beagle，wanted someone who would “profit by the opportunity of visiting distant countries yet little known”． (2019·天津卷)To many people，technology means computers，hand held devices，or vehicles that travel to distant planets.
2.Despite all this，his adventures on this ship would lead to one of the most important scientific discoveries of all time. (2019·全国卷Ⅰ)It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment，high status has just the opposite effect on us.
3.After Darwin had spent some time in South America，his room on the ship was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had collected. (2019·全国卷Ⅰ) Does Kilimanjaro deserve its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of tourists ruining the atmosphere of peace？
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I've had so many falls that I have pains here and there.
2．The evidence from studies of depression and heart disease is most convincing(convince)．
3．The man suspected(suspect) of killing JonBenet Ramsey could be transferred to Colorado today.
4．The play is an adaptation(adapt) of a long novel.
5．I spotted my friend at once among the crowd.
6．He was fascinated with her beauty.
7．They led me to a numinous place that day.
8．A doctor like him is a disgrace to our hospital.
9．He stopped at safe distance(distant)，and watched him pass by.
10．Why do I believe in the existence(exist) of atoms
Ⅱ.短语填空
adapt to；be a disgrace；suspect...of；in the distance；be crowded with；lead to
1．I watched him until he disappeared in the distance.
2．The way he handled the problem was a disgrace to me.
3．This in turn leads to decreased support and maintenance costs.
4．The office was crowded with people complaining about the washing machines.
5．When he moved to France，the children adapted to the change very well.
6．She was suspected of having links with a criminal group.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
Darwin was fascinated 1.by rocks，plants and animals，who began his journey 2.on the Beagle.As he studied the samples which was 3.crowded(crowd) with his room on the ship，he raised the question: how did different species come 4.to exist(exist)？Although people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at the same time，Darwin wanted to look for 5.evidence(evident) to prove it was not true.On the Galapagos Islands，he noticed the 6.difference(differ) between the finches，and it seemed their beaks 7.had evolved(evolve)．Darwin
suspected the finches had evolved from 8.earlier(early) ancestors.9.Eventually(eventual)，he proposed a theory about evolution 10.that living things had evolved from lower forms of life，and published his book，On the Origin of Species.
1速读P50－51教材课文，完成下列任务：
Ⅰ.阅读判断
判断下列句子提供的信息是正确，还是错误，还是没有提及。
1．The captain of the ship，the Beagle，was Charles Darwin.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
2．Darwin began his trip on the Beagle after he completed his degree.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
3．In 1831，people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at the same time.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
4．When Darwin reached the Galapagos Islands，he raised the question：how did different species come to exist
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
[答案] 1－4 BBAC
Ⅱ.补全信息
选择正确选项填入空白处，补全所给句子提供的信息。
A．that living things had evolved from lower forms of life
B．that more and more people started to believe his theory
C．that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor
D．that he would be “a disgrace to yourself and all your family”
E．what food was available on that particular island
F．how did different species come to exist
1．What's more，he had recently received a letter from his father predicting .
2．As he studied these，he asked himself the question: ？
3．It seemed their beaks had evolved according to .
4．Darwin suspected ，which had arrived on the islands a long time before.
5．Many people refused to believe .
6．But Darwin's scientific studies were so convincing .
[答案] 1－6 DFECAB
Ⅲ.表格填空
A Journey of Discovery
Begin his journey Darwin，who was 1.fascinated by rocks，plants and animals，began his journey on the ship of the 2.Beagle in 1931.
Generate ideas When he was in South America，he collected samples of plants and animals.As he studied the samples he raised the 3.question：how did different species come to exist？
Look for evidence In 4.1835，when he arrived at the Galapagos Islands，the 5.birds interested him most，and he found there was a 6.difference between the finches on each of the islands，which seemed their 7.beaks had evolved according to the food on the island.
Develop ideas Darwin 8.suspected the finches had evolved from a common ancestor arriving on the islands a long time ago.
Propose a theory His completely new idea of 9.evolution was explained in his book，On the Origin of Species，which caused a 10.storm to the people.
细读P50－51教材课文，完成下列任务：
Ⅰ.主旨匹配
细读课文，匹配段落大意。
1．Para.1 A．Develop ideas.
2．Para.2 B．Propose a theory.
3．Para.3 C．On his journey.
4．Para.4 D．Answered the call of the captain.
5．Para.5 E．Generate ideas.
6．Para.6 F．The greatness of his book.
7．Para.7 G．Look for more evidence.
[答案] 1－5 DCEGA 6－7 BF
Ⅱ.单项选择
细读课文，选择最佳答案。
1．What's the opinion of Darwin's father about his journey
A．He thought it was great.
B．He thought Darwin was courageous.
C．He thought it was a shame to Darwin.
D．He was in favour of the journey.
2．Which is NOT the things that Darwin fascinated
A．Rocks. B．Animals.
C．Plants. D．Ships.
3．Where did Darwin raised the question：how did different species come to exist
A．In England. B．In South America.
C．In the Galapagos Island. D．In Europe.
4．What did Darwin find on the Galapagos Islands
A．The difference between the finches on each of the islands.
B．The evolution of human beings.
C．The samples of some birds.
D．The food of different birds.
[答案] 1－4 CDBA
Ⅲ.读后续写微技能
读后续写微技能(五)——描述心理活动
A．阅读文中含有心理活动的语句。
1．But Darwin began to think differently.
2．They were shocked.
3．Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor，...
B．判断下列语句中哪个不是描述心理活动的。
1．As he studied these，he asked himself the question：how did different species come to exist
2．The young man in question，Charles Darwin，was a geologist and naturalist，fascinated by rocks，plants and animals.
[答案] 2
1过去完成时
[观察例句]
1．What's more，he had recently received a letter from his father predicting that...
2．After Darwin had spent some time in South America，his room on the ship was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had collected.
3．At that time，people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at the same time...
4．It seemed their beaks had evolved according to what food was available on that particular island.
[归纳用法]
过去完成时的动作需在过去某一时间之前发生，即发生在“过去的过去”。
1．过去完成时的构成
过去完成时是由“had＋过去分词”构成的。
Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake.
我很快就意识到我犯了一个严重的错误。
The man sitting beside me on the plane was very nervous.He had not flown before.
飞机上坐在我旁边的人很紧张。他以前从没乘过飞机。
2．过去完成时的用法
①“已完成”的用法：
表示某一动作或状态在过去某一时间之前或过去某一动作之前已经完成。句中常用by引导的时间状语或以before，until，when，than等词引导的内含一般过去时的时间状语从句。
By 5：00 yesterday morning we had done that work.
到昨天早上5点钟时，我们已经做完了那件工作。
He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office.
老师从办公室回来时，他刚把教室打扫完。
[名师点津]
在包含before和after的复合句中，因为从句动作和主句动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
The train (had) started before I reached the station.
在我到达车站之前，列车已经开了。
After he (had) arrived in England，Marx worked hard to improve his English.
马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。
②“未完成”的用法：
表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时刻之前就已开始，一直持续到这一过去的时间，还可能再持续下去。
Up to that time all had gone well.
直到那时一切都很顺利。
John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage.
约翰和简在结婚前就认识很长时间了。
③“想象性”的用法
过去完成时有时表示一种未实现的愿望或想法，主要用在if引导的和过去事实相反的条件句以及wish，as if引导的从句中。
If she had worked hard，she would have succeeded.
要是她努力的话，她就会成功了。(事实上她没努力，也没成功。)
I wish I had gone with you to the concert.
我要是和你一起去音乐会就好了。
④表示“刚刚……就……”
过去完成时常用在hardly/scarcely/barely...when...，no sooner...than...等结构中，表示“刚刚……就……”。
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.
他刚到就又走了。
[名师点津]
intend，mean，hope，want，plan，suppose，expect，think等动词的过去完成时可以用来表示一个本来打算做而未做的事。
I had meant to come，but something happened.
我原本打算来的，但有事发生了。
3．过去完成时与一般过去时的比较
一般过去时表示过去某个时间的动作或状态。过去完成时表示的动作或状态发生在一般过去时表示的动作或状态之前，因此它在时间上表示的是“过去的过去”。
Yesterday I returned the book that I had borrowed.
昨天我归还了借的书。
He didn't know a thing about the verb，for he had not studied his lessons.
他对动词一无所知，因为他没有好好学习功课。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
我在车站等了20分钟后车才来。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．By nine o'clock last night，we had got(get) 200 pictures from the spaceship.
2．He said he had worked(work) in that factory since 1949.
3．Until then he had known(know) nothing about it yet.
4．It was the third time that he had been(be) out of work that year.
5．They arrived(arrive) at the station at ten yesterday.
Ⅱ.短文语法填空
I still remember last winter，1.when I woke up in the morning，it 2.had stopped(stop) snowing.Looking outside of the window，the shiny white snow on our lawn 3.had been cleaned(clean) by my father.I closed the book that I 4.had borrowed(borrow) from local library and went downstairs for breakfast.Then my little brother came to tell me that he 5.had finished(finish) all his homework and he had 6.a very nice dream the night before.During the breakfast，one of my best friends came to visit my family.She went to Australia last year.7.Before that she 8.had prepared(prepare) for the examination of University of Sydney for half a year.During her study，she 9.had learned(learn) the culture and 10.professional(profession) knowledge in her field.
1Ⅰ.匹配词义
a．给下列单词选择正确的汉语意思。
( )1.seed A．v.产生，创造
( )2.centimetre B．v.责怪，指责；把……归咎于
( )3.generate C．n.种子，籽
( )4.blame D．adj.原始的，低等的
( )5.primitive E．n.厘米
[答案] 1－5 CEABD
b．给下列短语选择正确的汉语意思。
( )1.be to blame A．是耻辱，是丢脸的事
( )2.adapt to B．源于……的，原产于……
( )3.be a disgrace C．适用于
( )4.be native to D．导致
( )5.lead to E．该受责备
[答案] 1－5 ECABD
Ⅱ.默写单词
1．distant adj.遥远的
2．sample n．样本
3．suspect v．猜想，怀疑
4．ancestor n．祖先
5．goat n．山羊
6．characteristic n．特征，特性
7．decline v．减少
8．root n．根
9．detect v．发现，察觉(尤指不易觉察到的事物)
10．link v．把……联系起来；连接
Ⅰ.语境填空
detect；generate；decline；primitive；centimetre；link；blame；characteristic；sample；root
1．The length of this pencil is seventeen centimetres.
2．What do we know about the bonds that link them
3．They found a primitive tool in the mountain.
4．I have no one to blame but myself for what I have done.
5．The US investment bank thinks prices will decline until well into next year before recovering in the second half of 2009.
6．Genes determine the characteristics of every living thing.
7．For security reason，we have generated a complicated password for you.
8．The shipment does not check with the sample.
9．This is an instrument that can detect small amounts of radiation.
10．The root of this dead tree has been gnawed away by ants.
Ⅱ.语法填空之派生词
1．Can you distinguish the objects in the distance(distant)
2．The police will keep an eye open for the suspected(suspect) terrorists.
3．I like seeded/seedless(seed) grapes.
4．This is her ancestral(ancestor) home.
5．We'll explore new methods of income generation(generate)．
6．None of us is entirely blameless(blame) in this matter.
7．I'm afraid something have been primitively(primitive) programmed.
8．Early detection(detect) of cancers is very important.
1．The captain of the ship，the Beagle，wanted someone who would“profit by the opportunity of visiting distant countries yet little known”．
“贝格尔号”船长需要个人，此人能“有机会访问遥远而鲜为人知的国家并从中受益”。
2．The person who answered the call was not the captain's first choice.
来应聘的人不是船长的首选。
3．The young man in question，Charles Darwin，was a geologist and naturalist...
所提到的那位年轻人叫查尔斯·达尔文，是一位地质学家和博物学家……
4．At that time，people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at the same time，and had not changed since.
当时，人们认为地球上所有的物种都是同时出现的，并且从出现以来就没有过变化。
5．This happens when a plant，say a bean plant，gets attacked by insects.
这种情况发生在一棵植物，比如一棵豆秧，受到昆虫伤害的时候。
词语助读
①profit v．获益；获利
②distant adj.遥远的
③degree n．学位
④What's more再者
⑤disgrace n．丢脸，耻辱
⑥despite prep.尽管
⑦lead to导致；通向
⑧scientific adj.科学的
⑨discovery n．发现
[1]句中的predicting...是现在分词作定语，修饰a letter。
⑩Charles Darwin查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文(1809年2月12日至1882年4月19日)，英国生物学家，进化论的奠基人。出版《物种起源》。
geologist n．生物学家
naturalist n．博物学家
fascinate v．入迷
be fascinated by对……入迷
living adj.活的
be crowded with挤满……
sample n．样本
come to exist存在
at the same time同时
be similar to和……相似
evolve v．进化
adapt to适应
inspire v．激励；鼓舞
evidence n．证据；根据
Galapagos Islands大龟群岛，是厄瓜多尔位于太平洋、距陆地本土1 200公里的一个省，由十几个火山岩岛屿组成，人口不足2万。
a variety of多种多样的
according to根据，按照
available adj.可利用的，可得到的
[2]句中的what引导宾语从句，作介词to的宾语。
suspect v．怀疑
[3]that引导宾语从句，which引导非限定性定语从句，修饰先行词a common ancestor。
completely adv.完全地
shocked adj.感到震惊的
shocking adj.令人震惊的
convincing adj.令人信服的
[4]so...that...如此……以至于；that引导结果状语从句。
be regarded as被认为是
原文呈现
A Journey of Discovery
The captain of the ship，the Beagle，wanted someone who would “profit① by the opportunity of visiting distant② countries yet little known”．The person who answered the call was not the captain's first choice.It was a young man who had left medical school without completing his degree③.What's more④，he had recently received a letter from his father predicting that he would be “a disgrace⑤ to yourself and all your family”．[1]Despite⑥ all this，his adventures on this ship would lead to⑦ one of the most important scientific⑧ discoveries⑨ of all time.
The young man in question，Charles Darwin⑩，was a geologist and naturalist ，fascinated by rocks，plants and animals.He left England on the ship，the Beagle，in 1831.The journey gave him the chance to study various living things in their natural environments.After Darwin had spent some time in South America，his room on the ship was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had collected.As he studied these，he asked himself the question: how did different species come to exist ？
At that time，people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at the same time ，and had not changed since.But Darwin began to think differently.He noticed that some species of animals were very similar to each other.Maybe animals evolved as they adapted totheir changing environments It was just an idea，but enough to inspireDarwin to look for more evidence.
When the Beagle reached the Galapagos Islands in 1835，Darwin saw a variety of new species，but it was the birds that interested him the most.Darwin noticed that there was a difference between the finches on each of the islands.It seemed their beaks had evolved according to what food was available on that particular island.[2]
Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor，which had arrived on the islands a long time before.[3]Over time，it had slowly evolved into many new species.And that was the answer to how new species of plants and animals came to exist：they evolved from earlier ancestors.
It was a completely new idea—a theory of evolution.Darwin explained this theory in his book，On the Origin of Species.It was not published until 1859 and immediately caused a storm.Many people refused to believe that living things，including humans，had evolved from lower forms of life.They were shocked.But Darwin's scientific studies were so convincing that more and more people started to believe his theory.[4]
Today，On the Origin of Species is regarded as one of the most important works ever written.It has changed ideas about life on Earth forever.And it all began with the journey on the Beagle.
译文参考
发现之旅
“贝格尔号”船长需要个人，此人能“有机会访问遥远而鲜为人知的国家并从中受益”。应聘的人不是船长的首选。他是一个年轻人，没有完成学位课程就离开了医学院。更有甚者，他最近收到了父亲的一封信，信中预言他将是“你和你全家的耻辱”。尽管如此，他在这艘船上的冒险经历将导致有史以来最重要的科学发现之一。
所提到的那位年轻人叫查尔斯·达尔文，是一位地质学家和博物学家，对岩石、植物和动物着迷。1831年，他乘“贝格尔号”离开英国。这次旅行使他有机会研究自然环境中的各种生物。达尔文在南美待了一段时间后，在船上他的房间里塞满了收集的动植物样本。当他研究这些的时候，他问了自己这个问题：不同物种是如何存在的？
当时，人们认为地球上所有的物种都是同时出现的，并且从出现以来就没有过变化。但达尔文开始有不同的想法。他注意到有些动物彼此非常相似。也许动物是随着适应环境的变化而进化的？这只是一个想法，但足以激励达尔文去寻找更多的证据。
1835年，当贝格尔号到达加拉帕戈斯群岛时，达尔文看到了许多新物种，但最令他感兴趣的是鸟类。达尔文注意到每一个岛上的雀科小鸟都不相同。它们的喙似乎是根据那个岛上的食物进化而来的。
达尔文怀疑这些雀科小鸟是从一个共同的祖先进化而来的，这个祖先很久以前就来到了这些岛屿。随着时间的推移，它慢慢进化成许多新物种。这就是植物和动物新物种如何生存的答案：它们是从早期祖先进化而来的。
这是一个全新的观点——进化论。达尔文在他的《物种起源》一书中解释了这一理论。该书直到1859年才出版，并立即引起了一场风暴。许多人拒绝相信包括人类在内的生物都是从较低级的生命形式进化而来的。他们很震惊。但是达尔文的科学研究是如此令人信服，以至于越来越多的人开始相信他的理论。
今天，《物种起源》被认为是有史以来人们所写出的最重要的著作之一。它永远改变了人们对地球上生命的看法。这一切都是从贝格尔号的旅程开始的。
1课时分层作业(十三)
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．I blamed George for the failure of the talks.
2．The town fell into a decline after the mine closed.
3．Personal characteristics(特征)，such as age and sex are taken into account.
4．The case has generated(产生) enormous publicity in Brazil.
5．Studies suggest that life originated only once，from a single ancestor.
6．He suspected that the woman staying in the flat above was using heroin.
7．The interviews were given to a random sample(样本) of students.
8．The time we spent together is now a distant memory.
Ⅱ.阅读理解
A
When a leafy plant is under attack，it doesn't sit quietly.Back in 1983，two scientists，Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin，reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds，VOCs for short.
Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked.It's a plant's way of crying out.But is anyone listening？Apparently.Because we can watch the neighbours react.
Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.But others do double duty.They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.Once they arrive，the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.
In study after study，it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors.The damage is usually more serious on the first plant，but the neighbors，relatively speaking，stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.
Does this mean that plants talk to each other Scientists don't know.Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches，and so，in effect，was talking to itself.Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry.So information was exchanged，but it wasn't a true，intentional back and forth.
Charles Darwin，over 150 years ago，imagined a world far busier，noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear.Our senses are weak.There's a whole lot going on.
【语篇解读】 当植物受到攻击时它们怎么反应？怎么交流？
1．What does a plant do when it is under attack
A．It makes noises.
B．It gets help from other plants.
C．It stands quietly.
D．It sends out certain chemicals.
D [根据第一段“Ian Baldwin，reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm”可知，当植物受到伤害时，会分泌出一种化学物质，故D项正确。]
2．What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in Paragraph 3
A．The attackers get attacked.
B．The insects gather under the table.
C．The plants get ready to fight back.
D．The perfumes attract natural enemies.
A [词义猜测题。根据第三段“Once they arrive，the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.”可知，一旦它们到达这里，攻击者就成为植物的午餐，故A项正确。]
3．Scientists find from their studies that plants can .
A．predict natural disasters
B．protect themselves against insects
C．talk to one another intentionally
D．help their neighbors when necessary
B [细节理解题。根据第二段“Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked.”可知，植物分泌出VOCs，是为了保护自己，故B项正确。]
4．What can we infer from the last paragraph
A．The word is changing faster than ever.
B．People have stronger senses than before.
C．The world is more complex than it seems.
D．People in Darwin's time were imaginative.
C [推理判断题。根据最后一段“imagined a world far busier，noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear”可知，这个世界比我们看到或者听到的更热闹更亲密，因此世界也比我们想象的更复杂，故C项正确。]
B
British people work some of the longest hours in Europe，but are among the least productive.Now some companies are shortening the working week to increase efficiency，health and happiness.
Rich Leigh has introduced a four day week at his PR company.In fact，his entire company has Friday off，because his firm has adopted a four day week.It is one of a handful of UK businesses that now operate like this: staff still get paid their previous five day salary，but they work a day less.The company found that they achieved just as much—and there were even sighs of growth.“The key to the scheme's success，” Leigh says，“is how happy our employees now are.”
The average British worker takes only a 34 minute lunch break and works 10 hours overtime each week (more often than not this is unpaid)．Yet UK productivity falls seriously behind their European neighbors，who tend to work fewer hours.
British working practices have caused loss and damage to the nation's health and happiness.More than half a million workers in the UK were signed off with work related stress or anxiety last year.Moreover，the work landscape itself is changing.Automation and AI will have a significant impact on the labor market，where unsteady work becomes more common.
Britain is the only EU member that allows workers to ignore the EU working time limit and work longer hours.For campaigners，now is the time for a change.O'Grady，an advocate，argues that where businesses have increased their profits as a result of automation，success should be shared with workers in the form of reduced hours.“It's time to share the benefits from new technology，not allowing those at the top to grab them for themselves.” she says.
【语篇解读】 文章主要介绍了一些英国公司的四天工作制度。
5．We can learn from the passage that .
A．British people are the least productive in the world
B．Most companies in Britain have conducted a four day week
C．PR company has witnessed a rise in employees' happiness
D．British people work longer and get more payment than other countries
C [推理判断题。答案定位在第二段“The company found that they achieved just as much—and there were even sighs of growth.‘The key to the scheme's success，’Leigh says，‘is how happy our employees now are.’”( 该公司发现他们也取得了同样的成绩——甚至还有增长的迹象。“该计划成功的关键，” Leigh说，“是我们的员工现在有多快乐。”)由此推断出PR公司见证了员工幸福感的提升，故选C。]
6．Which is the proper description of British working practices
A．The working time of British workers is within the EU limit.
B．In terms of productivity，Britain is beaten by the United States.
C．Profits gained from new technology are on the decrease.
D．Automation and AI are likely to cause an instable work market.
D [细节理解题。答案定位在第四段“Automation and AI will have a significant impact on the labor market，where unsteady work becomes more common.”(自动化和人工智能将对劳动力市场产生重大影响，不稳定的工作变得更加普遍。)由此可知，对英国工作实践的恰当描述是自动化和人工智能很可能导致不稳定的工作市场，故选D。]
7．Which can be inferred from O'Grady's words in the last paragraph
A．It's time for employers to share the increased profits created by automation.
B．Workers should benefit from automation in the form of less working hours.
C．New technology should belong to both businesses and workers.
D．Businesses can't make more profits without new technology.
B [推理判断题。答案定位在最后一段“O'Grady，an advocate，argues that where businesses have increased their profits as a result of automation，success should be shared with workers in the form of reduced hours.”(拥护者O'Grady认为，在自动化提高了企业利润的地方，成功应该以减少工时的形式与工人分享。)由此推断出O'Grady的话的意思是工人应该从减少工作时间的自动化中获益，故选B。]
8．What is the author's purpose of writing the passage
A．To introduce some British firms' switch to a four day working week.
B．To explain the reasons why British workers suffer stress and anxiety.
C．To appeal for more reasonable working conditions.
D．To present the current productivity problem in Britain.
A [写作意图题。第二段“Rich Leigh has introduced a four day week at his PR company.”是全文的主题句，结合全文内容可知这篇文章主要介绍了一些英国公司的四天工作制度，故选A。]
Ⅲ.阅读七选五
Different weather makes people feel different.It influences (影响) health，intelligence (智力) and feelings.
In August，it is very hot and wet in the southern part of the United States. 1 .In the Northeast and the Middle West，it is very hot at some times and very cold at other times.People in these states have more heart trouble after the weather changes in February or March.
The weather can also influence intelligence.For example，in a 1983 report by scientists，IQ (智商) of a group students was very high when a very strong wind came，but after the strong wind，their IQ was 10% lower. 2 .Very hot weather，on the other hand (另一方面)，can make it lower.Students in many schools of the United States often get worse on exams in the hot months of the year (July and August)．
Weather also has a strong influence on people's feelings.Winter may be a bad time for thin people.They usually feel cold during these months.They might feel unhappy during cold weather. 3 .They even don't like to do outdoor activities.
Low air pressure (气压) may make people forgetful. 4 .There is a “good weather” for work and health.People feel best at a temperature of about 18 centigrade (摄氏度)．
Are you feeling sad，tired，forgetful，or unhappy today 5 .
A．It may be the weather's problem
B．Warm weather can have a bad effect on health
C．The wind can help people have higher intelligence
D．But fat people may have a hard time in hot weather
E．People may have higher intelligence when low air pressure comes
F．People leave more bags on buses and in shops on low pressure days
G．People there have heart trouble and other kinds of health problems during this month
【语篇解读】 本文讲述了天气对人们各个方面的影响。
1．G [推理判断题。根据第二段的最后一句话“In the Northeast and the Middle West，it is very hot at some times and very cold at other times.People in these states have more heart trouble after the weather changes in February or March.”(在东北部和中西部，有时非常热，有时非常冷。在这些州的人们在二月或者三月的变天后更多地患有心脏病。)可知，人们在很热或者很冷的情况下容易诱发心脏病，所以，在八月，美国的南部地区炎热且潮湿的时候，人们很容易得心脏病和其他疾病，故选G。]
2．C [推理判断题。根据第三段第二句“For example，in a 1983 report by scientists，IQ(智商) of a group of students was very high when a very strong wind came，but after the strong wind，their IQ was 10% lower.”(例如，根据1983年的一个科学报告，当强风到来的时候，一组学生的智商在此时是非常高的，但是在强风走后，他们的智商下降了10%)，所以得出的结论就是：强风可以帮助人们使他们的智商变高。故选C。]
3．D [推理判断题。由第四段开头“Weather also has a strong influence on people's feelings.”可知，天气可以影响人们的感觉。然后讲了冬天对于瘦人来说可能是一个很坏的时刻，因为他们因为瘦而感到寒冷；说完瘦人就开始说胖人来作为一个对比：胖人在夏天也不好过。故选D。]
4．F [推理判断题。根据第五段开头“Low air pressure(气压) may make people forgetful.”(低气压可能使人们健忘)可知，接下来作者可能会讲人们在低气压下健忘的表现，故选F。]
5．A [推理判断题。最后一段是对全文的一个总结：如果你感到悲伤、难过、健忘和不开心，那就是天气在作怪。故填A。]
1课时分层作业(十四)
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．By the end of last term we had finished(finish) the book.
2．I had intended(intend) to see you but I was too busy.
3．From this distance(distant) you should be able to see the airfield.
4．In those days，she was fascinated by past visitors.
5．I'm convinced(convince) that the only thing that kept me going was what I loved what I did.
6．I am so excited that I want to bring everything with me.
7．The security department suspected him of giving(give) information to a foreign company.
8．No one knows how this world came into existence(exist)．
9．However，classrooms are still crowded with students.
10．This led him to wonder(wonder) what could possibly have caused the accident.
Ⅱ.完形填空
Love Is Blind: The Magic of Tabby
At my local animal shelter's Adoption Department there are special animals，who touch me so deeply that I could never possibly forget them.Tabby was one such animal.
Tabby was an ancient Cocker Spaniel，probably 14 years old.What's more，she was blind and deaf.Tabby's chances at adoption seemed 1 at best.After all，we didn't have many adopters coming in 2 ，“Can you show me all of your really old dogs who are also 3 ？”We had all thought that Tabby would live out the rest of her life at the 4 .
One day a woman named Loretta came to the shelter.Her son，Gary，had 5 Tabby's picture and stories on the shelter's website at home.They were interested in meeting her! It was the only 6 we ever received about Tabby.What could a young child possibly see in a 14 year old dog who was both blind and deaf Most boys would want a dog who could grow with them and 7 through grassy fields on summer days.Tabby would 8 be able to do that.But after meeting her，Loretta and Gary decided that she was the right dog for their family.They adopted Tabby!
If Tabby's story had simply ended with her 9 adoption，it would still have been something very special indeed. 10 ，it was what happened after her adoption that people might regard as “magic”．Gary 11 from seizures(癫痫)．Since Gary and Tabby met they became 12 .They did everything together.They became so “in tune” with one another that Tabby began to telegraph Gary's seizures 13 they occurred，giving his family a(n) 14 that one was about to strike.What's more，Gary seemed to be having fewer and fewer seizures since Tabby's 15 .
【语篇解读】 这是一篇记叙文，主要讲了一只叫Tabby的狗。它又聋又瞎，却出人意料地被一个叫Gary的男孩领养。这个男孩患有癫痫；而让人感到不可思议的是，自从Gary收养了Tabby，他的癫痫很少犯了。
1．A.possible B．great
C．remote D．bright
C [根据she was blind and deaf可知，它又聋又瞎，所以应该是最没有机会被领养的，故选C。]
2．A.whispering B．asking
C．seeking D．explaining
B [根据逻辑，领养者应该是上门询问的，且其后跟的句子是疑问句，所以应该是“询问”，故选B。]
3．A.disabled B．active
C．stubborn D．patient
A [结合前句：很多领养者不会前来询问“你能给我看看你们所有年纪大的狗，而且又……吗”，可知此处应是个贬义词，又因为此段谈论的Tabby是有生理缺陷的，故选A。]
4．A.hospital B．roadside
C．farm D．shelter
D [我们都认为Tabby将在……度过她的后半生了。结合上下文，如果Taddy没有被人收养，那么就会在庇护所度过她的后半生了，故选D。]
5．A.posted B．taken
C．seen D．drawn
C [Gary在来收养部门之前，已经在网站上看过Tabby的照片和故事了，故选C。]
6．A.letter B．enquiry
C．call D．donation
B [根据前文，这对母子对Tabby很感兴趣，他们想收养Tabby，所以这是唯一一次我们收到的关于Tabby的询问，故选B。]
7．A.get B．look
C．run D．break
C [根据句意，大多数男孩都想要一只和他们一起成长、夏天可以在草地上穿越奔跑的狗，故选C。]
8．A.never B．possibly
C．frequently D．generally
A [根据前句“大多数男孩都想要一只和他们一起成长、夏天可以在草地上穿越奔跑的狗”，但是这些Tabby从来都做不到，故选A。]
9．A.temporary B．normal
C．successful D．early
C [根据前文可知，Tabby的领养是成功的，故选C。]
10．A.Moreover B．However
C．Therefore D．Otherwise
B [结合空格前句意：如果Tabby的故事仅仅以它得以成功收养而结束，那它仍然可以算得上是很特别的一件事；以及空格后句意：就是在收养之后发生了一个奇迹，可知，前后两句存在转折关系，故选B。]
11．A.learnt B．heard
C．suffered D．recovered
C [后面的宾语seizures(癫痫)是一种疾病，故选C。]
12．A.unforgettable B．inseparable
C．unfortunate D．uncomfortable
B [根据后一句“They did everything together.”可知，他们从一见面就难以分离，故选B。]
13．A.since B．unless
C．before D．though
C [结合句意：Tabby在Gary的癫痫发生……，开始透露要犯病的征兆，可知，应该是在犯病之前就给出预告，故选C。]
14．A.explanation B．warning
C．suggestion D．notice
B [结合前一句，Tarry会在Gary犯病之前给出要犯病的征兆，所以这会给他的家人一个预警，故选B。]
15．A.return B．birth
C．arrival D．recovery
C [根据句意：自从Tabby到来后，Gary的癫痫犯得越来越少了。故选C。]
Ⅲ.语法填空
Alfred Nobel，the great Swedish 1. (invent)，was born in Stockholm on October 21,1833，but moved to Russia with his parents in 1842，where his father，Immanuel，2. (make) a strong position for himself in the engineering industry.Immanuel Nobel invented landmine and made 3. lot of money from the government during the Crimean War，but went bankrupt(破产) soon after.Then，the family returned to Sweden in 1859，4. Alfred began his own study of explosives(炸药) in his father's lab.He had never been to university but he taught 5. (he)，and by the time he was twenty，he 6. (become) a skillful chemist and excellent linguist，7. (speak) Swedish，Russian，German，French and English.He built up over 80 companies in 20 8. (differ) countries.He spent much time and money working on how to end the wars，until his death in Italy in 1896.His famous will，in which he left money to provide prizes 9. outstanding work in physics，chemistry，physiology，medicine，literature and peace，is a memorial to his interests and ideas.And so，the man 10. (remember) and respected long after his death.
【语篇解读】 文章主要介绍了诺贝尔。
1．inventor [名词作Alfred Nobel的同位语。]
2．made [根据语境，应该用过去时态。]
3．a [根据固定搭配a lot of，可知填a。]
4．when [when在此引导定语从句，修饰前面的1859。]
5．himself [根据固定搭配teach oneself(自学)可知填himself。]
6．had become [by the time引导的时间状语常与过去完成时连用。]
7．speaking [现在分词作状语，表伴随。]
8．different [根据空后的countries可知填different。]
9．for [这里的for表示受表扬的原因。]
10．is remembered [由句意可知用被动语态。]
1课时分层作业(十五)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
Do plants listen to music How can a plant possibly respond to music Well，plants breathe through their many mouths，which are also known as stomata and it has been discovered that plant stomata respond to music!
A few years ago，scientists at the University of California，San Diego discovered what controls a plant's stomata.The two cells that form the stoma consist of specialized cells adjusted to the resonant(共鸣的)frequency of calcium(钙)．When exposed to this frequency the stomata close.However，if the frequency isn't exactly right the cells will open again within an hour.This happens even if the concentration of calcium is high enough that the stomata would normally close.
When specific music or bird songs cause the plant to vibrate(颤动)，but not at the exact frequency for calcium resonance，the stomata will open after a misjudgment of time，even though the plant would keep them closed under normal circumstances.
Testing has shown that a leaf fertilizer(肥料)applied to the plant will have more effect on the development and growth of the plant if its stomata are wide open.This is quite logical，because plants absorb the leaf fertilizer through their binations of frequency and leaf fertilizer are available for many different crops.However，if the stomata are forced to remain open，the plant won't be able to control the amount of water lost and so it risks dehydration(脱水)．As a result，exposing plants to music for over 3 hours a day could endanger their health.There could also be bad effects on plants if the volume or frequency is too high.
It isn't exactly clear how music influences the development and growth of plants，but more and more is being discovered about resonance physics and we're closer than ever to solid scientific proof and theories in this area.Maybe，in twenty years' time people will laugh if you say plants don't have ears!
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇科普文。主要介绍了音乐对植物的影响。
1．Why does the author ask the questions in Paragraph 1
A．To express his doubts.
B．To present different ideas.
C．To describe the lifestyle of plants.
D．To introduce points for discussion.
D [推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“it has been discovered that plant stomata respond to music”以及下文内容可以推断，作者在文章首段提出那两个问题是为了引出本文要讨论的主题。]
2．What does the underlined word “This” in Paragraph 2 refer to
A．The reopening of the cells.
B．The change in frequency.
C．The frequency of calcium.
D．The closing of the stomata.
A [代词指代题。根据上下文内容可知，画线词是指代上文提到的“the cells will open again”这一情况。]
3．It call be inferred from the text that .
A．future plants are likely to have ears
B．how music affects plant growth is widely known
C．growers must be careful when exposing plants to music
D．the stomata don't affect the effect of leaf fertilizer on plants
C [推理判断题。根据文章第四段内容可知，如果让植物长时间地暴露在音乐环境中或者音乐的音量或频率过高，会对植物产生不良的影响，如植物会脱水等。由此可以推断，种植者在让植物暴露在音乐环境中时必须小心。]
4．Which can be the best title for the text
A．Benefits of Music to Plants
B．Influence of Music on Plants
C．How to Improve Plant Growth
D．How Do Plants Listen Without Ears
B [标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲音乐能够促进植物的生长，但是如果让植物长时间地暴露在音乐环境中或者音乐的音量或频率过高，反而会对植物产生不良的影响。由此可知，B项“音乐对植物的影响”最能概括本文的内容。]
B
My first term at MIT(麻省理工学院)was awesome—I got all A's，and I declared math as my major.My parents were expecting me to become a doctor like them so I was trying to satisfy them.But I was desperately running away from them.I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life.My third term，I ended up with a D in math.I didn't do that well in my other classes，either.It seemed like all my friends were doing so well，getting opportunities over the summers.
My fifth term，I realized that I was awful at higher level math.I had lost all confidence in myself.I went to a few classes at the beginning of the term，but after by midterm，I had totally stopped.My only relief was the dance team I was on.I would sleep all day，and then go to dance practice，and then go back to sleep.As expected，I failed in all of my classes and had to withdraw from MIT.
I had no choice but to tell my parents.Instead of yelling or hitting me，though，they just held me and cried.The next day，my dad took a day off from work and took me to a nearby，small arts college.
I had lost all confidence in myself.Before my first biology test，I didn't think I could pass.I did pass.Since I had so much free time，I decided to join a biology lab.I realized that was what I wanted to do! I wanted to be a scientist!
This past May，I graduated with the highest honors，and now I have my PhD in biology.Though it ended up taking me 5 years to graduate from college，I can say now that dropping out of MIT was one of the best things that ever happened to me.I've realized that a person is not their grades.I've realized how much my parents loved me.I've finally discovered my passion(热情)in life!
【语篇解读】 短文讲述了一名麻省理工学院学生在退学后又经过努力，找到自己的兴趣和目标的故事。
5．How was the author's first term at MIT
A．He was busy with exams.
B．He knew his goals clearly.
C．He did well in all subjects.
D．He was fed up with math.
C [细节理解题。由一段中的“My first term at MIT(麻省理工学院)was awesome—I got all A's”可知，我在麻省理工的第一学期成绩非常棒——所有的科我都得了A。所以作者第一学期各科成绩很好。故C选项正确。]
6．How did the author's parents react to his failing at MIT
A．They hit him.
B．They yelled at him.
C．They quit their jobs to teach him.
D．They forgave him for what he did.
D [细节理解题。由第三段中的“Instead of yelling or hitting me，though，they just held me and cried.The next day，my dad took a day off from work and took me to a nearby，small arts college.”可知，然而，他们(父母)没有对我喊叫或打我，只是抱着我哭了。第二天，我爸爸请了一天假，带我去了附近的一所小型艺术学院。所以作者的父母没有因为他退学而责罚他，而是原谅了他。故D选项正确。]
7．In the arts college the author .
A．rebuilt his confidence
B．volunteered at many labs
C．found it hard to learn biology
D．hated the learning environment
A [推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Before my first biology test，I didn't think I could pass.I did pass.Since I had so much free time，I decided to join a biology lab.I realized that was what I wanted to do! I wanted to be a scientist！”可知，在我第一次生物考试之前，我认为我不能通过。但是我真的通过了。因为我有很多的空闲时间，所以我决定加入一个生物实验室。我意识到这就是我想做的！我想成为一名科学家！所以通过作者考试成绩，以及作者意识到了自己真正想做的事情可以判断出，作者在新学校里逐渐找回了自信。故A选项正确。]
8．What do we know about the author from the last paragraph
A．He felt sorry for his parents.
B．He discovered his true interest.
C．He realized the importance of grades.
D．He felt ashamed of his failing at MIT.
B [细节理解题。由最后一段中的“I've finally discovered my passion(热情) in life”可知，我终于发现了我生活中的激情！所以作者找到了生活中自己的兴趣所在。故B选项正确。]
Ⅱ.读后续写
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。续写的词数应为150左右。
One winter Sunday，my little sister，Colleen，and I built the greatest snowman ever.We gave him a carrot nose，beautiful hat，cozy scarf and gloves.He was a masterpiece(杰作)．
The next morning when looking outside，we smiled lovingly at him over our meal.We gave him a high five as we passed by on our way to school.A lot of kids went past our house，so he was the hot topic at our school that morning.It was our pride!
The day dragged on until finally we could rush home.But as our yard came into sight，we saw something wrong.The snowman was gone! We only found a broken stick here，a torn glove there and balls of snow everywhere.Worst of all，the snowman's once proud carrot nose lay limp(无力的)and half eaten.
What had happened We were both astonished and angry.But then，we were only kids，who wouldn't have anything taking away our happiness.Actually we knew only one thing：Our snowman would rise again.And so we rebuilt him.
The next day we came home to find another mess on the front lawn(草坪)．For the rest of the week，the destruction was repeated daily.Each afternoon we'd return to find our snowman had fallen apart，and then we built again.
By Saturday morning，we had a plan.We borrowed a really big bucket (水桶) from Mom，filled it with water and left it outside.The next morning，it was frozen solid.We packed snow all around the ice block as the base (底座)of the snowman.Then we built the other parts of it once again.The trap was set，and we waited for the snowman bullies(破坏者)to come.
Paragraph 1：
Monday morning，hiding behind the window，we soon saw what we were waiting for.
Paragraph 2：
Seeing their pained look，we couldn't help laughing.
【参考范文】
Monday morning，hiding behind the window，we soon saw what we were waiting for.It turned out that there were three of them from our school.They sneaked up on our snowman and sneered.Taking their places on either side，they pulled back their legs to deliver powerful kicks.But the moment they hit the hard ice block of the base，sneers turned into shock，then agony and tears.They howled and cursed，gritting their teeth and stomping their feet.
Seeing their pained look，we couldn't help laughing.They were too funny as they hopped away holding their damaged feet.We just couldn't contain our happiness and excitement.With a hearty laugh，we came out of hiding and sprang into the yard from inside the house.“An eye for an eye! Justice done！” We yelled behind them.And that was the end of our problems with the snow bullies.Ever since then，our snowman was kept guarded and intact until it happily melted into spring water and finally wove into our sweetest childhood memories.
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