课件30张PPT。英语快速记忆-构词法语言是随着人类社会的不断发展而发展的。一些旧词的过时意味着需要人们创造出一些新的词,而新的词的产生,大抵服从语法的法则,有其规律可循。语言的这种"弃旧创新"不断完善和发展的过程体现出一种规律--构词法(word-formation)。 Classify: pathway freedom darkest place unfair lock everyday riverside nurse disagree 合成词(有两个或更多的词合成一个词):
转化词(将一种词性转化成另一种词性):
派生词(在词根上加上前、后缀构成另外一个词):
everyday pathway riversideunfair darkest disagree freedomlock place nurse 构词法构词法:合成(Compounding) 派生法(Derivation)
【前缀/后缀】转化法(Conversion)
【词性转换】{合成词 Compoundpain-killer+=止痛药+=color- blind色盲+=sleep-walk梦游sleep-walker1. 合成名词
(1) n+n
air conditioner
blood pressure
income tax
credit card
(2) adj + n
central bank
fast food
空调
血压
所得税
信用卡
中央银行
快餐 solar system
remote control
(3) v-ing +另一词
washing machine
driving license
(4) 其他方式
by-product
editor-in-chief太阳系
遥控
洗衣机
驾驶执照
副产品
主编2. 合成形容词
(1) 过去分词或带ed词尾的词构成。
absent-minded
grey-haired
(2) 动词的ing 或另一词构成
long-suffering
far-reaching心不在焉的
头发灰白的
长期受苦的
深远的(影响)3. 合成动词及合成副词
overeat
baby-sit
empty-handed
吃得太多
看孩子
一无所获的加前缀:
happy --- ___happy
加后缀:
develop --- develop_______
既加前缀又加后缀:
employ ---____employ_______
unmentunment派生词(derivation) 派生法(Derivation)---词缀法1. 前缀:Pre- (前)Pre-reading, preview, prepayRe- (重新)
Rewrite, reconsider, reusedis- (不)disagree , dislike , disappear
in/im- (不)incorrect , impossiblemis –(错误或失当)
super- (超级)mini-(微小)misunderstand, mislead
supermarket, supermanminiskirt, minibusforetell, forecastpost–(之后)postwar, post-readingfore-(前,预先)semicircle, semi-finalsemi-(半,部分)
antiwar, anti-Japanese waranti- (阻止,抗)
underground, under-develop
under-
(在……下, 在……中)2. 常见的后缀1).名词后缀 :
-er -or -tion -ment -ity -ist -hood -ion
请将以下单词和上列相应的后缀相连,组成新词:
work, educate, develop, visit, satisfy, teach, sail, ability, piano, art, child, act, brother, solute, conclude, move,possible
-er
-or
-tion
-ment
-ity
-ist
-hood
-ion
teacher, worker
visitor, sailor
education, satisfaction
development, movement
ability, possibility
pianist, artist
childhood, brotherhood
action, solution, conclusion
如 :
-ous
-ful
-able, -ible
-ant, -ent
-ary
dangerous, humorous
helpful, careful
comfortable, responsible
important, excellent
military, voluntary2).形容词后缀:3). 副词性的词缀:-ly
-wards
quickly, softly, yearly
backwards, forwards
转化法(Conversion)It has a good taste.It tastes very good.record n.记录v. 记录{Liu Xiang Broke the 100m
Hurdles World Record .He lies to record something while reading a book.correctcorrectionincorrectindependentdependdependabledisable disabilityimpossiblepossiblepossibilitywrongmistakenmistakemisunderstandunderstandundergraduategraduategraduationn.反义独立的词根adj.残疾的n.不可能的n.反义n.误解词根大学生词根n.近义反义Words Buildingcorrectn.反义独立的词根adj.残疾的n.不可能的n.反义n.误解词根大学生词根n.近义反义Words Buildingcorrectcorrectionincorrectindependentdependdependabledisable disabilityimpossiblepossiblepossibilityexpressioneducationwrongmistakenmistakeunderstandundergroundundergraduategraduategraduationunderwaysubwaysubtitlealwayssidewaysn教育 表达O独立的rootadj残疾的n不可能的OnSSn误解root大学生rootn地下的地下通道地铁副标题总是misunderstand 缩写和简写 :
缩写和简写(也被称为截断法或缩短法)主要采取: “截头”, “去尾”或者 “既截头又去尾”的方法生成新词.telephone---phone
airplane—plane
laboratory-lab
mathematics--math
advertisement—ad
examination--exam 另外还有许多缩写词是由各个单词的首字母组成.
CD ( compact disk)
CCTV( China Central Television)
NBA (National Basketball Association)
UFO( unidentified flying object)
UN( United Nations)
ID( identification)
USA( United States of America) 1. He was one of the best _______ in yesterday’s football match. (play)
2. Look! How _______ Kate is laughing! (happy)
3. It snowed _______ last night and now the streets are covered with snow. (heavy)
4. Edison was a great ________. During his life he had many __________. (invent)players happily heavily inventor inventions 构词法精练 Use the appropriate form of the words to
fill in the blanks.5. More and more _________ have come to visit China over these years. (foreign)
6. We want ___________ reasons for your failure to help. (satisfy)
7. Please give me some reference work. It will ________ my task. (simple)
8. The boy had the ___________ of being half starved. (appear)
9. The police have __________ a plot against the President. (cover)
10. The doctor said that Mary’s mother needed an _________.(operate) foreigners satisfactory simplify appearance uncovered operation 11. She hoped that her son would become a _________. (music)
12. Few ________ words made us excited. (speak)
13. The days on the moon get hotter than ________ water. (boil)
14. Thank you for your _________. (kind)
15. Many college students work while they are studying because they want to make some money for their college _________ .
(expensive)
16. Most international _________ letters are written in English, too. (busy)musician spoken boiling kindness expenses business 17. The boy noticed an ___________ mistake on his paper, but he decided not to say anything about it. (correct)
18. When in Rome, do as the ________ do. (Rome)
19. The teacher was pleased with her _______. (honest)
20. The mother didn’t know why her daughter was crying _______. (noise) uncorrected Romans honesty noisily 附:类比构词(Word-Formation by Analogy)类比构词是英语中一种有趣而又实用的构词方式。
构词特点是,以某个同类词为模式,在语义上进行联想类比,替换其中某个词素,构造出与之对应或类似的新词来。
例如:work-aholic(工作迷)系仿alcoholic(嗜酒者)而造seajack(海上劫持)和skyjack(空中劫持)则是类比hijack (拦路抢劫) hijacker(强盗)而成,故都属类比词。 从原形词与类比词的联系来看,英语类比构词大致可分以下三大类: 一.数字、色彩类比 ?数字类比,例如,美国总统夫人在英语中称First Lady(第一夫人),通过该词美国人又联想类比出 Fist Family(第一家庭)。First Mother(第一母亲)等词。就连总统的爱犬也身价倍增,获得了First Dog(第一狗)的殊荣,可谓一人得道,鸡犬升天。
色彩类比,例如,Black Power (黑人权力)最初是美 国黑人在争取自身权力斗争中提出的政治口号,后为美国其他少数种族所借用。为了反歧视争平等。印第安人提出了Red Power,美籍墨西哥人也提出了 BrownPower。另外,老年人为维护自身权益则提出Gray Power.美国英语中还因美元为绿色钞票而类比出green power一词,借指“金钱的力量”。green power虽与上述种 种Power风马牛不相及,但同属色彩类比,甚是有趣,亦含幽默。再看一例,较早出现的blue-collar (蓝领阶层的)和white-collar(白领阶层的)分别指“体力工作者的”和“脑力工作者的”,稍后产生的pink-collar(粉领阶层的)和gray-collar(灰领阶层的),则分别指“典型女性职业工作者的”和“维修保养行业工作 者的”。近年来,又有两个新的英语类比词问世,即gold-collar (金领阶层的)和bright-collar(亮领阶层的), 分别表示“高级专业人士的”和“电脑及通讯专业人士的”。 二.反义、对义类比 这方面英语类比词数目不少,俯拾可得。
例如,nightmare (梦魇—daymare(昼魇),brain-drain(人 材流失)—brain-gain(人材流入),flashback(倒叙)—flash-forward(超前叙述),high- tech(高技 术的)—low-tech(低技术的),等等。
在这方面,有些类比词来得有趣,仿造奇特。例如man Friday源于小说《鲁滨逊飘流记》,指主人公于星期五救出的一个土人,后成其忠仆,故名。该词进入英语词汇后泛指“忠实的仆人”或“得力的助手”。后来 出现的girl Friday一词系仿此而造, 专指“忠实的女仆”或“得力的女助手”。又如,boycott(联合抵制)一词的来历可追溯到19世纪末。当年在爱尔兰的梅奥郡有个地主名叫 Charles CunnighamBoycott,他压榨佃农,灾年拒不减租,结果激起公愤。 全郡居民联合行动,拒绝与他往来,迫使他逃离本地。此事成了报刊上的 头号新闻,Boycott姓氏不胫而走,成为“联合抵制”的代用语,并为法语、 德语、 西班牙语等欧洲语言所借用。最为有趣的是,人们将本为姓氏的boycott中的“boy”视为与girl相对应的boy(男子)一词, 故意加以 错误类比,仿造出girlcott一词,用作“妇女界联合抵制”之意。 三.近似情形类比 在英语类比词中,这部分词为数最多。
例如,Olympiad(奥运会)— Asiad(亚运会),baby-sit(临时 代人照看孩子)—house-sit(临时代人照看房子),escalator(自动扶手电梯)—travolator (设在机场等处的自动人行道), chain- smoke (一支接一支地抽烟)—chain-drink(一杯接一杯地喝酒或饮料),human rights(人权)—animal rights(动物权), hunger strike (绝食罢工或抗议)—sleep strike(绝眠罢工或抗议),boat people (乘船出逃的难民)—land people(陆路出逃的难民),等等。
再如,hamburger(汉堡包)这个词的类比也很有趣,它用作食物名本源于地名,但人们有意进行错误类比,将该词中的“ham”理解为“火腿”,并据此仿造出一系列新词,用以指称类似汉堡包, 夹有各种馅子的食品,如 fishburger, cheeseburger ,nutburger,beefburger,soyburger等。 在现代英语中,类比构词一直很活跃。由于它合乎人们思维习惯,操作简便,故在百姓口语、报刊文章里 均有运用,加之构词范围广,因而新词语不断涌现,层出不穷。 高中英语构词法讲解与练习
一.类别
英语构词法主要有:合成法,转化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和词首字母缩略法。
二.定义与精讲
1.转化法
英语中,有的名词可作动词,有的形容词可作副词或动词,这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。
动词转化为名词
①很多动词可以转化为名词,大多数情况下,意思没有多大的变化,如:
Let's go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧。
②有时意思有一定变化,如:
He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。
③有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语,表示一个动作,如:
Let's have a swim.咱们游泳吧。
2)名词转化为动词
①很多表示物件,如
Did you book a seat on the plane? 你订好飞机座位了吗?
②身体部位,如:
Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。
③某类人的名词可以用作动词来表示动作,如:
She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫,使他恢复了健康。
④某些抽象名词也可作动词。如:
We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐。
3)形容词转化为动词
有少数形容词可以转化为动词。如:
We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。
4)副词转化为动词
有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如:
Murder will out.(谚语)恶事终必将败露。
5)形容词转化为名词
①表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词,如:
You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服
②某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数如下,如:
The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。
2.派生法
在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。
1)前缀
除少数前缀外,前缀一般改变单词的意义,不改变词性;后缀一般改变词类,而不引起词义的变化。
(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等,在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如:
appear出现→disappear消失
correct正确的→incorrect不正确的
lead带领→mislead领错
stop停下→non-stop不停
(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对;抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再;又), sub- (下面的;次;小), tele- (强调距离)等。例如:
alone单独的 antigas防毒气的
autochart自动图表
cooperate合作 enjoy使高兴
internet互联网 reuse再用
subway地铁 telephone电话
2)后缀
英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词,也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性,构成意义相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义,变为与原来词义相反的新词。
(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence,-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人),-ess (雌性),-ful (一……),-ian (精通……的人),-ist (专业人员),-ment (性质;状态),-ness (性质;状态),-tion(动作;过程)等。例如:
differ不同于→difference区别
write写→writer作家
Japan日本→Japanese日本人
act表演→actress女演员
mouth口→mouthful一口
music音乐→musician音乐家
(2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后),-fy (使……化),-ize (使……成为)。例如:
wide→widen加宽
beauty→beautify美化
pure→purify提纯
real→realize意识到
organ→organize组织
(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al,
-able (有能力的),-(a)n(某国人的),-en (多用于表示材料的名词后),-ern (方向的),-ese(某国人的),-ful,-(ic)al,-ish,-ive,-less (表示否定),-like (像……的),-ly,-ous,-some,-y (表示天气)等。例如:
nature自然→natural自然的
reason道理→reasonable有道理的
America美国→American美国的
China中国→Chinese中国人的
gold金子→golden金的
east东→eastern东方的
child孩子→childish孩子气的
snow雪→snowy雪的
(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度),-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如:
angry生气的→angrily生气地
to到→towards朝……,向……
east东方→eastward向东
(5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几),-ty (几十),-th (构成序数词)。例如:
six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六
four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十
3.合成法
(1)合 成 名 词
构成方式
例词
名词+名词
weekend周末
名词+动词
daybreak黎明
名词+动名词
handwriting书法
名词+及物动词+er/or
pain-killer止痛药
名词+介词+名词
editor-in-chief总编辑
动词+名词
typewriter打字机
动名词+名词
reading-room阅览室
现在分词+名词
flying-fish飞鱼
形容词+名词
gentleman绅士
副词+动词
outbreak爆发
介词+名词
afternoon下午
代词+名词
she-wolf母狼
(2)合 成 形 容 词
构成方式
例词
名词+形容词
snow-white雪白的
名词+现在分词
English-speaking讲英语的
名词+to+名词
face-to-face面对面的
名词+过去分词
man-made人造的
数词+名词
one-way单行的
数词+名词+形容词
two-year-old两岁的
数词+名词+ed
five-storeyed五层的
动词+副词
see-through透明的
形容词+名词
high-class高级的
形容词+名词+ed
noble-minded高尚的
形容词+形容词
light-blue浅蓝色的
形容词+现在分词
good-looking相貌好看的
副词+形容词
ever-green常青的
副词+现在分词
hard-working勤劳的
副词+过去分词
well-known著名的
副词+名词
fast-food专门提供快餐服务的
介词+名词
downhill下坡的
(3)合 成 动 词
构成方式
例词
名词+动词
sleep-walk梦游
形容词+动词
white-wash粉刷
副词+动词
overthrow推翻
(4)合 成 副 词
构成方式
例词
形容词+名词
hotfoot匆忙地
形容词+副词
everywhere到处
副词+副词
however尽管如此
介词+名词
beforehand事先
介词+副词
forever永远
(5)合 成 代 词
构成方式
例词
代词宾格+self
herself她自己
物主代词+self
myself我自己
形容词+名词
anything任何东西
(6)合 成 介 词
构成方式
例词
副词+名词
inside在……里面
介词+副词
within在……之内
副词+介词
into进入
4.截短法(缩略法)
截短法,即将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。
1)截头
telephone→phone
aeroplane→plane
omnibus→bus
2)去尾
mathematics→maths
co-operate→co-op
examination→exam
kilogram→kilo
laboratory→lab
taxicab→taxi
3)截头去尾
influenza→flu
refrigerator→fridge
prescription→script
5.混合法(混成法)
混合法,即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性。
news broadcast→newscast新闻广播
television broadcast→telecast电视播送
smoke and fog→smog烟雾
helicopter airport→heliport直升飞机场
6.首尾字母缩略法
首尾字母缩略法,即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式,即各字母分别读音;作为一个单词读音。
very important person→VIP (读字母音)要人;大人物
television→TV (读字母音)电视
Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福
三.巩固练习
1. That man was ________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.
A. care B. careful C. careless D. carelessness
2. The soldier died for saving the child,so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai.
A. die B. dead C. died D. death
3. The child looked ________at his brother who was badly wounded.
A. sadly B. sadness C. sadely D. sad
4. He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a ________.
A. chemistry B. chemical
C. chemist D. physician
5.The three- ________chair isn’t suitable for a young child. He may fall off.
A. legging B. legged C. legs D. leged
6. Stephenson became the________railway engineer in the world.
A. lead B. leader C. leading D. leadership
7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem,Jack looked________about at his classmates.
A. proud B. proudly C. pride D. pridely
8.To everyone’s ________,the girl finished the job quite well.
A. satisfied B. satisfactory
C. satisfying D. satisfaction
9.—What are you doing here?
—Oh,my teacher asked me to write a passage about ________in English.
—You can write________passage in English?
A. 600 words;a 600-words
B. 600-word;a 600-words
C. 600 words;a 600-word
D. 600 words;a 600-words
10. No one should enter the spot without the________of the police.
A. permit B. permission
C. permitting D. permittence
11. You must come with us to the police ________.Our head is waiting for you.
A. headquarters B. headline
C. headmaster D. headache
12.Letting that animal escape was no accident;you did it ________.
A. intend B. intention
C. intentionally D. intentional
13. The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a________smile.
A. practice B. practise
C. practical D. practiced
14. The________ordered him to pay a $100 fine.
A. judger B. judgment
C. judge D. judgement
15. My TV is out of order. Can you tell me what is the________news about Iraq War?
A. lately B. latest
C. later D. latter
16. The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________.
A. longer B. length
C. long D. longing
17.To my ________,I passed the exam easily.
A. joy B. joyful
C. joyless D. joyness
18. Canada is mainly an________country.
A. English-speaking B. speak-English
C. spoken-English D. English-spoken
19. How________ he is! He is always acting________.He is really a ________.
A. foolish;foolishly;fool
B. fool;foolish;fool
C. foolish;fool;fool
D. foolishly;foolish;fool
20. The necklace that she lost is very expensive. It’s of great ________.
A. valuable B. value
C. valueless D. unvaluable
21. There were________fish in the river in South America.
A. in danger B. danger
C. dangerous D. dangerless
22.The letter “b” in the word “doubt” is________.
A. sound B. silent C. silence D. sounded
23. The child looked at me________.
A. stranger B. strangely C. strange D. strangeless
24.The black people were against slavery and fought for their________bravely.
A. free B. freely C. freedom D. frees
25. What you said sounded________ but in fact it was untrue.
A. reasonable B. reasonful
C. reasonless D. unreason
26. We have to learn ________technology from other countries.
A. advance B. advancing C. advantage D. advanced
27. The children live in a village ________.They come here almost every day.
A. nearby B. near C. nearly D. near by
28.Mr Black is an ________in the army,not an ________in the government. You can not easily find him in his________.
A. official;officer;office
B. officer;office;official
C. official;official;official
D. officer;official;office
29.You’d better give up smoking if you want to keep ________.
A. health B. healthy C. healthily D. healthier
30.________ speaking,I didn’t do it on purpose.
A. Honestly B. Honest C. Honesty D. Dishonest
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[参考答案]
1-5 BDACB 6-10 CBDCB 11-15 ACDCB
16-20 BAAAB 21-25 CBBCA 26-30 DADBA