第一章 名 词
一、定义
名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示具体的东西，也可以是表示抽象的东西。
二、分类
1. 名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词
如：John is a student
student是普通名词，John是专有名词
普通名词前可以用不定冠词a/an, 定冠词the 或不加冠词，专有名词前一般不加冠词，专有名词的首字母要大写。
3. 专有名词
专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词，多为独一无二的事物。
三、名词的数
1、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。
可数名词——可以数的名词
不可数名词——数不清（没有复数）
drink milk? tea? water? orange? juice? coke? coffee? porridge food rice? bread? meat? fish? fruit? cake? dumplings
第一节 可数名词
可数名词分为单数和复数。
※1)名词单数就是该词本身，在其前面加a或an。不可数名词不能与不定冠词a(an)连用，没有复数形式。
※对可数名词的数量提问用how many ，对不可数名词的数量提问用 how much
量的表达
1）可数名词可以直接用数词来修饰。如a desk,an old desk,two bikes ,ten apples, plenty of books ,lots of desks ,some students,three watches…等表示多少
可数名词单数变复数规则变化
1）一般情况下加-s
如book--books（书） desk--desks（书桌）
2）以s ,x ,ch , sh结尾加-es
如box--boxes（盒子） bus--buses(公共汽车)
3)以辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i再加- es。
如city--cities(城市)? country--countries(国家)
注意以元音+y，直接加s。如：day--days(天)，boy--boys(男孩)
4)以f或fe结尾，复数一般变f或 fe 为v再加-es
如knife-knives(书) ,? half-halves(一半)
注意有少数词后直接加s，如roof-roofs (屋顶)
5)以o结尾
(1)辅音字母加o结尾名词的加-es
如tomato-tomatoes(西红杮) potato-potatoes(土豆)
(2) 元音字母加o结尾名词的加-s
如piano-pianos (钢琴),? zoo-zoos(动物园) photo-photos (照片),? kilo-kilos(千克)
可数名词单数变复数不规则变化
1) 元音字母发变化。
如man--men(男人) woman--women(妇女) tooth--teeth(牙齿)?， foot--feet(脚)
mouse--mice(老鼠)? policeman—policemen(警察)
2) 词尾发生变化。
如child--children(小孩)? ， ox--oxen(公牛)
3) 单、复数形式相同。
如fish--fish(鱼) ，sheep--sheep(绵羊) ，deer--deer(鹿) ，
Chinese--Chinese(中国人) ，yuan--yuan(元)
4) 形似单数，实为复数意义。
如people(人，人们) these people (不说a people，可说a person)
police(公安，警察) ten police (不说a police，可说a policeman)
※注意
①fish作鱼肉讲时不可数，没有复数。 ②fishes指各种不同种类鱼或指几条鱼。
②hair和fruit通常作单数，表示总体。若表示若干根头发或若干种水果，则需用这两个词的复数形式。
如Would you like some more fruit?? 你要不要再吃点水果？
China has some good frits.? 中国有一些好的水果。(指种类)
She has a few white hairs.? 她有几要白头发。
His black hair is going white.? 他的黑发逐渐变成灰白色。
7) 有些名词只有作复数。
trousers(裤子) shorts(短裤) jeans(工装裤) goods 商品 clothes 衣服
sunglasses(太阳镜) surroundings(环境) savings(储蓄) writings(作品)
集体名词
表示一群人或物的名词叫集体(或集合)名词。
Traiffic 交通 furniture 家私 information 信息 traffic 交通luggage 行李 Family 家庭 police 警察 audience 听众
English 英国人 public equipment 仪器
把集体当作一个整体时，用作单数；若考虑构成这些集体的各个成员时，看作复数。
My family is a large one. 我家是个大家庭。
My family are all workers. 我的家人都是工人。
不可数名词
air 空气 bread 面包 chalk 粉笔 change 零钱 cloth 布 coffee 咖啡 cotton 棉花 fire 火 food 食品 fun 乐趣
gas 汽油 glass 玻璃 grain 谷物 grass 草 ink 墨水
luck 运气 meat 肉 money 钱 music 音乐 news 新闻 paper 纸 tea 茶 rain 雨 rice 米 sand 沙 smoke 烟 snow 雪 sugar 糖 waste 废物 water 水 wealth 财富 weather 天气 wind 风 housework 家务 homework 作业
3)不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法：
1） some, much ,a little ,a lot of? ,lots of,a bit of , plenty of +不可数名词
用等表示多少…。
★注意：既可以与可数名词复数，又可以与不可数名词连用的有：plenty of ,some ,a lot of ,lots of? ,most of ，any等。即plenty of ,some ,a lot of ,lots of? ,most of ，any+可数名词复数或不可数名词
如there is much water in the bottle .瓶中有很多水。
I'll tell you much good news.我要告诉你许多好消息。
we should collect some useful information我们应该收集一些有用的消息。
2） 用【数词 +量词 +of + 不可数名词】表示，即a ... of 表示。
如 a cup of （ 一杯......），a bottle of （一瓶......）
a piece of （ 一张......），a pair of shoes（一双鞋）
如two cups of tea（两杯茶）,five pieces of paper（五张纸）
※注意单位词后的动词单复数形式往往取决于单位词的单复数形式；千、百等数词与名词加用，表示复数时，数词仍保持单数，名词变复数。
如two hundred students（200名学生）
ten thousand trees（10000棵树）
★测试点he caught a lot of fish他抓到了许多鱼（此处为许多条鱼，fish的复数仍为fish或fishes）
=he caught a lot of fishes.
the paper is about some fresh-water fishes.这篇论文是有关几种淡水鱼的。（此处fish表示不同种类的鱼，加复数词尾-es）
不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法：
1） some, a little, a lot of, plenty of 用等表示多少。
如 There is much water in the bottle .瓶中有很多水。
I'll tell you much good news.我要告诉你许多好消息。
We should collect some useful information我们应该收集一些有用的消息。
2） 用单位词表示。
用a ... of 表示。
a cup of （ 一杯......），a bottle of （一瓶......）
a piece of （ 一张......），a pair of shoes（一双鞋）
如two cups of tea（两杯茶）,five pieces of paper（五张纸）
四、名词的所有格
有些名词的可以加来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词的形式称为该名词的所有格。
如mary's father(玛丽的父亲)
jim's mother(吉姆的母亲)
与所有格相对来看，不带这种词尾的形式就称为普通格。
1.名词所有格的构成法
1)单数名词词尾加's复数名词词尾如没有s，也要加's。
如tom's knife(汤姆的小刀)
? children's books(儿童书籍)
2)表示几个人共有一样东西，只需在最后一个人名字后加，如果表示各自所有，则需在各个名字后加。
如jim and mike's room吉姆和麦克(共用)的房间
? jim's and mike's rooms吉姆和麦克(各自)的房间
3)若名词已有复数词尾-s，只加"'"即可。
如the students' reading-room(学生阅览室)
everyone needs to have at least eight hours' sleep a night. 每个人每晚需要至少8小时的睡眠。(新目标英语九年级)
? 注意①所有格的读音和名词复数的读音一样。
②名词所有格主要用于表示有生命东西(特别是人或高级动物)的名词。
如this is a woman's work. 这是女人干的工作。
? this is a girls' school. 这是一所女子学校。
4)以-s结尾的专有名词，构成所有格仍然加's，或只加'，但读音都是/iz/。
如 mr jones's(mr jones')book(琼斯先生的书)
keats' works(济慈的作品)
(1)表示时间和距离的名词。
如where is today's newspaper?? 今天的报纸在哪儿？
an hour's walk isn't far. 一小时的路程不远。
(1) 有些无生命东西的名词，如国家，城市季节，太阳，月亮，大地，江河，海洋，船等名词也可用's，表示所有关系。
如china's population(中国人口)
? the city's life(城市生活)
注意在表示店铺或某人家时，为避免重复(因前面已提到)，名词所有格后面可省略它所修饰的名词。
my uncle's(我叔叔家)? ,the doctor's(医生的诊所)
2.短语所有格
有生命的名词，我们用's结构来表示所有关系，如果是无生命的，我们就要用"名词+of+名词"的结构来表示。
the window of the house(这间房子的窗户)
注意当's所有格用来表示事物类别或属性时不可用of所有格。如：男式鞋应是men's，而不是shoes of men。
3.of +名词所有格
of +名词所有称为双重所有格，使用时要注意以下几项。
1)表示部分时，前面的词一定要有a ,an ,some ,any ,few ,two ,no ,several (几个)之类有修饰语，不能是one和the 。
如可说：a book of my brother's 我兄弟的一本书
不说：books of my brother's或 book of my brother's .
2)当带有感彩时，可用the ,this ,that ,these ,those于名词前。
如the pretty daughter of your sister's 你姐姐的漂亮的女儿
did you read that book of lu xun's ? 你读过鲁迅的那本书吗？
3)of 前面的名词不能是专有名词。
如不说：this is john of his uncle's.
? 4)of 后面的名词必须是特定的。
如these books of my friend's are good 我朋友的这些书很好。
5)of 后面的名词必须是指人的名词。
比较不说it is a leaf of the tree's.
a picture of my father指的是爸爸本人的照片。
注意of 所有格和双重所有格有时可以交替使用，意义无甚区别。
如a friend of my brother→a friend of my brother's
测试点a car of betty's cars ,不可换为a car of betty.。jim's and tom's fathers are in the same office now.吉姆的父亲的汤姆父亲目前在同一办公室。
Grammar
一、表示有生命物的名词的所有格
1.单数名词词尾加’s， 复数名词如果词尾没有s，也要加’s。
the boy's bag 男孩的书包
Mike's knife 迈克的刀子
the children's room 孩子们的房间
men's room 男厕所
2.若名词已有复数词尾s，只加 ’
the students' bags 学生们的书包
the teachers' reading-room 教师阅览室
3.表示几个人共有一样东西，只需在最后一个人的名字后加's。如表示各自所有，则需在各个名字后加's。如：
This is Tom and Jason's room. 这是汤姆和杰森共有的房间。
These are Tom's and Jason's rooms. 这些是汤姆和杰森各自的房间。
二、.表示无生命物的名词所有格
1、如果名词是无生命的，我们就要用名词+of +名词的结构来表示所有关系。
the windows of the house 房间的窗户
the title of the song 歌的名字
the picture of the family 家庭照片
2、在表示名词所有格时，'s结构可以转换成of结构。
the girl's name → the name of the girl 女孩的名字
my father's friend →the friend of my father's 我父亲的朋友
3、有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加's来构成所有格。
Beijing's street 北京的街道
today's newspaper 今天的报纸
ten minutes' walk 十分钟的路程
Quiz 12
一．按要求填入单词的适当形式
1．Two________ live in this building. (family)
2．Look at those _______. (child)
3．I can see a ________ standing near the door. (policeman)
4．There are some ________ on the table. (glass)
5．Would you like some ________? (bread)
6．I have two ________. (sister)
7．I like ________. (cat)
8．Do you want some ________ for supper? (potato)
9．He has two ________. One is old ,the other is new .(watch)
10．In autumn ,you can see a lot of ________ on the ground. (leaf)
二．选用下列正确的单词或词组，在正确的选项上打√
1．Do you drink much (milk, milks)?
2．I visited (Tom, Tom's) house yesterday.
3．He had two (cup ,cups) of tea.
4．This is (Tom and Mary's ,Tom's and Mary's) house.
5．Give me a (piece of ,×)paper, please.
6．I don't want (a, an)old cap.
7．Look at those (sheep, sheeps ).
8．How many (radioes , radios ) can you see?
9．There are 36 (boys, boies) in my class.
10．That bag is my (father's, father's bag.)
三．将下列句子变成复数形式
1．This is a knife. _________________________________________
2．That is a tomato. _________________________________________
3．I have a wish. _________________________________________
4．That child is very lovely. ___________________________________
5．An Englishman stood there. __________________________________
四．写出下列名名词和词组的所有格
1．a sister ______________
2．a boy ______________
3．today ______________
4．a baby ______________
5．a camel ______________
6．men _______________
7．birds ______________
8．two days ______________
9．John and Mary（两人共有的）_____________________________
10．John and Mary （两人各自所有的）___________________________
五．用's, s'替换下列词组
1．the leg of the boy ______________
2．the key of the girl ______________
3．the tail of the cat _______________
4．the friend of my father's___________
5．the toys of the boy_______________
6．the songs of the birds ____________
7．the servants of the queen _________
8．the shirts of the men _____________
9．the violin of the girl ______________
10．the pen of John_________________
I随堂监测A组
I. 写出下列名词的复数形式：
1. house _________ 2. village ___________ 3. map __________
4. orange _________ 5. bag ___________ 6. exercise ___________
7. brush __________ 8. family ___________ 9. bus ___________
10. city __________ 11. box ___________ 12. baby __________
13. class __________ 14. factory _________ 15. glass __________
16. dictionary __________ 17. watch _________ 18. woman _________
19. match __________ 20. man _________ 21. wish __________
22. German __________ 23. tomato _________ 24. policeman ___________
25. kilo __________ 26. human _________ 27. potato ___________
28. Chinese __________ 29. shelf __________ 30. Japanese __________
31. leaf ___________ 32. American __________33. life ___________
34. tooth __________ 35. wife ___________ 36. foot ___________
37. knife __________ 38. sheep __________ 39. half ___________
40. child __________
II. 将下列词组译成英语：
1、一群孩子 2、两箱子苹果
3、三篮子蔬菜 4、九块面包
5、十杯牛奶 6、五块肉
7、多种植物 8、一副眼镜
9、两块冰 10、三张纸
11、四瓶橘汁 12、五杯茶
13、六碗米饭 14、七袋米
15、八块木头 16、九块金属
III. 写出下列各词的名词形式：
1. work _________ 2. teach _________ 3. sing ________ 4. ill ___________
5. fight ___________ 6. invent ______7. wait ________ 8. woolen __________
9. win __________10. thankful ________ 11. foreign _________ 12. cloudy ________
13. run _______14. dirty __________ 15. visit _________ 16. funny __________
17. wooden ______18. medical ________ 19. operate ________ 20. hot __________
21. invite _____22. worried ________ 23. build __________ 24. please ________
25. help _____26. safe _________ 27. die _________ 28. dangerous _______
29. draw ________ 30. noisy ________
四、随堂监测B组
Ⅳ. 选择填空：
1. I want to buy ________.
A. two bottles of ink B. two bottle of ink C. two bottle of inks D. two bottles of inks
2. They don’t have to do _______ today.
A. much homeworkB. many homeworks C. many homework D. much homeworks
3. The ______ of machine made us feel sick.
A. voice B. noise C. sound D. noises
4. The blouse is made of ________.
A. a wool B. these wood C. wools D. wool
5. There are three ______ and seven ______ in the picture.
A. cows, sheeps B. cows, sheep C. cow, sheep D. cow, sheeps
6. June 1 is _______.
A. children’s day B. children’s Day C. Children’s Day D. Children’s day
7. ______ room is next to their parents’.
A. Kate’s and Joan’s B. Kate’s and Joan C. Kate and Joan’s D. Kate and Joan
8. Miss Green is a friend of _______.
A. Mary’s mother’s B. Mary’s mother C. Mary mother’s D. mother’s of Mary
9. Tom is ______. He will come to see me.
A. my a friend B. a friend C. mine friend D. a friend of mine
10. Sheep _______ white and milk _______ also white.
A. is, are B. are, is C. is, is D. are, are
11. I’d like to have a glass of milk and _______.
A. two breadsB. two pieces of breads C.two pieces of bread D. two piece of bread
12. It’s a long ______ to Paris. It’s two thousand kilometers.
A. street B. road C. way D. end
13. Many ______ are singing over there.
A. woman B. women C. girl D. child
14. He bought _______.
A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoes C. two pairs of shoe D. two pair of shoe
15. Mr. White has three _______.
A. child B. children C. childs D. childrens
16. Beijing is one of the biggest _______ in the world.
A. citys B. city C. cityes D. cities
17. --- Where’s Mr. White? --- He’s in _______.
A. the room 202 B. Room 202 C. the Room 202 D. room 202
18. Shops, hospitals and schools are all _______.
A. places B. homes C. rooms D. buildings
19. Every morning Mr. Smith takes a _______ to his office.
A. 20 minutes’ walks B. 20 minute’s walkC. 20-minutes walk D. 20-minute walk
20. ---Are these ______? --- No, they aren’t. They’re _______.
A. sheep, cows B. sheep, cow C. sheeps, cow D. sheeps, cows
21. There are many ______ in the fridge.
A. fish B. fruit C. eggs D. bread
22. --- Whose room is this? --- It’s _______.
A. Li Ming B. Li Ming’s C. Li Mings D. Li Mings’
23. Here are ______ for you, Sue.
A. potatos B. some potatoes C. three tomatos D. some tomato
24. Here are some birthday cards with our best ______ for her.
A. wish B. hope C. wishes D. hopes
25. I always go to that ______ to buy food on Sunday.
A. shop B. park C. zoo D. garden
26. What’s the Chinese for “ PRC”?
A. 中国人民解放军B. 中华人民共和国 C. 联合国 D. 中国共产党
27. Sam gave Ann some _______ to look after Polly while he was away.
A. picture-books B. inventions C. instructions D. messages
28. --- Which of the following animals lives only in China? --- The ________.
A. monkey B. elephant C. panda D. cat
29. ______ room is on the 5th floor.
A. Lucy and Lily B. Lucy and Lily’s C. Lucy’s and Lily D. Lucy’s and Lily’s
30. The third month of the year is _______.
A. March B. January C. February D. April
31. Mum, I’m quite thirsty. Please give me ________.
A. two orange B .two bottle of oranges C. two bottles of orange D. two bottles of oranges
32. How wonderful! The ______ is made of _______.
A. house, glass B. house, glasses C. houses, glass D. houses, glasses
33. I met some ______ in the park and talked with them the other day.
A. Janpaneses B. American C. Chineses D. English
34. _______ is the best time for planting trees.
A. Summer B. Winter C. Spring D. Autumn
35. Tom was badly hurt in the match. They carried him to the ______ as quickly as possible.
A. bank B. post office C. shop D. hospital
36. There are two ______ in the room.
A. shelf B. shelfs C. shelfes D. shelves
37. There are seven ______ in a week.
A. years B. months C. days D. minutes
38. My father is a ______. He works in a hospital.
A. teacher B. doctor C. farmer D. writer
39. It’s very cold today. Why don’t you put on your ______?
A. watch B. shirt C. sweater D. glasses
40. --- Excuse me, are you ______? --- Yes, I’m from ________.
A. Japan, Japanese B. China, Chinese C. England, English D. American, America
V. 各地中考题选编：
1. --- Where is Tom? --- He’s left a ______ saying that he has something important to do.
A. excuse B. message C. exercise D. news
2. There is no ______ in the bus so we have to wait for another bus.
A. room B. a room C. rooms D. seats
3. --- Would you like some ______? --- Oh, yes. Just a little.
A. pears B. oranges C. sugar D. apples
4. You can find the following INSTRUCTIONS on _______. KEEP IN A COLD PLACE
A. food B. money C. clothes D. books
5. Mr. Green has lived in the _____ hotel since he came to China.
A. five-star B. five-stars C. five star’s D. five stars
6. She was born in Wuhan, but Beijing has become her second _______.
A. home B. family C. house D. place
7. --- What’s the _____ today? --- It’s June 26.
A. day B. date C. time D. hour
8. English is spoken as a first language in ______.
A. the USA B. India C. Japan D. China
9. ______ comes from cows.
A. Wool B. Chicken C. Pork D. Milk
10. Which of the following does paper burn in?
A. B. C. D.
11. Let the children go away. They’re making too much ______ here.
A. noise B. voice C. noisy D. sounds
12. ______ comes from sheep and some people like eating it.
A. Wool B. Pork C. Mutton D. Milk
13. --- Oh, there isn’t enough ______ for us in the lift.
--- It doesn’t matter, let’s wait for the next.
A. ground B. floor C. place D. room
14. _______ is the biggest city in China.
A. Beijing B. Shanghai C. Guangzhou D. Kunming
