Use context to understand new words
阅读时我们不可避免地会遇到一些以前没见过的生词,这时,应该先判断该生词是否对理解其所在的句子构成影响。如果该词与理解文章的要点以及主要细节有关,这时我们就应该通过各种线索来推测词义。今天我们来学习一下利用语境猜测词义。利用语境猜测词义可用以下三种线索信息:一、生词所在句子或段落中出现的其它词汇的意思;二、文本的主题知识;三、生词所在句子中的语法结构知识。下面我们结合课文看看如何利用语境猜测ruin和brick的词义。
观察第二段ruin出现的上下文,我们可以提取出关键信息:coming to an end, deadly earthquakes, damage, crack, cut across, rivers of dirt, dead, injured, without parents, killed, badly injured。这些表达描述了一幅毁灭性的景象,即the world was destroyed completely,故而我们可以猜测出ruin在此意为“毁坏,破坏”。
观察第三段brick的上文About 75 percent of the city's factories and buildings, 90 percent of its homes, and all of its hospitals were gone及该词所在句covered the ground like red autumn leaves, but no wind could blow them away,我们可知工厂、建筑物、房子、医院等消失不见了,风没能吹走的红色物体遍及满地,进而推测出brick应该是hard materials used for building walls and houses,其词义为“砖,砖块”。
因此,同学们在遇到生词或熟词生义时要有意识地训练自己的猜词能力,同时养成用英语思考的思维习惯。词汇归纳
Disasters 1. 火山喷发 ____________________ 2. ____________________ 结束 3. in ruins ____________________ 4. cut across ____________________ 5. sweep away ____________________ 6. ____________________ 受严重的伤
Measures 7. ____________________ 保持冷静 8. have an emergency kit prepared ____________________ 9. ____________________ 远离 10. put up shelters ____________________
Others 11. in shock ____________________ 12. ____________________ 现有(尤指帮助) 13. as if ____________________ 14. ____________________ 露天;在户外
答案
1. volcanic eruption
2. come to an end
3. 严重受损;破败不堪
4. 横切
5. 消灭;彻底消除
6. suffer from terrible injuries
7. stay calm
8. 准备应急包
9. stay away from
10. 建造避难所
11. 震惊;吃惊
12. on hand
13. 似乎;好像;仿佛
14. in the open air如何用英语写新闻摘要
新闻摘要写作是对一篇新闻主要内容的提炼和浓缩,要求学生通过阅读,能理解新闻的主要内容、提炼其关键信息并能概括归纳其要点。这种写作方式既要求学生有准确的理解能力,又要求学生具有高度的概括能力。
新闻摘要写作一般分为以下四个步骤:
第一步:阅读新闻,摘选关键信息。通过对新闻内容的仔细阅读,掌握新闻的主要内容和篇章结构,摘出新闻中事件发生的时间、地点、起因、结果以及可能的后续活动等。
第二步:总结新闻各段主旨大意。概括总结新闻每段的中心意思,按照顺序列出要点,只保留新闻中的主要事实,省略不必要的事实细节和事例。
第三步:组织语言。列出详细的写作提纲,拟出初稿。尽可能用自己的语言进行表达,可以借鉴使用原文的某些词语和句子。摘要的长度往往是原文本的三分之一,内容只包括文本中重要的信息或事例。摘要不需要加入自己的感彩和评论。
第四步:修改内容,定稿作品。对初稿的修改包括:
1. 看要点是否齐全,观点是否一致;
2. 精简摘要中出现的不必要的词汇、短语或长句子;
3. 确认拼写、语法和标点符号无误。
【写作任务】
阅读下面新闻,然后写一篇摘要。
Volcanic eruption in Congo
People are checking the damage caused by lava ( 熔岩) from the eruption of Mount Nyiragongo in Buhene, on the outskirts of Goma, Congo in the early hours of Sunday, May 23, 2021. The volcanic eruption in eastern Congo last night has killed at least 32 people. With little warning, Mount Nyiragongo turned the dark sky fiery (似火的) red on Saturday night and then sent out lava into villages, destroying more than 500 homes, officials and survivors said.
The volcanic eruption caused about 5, 000 people to move from one neighborhood of Goma, a city of about 2 million people, across the nearby border into Rwanda. Another 25,000 sought refuge ( 寻求避难) to the northwest in Sake, the U. N. children’s agency said. Great sadness, disbelief and fear hung over the area.
More than 170 children were still feared missing, and UNICEF officials said they were organizing transit centers ( 临时收容中心) to help children who were reportedly separated from their families in the wake of the disaster.
“The population of Goma must avoid unnecessary travel, and also avoid visiting places that have been hit by lava from the volcano because the lava is harmful.” Joseph Makundi, head of Civil Protection for the North Kivu Province said. He also said the volcano remains active and earthquakes are being recorded, calling on the population to remain alert.
【写作指导】
该新闻报道了刚果戈马市郊的尼拉贡戈火山夜间喷发导致多方受灾的事件。通过分析,我们可以发现第一段清晰地列出了火山喷发的时间(5月22日)、地点(刚果戈马市郊的尼拉贡戈火山)、起因(几乎无任何征兆)、结果(至少32人死亡、500多座房屋毁于一旦,损失惨重)。第二段介绍了火山喷发造成了大约5,000人逃离戈马市入境卢旺达,25,000人逃亡西北部避难,悲伤、怀疑和恐惧笼罩着这个地区。第三段阐述了火山喷发也造成了儿童失踪的悲惨事实。第四段阐述了政府官员对当地民众的呼吁。
本新闻摘要可分以下三部分来写:
第一部分:交代事件发生的时间、地点和起因;
第二部分:火山喷发带来的后果;
第三部分:政府官员的呼吁。
【范文展示】
Mount Nyiragongo, on the outskirts of Goma, Congo erupted overnight on May 22, 2021 with little warning.
The volcanic eruption killed at least 32 people and destroyed more than 500 houses. It also caused about 5, 000 people to move from one neighborhood of Goma into Rwanda. Another 25, 000 sought refuge to the northwest in Sake. What’s worse, there were still more than 170 children who were likely to have been lost.
One of the officials said people there needed to keep cautious about the volcano and avoid unnecessary travel.一般——具体语篇模式
本文在第一段和第三段均使用了“一般—具体”语篇模式。下面我们以第一段为例来介绍该语篇模式的特点。
从结构上来分析,本段由两部分组成,首句Strange things were happening in the countryside of northeastern Hebei是一个概括性的说明。从第二句开始,一直到本段的倒数第二句为止,都是在列举各种异常现象的发生。也就是说,是strange things控制着后面所列举的各种具体现象。
从功能上来分析,“一般—具体”语篇模式中的概括部分统领后面的细节描述性部分。如果删除概括部分的内容,后面的多个细节描述部分就会变成一盘散沙,成为不连贯的、不成文的乱句;反之,如果删除多个细节描述部分的某一个,根本动摇不了概括部分所陈述的主旨信息。
思考:请运用上述关于“一般—具体”语篇模式的知识,同学们来分析一下第三段中所用的“一般—具体”语篇模式的特点。