人教版（2019） 选择性必修第二册 Unit 1 Science and Scientists 同步练习（含答案）
文档属性
| 名称 | 人教版（2019） 选择性必修第二册 Unit 1 Science and Scientists 同步练习（含答案） |  | |
| 格式 | docx | ||
| 文件大小 | 191.6KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 人教版（2019） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2022-09-01 22:19:02 | ||
图片预览
文档简介
【人教版2019】选择性必修第二册Unit 1 Science and Scientists
【课前检查】
语法填空
A
“Travelling to China seems like travelling to another world. Its many famous scenic attractions impressed me 1.__________ (great),”an American said. The following is 2. __________ he wrote on his website.
My friends and I had a family visit in Xi’an, 3. __________ old city with a long history in China. The hosts were retired or stayed at home without a job, and they were friendly to 4. __________ (visit) from different countries coming their homes.
We 5. __________ (taste) the true home-cooked dishes in the home of the family that we visited. For inhoming dinner, the host would prepare a list of menus in advance (提前). Our tour guide asked 6. __________ (we) for advice about the food, so the host would try to cook what we wanted 7. __________ (eat) at his home. We just enjoyed the locally cooked dishes. It was quite a different and exciting experience.
Many foreigners enjoy 8. __________ (learn) how to make Chinese dumplings. We were also 9. __________ (offer) a general cooking class in the local family. The host taught us to make dumplings step by step with lots of patience. And we didn’t need to pay any money 10. __________ this. Travel China Guide offers this kind of service free of charge.
The family visit in Xi’an was a good chance for us to get to know Chinese people’s daily life.
Keys: 【文章大意】记叙文,主要叙述了一位美国游客和他的朋友在西安旅游时的感受。他们住在当地人的家中,感受了中国的饮食文化。
1.greatly 2.what 3.an 4.visitors 5.tasted
6.us 7.to eat 8.learning 9.offered 10.for
B
On Monday, Nevada bus driver, Mike Blair, handed an elderly man a bottle of cool water from his lunchbox after he 36. ________(acute) noticed signs of dehydration(脱水). “It was terribly hot out there, ” Blair recalled. “Seeing this gentleman 37. ________(suffer) in the fierce heat, I decided to help. ”After Blair assisted him in getting on the bus, he 38. ________(seat) the man next to the air conditioner before reaching into his lunchbox 39. ________ a bottle of cool water. It only took ten minutes for the man 40. ________(recover). As he was getting off the bus, the 41. ________(strange) expressed thanks to Blair, adding that he was 92 years old.
Another passenger took a picture of the moment and posted 42. ________ online. As the post 43. ________(share) far and wide, it gained lots of attention on social media. Within hours, the post received over 60, 000 44. ________(like).
Blair said 45. ________ he did was nothing special. “We are all brothers and sisters. I think anybody would have done that in my situation, ”said Blair. “Hopefully this will touch people's hearts so they will do something kind as well. ”
Keys: 【文章大意】记叙文, 主题语境是人与社会之社会服务与人际沟通。内华达州公交车司机Mike Blair看见92岁老人有脱水症状, 连忙实施救助。公交司机的善举被传到网上, 获得大家一致点赞。
36. acutely 37. suffering 38. seated 39. for 40. to recover
41. stranger 42. it 43. was shared 44. likes 45. what
【问题查找】
词汇
单句词汇填空
1. Another was that cholera was caused by an __________ （感染）from germs in food or water.
2. It was correct, but he still needed __________ （证据）.
3. Snow suspected that the water pump was to __________ （责备.
4. The threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial __________ （下降）.
5. China needed its own powerful air force to protect and __________ （保卫）the country.
6. Qian changed his major because of a __________ （改变）in personal interest.
Keys: 1. infection 2. proof 3. blame 4. decrease 5. defend 6. Shift
短语
单句短语填空
1. The Songhu battle __________ (爆发）in 1932.
2. He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put __________ (负责）not only developing
China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme.
3. Since he __________ (患病）with a disease which caused him to lose the use of most of his muscle, his
world became one of abstract thought.
4. __________ (最重要的是）, Hawking was willing to admit his fault.
Keys: 1. broke out 2. in charge of 3. came down 4. Above all
语法——表语从句
单句语法填空
1. (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)This is __________ motivation or the lack of it can do.
2. (2019·天津高考)This is __________ everyone learned to read.
3. There are black clouds in the sky. It looks __________ it is going to rain.
4. It sounds __________ our plan seems to be perfect.
5. That is __________ he was born.
6. That is __________ people in those countries take their vacations only when there is a holiday.
Keys: 1. what 2. how 3. as if 4. that 5. where 6. because
【要点精讲】
词汇
1. subscribe vi.认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)
【原句复现】Snow subscribed to the second theory.斯诺赞同第二种理论。
【归纳拓展】
subscribe to 同意；赞成；订阅……
subscribe...to... 把……捐赠给……；把……签署在……上
subscribe to 认购股份
即学即练：
(1) He subscribed ____________ 1，000 shares.
(2)Which journals does the library subscribe ___________
(3)My main reason for to New Scientist is ______________ to keep abreast of advances in science.
Keys: (1) for (2) to (3) subscribing
2. suspect vt.& vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任 n.犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象
【原句复现】Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.斯诺怀疑是水泵的问题。
【归纳拓展】
suspect sb. of (doing) sth. 怀疑某人(做)某事
suspect sb. to be... 怀疑某人是……
即学即练：
(1)She had no reason ____________ (suspect) that Sylvia had not told the truth.
(2)Two ___________(suspect) are now being interrogated in connection with the killing.
(3)He resigned after _____________ (suspect)of theft.
Keys: (1)to suspect (2)suspects (3) being suspected
3. blame vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n.责备；指责
【原句复现】Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. 斯诺怀疑是水泵的问题。
【归纳拓展】
(1)be to blame (for sth.) (对某事)负有责任，应受责备
blame sb. for sth. 因某事责备某人；把某事归咎于某人
blame sth. on sb./sth. 把某事归咎于某人/某事
(2)put/lay the blame for sth. on sb. 将某事归咎于某人
take the blame for sth. 对某事承担责任
即学即练：
(1)They placed the blame ____________ the doctor.
(2)He tried to escape blame ____________ what he had done.
(3)Whenever something goes wrong, everyone ____________ (blame) it on me.
(4)如果有人该承担责任，那就是我。________________________________________________
Keys: (1)on (2)for (3) blames (4)If anyone's to blame, it's me.
4. link n. 联系；纽带 vt.把……连接起来；相关联
【原句复现】Moreover，Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different
water companies in London.此外，斯诺后来还发现了其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同的供水公司之间的联系。
【归纳拓展】
(1)link...to/with... 将……和……联系或连接起来
link up 连接；结合
link up with... 与……联合；使与……衔接
(2)a link between A and B A与B之间的联系
即学即练：
(1)The two companies have ___________ (link).
(2)The new bridge will link the island ___________ the mainland.
(3)The road ___________(link) all the new towns.
(4)Scientists have established possible ___________(link) between cancer and diet.
Keys: (1)linked (2)to/with (3)links (4)links
5. decrease n.减少；降低；减少量 vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
【原句复现】 Through Snow's tireless efforts，water companies began to sell clean water，and the threat of
cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.在斯诺的不懈努力下，自来水公司开始出售干净的水，
在世界范围内霍乱的威胁大幅减少。
【归纳拓展】
(1)on the decrease 在减少中
a decrease in... 在……方面减少
(2)decrease to... 减少到……
decrease by... 减少了……
decrease from...to... 从……减少到……
即学即练：
(1)Fatal road accidents ___________ (decrease)in frequency over recent years.
(2)Population growth is decreasing ___________ 1.4% each year.
(3)There has been some decrease ___________ military spending this year.
(4)They need a reliable method ___________ (decrease) the divorce rate.
Keys: (1)have decreased (2)by (3)in (4)to decrease
6. pour vt.倒出；倾泻；斟(饮料)
【原句复现】A non Newtonian fluid is strange because you can pour it like a liquid，but if you put any
pressure on it，it suddenly becomes hard as concrete.非牛顿流体很奇怪，因为你可以把它像液体一样倒出
来，但如果你对它施加压力，它会突然变得像混凝土一样硬。
【归纳拓展】
pour in 涌进
pour into 涌进……
pour out 倒出；涌出；倾诉
pour out of... 从……中涌出来
pour down (雨)倾盆而降
即学即练：
(1)大雨哗哗地下个不停。______________________________________________________
(2)她一面喝着咖啡，一面向我倾吐着她的烦恼。____________________________________________________
(3)人们涌进大厅。______________________________________________________
Keys: (1)The rain continued to pour down. (2)She poured out her troubles to me over a cup of coffee.
(3)People poured into the hall.
7. fault n. 弱点；过错
【原句复现】Above all，Hawking was willing to admit his faults.最重要的是，霍金愿意承认自己的错
误。
【归纳拓展】
find fault with sb. 挑剔某人；对某人吹毛求疵
find fault in 看出……的缺点；找出……的毛病
即学即练：
(1)There is a __________ in this machine.
(2)There was not a single thing about her that one could find fault __________.
(3) ___________, to taunt others will cause great sorrow for others. 挑别人的错、取笑别人都是会给其他人带来极大痛苦的。
Keys: (1)fault (2)with (3)To find fault in others
8. transform vt.使改观；使改变形态 vi.改变；转变
【原句复现】Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study
diseases. 此外，斯诺利用地图和统计数据改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。
【归纳拓展】
(1)transform A into B 把A变成B
transform sth. from A to B 使……从A变成B
(2)transformation n. 改变；改革
即学即练：
(1) He seems to have been miraculously transformed __________ a first class player.
(2) Things cannot __________ (transform) overnight.
(3) The Minister said the Urban Development Corporation was now __________ (transform) the area.
(4) What a __________ (transform)! You look great.
Keys: (1)into (2)be transformed (3) transforming (4)transformation
9．prove v. 证明；检验
【归纳拓展】
a proof of…… ……的证据
have no proof of 没有证据证明
put sb./sth. to the proof 考验某人(某物)；对某事物的真实性加以检验
prove sth. to sb./sth. 向……证实； 证明
prove to sb./sth. that ... 向某人(某物)证明……
prove ... to be ... 证明……是……
proof n. 证据；证明；检验
【即学即练】
(1) He constantly feels he has to prove himself ___________ others.
(2) In this country, you are innocent until ___________ (prove)guilty.
(3) These results are a further ___________ (prove)of his outstanding ability.
Keys: (1)to (2)proved (3)proof
10．defend vt. 保卫；防守；辩解
【归纳拓展】
defence n. 防御；保护；保卫
defender n. 保护人；防御者
defend oneself 为自己辩护；自卫
defend sb./sth./oneself from/against 保护某人/某物/自己免受伤害
in defence of 保卫；捍卫；为……辩护
即学即练：
(1) He has employed one of the UK's top lawyers ___________ (defend) him.
(2) We surely need a central ___________ (defend).
(3) Is there any man unwilling to fight ___________ defence of his country
(4) 幽默是比暴力更有效的防御武器。_________________________________________
Keys: (1) to defend (2) defender (3) in (4) Humour is a more effective defence than violence.
11．trace vt. 追溯；追踪；查出 n. 痕迹；遗迹；踪迹
【归纳拓展】
trace sb./sth. to sth. 发现，追查
trace back to ... 追溯到……
on the traces of 跟踪
without a trace of… 没有一丝……的痕迹
即学即练：
(1) 中国人民庆祝劳动节的活动可追溯至1918年。_________________________________________
(2) We finally traced him __________ an address inChicago
Keys: (1) The Chinese people celebrate the activity of the Labor Day and can trace back to to1918. (2) to
12. attend vt. 出席；参加 vt. & vi. 照顾；护理 vi. 处理
【归纳拓展】
attend a meeting/a lecture/school 参加会议/听报告/上学
attend to sb. /sth. 照料……；处理……；招待……
attend (on/upon) sb. 伺候某人，照顾某人
【易混辨析】attend，join，join in，take part in
attend 用来表示“出席，参加(会议、讲座、婚礼等正式场合)”，也指去听报告。
join 表示参加某一团体，并作为其中一个成员，如：入党、入团、参军和参加俱乐部等；如果后接人，则表示参加某人的活动。
join in 后接活动，强调与他人一起参与某一活动。
take part in 后接活动，尤指多人参加的群众性大型活动。
即学即练：
选词填空attend，join，join in，take part in
(1)Those football players had strict training until they __________ our club.
(2)Why didn’t you __________ us in the discussion about the plan last night
(3)To my delight, I was chosen from hundreds of applicants to __________ the opening ceremony.
(4)Our team, apart from regular training, __________ a variety of activities during the coming vacation.
Keys: (1)joined (2)join (3)attend (4) will take part in
短语
1. once and for all最终地；彻底地
【原句复现】However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all. 然而，他从未放弃彻底消
灭霍乱的愿望。
【归纳拓展】
all at once 突然；同时
at once 立刻，马上
once and again 一而再，再三
即学即练：
(1) 我们必须彻底解决这一问题。________________________________________
(2) 忽然有人敲门。________________________________________
Keys: (1) We have to resolve this matter once and for all. (2) All at once there was someone knocking on the door.
2. thanks to 幸亏；由于
【原句复现】Fortunately，we now know how to prevent cholera，thanks to the work of John Snow. 幸运的
是，由于约翰·斯诺的工作，我们现在知道如何预防霍乱。
【归纳拓展】
because of 因为；由于
as a result of 作为……的结果；由于
due to 因为；由于
owing to 由于；因为……的缘故
即学即练：
(1) _______________________, the UN has more tools in the battle to rid the world of hunger.
多亏了他的研究，联合国在消除世界饥饿的战斗中又多了些方法。
(2) 由于他的努力，(这件事)获得了比我们预期更大的成功。
_______________________________________________________________________
Keys: (1) Thanks to his research (2) Thanks to his effort, it is more successful than we have expected.
3. break out(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发
【原句复现】However，after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932，Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country.然而，在1932年“淞沪会战”爆发后，钱学森决定转学航空专业，因为他意识到中国需要强大的空军来保护和保卫国家。
【归纳拓展】
break in 强行进入；打断
break through 突破；冲破
break up 破碎；解散；分手
break off 断开；中断；停顿
break away from 逃脱；脱离
break into 强行闯入；突然开始
break down 出故障；垮掉
即学即练：
(1) The Second World War ____________ in September 1939.
(2) Don't ____________ when he is telling the story.
(3) Many families ____________ because of a lack of money
(4) It is important for us to ____________ the old traditional ideas.
(5) She had been waiting for Simon to ____________ the barrier between them
Keys: (1) broke out (2) break in (3) break up (4) break away from (5) break down
4. in charge of主管；掌管
【原句复现】He received a hero's welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing
China's rocket science but also its space and missile programme.他受到了来自祖国的英雄般的欢迎，不仅负
责发展中国的火箭科学，还负责中国的太空和导弹计划。
【归纳拓展】
take charge of 掌管/负责……
in charge of 控制/管理……
free of charge 免费
in sb.'s charge＝in the charge of sb. 由……主管(含被动意义)
即学即练：
(1) I'll be ______________（负责）the whole factory next week when the director is away.
(2) I will ______________（负责）the whole research.
Keys: (1)in charge of (2)take charge of
5．come down with 患(病)；染上(小病)
【归纳拓展】
come about 发生；产生
come across 偶然发现；偶然遇见
come up 走近；走到跟前；被提及
come up with 想出，提出(计划、想法等)
come out (书或光盘)出版，发行；(事实)暴露，披露，显露
come to life 恢复知觉；苏醒
即学即练：
(1) 他得了流感病倒了。__________________________________________
(2) 随着电的使用，种种大变化发生了。__________________________________________
(3) 我一生中从没有经历过这样的事情。__________________________________________
(4) 有几位成员提出了自己的建议。__________________________________________
Keys: (1) He had come down with the flu.
(2) With the use of electricity, great changes have come about.
(3) I've never come across such an experience in my time.
(4) Several of the members have come up with suggestions of their own
6. in time及时；终于；迟早
【原句复现】In time，he rose to become a famous doctor，and even attended to Queen Victoria when she
gave birth. 后来，他成为一名著名的医生，甚至在维多利亚女王分娩时照顾她。
【归纳拓展】
in time作“终于；迟早”讲时，常单独使用，作状语。
in time作“及时”讲时，后常跟for sth. 或to do sth.
【词汇拓展】time相关短语荟萃：
①from time to time 有时；偶尔
②at a time 每次
③in no time 立刻；马上
④at the same time 同时
⑤at one time 一度；从前
⑥at no time 绝不(置于句首时，句子常用部分倒装语序)
即学即练：
(1) 只要不放弃，你总有一天会成功。__________________________________________
(2) 我们每个人偶尔都会渴望有点变化。__________________________________________
(3) 孩子们很快就要离开家了。__________________________________________
Keys: (1) You will succeed in time as long as you don’t give up.
(2) From time to time we all get a hankering for something a little different.
(3) The kids will be leaving home in no time.
单元重点词性转换
think v. 思考；认为 → thinking n. 思想；思维；见解→ thinker n. 思想家
find v. 发现；找到 → finding n. 发现；调查结果；(法律)判决
solid adj. 可靠的；固体的；坚实的 → solidly adv. 坚固地；结实地
subscribe vi. 认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费) → subscriber n. (报刊的)订阅人，订购者；(慈善机关等的)定期捐款者 → substantial adj. 大量的；价值巨大的；重大的 → substantially adv. 大量地，可观地
statistic n．[pl.] 统计数字；统计资料；统计学 → statistical adj. 统计的；统计学的 → statistically adv. 统计地；统计上地
infect vt. 使感染；传染 → infection n. 感染；传染 → infectious adj. 传染性的，感染的
proof n. 证据；证明；检验 → prove v. 证明；检验
vivid adj. 生动的；鲜明的；丰富的 → vividly adv. 生动地
brilliant adj. 聪颖的；绝妙的；明亮的 → brilliantly adv. 光彩夺目地；出色地；高明地
gift n. 天赋；天才；才能 → gifted adj. 有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的
astronomy n. 天文学 → astronomer n. 天文学家
transform vt. 使改观；使改变形态 vi. 改变；转变 → transformation n. 改观，转变
defend vt. 保卫；防守；辩解 → defence n．防御；保护；保卫 → defender n. 保护人；防御者
重点句型
1. “特殊疑问词＋不定式”结构
【原句复现】As a young doctor，John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat
cholera.作为一名年轻的医生，约翰·斯诺变得沮丧，因为没有人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱。
句式分析：句中how to prevent or treat cholera为“特殊疑问词＋不定式”结构，作动词knew的宾语。
【归纳拓展】
(1)常见的特殊疑问词：疑问代词who，what，which等和疑问副词how，when，where等。
(2)语法功能：该结构相当于名词性从句，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等(作主语时，
谓语动词常用单数)。
(3)通常用在tell，show，understand，explain，teach，learn，discuss等动词后面的特殊疑问代词与构
成不定式的动词之间为动宾关系时，不定式通常用主动形式。
即学即练：
(1) 没人知道如何治疗这种可怕的疾病。____________________________________________
(2) 我不太清楚如何回答你的问题。____________________________________________
Keys: (1) No one knew how to treat this dreaded disease. (2) I don't quite know what to say in answer to your question.
2. “否定词＋比较级”表示最高级
【原句复现】Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China's aerospace science than Qian
Xuesen.也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。
句式分析：句中no...greater...than为“否定词＋形容词/副词比较级＋than”结构，表示最高级。
【归纳拓展】
表示最高级意义的其他常见结构：
never＋比较级
nothing/no＋so＋原级＋as...
nothing/no＋比较级＋than...
即学即练：
(1) Unfortunately, the technology of climate change is no simpler ___________ anything else.
(2)What a wonderful novel！__________________________________.
多么好的一本小说啊！我从未读过比这更感人的了。
Keys:(1) than (2) I have never read a more moving one
语法——表语从句
任务1:概念
在句子中担当表语的从句就是表语从句。通常位于连系动词之后。
任务2：引导词
1．从属连词whether, as, as if/though
The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.
问题是敌人是否向我们进军。
It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.
听起来好像有人在敲门。
2．从属连词because, why
That's because the price of raw materials has gone up.那是因为原材料的价格上涨了。(强调原因)
That's why he got angry with me.那正是他对我生气的原因。(强调结果)
名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用because。
3．连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.他已经成为他十年前想成为的样子。
The rule is whoever fails to do the work well will be fired.这里的规定是不管没有做好工作的是谁都得被开除。
4．连接副词where, when, how, why
The problem is when we can get a pay rise.问题是什么时候我们可以得到加薪。
Go and get your coat. It's where you left it.去把雨衣拿来。就在你原来放它的地方。
5．从属连词that
The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。
(2019·江苏高考)The first unique human characteristic is that humans have extraordinarily large brains
compared with other animals.人类的第一个独特特征是，与其他动物相比，人类的大脑特别大。
任务3：注意事项
1．表语从句一定要用陈述语序
The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.(×)
The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.(√)
问题是他什么时候能到旅馆。
2．不可以用if，而用whether连接表语从句(as if例外)
All she's worried about is if he is all right. (×)
All she's worried about is whether he is all right. (√)
她所担心的只是他是否安然无恙。
3．表语从句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致
It seems as if he didn't know the answer.好像他不知道Keys。
The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.问题是明天谁和我一起去北京。
4．that在表语从句中不可以省掉
What I told him was that I would find him a good play.我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。(what在主语从句中作直接宾语，that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分， 不能省略)
即学即练：
(1)单句语法填空
①(2019·浙江高考)One thing to remember is _________ it's the process not the end product that matters.
②That is stone walls are _________ used instead of fences around New England fields.
③The question, pure and simple, is _________ you will support me.
④She has remained _________ I stood yesterday for an hour.
⑤The question is why he _________ (cry) yesterday.
Keys:①that ②why ③whether ④where ⑤cried
(2)单句写作
①问题是我们缺钱。_____________________________________________
②那就是我想要对你讲的。_____________________________________________
③看来他的意图是好的。_____________________________________________
④他今天好像不怎么舒服。_____________________________________________
⑤他好像已经明白了这个问题。_____________________________________________
Keys:①The trouble is that we are short of money. ②That is what I want to tell you.
③It would appear that his intention was good. ④It seems that he is not quite himself today.
⑤It looked as if he had understood this question.
【查漏补缺】
I. 根据汉语和首字母填单词或短语
1．The advice I received was often _________ (相互矛盾的).
2．(2019·北京高考)In a world that warms up by 3 ℃, it found that _________ (多种多样的) changes to the colour
of the oceans would occur.
3．I _________ (怀疑) he was lying by the boy’s abnormal behaviour.
4．(2019·浙江高考)However, when she hung up, she regretted the way she had _________ (处理) the call.
5．_________ (病菌) are easily passed from person to person.
6．The Prime Minister came under s_________ criticism for his handling of the crisis.
7．There is no p_________ that the knife belonged to her.
8．I grew up as part of a large h_________.
9．This information is only r_________ data and will need further analysis.
10．According to official s_________ the disease killed over 500 people.
Keys: 1. contradictory 2. multiple 3. suspect 4. handled 5. Germs
6. severe 7. proof 8. household 9. raw 10. statistics
II. 单句语法填空
1.Give the bottle a couple of shakes before _________ (pour) the juice.
2.We are determined _________ (defend) our motherland at all costs.
3.Klan called his _________ (assist), Hasher, to take over his duties while he went out.
4.Early _________ (astronomer) thought that our planet was the centre of the universe.
5.He stopped, _________ (shift) his cane to his left hand.
6.He came _________ with illness last night and is still under emergency treatment.
7.Someone must be put _________ charge of writing down all the ideas.
8.Fires broke _________ everywhere, the entire city went up in flames.
9.The characters in the book are _________ (vivid) presented.
10.I was disappointed whenever the cook found fault _________ me.
Keys：1.pouring 2. to defend 3.assistant 4.astronomers 5.shifting 6.down 7.in 8. out 9.vividly 10.with
III. 语法练习--表语从句
1.He got caught in the heavy traffic. That was _________ he was late.
2.Energy is _________ makes things work.
3.We didn’t set out; it was _________ we wanted to wait until our mother came back.
4.The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is _________ one can be entirely free from dust.
suspect; blame; subscribe; decrease; link; handle; pour; transform; outstanding; defend
5.A ship in harbor is safe, but that's not _________ ships are built for.
6.The trouble is _________ I can't find my way.
7.What he wants to know is _________ we can finish our work by tomorrow morning.
8.The reason why I was sad was _________ he didn't understand me.
9.That is _________ we are looking forward to.
10.He is no longer _________ he was.
Keys：1.why 2. what 3.because 4.that 5. what 6.that 7.whether 8.that 9.what 10.what
【梳理优化】
【强化巩固】
I. 选词填空
suspect；blame；subscribe；decrease；link；handle；pour；transform；outstanding；defend
1.I _____________________ to a morning paper.
2.We all _____________________ the truth of the report.
3.My brother broke the window, but I got the _____________________.
4.Do you know how to _____________________ the machine
5.Is there a _____________________ between lung disease and smoking
6.The unemployment rate of the country _____________________ ast year.
7.A new colour scheme will _____________________ your bedroom.
8.Andy _____________________ the glass full and lifted it to Bobby.
9.The accused man had a lawyer to _____________________ him.
10.Her late husband was an _____________________ scientist.
Keys：1.subscribed 2.suspect 3.blame 4.handle 5.link 6.decreased 7.transform 8.poured
9.defend 10.outstanding
II. 单句写作
1.简再也不是十年前的那个样子了。
Jane is no longer _____________________ ten years ago.
2.我获悉了你对英语校报的改革方案，那就是为什么我写信发表我自己观点的原因。
I read about your reform of the school English newspaper, and that's _____________________________________.
3.问题是他们是否能帮我们。
The question is _____________________________________.
4.那是因为他没有理解我。
That was _____________________________________.
5.事实就是我们队已经赢得了比赛。
The fact is _____________________________________.
Keys：1.what she was 2.why I'm writing to voice my opinion
3.whether they will be able to help us 4.because he didn't understand me
5.that our team has won the game
III. 单句语法填空
1．When things go wrong, all of us naturally feel disappointed and __________ (frustrate).
2．He criticized everybody who didn’t subscribe __________ his views.
3．The police suspect him __________ carrying out two bomb attacks.
4．We would resist any armed __________ (intervene) from outside in our country's affairs.
5．His __________ (think) on social issues has changed considerably over the years.
6．He was afraid of being attacked by Liu Bei and Sun Quan, so he sent a troop to __________ (defence) Jingzhou.
7．She’s come __________ with a headache and a bad cough so she can’t go out with me tonight.
8．I’ve learned a lot over the years and developed my __________ (lead) qualities.
9．Besides __________ (make) phone call, you can take photographs.
10．I hate him, all, his way to people.
Keys: 1. frustrated 2. to 3. of 4.intervention 5. thinking 6. defend 7. down 8. leadership 9.making
10.above
【课后练习】
I. 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
Many scientists believe our love of sugar may 1. __________ (actual) be an addiction. When we eat or drink sugary foods, the sugar enters our blood and affects parts of our brain 2. __________ make us feel good. Then the good feeling goes away, 3. __________ (leave) us wanting more. All tasty foods do this, but sugar has a articularly strong effect. In this way, 4. __________ is in fact an addictive drug, one that doctors recommend we all cut down on.
“It seems like every time I study 5. __________ illness and trace a path to the first cause, I find my way back to sugar,” says scientist Richard Johnson. One-third of adults worldwide have high blood pressure, and up 6. __________ 347 million have diabetes( 糖尿病). Why “Sugar, we believe, is one of the 7. __________ (reason), if not the major one,” says Johnson.
Our bodies 8. __________ (design) to survive on very little sugar. Early humans often had very little food.
In this way, we had energy stored for when there was no food. 9. __________ today, most people have more than enough. So the very thing that once 10. __________ (save) us may now be killing us.
Keys: 1. actually 2. that/which 3. leaving 4. it 5. an 6. to 7. reasons 8. are designed 9. But 10. saved
II. 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Could your body replace mobile-device batteries Researchers have developed a way to create the power equivalent (相当于)of two double-A batteries, using nothing more than motion of the human body.
1. __________ The energy is captured and used by nano generators(纳米发电机）, according to a team of scientists from Georgia Institute of Technology. This research, presented at a meeting of the American Chemical Society, demonstrated how a small, flexible chip containing millions of tiny wires—500 times thinner than a human hair—could use the human heart to create electrical energy. 2. __________
Any kind of bodily movement could theoretically be used to generate power, and nano wires can also generate electricity in response to wind, rolling tires, or other kinds of motion. 3. __________ But these most recent findings do signal a breakthrough. Researchers are convinced the technology has a future. “A few volts may not seem like much. 4. __________” said the project’s lead scientist, Zhong Lin Wang. "Additional nano wires and more nano generators, put together, could produce enough energy for powering larger electronics. 5. __________”
A. The technology is not new.
B. Then we can use it to charge an iPod or a cell phone.
C. Anything from walking to a standing heartbeat could produce energy.
D. So it is necessary to save energy in case we run out of it at the sky point.
E.There is still a long way to apply this kind of technology in our daily life.
F.The researchers used a nano generator to power an LED light and LCD display.
G.But it has grown by leaps and bounds over previous versions of the nano generator
Keys: CFAGB
III. 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从短文后所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白
处的最佳选项。
A scientist ___1___ several monkeys in order to study animal psychology. He took a glass bottle, ___2___ its cork (瓶塞) and put two peanuts inside it. The peanuts dropped to the bottom and were easily seen from the outside. He then passed the bottle to a monkey, who shook it ___3___ for a long while and was able to get the peanuts when they ___4___ fell out. The scientist then put some peanuts into the bottle again ___5___ he had done before and showed the monkey that it only needed to turn the bottle upside down for the peanuts to drop out. ___6___ the monkey always ignored his ___7___. Each time it just shook the bottle frantically, with great ___8___ but without necessarily achieving ___9___ result.
Now th
e question is why the monkey was unable to understand ___10___ the scientist instructs. ___11___ because all its attentions was focused on the peanuts. Instead, it must take its eyes off the peanuts and quickly ___12___ its attention to the ___13___ movement of the scientist and the way the bottle was turned upside down. To achieve this, it had to calm down and not be ___14___ by the impulse (诱惑) of its appetite. Yet the monkey was not able to understand this. It is the instance like this that reveals the monkey’s some psychology is just like ___15___ of human beings.
1. A. kept B. rose C. fed D. caught
2. A. moving B. removed C. discovered D. covered
3. A. happily B. anxiously C. hurriedly D. instantly
4. A. suddenly B. accidentally C. occasionally D. quickly
5. A. as B. that C. what D. until
6. A. But B. When C. Therefore D. Thus
7. A. directions B. explanations C. performances D. instructions
8. A. effort B. strength C. power D. force
9. A. expecting B. interesting C. satisfying D. desired
10. A. what B. how C. why D. which
11. A. Probably B. Likely C. Simply D. Nearly
22. A. put B. send C. pay D. shift
13. A. gesture B. mouth C. hand D. eye
14. A. taken away B. taken off C. taken over D. taken on
15. A. that B. the C. those D. this
Keys: 1-5 ABBBA 6-10 ADADA 11-15 CDCCA
IV. 阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项 （A 、B 、C 和 D ）中 ,选出最佳选项 ,并在题卡上将该
项涂黑。
A
So you want to be a citizen scientist The National Science Foundation (NSF) has got you covered. NSF supports citizen science across all areas of science, whether your passion is to scan the night sky, or explore your own backyard.
Join a flock of birders
eBird is an online platform that allows bird-watchers to go online and record their sightings to a database. With more than 100,000 active users, eBird's system is a treasure of information on bird population, distribution and habitat, which users can explore in real time.
Count every drop
The Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network (CoCoRaHS) is the largest provider of daily precipitation observations in the United States. Volunteers set up rain gauges and record data every time a rain, snow or hail storm passes over. Data is organized and shared on the CoCoRaHS website, and used by scientists, farmers and more.
Search for stars with your computer
Einstein@Home uses your computer's idle time to search for space signals. The project has already had major successes: Volunteers discovered about 50 stars, using data from Puerto Rico's Arecibo Observatory and Australia's Parkes Observatory. Einstein@Home also searches for gravitational-wave signals using data from NSF's Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory.
Be part of a supercomputer
To link all those home computers, Einstien@Home uses software called the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing, better known as BOINC. The software choreographs(安排，筹划) the technical aspectof volunteer computing and helps you use radio telescope signals to search for alien life.
Join the plankton party
Without plankton, life in the ocean would not exist. These tiny organisms form the base of the food chain, and play an important role in the global carbon cycle. Plankton Portal enlists citizen scientists to identify images of lankton, snapped by the In Situ Icthyoplankton Imaging System (ISIIS), an underwater robot engineered at the University of Miami. ISIIS has taken millions of images in oceans around the world and upload them into a database; classifying the images helps researchers understand plankton diversity, habitat and behavior.
1. On the website of eBird, a bird-watcher can ________.
A. make contact with other active users B. explore the world of birds in real time
C. observe all the existing bird species D. provide and share birds’ information
2. The program “________” is not based on the Internet database.
A. Join the plankton party B. Be part of a supercomputer
C. Count every drop D. Search for stars with your computer
3. Which of the following is the best title of the passage
A. Become a Citizen Scientist B. Make a Contribution to NSF
C. Be part of Space Exploration D. Follow the Steps to be a Citizen Scientist
Keys: DBA
B
It’s difficult to imagine now, but at certain points in the Earth’s history, ice covered the entire planet. This frozen Earth, nicknamed Snowball Earth, was “so severe that the Earth’s entire surface, from pole to pole, including the oceans, completely froze over”, said Melissa Hage, an environmental scientist at Emory University in Georgia.
In 1840, Louis Agassiz, a Swiss natural scientist, was among the first to acknowledge and provide evidence that the Earth had gone through ice ages. Joseph Kirschvink, an American geologist, later created the term “Snowball Earth” in a 1992 textbook.
Scientists believe that four severe ice ages occurred between 750 million and 580 million years ago, probably because the Earth’s lands were all located at or near the equator (赤道), which resulted in increased weathering (风化). Weathering is happening when wind and rain break down rocks and minerals on the planets surface. The rocess leads to decreased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, which allows more heat to get away from the surface and into space, cooling the planet, causing the planet into a deep freeze.
The severe ice ages eventually melted away. Scientist believe that volcanoes continued to pump carbon dioxide into the atmosphere throughout the ice ages, eventually warming the planet enough that the water cycle could restart. As the Earth warmed and came out of its deep freeze. a huge explosion of life occurred. known as the Cambrian (寒武纪) explosion.
Will we see another Snowball Earth in our future According to Hage, it’s unlikely, due to the spread-out of the continents. “Even with extreme winters, continental ice sheets would form, which would stop continental weathering and allow carbon dioxide to build up in the atmosphere, leading to warming rather than freezing,” she said.
4. How many severe ice ages occurred between 750 million and 580 million years ago according to the passage
A. Three. B. Four. C. Five. D. Six.
5. What do we know about the Earth according to the passage
A. The term “Snowball Earth” was first used in 1840.
B. Millions of years ago, the Earths lands weren’t where they are now.
C. Weathering was the main factor of warming the Earth.
D. The Earth was completely covered with ice during the Cambrian period.
6. What probably led to the end of the ice ages
A. Heat’s escaping. B. An unknown reason.
C. Carbon dioxide from volcanoes. D. A force from the outer space.
7. What is the best title for the text
A. Snowball Earth: The End of the Life B. Some Severe lee Ages in the Earths History
C. Frozen Earth: Another lee Age Is Coming D. Snowball Earth: Will the Blue Planet Go White Again
Keys: BBCD
C
Andrew Grey doesn’t fit most people’s idea of an astronomer. He works in a car repair shop, not in a lab or university, yet the Australian repairman discovered a star system hiding in data from NASA’s Kepler space 26 telescope.
Mr. Grey is one of millions of citizen scientists helping researchers to expand collective understanding. For centuries, only a few ordinary people had been contributing to science, but advances in technology have brought a higher level of democratization (民主化) to science.
“This is a collaborative (合作的) effort that anyone could get involved in,” says Chris Lincoln, an Oxford University astrophysicist (天体物理学家) and cofounder of Zooniverse, a platform that hosts dozens of citizen science projects. Citizen scientists can contribute to breakthroughs in almost any field, from ecology to astrophysics.
“As long as pattern recognition is involved, there are no limits to what can become a citizen science project,” Dr. Linton says. “Anyone can identify patterns in images, graphs, or even seemingly boring data after a short tutorial. Machine learning allows computers to do some pattern recognition. But humans, particularly amateur scientists, don’t stay focused on what they’re supposed to. And that’s good, because people who do that notice the unusual things in s data set.
“And citizen science doesn’t have to be directed by a scientist,” says Sheila Jasanoff, director of the Program on Science, Technology and Society at Harvard University. “Citizens producing knowledge in places where official organs have failed then can also be citizen scientists,” she says. That’s what happened in Flint, Michigan, when a local mother started drinking water tests that caused a broader investigation of lead levels.
Citizen-powered research is as old as scientific inquiry. For centuries before science became professionalized, regular people looked for patterns in the world around them. Despite a lot of advanced equipment and computer models, scientists still welcome help from everyday people.
As a professional scientist himself, Lintott says, “People think that were intelligent, but science is easy and we need your help.”
8. What made citizen scientists appear
A. The high level of science projects B. The development of technology.
C. The support of the government. D. The foundation of Zooniverse.
9. What is a human advantage in pattern recognition compared with machines
A. Humans can identify patterns mare swiftly. B. Humans focus their attention on data.
C. Humans can observe uncommon things. D. Humans have stronger emotions.
10. What is Lincon’s attitude towards citizen science
A. Favorable. B. Cautious. C. Indifferent. D. Doubtful.
11. What would be the best title of the text
A. Citizen scientists can be intelligent. B. Science is important to everyone.
C. Anyone can be a scientist. D. Science is everywhere.
Keys: BCAC
【课前检查】
语法填空
A
“Travelling to China seems like travelling to another world. Its many famous scenic attractions impressed me 1.__________ (great),”an American said. The following is 2. __________ he wrote on his website.
My friends and I had a family visit in Xi’an, 3. __________ old city with a long history in China. The hosts were retired or stayed at home without a job, and they were friendly to 4. __________ (visit) from different countries coming their homes.
We 5. __________ (taste) the true home-cooked dishes in the home of the family that we visited. For inhoming dinner, the host would prepare a list of menus in advance (提前). Our tour guide asked 6. __________ (we) for advice about the food, so the host would try to cook what we wanted 7. __________ (eat) at his home. We just enjoyed the locally cooked dishes. It was quite a different and exciting experience.
Many foreigners enjoy 8. __________ (learn) how to make Chinese dumplings. We were also 9. __________ (offer) a general cooking class in the local family. The host taught us to make dumplings step by step with lots of patience. And we didn’t need to pay any money 10. __________ this. Travel China Guide offers this kind of service free of charge.
The family visit in Xi’an was a good chance for us to get to know Chinese people’s daily life.
Keys: 【文章大意】记叙文,主要叙述了一位美国游客和他的朋友在西安旅游时的感受。他们住在当地人的家中,感受了中国的饮食文化。
1.greatly 2.what 3.an 4.visitors 5.tasted
6.us 7.to eat 8.learning 9.offered 10.for
B
On Monday, Nevada bus driver, Mike Blair, handed an elderly man a bottle of cool water from his lunchbox after he 36. ________(acute) noticed signs of dehydration(脱水). “It was terribly hot out there, ” Blair recalled. “Seeing this gentleman 37. ________(suffer) in the fierce heat, I decided to help. ”After Blair assisted him in getting on the bus, he 38. ________(seat) the man next to the air conditioner before reaching into his lunchbox 39. ________ a bottle of cool water. It only took ten minutes for the man 40. ________(recover). As he was getting off the bus, the 41. ________(strange) expressed thanks to Blair, adding that he was 92 years old.
Another passenger took a picture of the moment and posted 42. ________ online. As the post 43. ________(share) far and wide, it gained lots of attention on social media. Within hours, the post received over 60, 000 44. ________(like).
Blair said 45. ________ he did was nothing special. “We are all brothers and sisters. I think anybody would have done that in my situation, ”said Blair. “Hopefully this will touch people's hearts so they will do something kind as well. ”
Keys: 【文章大意】记叙文, 主题语境是人与社会之社会服务与人际沟通。内华达州公交车司机Mike Blair看见92岁老人有脱水症状, 连忙实施救助。公交司机的善举被传到网上, 获得大家一致点赞。
36. acutely 37. suffering 38. seated 39. for 40. to recover
41. stranger 42. it 43. was shared 44. likes 45. what
【问题查找】
词汇
单句词汇填空
1. Another was that cholera was caused by an __________ （感染）from germs in food or water.
2. It was correct, but he still needed __________ （证据）.
3. Snow suspected that the water pump was to __________ （责备.
4. The threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial __________ （下降）.
5. China needed its own powerful air force to protect and __________ （保卫）the country.
6. Qian changed his major because of a __________ （改变）in personal interest.
Keys: 1. infection 2. proof 3. blame 4. decrease 5. defend 6. Shift
短语
单句短语填空
1. The Songhu battle __________ (爆发）in 1932.
2. He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put __________ (负责）not only developing
China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme.
3. Since he __________ (患病）with a disease which caused him to lose the use of most of his muscle, his
world became one of abstract thought.
4. __________ (最重要的是）, Hawking was willing to admit his fault.
Keys: 1. broke out 2. in charge of 3. came down 4. Above all
语法——表语从句
单句语法填空
1. (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)This is __________ motivation or the lack of it can do.
2. (2019·天津高考)This is __________ everyone learned to read.
3. There are black clouds in the sky. It looks __________ it is going to rain.
4. It sounds __________ our plan seems to be perfect.
5. That is __________ he was born.
6. That is __________ people in those countries take their vacations only when there is a holiday.
Keys: 1. what 2. how 3. as if 4. that 5. where 6. because
【要点精讲】
词汇
1. subscribe vi.认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)
【原句复现】Snow subscribed to the second theory.斯诺赞同第二种理论。
【归纳拓展】
subscribe to 同意；赞成；订阅……
subscribe...to... 把……捐赠给……；把……签署在……上
subscribe to 认购股份
即学即练：
(1) He subscribed ____________ 1，000 shares.
(2)Which journals does the library subscribe ___________
(3)My main reason for to New Scientist is ______________ to keep abreast of advances in science.
Keys: (1) for (2) to (3) subscribing
2. suspect vt.& vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任 n.犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象
【原句复现】Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.斯诺怀疑是水泵的问题。
【归纳拓展】
suspect sb. of (doing) sth. 怀疑某人(做)某事
suspect sb. to be... 怀疑某人是……
即学即练：
(1)She had no reason ____________ (suspect) that Sylvia had not told the truth.
(2)Two ___________(suspect) are now being interrogated in connection with the killing.
(3)He resigned after _____________ (suspect)of theft.
Keys: (1)to suspect (2)suspects (3) being suspected
3. blame vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n.责备；指责
【原句复现】Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. 斯诺怀疑是水泵的问题。
【归纳拓展】
(1)be to blame (for sth.) (对某事)负有责任，应受责备
blame sb. for sth. 因某事责备某人；把某事归咎于某人
blame sth. on sb./sth. 把某事归咎于某人/某事
(2)put/lay the blame for sth. on sb. 将某事归咎于某人
take the blame for sth. 对某事承担责任
即学即练：
(1)They placed the blame ____________ the doctor.
(2)He tried to escape blame ____________ what he had done.
(3)Whenever something goes wrong, everyone ____________ (blame) it on me.
(4)如果有人该承担责任，那就是我。________________________________________________
Keys: (1)on (2)for (3) blames (4)If anyone's to blame, it's me.
4. link n. 联系；纽带 vt.把……连接起来；相关联
【原句复现】Moreover，Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different
water companies in London.此外，斯诺后来还发现了其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同的供水公司之间的联系。
【归纳拓展】
(1)link...to/with... 将……和……联系或连接起来
link up 连接；结合
link up with... 与……联合；使与……衔接
(2)a link between A and B A与B之间的联系
即学即练：
(1)The two companies have ___________ (link).
(2)The new bridge will link the island ___________ the mainland.
(3)The road ___________(link) all the new towns.
(4)Scientists have established possible ___________(link) between cancer and diet.
Keys: (1)linked (2)to/with (3)links (4)links
5. decrease n.减少；降低；减少量 vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
【原句复现】 Through Snow's tireless efforts，water companies began to sell clean water，and the threat of
cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.在斯诺的不懈努力下，自来水公司开始出售干净的水，
在世界范围内霍乱的威胁大幅减少。
【归纳拓展】
(1)on the decrease 在减少中
a decrease in... 在……方面减少
(2)decrease to... 减少到……
decrease by... 减少了……
decrease from...to... 从……减少到……
即学即练：
(1)Fatal road accidents ___________ (decrease)in frequency over recent years.
(2)Population growth is decreasing ___________ 1.4% each year.
(3)There has been some decrease ___________ military spending this year.
(4)They need a reliable method ___________ (decrease) the divorce rate.
Keys: (1)have decreased (2)by (3)in (4)to decrease
6. pour vt.倒出；倾泻；斟(饮料)
【原句复现】A non Newtonian fluid is strange because you can pour it like a liquid，but if you put any
pressure on it，it suddenly becomes hard as concrete.非牛顿流体很奇怪，因为你可以把它像液体一样倒出
来，但如果你对它施加压力，它会突然变得像混凝土一样硬。
【归纳拓展】
pour in 涌进
pour into 涌进……
pour out 倒出；涌出；倾诉
pour out of... 从……中涌出来
pour down (雨)倾盆而降
即学即练：
(1)大雨哗哗地下个不停。______________________________________________________
(2)她一面喝着咖啡，一面向我倾吐着她的烦恼。____________________________________________________
(3)人们涌进大厅。______________________________________________________
Keys: (1)The rain continued to pour down. (2)She poured out her troubles to me over a cup of coffee.
(3)People poured into the hall.
7. fault n. 弱点；过错
【原句复现】Above all，Hawking was willing to admit his faults.最重要的是，霍金愿意承认自己的错
误。
【归纳拓展】
find fault with sb. 挑剔某人；对某人吹毛求疵
find fault in 看出……的缺点；找出……的毛病
即学即练：
(1)There is a __________ in this machine.
(2)There was not a single thing about her that one could find fault __________.
(3) ___________, to taunt others will cause great sorrow for others. 挑别人的错、取笑别人都是会给其他人带来极大痛苦的。
Keys: (1)fault (2)with (3)To find fault in others
8. transform vt.使改观；使改变形态 vi.改变；转变
【原句复现】Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study
diseases. 此外，斯诺利用地图和统计数据改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。
【归纳拓展】
(1)transform A into B 把A变成B
transform sth. from A to B 使……从A变成B
(2)transformation n. 改变；改革
即学即练：
(1) He seems to have been miraculously transformed __________ a first class player.
(2) Things cannot __________ (transform) overnight.
(3) The Minister said the Urban Development Corporation was now __________ (transform) the area.
(4) What a __________ (transform)! You look great.
Keys: (1)into (2)be transformed (3) transforming (4)transformation
9．prove v. 证明；检验
【归纳拓展】
a proof of…… ……的证据
have no proof of 没有证据证明
put sb./sth. to the proof 考验某人(某物)；对某事物的真实性加以检验
prove sth. to sb./sth. 向……证实； 证明
prove to sb./sth. that ... 向某人(某物)证明……
prove ... to be ... 证明……是……
proof n. 证据；证明；检验
【即学即练】
(1) He constantly feels he has to prove himself ___________ others.
(2) In this country, you are innocent until ___________ (prove)guilty.
(3) These results are a further ___________ (prove)of his outstanding ability.
Keys: (1)to (2)proved (3)proof
10．defend vt. 保卫；防守；辩解
【归纳拓展】
defence n. 防御；保护；保卫
defender n. 保护人；防御者
defend oneself 为自己辩护；自卫
defend sb./sth./oneself from/against 保护某人/某物/自己免受伤害
in defence of 保卫；捍卫；为……辩护
即学即练：
(1) He has employed one of the UK's top lawyers ___________ (defend) him.
(2) We surely need a central ___________ (defend).
(3) Is there any man unwilling to fight ___________ defence of his country
(4) 幽默是比暴力更有效的防御武器。_________________________________________
Keys: (1) to defend (2) defender (3) in (4) Humour is a more effective defence than violence.
11．trace vt. 追溯；追踪；查出 n. 痕迹；遗迹；踪迹
【归纳拓展】
trace sb./sth. to sth. 发现，追查
trace back to ... 追溯到……
on the traces of 跟踪
without a trace of… 没有一丝……的痕迹
即学即练：
(1) 中国人民庆祝劳动节的活动可追溯至1918年。_________________________________________
(2) We finally traced him __________ an address inChicago
Keys: (1) The Chinese people celebrate the activity of the Labor Day and can trace back to to1918. (2) to
12. attend vt. 出席；参加 vt. & vi. 照顾；护理 vi. 处理
【归纳拓展】
attend a meeting/a lecture/school 参加会议/听报告/上学
attend to sb. /sth. 照料……；处理……；招待……
attend (on/upon) sb. 伺候某人，照顾某人
【易混辨析】attend，join，join in，take part in
attend 用来表示“出席，参加(会议、讲座、婚礼等正式场合)”，也指去听报告。
join 表示参加某一团体，并作为其中一个成员，如：入党、入团、参军和参加俱乐部等；如果后接人，则表示参加某人的活动。
join in 后接活动，强调与他人一起参与某一活动。
take part in 后接活动，尤指多人参加的群众性大型活动。
即学即练：
选词填空attend，join，join in，take part in
(1)Those football players had strict training until they __________ our club.
(2)Why didn’t you __________ us in the discussion about the plan last night
(3)To my delight, I was chosen from hundreds of applicants to __________ the opening ceremony.
(4)Our team, apart from regular training, __________ a variety of activities during the coming vacation.
Keys: (1)joined (2)join (3)attend (4) will take part in
短语
1. once and for all最终地；彻底地
【原句复现】However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all. 然而，他从未放弃彻底消
灭霍乱的愿望。
【归纳拓展】
all at once 突然；同时
at once 立刻，马上
once and again 一而再，再三
即学即练：
(1) 我们必须彻底解决这一问题。________________________________________
(2) 忽然有人敲门。________________________________________
Keys: (1) We have to resolve this matter once and for all. (2) All at once there was someone knocking on the door.
2. thanks to 幸亏；由于
【原句复现】Fortunately，we now know how to prevent cholera，thanks to the work of John Snow. 幸运的
是，由于约翰·斯诺的工作，我们现在知道如何预防霍乱。
【归纳拓展】
because of 因为；由于
as a result of 作为……的结果；由于
due to 因为；由于
owing to 由于；因为……的缘故
即学即练：
(1) _______________________, the UN has more tools in the battle to rid the world of hunger.
多亏了他的研究，联合国在消除世界饥饿的战斗中又多了些方法。
(2) 由于他的努力，(这件事)获得了比我们预期更大的成功。
_______________________________________________________________________
Keys: (1) Thanks to his research (2) Thanks to his effort, it is more successful than we have expected.
3. break out(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发
【原句复现】However，after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932，Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country.然而，在1932年“淞沪会战”爆发后，钱学森决定转学航空专业，因为他意识到中国需要强大的空军来保护和保卫国家。
【归纳拓展】
break in 强行进入；打断
break through 突破；冲破
break up 破碎；解散；分手
break off 断开；中断；停顿
break away from 逃脱；脱离
break into 强行闯入；突然开始
break down 出故障；垮掉
即学即练：
(1) The Second World War ____________ in September 1939.
(2) Don't ____________ when he is telling the story.
(3) Many families ____________ because of a lack of money
(4) It is important for us to ____________ the old traditional ideas.
(5) She had been waiting for Simon to ____________ the barrier between them
Keys: (1) broke out (2) break in (3) break up (4) break away from (5) break down
4. in charge of主管；掌管
【原句复现】He received a hero's welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing
China's rocket science but also its space and missile programme.他受到了来自祖国的英雄般的欢迎，不仅负
责发展中国的火箭科学，还负责中国的太空和导弹计划。
【归纳拓展】
take charge of 掌管/负责……
in charge of 控制/管理……
free of charge 免费
in sb.'s charge＝in the charge of sb. 由……主管(含被动意义)
即学即练：
(1) I'll be ______________（负责）the whole factory next week when the director is away.
(2) I will ______________（负责）the whole research.
Keys: (1)in charge of (2)take charge of
5．come down with 患(病)；染上(小病)
【归纳拓展】
come about 发生；产生
come across 偶然发现；偶然遇见
come up 走近；走到跟前；被提及
come up with 想出，提出(计划、想法等)
come out (书或光盘)出版，发行；(事实)暴露，披露，显露
come to life 恢复知觉；苏醒
即学即练：
(1) 他得了流感病倒了。__________________________________________
(2) 随着电的使用，种种大变化发生了。__________________________________________
(3) 我一生中从没有经历过这样的事情。__________________________________________
(4) 有几位成员提出了自己的建议。__________________________________________
Keys: (1) He had come down with the flu.
(2) With the use of electricity, great changes have come about.
(3) I've never come across such an experience in my time.
(4) Several of the members have come up with suggestions of their own
6. in time及时；终于；迟早
【原句复现】In time，he rose to become a famous doctor，and even attended to Queen Victoria when she
gave birth. 后来，他成为一名著名的医生，甚至在维多利亚女王分娩时照顾她。
【归纳拓展】
in time作“终于；迟早”讲时，常单独使用，作状语。
in time作“及时”讲时，后常跟for sth. 或to do sth.
【词汇拓展】time相关短语荟萃：
①from time to time 有时；偶尔
②at a time 每次
③in no time 立刻；马上
④at the same time 同时
⑤at one time 一度；从前
⑥at no time 绝不(置于句首时，句子常用部分倒装语序)
即学即练：
(1) 只要不放弃，你总有一天会成功。__________________________________________
(2) 我们每个人偶尔都会渴望有点变化。__________________________________________
(3) 孩子们很快就要离开家了。__________________________________________
Keys: (1) You will succeed in time as long as you don’t give up.
(2) From time to time we all get a hankering for something a little different.
(3) The kids will be leaving home in no time.
单元重点词性转换
think v. 思考；认为 → thinking n. 思想；思维；见解→ thinker n. 思想家
find v. 发现；找到 → finding n. 发现；调查结果；(法律)判决
solid adj. 可靠的；固体的；坚实的 → solidly adv. 坚固地；结实地
subscribe vi. 认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费) → subscriber n. (报刊的)订阅人，订购者；(慈善机关等的)定期捐款者 → substantial adj. 大量的；价值巨大的；重大的 → substantially adv. 大量地，可观地
statistic n．[pl.] 统计数字；统计资料；统计学 → statistical adj. 统计的；统计学的 → statistically adv. 统计地；统计上地
infect vt. 使感染；传染 → infection n. 感染；传染 → infectious adj. 传染性的，感染的
proof n. 证据；证明；检验 → prove v. 证明；检验
vivid adj. 生动的；鲜明的；丰富的 → vividly adv. 生动地
brilliant adj. 聪颖的；绝妙的；明亮的 → brilliantly adv. 光彩夺目地；出色地；高明地
gift n. 天赋；天才；才能 → gifted adj. 有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的
astronomy n. 天文学 → astronomer n. 天文学家
transform vt. 使改观；使改变形态 vi. 改变；转变 → transformation n. 改观，转变
defend vt. 保卫；防守；辩解 → defence n．防御；保护；保卫 → defender n. 保护人；防御者
重点句型
1. “特殊疑问词＋不定式”结构
【原句复现】As a young doctor，John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat
cholera.作为一名年轻的医生，约翰·斯诺变得沮丧，因为没有人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱。
句式分析：句中how to prevent or treat cholera为“特殊疑问词＋不定式”结构，作动词knew的宾语。
【归纳拓展】
(1)常见的特殊疑问词：疑问代词who，what，which等和疑问副词how，when，where等。
(2)语法功能：该结构相当于名词性从句，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等(作主语时，
谓语动词常用单数)。
(3)通常用在tell，show，understand，explain，teach，learn，discuss等动词后面的特殊疑问代词与构
成不定式的动词之间为动宾关系时，不定式通常用主动形式。
即学即练：
(1) 没人知道如何治疗这种可怕的疾病。____________________________________________
(2) 我不太清楚如何回答你的问题。____________________________________________
Keys: (1) No one knew how to treat this dreaded disease. (2) I don't quite know what to say in answer to your question.
2. “否定词＋比较级”表示最高级
【原句复现】Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China's aerospace science than Qian
Xuesen.也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。
句式分析：句中no...greater...than为“否定词＋形容词/副词比较级＋than”结构，表示最高级。
【归纳拓展】
表示最高级意义的其他常见结构：
never＋比较级
nothing/no＋so＋原级＋as...
nothing/no＋比较级＋than...
即学即练：
(1) Unfortunately, the technology of climate change is no simpler ___________ anything else.
(2)What a wonderful novel！__________________________________.
多么好的一本小说啊！我从未读过比这更感人的了。
Keys:(1) than (2) I have never read a more moving one
语法——表语从句
任务1:概念
在句子中担当表语的从句就是表语从句。通常位于连系动词之后。
任务2：引导词
1．从属连词whether, as, as if/though
The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.
问题是敌人是否向我们进军。
It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.
听起来好像有人在敲门。
2．从属连词because, why
That's because the price of raw materials has gone up.那是因为原材料的价格上涨了。(强调原因)
That's why he got angry with me.那正是他对我生气的原因。(强调结果)
名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用because。
3．连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.他已经成为他十年前想成为的样子。
The rule is whoever fails to do the work well will be fired.这里的规定是不管没有做好工作的是谁都得被开除。
4．连接副词where, when, how, why
The problem is when we can get a pay rise.问题是什么时候我们可以得到加薪。
Go and get your coat. It's where you left it.去把雨衣拿来。就在你原来放它的地方。
5．从属连词that
The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。
(2019·江苏高考)The first unique human characteristic is that humans have extraordinarily large brains
compared with other animals.人类的第一个独特特征是，与其他动物相比，人类的大脑特别大。
任务3：注意事项
1．表语从句一定要用陈述语序
The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.(×)
The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.(√)
问题是他什么时候能到旅馆。
2．不可以用if，而用whether连接表语从句(as if例外)
All she's worried about is if he is all right. (×)
All she's worried about is whether he is all right. (√)
她所担心的只是他是否安然无恙。
3．表语从句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致
It seems as if he didn't know the answer.好像他不知道Keys。
The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.问题是明天谁和我一起去北京。
4．that在表语从句中不可以省掉
What I told him was that I would find him a good play.我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。(what在主语从句中作直接宾语，that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分， 不能省略)
即学即练：
(1)单句语法填空
①(2019·浙江高考)One thing to remember is _________ it's the process not the end product that matters.
②That is stone walls are _________ used instead of fences around New England fields.
③The question, pure and simple, is _________ you will support me.
④She has remained _________ I stood yesterday for an hour.
⑤The question is why he _________ (cry) yesterday.
Keys:①that ②why ③whether ④where ⑤cried
(2)单句写作
①问题是我们缺钱。_____________________________________________
②那就是我想要对你讲的。_____________________________________________
③看来他的意图是好的。_____________________________________________
④他今天好像不怎么舒服。_____________________________________________
⑤他好像已经明白了这个问题。_____________________________________________
Keys:①The trouble is that we are short of money. ②That is what I want to tell you.
③It would appear that his intention was good. ④It seems that he is not quite himself today.
⑤It looked as if he had understood this question.
【查漏补缺】
I. 根据汉语和首字母填单词或短语
1．The advice I received was often _________ (相互矛盾的).
2．(2019·北京高考)In a world that warms up by 3 ℃, it found that _________ (多种多样的) changes to the colour
of the oceans would occur.
3．I _________ (怀疑) he was lying by the boy’s abnormal behaviour.
4．(2019·浙江高考)However, when she hung up, she regretted the way she had _________ (处理) the call.
5．_________ (病菌) are easily passed from person to person.
6．The Prime Minister came under s_________ criticism for his handling of the crisis.
7．There is no p_________ that the knife belonged to her.
8．I grew up as part of a large h_________.
9．This information is only r_________ data and will need further analysis.
10．According to official s_________ the disease killed over 500 people.
Keys: 1. contradictory 2. multiple 3. suspect 4. handled 5. Germs
6. severe 7. proof 8. household 9. raw 10. statistics
II. 单句语法填空
1.Give the bottle a couple of shakes before _________ (pour) the juice.
2.We are determined _________ (defend) our motherland at all costs.
3.Klan called his _________ (assist), Hasher, to take over his duties while he went out.
4.Early _________ (astronomer) thought that our planet was the centre of the universe.
5.He stopped, _________ (shift) his cane to his left hand.
6.He came _________ with illness last night and is still under emergency treatment.
7.Someone must be put _________ charge of writing down all the ideas.
8.Fires broke _________ everywhere, the entire city went up in flames.
9.The characters in the book are _________ (vivid) presented.
10.I was disappointed whenever the cook found fault _________ me.
Keys：1.pouring 2. to defend 3.assistant 4.astronomers 5.shifting 6.down 7.in 8. out 9.vividly 10.with
III. 语法练习--表语从句
1.He got caught in the heavy traffic. That was _________ he was late.
2.Energy is _________ makes things work.
3.We didn’t set out; it was _________ we wanted to wait until our mother came back.
4.The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is _________ one can be entirely free from dust.
suspect; blame; subscribe; decrease; link; handle; pour; transform; outstanding; defend
5.A ship in harbor is safe, but that's not _________ ships are built for.
6.The trouble is _________ I can't find my way.
7.What he wants to know is _________ we can finish our work by tomorrow morning.
8.The reason why I was sad was _________ he didn't understand me.
9.That is _________ we are looking forward to.
10.He is no longer _________ he was.
Keys：1.why 2. what 3.because 4.that 5. what 6.that 7.whether 8.that 9.what 10.what
【梳理优化】
【强化巩固】
I. 选词填空
suspect；blame；subscribe；decrease；link；handle；pour；transform；outstanding；defend
1.I _____________________ to a morning paper.
2.We all _____________________ the truth of the report.
3.My brother broke the window, but I got the _____________________.
4.Do you know how to _____________________ the machine
5.Is there a _____________________ between lung disease and smoking
6.The unemployment rate of the country _____________________ ast year.
7.A new colour scheme will _____________________ your bedroom.
8.Andy _____________________ the glass full and lifted it to Bobby.
9.The accused man had a lawyer to _____________________ him.
10.Her late husband was an _____________________ scientist.
Keys：1.subscribed 2.suspect 3.blame 4.handle 5.link 6.decreased 7.transform 8.poured
9.defend 10.outstanding
II. 单句写作
1.简再也不是十年前的那个样子了。
Jane is no longer _____________________ ten years ago.
2.我获悉了你对英语校报的改革方案，那就是为什么我写信发表我自己观点的原因。
I read about your reform of the school English newspaper, and that's _____________________________________.
3.问题是他们是否能帮我们。
The question is _____________________________________.
4.那是因为他没有理解我。
That was _____________________________________.
5.事实就是我们队已经赢得了比赛。
The fact is _____________________________________.
Keys：1.what she was 2.why I'm writing to voice my opinion
3.whether they will be able to help us 4.because he didn't understand me
5.that our team has won the game
III. 单句语法填空
1．When things go wrong, all of us naturally feel disappointed and __________ (frustrate).
2．He criticized everybody who didn’t subscribe __________ his views.
3．The police suspect him __________ carrying out two bomb attacks.
4．We would resist any armed __________ (intervene) from outside in our country's affairs.
5．His __________ (think) on social issues has changed considerably over the years.
6．He was afraid of being attacked by Liu Bei and Sun Quan, so he sent a troop to __________ (defence) Jingzhou.
7．She’s come __________ with a headache and a bad cough so she can’t go out with me tonight.
8．I’ve learned a lot over the years and developed my __________ (lead) qualities.
9．Besides __________ (make) phone call, you can take photographs.
10．I hate him, all, his way to people.
Keys: 1. frustrated 2. to 3. of 4.intervention 5. thinking 6. defend 7. down 8. leadership 9.making
10.above
【课后练习】
I. 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
Many scientists believe our love of sugar may 1. __________ (actual) be an addiction. When we eat or drink sugary foods, the sugar enters our blood and affects parts of our brain 2. __________ make us feel good. Then the good feeling goes away, 3. __________ (leave) us wanting more. All tasty foods do this, but sugar has a articularly strong effect. In this way, 4. __________ is in fact an addictive drug, one that doctors recommend we all cut down on.
“It seems like every time I study 5. __________ illness and trace a path to the first cause, I find my way back to sugar,” says scientist Richard Johnson. One-third of adults worldwide have high blood pressure, and up 6. __________ 347 million have diabetes( 糖尿病). Why “Sugar, we believe, is one of the 7. __________ (reason), if not the major one,” says Johnson.
Our bodies 8. __________ (design) to survive on very little sugar. Early humans often had very little food.
In this way, we had energy stored for when there was no food. 9. __________ today, most people have more than enough. So the very thing that once 10. __________ (save) us may now be killing us.
Keys: 1. actually 2. that/which 3. leaving 4. it 5. an 6. to 7. reasons 8. are designed 9. But 10. saved
II. 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Could your body replace mobile-device batteries Researchers have developed a way to create the power equivalent (相当于)of two double-A batteries, using nothing more than motion of the human body.
1. __________ The energy is captured and used by nano generators(纳米发电机）, according to a team of scientists from Georgia Institute of Technology. This research, presented at a meeting of the American Chemical Society, demonstrated how a small, flexible chip containing millions of tiny wires—500 times thinner than a human hair—could use the human heart to create electrical energy. 2. __________
Any kind of bodily movement could theoretically be used to generate power, and nano wires can also generate electricity in response to wind, rolling tires, or other kinds of motion. 3. __________ But these most recent findings do signal a breakthrough. Researchers are convinced the technology has a future. “A few volts may not seem like much. 4. __________” said the project’s lead scientist, Zhong Lin Wang. "Additional nano wires and more nano generators, put together, could produce enough energy for powering larger electronics. 5. __________”
A. The technology is not new.
B. Then we can use it to charge an iPod or a cell phone.
C. Anything from walking to a standing heartbeat could produce energy.
D. So it is necessary to save energy in case we run out of it at the sky point.
E.There is still a long way to apply this kind of technology in our daily life.
F.The researchers used a nano generator to power an LED light and LCD display.
G.But it has grown by leaps and bounds over previous versions of the nano generator
Keys: CFAGB
III. 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从短文后所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白
处的最佳选项。
A scientist ___1___ several monkeys in order to study animal psychology. He took a glass bottle, ___2___ its cork (瓶塞) and put two peanuts inside it. The peanuts dropped to the bottom and were easily seen from the outside. He then passed the bottle to a monkey, who shook it ___3___ for a long while and was able to get the peanuts when they ___4___ fell out. The scientist then put some peanuts into the bottle again ___5___ he had done before and showed the monkey that it only needed to turn the bottle upside down for the peanuts to drop out. ___6___ the monkey always ignored his ___7___. Each time it just shook the bottle frantically, with great ___8___ but without necessarily achieving ___9___ result.
Now th
e question is why the monkey was unable to understand ___10___ the scientist instructs. ___11___ because all its attentions was focused on the peanuts. Instead, it must take its eyes off the peanuts and quickly ___12___ its attention to the ___13___ movement of the scientist and the way the bottle was turned upside down. To achieve this, it had to calm down and not be ___14___ by the impulse (诱惑) of its appetite. Yet the monkey was not able to understand this. It is the instance like this that reveals the monkey’s some psychology is just like ___15___ of human beings.
1. A. kept B. rose C. fed D. caught
2. A. moving B. removed C. discovered D. covered
3. A. happily B. anxiously C. hurriedly D. instantly
4. A. suddenly B. accidentally C. occasionally D. quickly
5. A. as B. that C. what D. until
6. A. But B. When C. Therefore D. Thus
7. A. directions B. explanations C. performances D. instructions
8. A. effort B. strength C. power D. force
9. A. expecting B. interesting C. satisfying D. desired
10. A. what B. how C. why D. which
11. A. Probably B. Likely C. Simply D. Nearly
22. A. put B. send C. pay D. shift
13. A. gesture B. mouth C. hand D. eye
14. A. taken away B. taken off C. taken over D. taken on
15. A. that B. the C. those D. this
Keys: 1-5 ABBBA 6-10 ADADA 11-15 CDCCA
IV. 阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项 （A 、B 、C 和 D ）中 ,选出最佳选项 ,并在题卡上将该
项涂黑。
A
So you want to be a citizen scientist The National Science Foundation (NSF) has got you covered. NSF supports citizen science across all areas of science, whether your passion is to scan the night sky, or explore your own backyard.
Join a flock of birders
eBird is an online platform that allows bird-watchers to go online and record their sightings to a database. With more than 100,000 active users, eBird's system is a treasure of information on bird population, distribution and habitat, which users can explore in real time.
Count every drop
The Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network (CoCoRaHS) is the largest provider of daily precipitation observations in the United States. Volunteers set up rain gauges and record data every time a rain, snow or hail storm passes over. Data is organized and shared on the CoCoRaHS website, and used by scientists, farmers and more.
Search for stars with your computer
Einstein@Home uses your computer's idle time to search for space signals. The project has already had major successes: Volunteers discovered about 50 stars, using data from Puerto Rico's Arecibo Observatory and Australia's Parkes Observatory. Einstein@Home also searches for gravitational-wave signals using data from NSF's Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory.
Be part of a supercomputer
To link all those home computers, Einstien@Home uses software called the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing, better known as BOINC. The software choreographs(安排，筹划) the technical aspectof volunteer computing and helps you use radio telescope signals to search for alien life.
Join the plankton party
Without plankton, life in the ocean would not exist. These tiny organisms form the base of the food chain, and play an important role in the global carbon cycle. Plankton Portal enlists citizen scientists to identify images of lankton, snapped by the In Situ Icthyoplankton Imaging System (ISIIS), an underwater robot engineered at the University of Miami. ISIIS has taken millions of images in oceans around the world and upload them into a database; classifying the images helps researchers understand plankton diversity, habitat and behavior.
1. On the website of eBird, a bird-watcher can ________.
A. make contact with other active users B. explore the world of birds in real time
C. observe all the existing bird species D. provide and share birds’ information
2. The program “________” is not based on the Internet database.
A. Join the plankton party B. Be part of a supercomputer
C. Count every drop D. Search for stars with your computer
3. Which of the following is the best title of the passage
A. Become a Citizen Scientist B. Make a Contribution to NSF
C. Be part of Space Exploration D. Follow the Steps to be a Citizen Scientist
Keys: DBA
B
It’s difficult to imagine now, but at certain points in the Earth’s history, ice covered the entire planet. This frozen Earth, nicknamed Snowball Earth, was “so severe that the Earth’s entire surface, from pole to pole, including the oceans, completely froze over”, said Melissa Hage, an environmental scientist at Emory University in Georgia.
In 1840, Louis Agassiz, a Swiss natural scientist, was among the first to acknowledge and provide evidence that the Earth had gone through ice ages. Joseph Kirschvink, an American geologist, later created the term “Snowball Earth” in a 1992 textbook.
Scientists believe that four severe ice ages occurred between 750 million and 580 million years ago, probably because the Earth’s lands were all located at or near the equator (赤道), which resulted in increased weathering (风化). Weathering is happening when wind and rain break down rocks and minerals on the planets surface. The rocess leads to decreased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, which allows more heat to get away from the surface and into space, cooling the planet, causing the planet into a deep freeze.
The severe ice ages eventually melted away. Scientist believe that volcanoes continued to pump carbon dioxide into the atmosphere throughout the ice ages, eventually warming the planet enough that the water cycle could restart. As the Earth warmed and came out of its deep freeze. a huge explosion of life occurred. known as the Cambrian (寒武纪) explosion.
Will we see another Snowball Earth in our future According to Hage, it’s unlikely, due to the spread-out of the continents. “Even with extreme winters, continental ice sheets would form, which would stop continental weathering and allow carbon dioxide to build up in the atmosphere, leading to warming rather than freezing,” she said.
4. How many severe ice ages occurred between 750 million and 580 million years ago according to the passage
A. Three. B. Four. C. Five. D. Six.
5. What do we know about the Earth according to the passage
A. The term “Snowball Earth” was first used in 1840.
B. Millions of years ago, the Earths lands weren’t where they are now.
C. Weathering was the main factor of warming the Earth.
D. The Earth was completely covered with ice during the Cambrian period.
6. What probably led to the end of the ice ages
A. Heat’s escaping. B. An unknown reason.
C. Carbon dioxide from volcanoes. D. A force from the outer space.
7. What is the best title for the text
A. Snowball Earth: The End of the Life B. Some Severe lee Ages in the Earths History
C. Frozen Earth: Another lee Age Is Coming D. Snowball Earth: Will the Blue Planet Go White Again
Keys: BBCD
C
Andrew Grey doesn’t fit most people’s idea of an astronomer. He works in a car repair shop, not in a lab or university, yet the Australian repairman discovered a star system hiding in data from NASA’s Kepler space 26 telescope.
Mr. Grey is one of millions of citizen scientists helping researchers to expand collective understanding. For centuries, only a few ordinary people had been contributing to science, but advances in technology have brought a higher level of democratization (民主化) to science.
“This is a collaborative (合作的) effort that anyone could get involved in,” says Chris Lincoln, an Oxford University astrophysicist (天体物理学家) and cofounder of Zooniverse, a platform that hosts dozens of citizen science projects. Citizen scientists can contribute to breakthroughs in almost any field, from ecology to astrophysics.
“As long as pattern recognition is involved, there are no limits to what can become a citizen science project,” Dr. Linton says. “Anyone can identify patterns in images, graphs, or even seemingly boring data after a short tutorial. Machine learning allows computers to do some pattern recognition. But humans, particularly amateur scientists, don’t stay focused on what they’re supposed to. And that’s good, because people who do that notice the unusual things in s data set.
“And citizen science doesn’t have to be directed by a scientist,” says Sheila Jasanoff, director of the Program on Science, Technology and Society at Harvard University. “Citizens producing knowledge in places where official organs have failed then can also be citizen scientists,” she says. That’s what happened in Flint, Michigan, when a local mother started drinking water tests that caused a broader investigation of lead levels.
Citizen-powered research is as old as scientific inquiry. For centuries before science became professionalized, regular people looked for patterns in the world around them. Despite a lot of advanced equipment and computer models, scientists still welcome help from everyday people.
As a professional scientist himself, Lintott says, “People think that were intelligent, but science is easy and we need your help.”
8. What made citizen scientists appear
A. The high level of science projects B. The development of technology.
C. The support of the government. D. The foundation of Zooniverse.
9. What is a human advantage in pattern recognition compared with machines
A. Humans can identify patterns mare swiftly. B. Humans focus their attention on data.
C. Humans can observe uncommon things. D. Humans have stronger emotions.
10. What is Lincon’s attitude towards citizen science
A. Favorable. B. Cautious. C. Indifferent. D. Doubtful.
11. What would be the best title of the text
A. Citizen scientists can be intelligent. B. Science is important to everyone.
C. Anyone can be a scientist. D. Science is everywhere.
Keys: BCAC