高考英语专题复习——语法填空＋说明文，议论文阅读理解（含解析）
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| 名称 | 高考英语专题复习——语法填空＋说明文，议论文阅读理解（含解析） |  | |
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| 更新时间 | 2022-09-11 15:12:39 | ||
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高考英语专题复习——语法填空＋说明文，议论文阅读理解
Ⅰ.语法填空
2022·牡丹江一中月考 186词 ★★★☆☆
Tianwen 1, China's first 1.________ (independence) Mars mission, was launched on July 23 at Wenchang Space Launch Center in Hainan Province, thus 2.________ (begin) the nation's planetary (行星的) exploration program.
If everything goes according 3.________ schedule, the 5 metric ton spacecraft, consisting of an orbiter (轨道飞行器) and a landing capsule, will 4.________ (travel) more than 400 million kilometers before getting 5.________ (catch) in Mars' gravitational field. The mission's main goal is for the rover to make a soft landing on Martian soil to make scientific surveys.
The spacecraft has begun to conduct 6.________ (experiment) with the Mars Energetic Particle Analyzer, mounted (安置) on the orbiter, which has already transmitted data back to the ground control.
It is the first of the 13 scientific devices on the probe to 7.________ (start) operations and will be 8.________ longest working device during the journey toward Mars' gravitational field.
On July 27, Tianwen 1 sent a photo back to the ground control of Earth and the moon that was 9.________ (take) by its optical navigation sensor when the craft was about 1.2 million kilometers from Earth. That photo is the first image from the spacecraft 10.________ has been made public.
Ⅱ.阅读理解
A
2022·全国甲卷 说明文 325词 ★★★★☆
Goffin's cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape recognition abilities to a human two year old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting, the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin's cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial and error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin's cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two year old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
1．How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment
A．By following instructions.
B．By using a tool.
C．By turning the box around.
D．By removing the lid.
2．Which task can human one year olds most likely complete according to the text
A．Using a key to unlock a door.
B．Telling parrots from other birds.
C．Putting a ball into a round hole.
D．Grouping toys of different shapes.
3．What does the follow up test aim to find out about the cockatoos
A．How far they are able to see.
B．How they track moving objects.
C．Whether they are smarter than monkeys.
D．Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
4．Which can be a suitable title for the text
A．Cockatoos：Quick Error Checkers
B．Cockatoos：Independent Learners
C．Cockatoos：Clever Signal Readers
D．Cockatoos：Skilful Shape Sorters
B
2022·湖北七校联考 议论文 325词 ★★★☆☆
Standing in my office 25 years ago was an unknown, newly rising astronomer with a half smile on her face. She had come with a demand that my team change our tested software to make one of our most important and in demand scientific instruments do something it had never been designed for, and risk breaking it down. All to carry out an experiment that was basically a waste of time and couldn't be done—to prove that a massive black hole hid at the center of our Milky Way.
My initial “no way” gradually gave way in the face of her cheerful but firm determination. It was my first encounter with a force of nature, Andrea Ghez, one of three winners of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2020. That determination and the willingness to take calculated risks has always characterized Andrea. For 25 years she has focused almost only on Sagittarius A—the name of our own local super massive black hole. And Andrea is one of the great pioneers in this search without question.
Andrea did her work at the W．M. Keck Observatory's twin telescopes on Maunakea, Hawaii. She started using the very first instrument licensed on Keck Observatory's Near Infrared Camera (NIRC). NIRC was never designed to do what Andrea needed but she was not to be denied. And it worked! It was extremely hard and time consuming to make sense of the data, but Andrea persisted.
As Andrea would be the very first to acknowledge, this victory represents the combined efforts of so many. But actually one person had the idea for the research. One person had the chutzpah (无所顾忌) to propose it and one person had the determination and focus to make it happen, not discouraged by all who said it was a waste of time. That person is Andrea Ghez, winner of the 2020 Nobel Prize for Physics.
5．What did the author think of Andrea Ghez's request at first
A．It's demanding. B．It's interesting.
C．It's acceptable. D．It's meaningless.
6．What do we learn about Andrea Ghez's research from Paragraph 2
A．It takes decades of efforts.
B．It deals with power of nature.
C．It's a purely individual project.
D．It's about measurement of a hole.
7．Which of the following best describes Andrea Ghez's work in Hawaii
A．Dangerous. B．Pleasant.
C．Challenging. D．Fruitless.
8．What do we learn from Andrea Ghez's success
A．It is rewarding to cooperate.
B．The old methods still work today.
C．It pays to put theory into practice.
D．Persistence leads to success.
答案
Ⅰ.语法填空
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了中国设计的一款专门抵御极端寒冷气候的新型动车组列车，并介绍了这种列车的特点和优势。
1．答案与解析：designed 考查非谓语动词。句意为：中国推出了一款专门抵御极端寒冷气候的新型动车组列车。此处应用非谓语动词形式作后置定语，由于train和design之间是逻辑上的被动关系，故应用过去分词。故填designed。
2．答案与解析：and 考查连词。句意为：它是由中国国家铁路集团有限公司开发和运营的复兴号系列电力动车组的一部分。根据句子结构可知，非谓语动词developed和operated并列作后置定语修饰trains，故填and。
3．答案与解析：connecting 考查非谓语动词。句意为：该列车于1月6日在北京推出，将在一条新高速铁轨上运行，该铁轨连接首都和东北部的各个目的地，包括沈阳和哈尔滨——后者以每年的冰雪节而闻名。句子的主干是“The train will run on a new high speed line，设空处应用非谓语动词形式作后置定语，由于line和connect之间是逻辑上的主动关系，故应用现在分词。故填connecting。
4．答案与解析：its 考查代词。句意见上一题解析。此处应用形容词性物主代词作定语，故填its。
5．答案与解析：features 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意为：该列车的特点还有流线型的低阻力设计，用以降低能耗，以及轻巧的车身。分析句子结构可知，设空处是谓语，此处介绍客观情况，应用一般现在时，且主语The train是单数，故填features。
6．答案与解析：by/from 考查介词。句意为：在国有报纸《中国日报》的一篇报道中，中国铁路北京局集团有限公司北京动车段朝阳动车运用所所长周松用一个类比来解释这种新型列车的制动系统……由句意可知，报道是刊登在《中国日报》上的，此处可以使用介词by，意为“由……所做”，或介词from，意为“来自……”。故填by/from。
7．答案与解析：coldest 考查形容词的比较等级。句意为：……如果该列车在中国最寒冷的城市之一——哈尔滨停上一个小时……根据句子结构和句意可知，此处应用形容词的最高级形式，故填coldest。
8．答案与解析：easily 考查词性转换。句意为：……由于天气极其寒冷，列车如果停止移动一段时间，制动系统很容易冻结。此处应用副词作状语，修饰谓语can freeze。故填easily。
9．答案与解析：to keep 考查非谓语动词。句意为：即使列车停下来，新系统也能使制动器时不时地移动，就像一个人在寒冷的天气里跺脚保暖一样。此处应用不定式作目的状语，故填to keep。
10．答案与解析：which 考查定语从句。句意为：今天，中国拥有世界上最大的高铁网络，全长超过3.7万千米。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为rail network，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，故填which。
Ⅱ.阅读理解
A
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文，讲述了作者对人们放弃使用自己的开放办公室，而选择在共享办公区域办公的思考。
1．答案与解析：A 考查理解具体信息的能力。根据第一段中的“Annoyed by the level of distraction (干扰) in his open office” “That's why I have a membership...I can focus”可知，采访者喜欢共享办公区域的原因是在共享办公区域他更能集中精力。
2．答案与解析：C 考查理解具体信息的能力。根据第二段中的“the participants in the 70 decibels group...significantly outperformed the other groups”和第三段中的“the study also suggests that the right level of background noise...one's creative thinking ability”可知，在70分贝的噪声背景环境下，人们的创造性思维可能会得到更好的发挥。
3．答案与解析：D 考查理解具体信息的能力。根据第四段中的“The problem may be that, in our offices...while we're trying to focus”以及“a coworking space or a coffee shop provides...from interruptions”可知，在开放办公室办公，人们易受打扰。
4．答案与解析：D 考查推断的能力。根据第一段首句“During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often”可以推测出作者的身份是一位出版作家。
B
5．答案与解析：D 根据第一段最后两句可推知，作者一开始认为Andrea Ghez的要求是毫无意义的，是浪费时间的。
6．答案与解析：A 根据第二段中“For 25 years she has focused almost only on Sagittarius A—the name of our own local super massive black hole.”可知，Andrea Ghez的研究花费了几十年的努力。
7．答案与解析：C 根据第三段中“It was extremely hard and time consuming to make sense of the data...”可知，Andrea Ghez的研究工作是非常有挑战性的。
8．答案与解析：D 通读全文可知，Andrea的成功在于她的坚持，坚持自己的想法，专注于实现自己的目标，而不受别人看法的影响。
答题策略
语法填空——名词
名词题的解题步骤
例题 Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia's biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top________ (attract)．
步骤 ① 根据空白处所填词在句中的成分或作定语的限定词判断是否该填名词(多考查名词在句中作主语、宾语、表语，名词还可以作同位语、宾语补足语和状语)
② 结合句意确定选择何种名词形式
③ 确定名词的数
答案 attraction 所填词在句中作表语，并且有物主代词its修饰，故应用其名词形式。结合句意，应填attraction
Ⅰ.语法填空
2022·牡丹江一中月考 186词 ★★★☆☆
Tianwen 1, China's first 1.________ (independence) Mars mission, was launched on July 23 at Wenchang Space Launch Center in Hainan Province, thus 2.________ (begin) the nation's planetary (行星的) exploration program.
If everything goes according 3.________ schedule, the 5 metric ton spacecraft, consisting of an orbiter (轨道飞行器) and a landing capsule, will 4.________ (travel) more than 400 million kilometers before getting 5.________ (catch) in Mars' gravitational field. The mission's main goal is for the rover to make a soft landing on Martian soil to make scientific surveys.
The spacecraft has begun to conduct 6.________ (experiment) with the Mars Energetic Particle Analyzer, mounted (安置) on the orbiter, which has already transmitted data back to the ground control.
It is the first of the 13 scientific devices on the probe to 7.________ (start) operations and will be 8.________ longest working device during the journey toward Mars' gravitational field.
On July 27, Tianwen 1 sent a photo back to the ground control of Earth and the moon that was 9.________ (take) by its optical navigation sensor when the craft was about 1.2 million kilometers from Earth. That photo is the first image from the spacecraft 10.________ has been made public.
Ⅱ.阅读理解
A
2022·全国甲卷 说明文 325词 ★★★★☆
Goffin's cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape recognition abilities to a human two year old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting, the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin's cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial and error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin's cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two year old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
1．How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment
A．By following instructions.
B．By using a tool.
C．By turning the box around.
D．By removing the lid.
2．Which task can human one year olds most likely complete according to the text
A．Using a key to unlock a door.
B．Telling parrots from other birds.
C．Putting a ball into a round hole.
D．Grouping toys of different shapes.
3．What does the follow up test aim to find out about the cockatoos
A．How far they are able to see.
B．How they track moving objects.
C．Whether they are smarter than monkeys.
D．Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
4．Which can be a suitable title for the text
A．Cockatoos：Quick Error Checkers
B．Cockatoos：Independent Learners
C．Cockatoos：Clever Signal Readers
D．Cockatoos：Skilful Shape Sorters
B
2022·湖北七校联考 议论文 325词 ★★★☆☆
Standing in my office 25 years ago was an unknown, newly rising astronomer with a half smile on her face. She had come with a demand that my team change our tested software to make one of our most important and in demand scientific instruments do something it had never been designed for, and risk breaking it down. All to carry out an experiment that was basically a waste of time and couldn't be done—to prove that a massive black hole hid at the center of our Milky Way.
My initial “no way” gradually gave way in the face of her cheerful but firm determination. It was my first encounter with a force of nature, Andrea Ghez, one of three winners of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2020. That determination and the willingness to take calculated risks has always characterized Andrea. For 25 years she has focused almost only on Sagittarius A—the name of our own local super massive black hole. And Andrea is one of the great pioneers in this search without question.
Andrea did her work at the W．M. Keck Observatory's twin telescopes on Maunakea, Hawaii. She started using the very first instrument licensed on Keck Observatory's Near Infrared Camera (NIRC). NIRC was never designed to do what Andrea needed but she was not to be denied. And it worked! It was extremely hard and time consuming to make sense of the data, but Andrea persisted.
As Andrea would be the very first to acknowledge, this victory represents the combined efforts of so many. But actually one person had the idea for the research. One person had the chutzpah (无所顾忌) to propose it and one person had the determination and focus to make it happen, not discouraged by all who said it was a waste of time. That person is Andrea Ghez, winner of the 2020 Nobel Prize for Physics.
5．What did the author think of Andrea Ghez's request at first
A．It's demanding. B．It's interesting.
C．It's acceptable. D．It's meaningless.
6．What do we learn about Andrea Ghez's research from Paragraph 2
A．It takes decades of efforts.
B．It deals with power of nature.
C．It's a purely individual project.
D．It's about measurement of a hole.
7．Which of the following best describes Andrea Ghez's work in Hawaii
A．Dangerous. B．Pleasant.
C．Challenging. D．Fruitless.
8．What do we learn from Andrea Ghez's success
A．It is rewarding to cooperate.
B．The old methods still work today.
C．It pays to put theory into practice.
D．Persistence leads to success.
答案
Ⅰ.语法填空
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了中国设计的一款专门抵御极端寒冷气候的新型动车组列车，并介绍了这种列车的特点和优势。
1．答案与解析：designed 考查非谓语动词。句意为：中国推出了一款专门抵御极端寒冷气候的新型动车组列车。此处应用非谓语动词形式作后置定语，由于train和design之间是逻辑上的被动关系，故应用过去分词。故填designed。
2．答案与解析：and 考查连词。句意为：它是由中国国家铁路集团有限公司开发和运营的复兴号系列电力动车组的一部分。根据句子结构可知，非谓语动词developed和operated并列作后置定语修饰trains，故填and。
3．答案与解析：connecting 考查非谓语动词。句意为：该列车于1月6日在北京推出，将在一条新高速铁轨上运行，该铁轨连接首都和东北部的各个目的地，包括沈阳和哈尔滨——后者以每年的冰雪节而闻名。句子的主干是“The train will run on a new high speed line，设空处应用非谓语动词形式作后置定语，由于line和connect之间是逻辑上的主动关系，故应用现在分词。故填connecting。
4．答案与解析：its 考查代词。句意见上一题解析。此处应用形容词性物主代词作定语，故填its。
5．答案与解析：features 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意为：该列车的特点还有流线型的低阻力设计，用以降低能耗，以及轻巧的车身。分析句子结构可知，设空处是谓语，此处介绍客观情况，应用一般现在时，且主语The train是单数，故填features。
6．答案与解析：by/from 考查介词。句意为：在国有报纸《中国日报》的一篇报道中，中国铁路北京局集团有限公司北京动车段朝阳动车运用所所长周松用一个类比来解释这种新型列车的制动系统……由句意可知，报道是刊登在《中国日报》上的，此处可以使用介词by，意为“由……所做”，或介词from，意为“来自……”。故填by/from。
7．答案与解析：coldest 考查形容词的比较等级。句意为：……如果该列车在中国最寒冷的城市之一——哈尔滨停上一个小时……根据句子结构和句意可知，此处应用形容词的最高级形式，故填coldest。
8．答案与解析：easily 考查词性转换。句意为：……由于天气极其寒冷，列车如果停止移动一段时间，制动系统很容易冻结。此处应用副词作状语，修饰谓语can freeze。故填easily。
9．答案与解析：to keep 考查非谓语动词。句意为：即使列车停下来，新系统也能使制动器时不时地移动，就像一个人在寒冷的天气里跺脚保暖一样。此处应用不定式作目的状语，故填to keep。
10．答案与解析：which 考查定语从句。句意为：今天，中国拥有世界上最大的高铁网络，全长超过3.7万千米。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为rail network，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，故填which。
Ⅱ.阅读理解
A
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文，讲述了作者对人们放弃使用自己的开放办公室，而选择在共享办公区域办公的思考。
1．答案与解析：A 考查理解具体信息的能力。根据第一段中的“Annoyed by the level of distraction (干扰) in his open office” “That's why I have a membership...I can focus”可知，采访者喜欢共享办公区域的原因是在共享办公区域他更能集中精力。
2．答案与解析：C 考查理解具体信息的能力。根据第二段中的“the participants in the 70 decibels group...significantly outperformed the other groups”和第三段中的“the study also suggests that the right level of background noise...one's creative thinking ability”可知，在70分贝的噪声背景环境下，人们的创造性思维可能会得到更好的发挥。
3．答案与解析：D 考查理解具体信息的能力。根据第四段中的“The problem may be that, in our offices...while we're trying to focus”以及“a coworking space or a coffee shop provides...from interruptions”可知，在开放办公室办公，人们易受打扰。
4．答案与解析：D 考查推断的能力。根据第一段首句“During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often”可以推测出作者的身份是一位出版作家。
B
5．答案与解析：D 根据第一段最后两句可推知，作者一开始认为Andrea Ghez的要求是毫无意义的，是浪费时间的。
6．答案与解析：A 根据第二段中“For 25 years she has focused almost only on Sagittarius A—the name of our own local super massive black hole.”可知，Andrea Ghez的研究花费了几十年的努力。
7．答案与解析：C 根据第三段中“It was extremely hard and time consuming to make sense of the data...”可知，Andrea Ghez的研究工作是非常有挑战性的。
8．答案与解析：D 通读全文可知，Andrea的成功在于她的坚持，坚持自己的想法，专注于实现自己的目标，而不受别人看法的影响。
答题策略
语法填空——名词
名词题的解题步骤
例题 Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia's biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top________ (attract)．
步骤 ① 根据空白处所填词在句中的成分或作定语的限定词判断是否该填名词(多考查名词在句中作主语、宾语、表语，名词还可以作同位语、宾语补足语和状语)
② 结合句意确定选择何种名词形式
③ 确定名词的数
答案 attraction 所填词在句中作表语，并且有物主代词its修饰，故应用其名词形式。结合句意，应填attraction