2023届中考英语语法专项复习之:现在完成进行时现在完成时 (2)课件(共15张PPT)

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名称 2023届中考英语语法专项复习之:现在完成进行时现在完成时 (2)课件(共15张PPT)
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科目 英语
更新时间 2022-09-12 20:08:25

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(共15张PPT)
现在完成进行时和现在完成时辨析
1. 持续性和完成性
现在完成进行时的时态意义,在于表示一个在过去开始发生而一直延续到说话时刻、或接近说话时刻的动作过程,这个动作可能刚刚结束,也可能继续发展下去.它强调的是动作过程的持续性,而现在完成时的“已完成”用法,强调的却是动作的完成性,因此,两者不能相提并论.试比较:
I have been reading David Copperfield.
我一直在读《大卫·科波菲尔》一书.(未读完)
I have read David Copperfield.
我读过《大卫·科波菲尔》一书.(已读完)
Historic changes have been taking place all over the world.
全世界不断发生历史性的变革.(尚未结束)
Historic changes have taken place all over the world.
全世界已经发生了历史性的变革.(已经结束)
2. 确定性和不确定性
现在完成进行时和现在完成时的“已完成”用法一样,也可以表示已经完成的动作.但是,它着重于动作的确定性,而现在完成对则强调动作的不确定性,因而前者可以作为解释某一事件的借口或理由,而后者只是对于动作后果的客观的一般性叙述:
Please excuse my dirty clothes. I’ve been cleaning out the garden shed.
请原谅我穿着一身脏衣服,我刚才在扫花园里的棚屋呢.(作“衣服脏”的口实或理由)
I’ve cleaned out the garden shed. Now it's fit to store things in.
我已把花园里的棚屋打扫完毕,现在可以放得下东西了.(强调动作的后果)
We have been building a garage.
我们造了间汽车库.(对满地的建筑材料等的解释)
We have built a garage.
我们造了间汽车库.(着重陈述新车库已造好的事实)
I don't feel like going out this evening. I've been working in the garden all day.
今晚我不想出去了,我在园子里千了一天的活.
I've worked in the garden all day. I'm quite tired,
我在园子里干了一天,累极了.
Be careful! John has been painting the door.
小心!这扇门约翰刚漆好.(油漆未干,作为警告大家“小心”的理由)
John has painted the door. Now it looks nicer.
约翰已把门漆好了,现在样子好看多了.(油漆已干,强调结果;“好看多了".)
3. 反复性
现在完成时在同某些频度副词或数字连用时,可以表示反复性动作现在完成进行时也可以表示反复发生的动作,两者在这一点上相吻合:
I‘ve knocked five times. I don’t think anyone’s in.
我已敲过五次门,想来咀面没人.
I’ve been knocking. I don't think anyone's in.
我一直在敲门,想来里面没人.
I've written three letters.
我已经写了三封信了.
I've been writing letters.
我一直在写信.
所谓两者在“这点上的吻合”,是指其反复性而言,绝无合二而一的意思.现在完成进行时表示明显延续、毫无间断的动作过程,如涉及反复的次数或所完成的事物的具体数字时,就不能用现在完成进行时态,而应改用现在完成时:
*I've been reading this poem five times this morning.
I've read this poem five times this morning.
今天早晨我已经把这首诗念了五遍了.
4. 未完成性和短暂性
(1)既然现在完成进行时着眼于动作过程的持续性,那么和现在完成时的“未完成”用法就有相通之处,都表示动作的未完成性.具体说来,在与表示一段时间的状语连用时,两种时态大致可以互换,意义无明显差异, 但是,在口语中,现代英语倾向子用现在完成进行时.如: .
He has lived here for six weeks=He has been living here for six weeks.
他在这儿住了六星期了.
My sister has learned English since 1970= My sister has been learning English since 1970.
我的姐姐自1970年以来一直在学习英语.
How long have you studied in England=How long have you been studying in England
你在英国念书念了多久了?
What have you done all the time=What have you been doing all the time
你一直在 干些什么?
(2)和一切进行时一样,现在完成进行时多半用来表达矩暂性的动作,而现在完成时则用来表示相对长久的动作或情景.试比较:
I've been living in Sally’s flat for three months. 在莎丽的公寓里我住了三个月.
My parents have lived in Bristol all their lives.
我父母亲在布里斯托尔(英国港口城市)住了一辈子,
That man's been standing there all day.
那人在那儿站了一整天了,
The castle has stood above the town for nine hundred years.
那座矗立在镇上的古堡已经有九百年历史了.
She's been lying in bed all day.
她整天在睡觉.
The village of Little Barble has lain undisturbed beneath the brooding shadow of the Black Hills for centuries.
几个世纪以来,小小的巴勃尔村一直宁静地笼罩在黑石山的阴影之中.
I haven't been working very well recently.
最近我工作干得不很好.
He hasn’t worked for years.
他已经多年不工作了.
5. 感彩
现在完成进行时和一切进行时一样, 带有一定的感彩,这却是现在完成时所没有的功能:
He’s been talking to me since morning.
他从早上起对我就唠叨个没完。(厌烦)
这种感彩在不用表示一段时间的状语时,尤为突出:
What have you been doing with my watch
你把我的手表搁哪儿去了 (不满)
He has always been digging; that's why he's got a stiff back.
他总是一个劲地挖地,弄得背脊僵硬啦.(同情)
Who's always been eating my dinner
谁老是把我的饭给吃了?(抱怨)
6. 两种时态和动词体性
(1)现在完成进行时属于进行时的语法范畴,一般来说,凡不能用于进行时态的动词,同样也不能用于现在完成进行时,这时就需要用现在完成时来取代现在完成进行时了:
*She's been being in hospital since the car accident..
She's been in hospital since the car accident.
自从那次车祸以来;她一直住院治疗.
*How long have you been knowing that
How long have you known that
你知道那件事有多久了7
*They’ve always been having a car.
They’ve always had a car.
他们一向都有汽车的.
(2)可是,这类动词改变了原意后,却可以用于现在完成进行时,如果带有一段时间的状语,也可以和现在完成时的“未完成’’用法互换:
We have been seeing/have seen about a job for you since last week.
自上星期以来,我们一直在给你安排工作.
I’ve been having/have had a wonderful time all night.
我痛痛快快地玩了一晚.
(3)在现代英语的非正式文体中,一些含有消极被动意味的动词,诸如lie (down),rest, sit, sleep, stay, wait等,虽然在理论上可以用现在完成时或现在完成进行时,然而在实际上却更倾向于用现在完成进行时,这是和现代英语中进行时态的功能不断扩大的趋势有关的:
I've been waiting/have waited for an hour.
我已经等了一小时了.
These books have been lying/have lain on the floor of your study all month.
这些书在你书房地板上躺了一个月了.
.My aunt has been sitting/has sat in her armchair all morning.
我的姑母在安乐椅里坐了一上午.
(4)非持续性动词不能用于现在完成时的“未完成”用法,但却可以用于现在完成进行时,来表达未完成的持续概念.这是因为进行时表示动作过程的未完成性的特点,使非持续性动词的特性发生了质的变化,由非持续性转化为持续性.如:
Our friend lands at Southampton tonight. He has always been coming; this time he has come.
我们的朋友定于今晚在南安普登着陆.他一直要来而又未成行,这回总算来成啦。
They‘ve been building the railway station for three months.
这座火车站他们已经造了三个月了.
* They’ve built the railway station for three months.
We’ve been producing these products since 1979.
自1979年以来,我们一直在生产这些产品。
* We've produced these products since 1979.
这样,现在完成进行时就在一定意义上弥补了现在完成时的某些不足之处。