宁夏回族自治区吴忠市利通区2022-2023学年高二上学期8月开学考试英语试题

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宁夏回族自治区吴忠市利通区2022-2023学年高二上学期8月开学考试英语试题
一、阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。（共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分）
（2022·全国乙卷）阅读理解
Henry Raeburn（1756-1823）
The Exhibition
This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and work of Scotland's best loved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, comes to London. Selected from collections throughout the world, it is the first major exhibition of his work to be held in over forty years.
Lecture Series
Scottish National Portrait（肖像画）Gallery presents a series of lectures for the general public. They are held in the Lecture Room. Admission to lectures is free.
An Introduction to Raeburn Sunday 26 Oct., 15.00 DUNCAN THOMSON Raeburn's English Contemporaries Thursday 30 Oct., 13.10 JUDY EGERTON
Characters and Characterisation in Raeburn's Portraits Thursday 6 Nov., 13.10 NICHOLAS PHILLIPSON Raeburn and Artist's Training in the 18th Century Thursday 13 Nov., 13.10 MARTIN POSTLE
Exhibition Times
Monday-Saturday 10.00—17.45 Sunday 12.00—17.45
Last admission to the exhibition: 17.15. There is no re-admission.
Closed: 24—26 December and 1 January.
Admission
4. Children under 12 years accompanied by an adult are admitted free.
Schools and Colleges
A special low entrance charge of 2 per person is available to all in full-time education, up to and including those at first degree level, in organised groups with teachers.
1．What is the right time for attending Raeburn's English Contemporaries
A．Sun. 26 Oct. B．Thurs. 30 Oct.
C．Thurs. 6 Nov. D．Thurs. 13 Nov.
2．How much would a couple with two children under 12 pay for admission
A． 4. B． 8. C． 12. D． 16.
3．How can full-time students get group discounts
A．They should go on Sunday mornings.
B．They should come from art schools.
C．They must be led by teachers.
D．They must have ID cards with them.
（2022高二上·利通开学考）阅读理解
What is a good excuse to ask for some time off At your school, sickness may be the only one. But in British schools, family events are also well-accepted ones. The National Association of Head Teachers in the UK has written new guidelines about students asking for leave. They will allow parents to take their children out of school for family weddings or funerals(葬礼) or visiting an ill relative.
This is a change from the 2013 guidelines that stopped parents taking children out of school without permission. Otherwise, they could have got a fine of 60 pounds (about 600 yuan) or faced court. Family events were not proper excuses to get permission.
Many parents complained about this rule.
"Taking family events is very important for children's growth and that is a lesson the schools cannot ever teach our children. " John Hemming, chairman of Parents Want a Say Organization, told TheIndependent.
The new change supports this idea and gives permission to students taking time off for family events. It's now OK for British students to take time off for family events.
In China, however, many students rarely have time off for family events.
"That's part of the reason for the generation gap(代沟)between parents and children, "Guo Hongxia, a researcher at National Institute of Education Sciences, wrote in China Education Daily.
4．In Chinese schools, _____is a good excuse to ask for time off.
A．any excuse B．only sickness C．school sport D．family events
5．In the UK now, parents won't be allowed to take out their children out of school because of ______
A．family weddings B．family funerals
C．fishing organization D．visiting an ill relative
6．Before 2013, ______could get a fine or face court after taking children out without permission in the UK.
A．Parents Want a Say B．the head teachers of the school
C．children's teachers D．children's parents
7．According to the passage, we know that ____.
A．in the UK, there's a big generation gap between parents and children
B．in China, many students seldom have time off for family events
C．there's no difference between the rules of taking time off in the world
D．all the students aren't allowed to take time off for family events
（2022高二上·利通开学考）阅读理解
Nothing could stop Dad. After he was put on disability for a bad back, he bought a small farm in the country, just enough to grow food for the family. He planted vegetables, fruit trees and even kept bees for honey.
And every week he cleaned Old Man McColgin's chicken house in exchange for manure (肥料). The smell real burned the inside of your nose. When we complained about the terrible smell, Dad said the stronger the manure, the healthier the crops, and he was right. For example, just one of his cantaloupes filled the entire house with its sweet smell, and the taste was even sweeter.
As the vegetables started coming in, Dad threw himself into cooking. One day, armed with a basket of vegetables, he announced he was going to make stew(炖菜). Dad pulled out a pressure cooker and filled it up with cabbages, eggplants, potatoes, corns, onions and carrots. For about half an hour, the pressure built and the vegetables cooked. Finally, Dad turned off the stove. The pot began to cool and the pressure relief valve sprayed out a cloud of steam. If we thought Dad's pile of chicken manure was bad, this was 10 times worse. When Dad took off the lid, the smell nearly knocked us out.
Dad carried the pot out and we opened doors and windows to air out the house. Just how bad was it The neighbours came out of their houses to see if we had a gas leak!
Determined, Dad filled our plates with steaming stew and passed them around. It didn't look that bad, and after the first wave had shut down my ability to smell, it didn't offend the nose so much, either. I took a taste. It would never win a prize in a cooking competition, but it was surprisingly edible, and we drank up every last drop of soup.
8．Why did Dad clean Old Man McColgin's chicken house regularly
A．To earn some money for the family. B．To collect manure for his crops.
C．To get rid of the terrible smell. D．To set a good example to us.
9．What can we infer about Dad's stew
A．It is popular among the neighbours.
B．It contains honey and vegetables.
C．It looks very wonderful.
D．It tastes quite delicious.
10．What does the underlined word "offend" in the last paragraph mean
A．Attract. B．Upset. C．Air. D．Shut.
11．What can we learn about Dad from the text
A．He is an experienced cook.
B．He is a troublesome father.
C．He has a positive attitude to life.
D．He suffers a lot from his disability.
（2022高二上·利通开学考）阅读理解
Along with silk and paper, gunpowder is another invention by Chinese and the Silk Road helped it spread to the West. The dating of gunpowder is as early as 850 AD. The Chinese used gunpowder to make fireworks and for signal flares. Gunpowder was also thought to have been used in medicine and in alchemy(炼金术). This invention seems to have been discovered in China by accident —by alchemists when doing experiments.
The gunpowder used for military purpose was first recorded in 919 AD. By the 11th century, explosive bombs filled with gunpowder were introduced and used in China. The words "fire cannon" "rocket" and "fireball" appeared time and again in the official Song history as well as two other books written during the same period.
The first detailed description of using the "fire cannon" in warfare was in connection with a battle fought in 1126 when the Song army used it against the invading(入侵) enemy. The so-called " fire cannon" was a tube made of bamboo filled with gunpowder which, when fired, threw a flaming missile(投掷物) towards the enemy. According to a description of a battle scene in 1132. it took two persons to carry a "fire cannon", and the cannons were fired from a moving platform. And this platform had to be moved close to the wall of the besieged(被围攻的) city.
Gunpowder reached Japan, the Islamic countries and then Europe in the 13th century, and the Arabs improved gunpowder for military use. The early account of gunpowder in Europe was recorded by English philosopher Roger Bacon in the 13th century. One century later the Arabs used it to attack the Spanish town Baza and the next year in 1326 Florence ordered the manufacturing of cannon and cannon balls. From Italy the making of gunpowder soon spread to other European countries, and by the 1350s it had become an effective weapon on the battlefield.
12．Gunpowder was discovered _________.
A．by alchemists when they had an accident
B．by alchemists after studying it for a long time
C．accidentally by alchemists
D．experimentally by alchemists
13．Which of the following words can best describe a "fire cannon"
A．Convenient. B．Heavy. C．Useless. D．Simple.
14．It can be inferred from the passage that _______.
A．"fire cannons" at early times would be less helpful if they were far away from the object
B．alchemists devoted themselves to the study of gunpowder
C．the Silk Road spread to the West because of the invention of gunpowder
D．the first detailed description of using "fire cannons" in warfare was in 1132
15．What is the best title of the passage
A．Powerful Fire Cannons B．Four Inventions of Ancient China
C．The Discovery of the Alchemy D．Gunpowder
二、任务型阅读（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）
（2022高二上·利通开学考）据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。
In today's world English has become a global language. Speaking or writing in English is a matter of global interest these days, for it is now a requirement for being able to communicate with the outer world.
　16． 　
Enthusiasm(热情)
The first thing you need to have is an enthusiasm to reach your goal. The most important thing you have to have is emotional(情感的)devotion with your desire to learn English quickly. 　17． 　
　18． 　
You pass by a lot of things in English that you meet with in your day-to-day life. Things could include magazines, emails, posts on social media, websites, a piece of literary work(文学作品) or a newspaper. Read them because you never know what is waiting for you there. You might find that a lot of things are already known to you but the content will surely be full of new vocabulary allowing you to improve faster.
Keep a note of the new words
　19． 　. It's a bit more important that you keep a handy notebook with you and whenever you learn a new word or expression, write down the context along with the word. Use the word in a sentence and note the meaning, too. Sometimes you may find forgetting a certain word or phrase seems impossible　20． 　. So, to prevent this you need to keep visiting your pages and go through the notes you have made time and time again.
A. Don't just move on after reading
B. Read everything you may come across
C. Don't let yourself down if you face a difficulty
D. However, being a human being you are built to forget
E. You won't achieve success if you aren't enthusiastic enough
F. By following these tips you will improve the language quickly
G. Spend the most of your time in either listening or reading in English
三、完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）
（2022高二上·利通开学考）阅读下面短文，然后从各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
The most 21． tornadoes have winds of over 400 km per hour. They can take cars, trains and even houses to other places, and also take the fur or 22． off an animal. Almost all tornadoes 23． in the US. On average, there're 800 each year, making 80 people dead and 1500 injured. The worst one was in 1925, 24． over 700 deaths and 2, 700 injuries.
Hurricanes have winds of 120 km per hour or more which cause huge 25． , heavy rain and floods. There're six Atlantic hurricanes each year 26． . The worst and most 27． one was in 1900 in Galveston, Texas. 28． , it caused 6, 000 deaths and destroyed 3, 600 buildings. Charles Coghlan, a nineteenth-century Irish actor, died and was buried in Texas in 1899. The cemetery was destroyed by the hurricane and his coffin 29． in the sea. Eight years later, the coffin was found in the east of Canada, 3, 000 km away from where Coghlan was 30． .
21．A．tropical B．violent C．fortunate D．previous
22．A．furniture B．ash C．feathers D．columns
23．A．occur B．warn C．strike D．erupt
24．A．causing B．ruining C．experiencing D．flooding
25．A．waves B．lightning C．eruption D．lava
26．A．in all B．above average C．at all D．on average
27．A．worldwide B．terrifying C．active D．striking
28．A．Sadly B．Luckily C．Hopefully D．Thankfully
29．A．picked up B．took off C．put out D．ended up
30．A．damaged B．ruined C．buried D．struck
（2022高二上·利通开学考）完形填空
One of the most important
sections of the Human Development Report is the Human
Development Index. The
Index 31． a country's achievements in three ways:
life expectancy, education and income. The 32． has some surprises. Norway is 33． the list, while the US is
at number
The bottom ten countries
are all African countries. China is in the middle of the list. It is one of the
examples of successful 34． . China increased life expectancy by 13
years. In the last ten years in
China, 150 million people
moved out of 35． . However, 'a great many people in 36． countries are facing problems of food. Over half of who get 37． are in South Asia or Africa. In developing countries about 115 million
children are not 38． . And 39． more than 1 billion people don't have safe water to drink, so the report
suggests that we need to make greater 40． in the future.
31．A．develops B．measures C．pollutes D．educates
32．A．index B．similarity C．charity D．transport
33．A．similar to B．close to
C．at the top of D．at the bottom of
34．A．income B．development C．tourism D．industry
35．A．location B．position C．pollution D．poverty
36．A．polluted B．developing C．developed D．industrial
37．A．homeless B．poor C．hungry D．unfortunate
38．A．educated B．smart C．similar D．crowded
39．A．similarly B．unfortunately C．interestingly D．though
40．A．efforts B．progress C．fortune D．goals
四、语法填空，阅读下列句子，按照句子结构的语法性和上下问连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）
41．（2022高二上·利通开学考）Their work 　 　 (influence) other writers ever since.
42．（2022高二上·利通开学考）Norway is　 　 the top of the list, while the US is at number 7.
43．（2022高二上·利通开学考）Hurricanes usually o　 　(发生) in the southern Atlantic Ocean.
44．（2022高二上·利通开学考）Paris is visited 　 　 more than eight million tourists every year.
45．（2022高二上·利通开学考）Ancient China was a place 　 　 states were often at war with each other.
46．（2022高二上·利通开学考）Sandstorms have been a m　 　(主要的) disaster for many Asian countries for centuries.
47．（2022高二上·利通开学考）We are in the region 　 　 which printing was first invented.
48．（2022高二上·利通开学考）The wind is sometimes strong enough 　 　 (move) sand dunes.
49．（2022高二上·利通开学考）Tornadoes can pick 　 　 cars, trains and even houses.
50．（2022高二上·利通开学考）To prevent it 　 　 (come), the government is planting trees.
五、单句改错（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）
（2022高二上·利通开学考）错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏词符号（^），并在此符号下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1．每处错误及其修改均仅限一词。
2）必须按答题要求做题，否则不给分。
51．About two-thirds of France's artists and writers lives in Paris.
52．It's an agreement between towns or cities similar size and age.
53．On average, there are 800 tornadoes in the US each year, caused about 80 deaths and 1, 500 injuries.
54．They are often thick that you cannot see the sun.
55．Treat others to the way you want to be treated.
56．The Three Gorges Dam, in which is the biggest construction project in China since the building of the Great Wall and the Grand Canal.
57．Most of the tallest buildings in the world were built in 1990s and in the twenty-first century.
58．Confucius is the philosopher who influence has been the greatest.
59．I can't help but to feel very concerned.
60．They can take the fur up the back of a cat and feathers off a chicken.
六、书面表达（满分25分）
61．（2022高二上·利通开学考）垃圾已成为一个严重的环境问题。假如你是李华，请你给某英语杂志社的编辑写一封信反映这个情况，说明垃圾的危害以及处理办法。要点如下：
1）垃圾的现状和危害；2）说明处理垃圾的办法：分类放进不同的垃圾桶里；提高环保意识；3）自己的看法。
注意：1）词数120左右，开头结尾已经为你写好(不计入总词数)
2）可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：垃圾 rubbish 分类放进不同的垃圾桶里 put into different dustbins
提高环保意识 raise awareness of environmental protection
Dear editor,
……
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
答案解析部分
【答案】1．B
2．B
3．C
【知识点】细节理解题；数字计算题；时文广告类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了为纪念苏格兰最受欢迎的画家 Henry Raeburn 而举行的展览的相关情况。
【点评】考查阅读理解，包含细节理解题、数字计算题，是一篇介绍类阅读，注意先略读文章，掌握文章大意，再分析题干及选项，到文中找到相关内容并进行理解。
1．考查细节理解。根据Raeburn's English Contemporaries一栏中的“Thursday 30 Oct. ”10月30日星期四”可知，在10月30日星期四可以去参加Raeburn's English Contemporaries。故选B。
2．考查数字计算。根据Admission部分中的“ 4. Children under 12 years accompanied by an adult are admitted free.”4英镑。12岁以下儿童在一位成人陪同下免费入场。可知，一对夫妇应付 4x2= 8，两个12岁以下的儿童在成人陪同下免费，即入场费为8英镑。故选B。
3．考查细节理解。根据 Schools and Colleges 部分中的“A special low entrance charge of 2 per person is available to all in full-time education, up to and including those at first degree level, in organised groups with teachers.”所有全日制教育的学生，高至并包括那些学士学位水平的学生，在有教师的组织团体中，均可享受每人2英镑的特别低入场费。可知，全日制学生在有教师的组织团体中，可以获得折扣，即他们必须由教师带领。故选C。
【答案】4．B
5．C
6．D
7．B
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；社会文化类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了中国和英国学生上课请假理由的区别，英国学生可以因为家庭活动请假而中国学生不可以。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
4．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“At your school, sickness may be the only one.”在你的学校，疾病可能是唯一的原因。可知，在中国的学校，只有生病是一个请假的好借口。故选B。
5．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“They will allow parents to take their children out of school for family weddings or funerals (葬礼) or visiting an ill relative.”他们将允许父母带孩子离开学校参加家庭婚礼、葬礼或看望生病的亲戚。可知，现在在英国，父母不能因为钓鱼活动而把孩子带出学校，故选C。
6．考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“This is a change from the 2013 guidelines that stopped parents taking children out of school without permission. Otherwise, they could have got a fine of 60 pounds (about 600 yuan) or faced court.”这与2013年的指导方针有所不同，该指导方针禁止家长未经许可将孩子带出学校。否则，他们可能会被处以60英镑（约600元）的罚款或面临法庭审判。可知，2013年以前，在英国，未经允许带孩子外出的父母可能会被罚款或面临法庭审判。故选D。
7．考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“In China, however, many students rarely have time off for family events.”然而，在中国，许多学生很少有时间参加家庭活动。可知，在中国，许多学生很少有时间参加家庭活动，故选B。
【答案】8．B
9．D
10．B
11．C
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；人物故事类；记叙文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者的父亲买了一个小农场，在里面种满了各种蔬菜、果树甚至还养了蜜蜂。但作者的父亲收获的时候，他炖了一锅蔬菜，闻到味道时，作者和其他人觉得烧得很糟糕，但是最后全部都吃光了。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。
8．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“And every week he cleaned Old Man McColgin's chicken house in exchange for manure(肥料).”每周他都要清理Old Man McColgin's 的鸡舍，作为得到肥料的交换。可知，父亲清理Old Man McColgin's 的鸡舍是为了收集肥料。故选B。
9．考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“we drank up every last drop of soup.”我们把最后一滴汤都喝完了，可推知，父亲的炖菜非常美味。故选D。
10．考查词义猜测。根据最后一段中的“the first wave had shut down my ability to smell, it didn't offend the nose so much, either.”第一波气味就让我丧失了嗅觉，它也没有太offend鼻子。可知，此处指的是鼻子闻不到那种味道，因此它也没有让鼻子感到很不适。由此可知划线词意为 “使......不适”，与upset同意。故选B。
11．考查推理判断。根据第一段“Nothing could stop Dad. After he was put on disability for a bad back, he bought a small farm in the country, just enough to grow food for the family. He planted vegetables, fruit trees and even kept bees for honey.”没有什么可以阻止父亲。在背部受了严重的伤后，他在农村买了一个小农场，这个农场足够给家人种植食物。他种了蔬菜、果树，甚至养了蜜蜂以获得蜂蜜可知，父亲在背部受伤后，不愿意休息，而是自己经营着小农场，而且在收货后，还自创菜。可知，父亲对于生活有着积极的态度。故选C。
【答案】12．C
13．B
14．A
15．D
【知识点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；细节理解题；社会文化类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了中国古代四大发明之一火药是如何被发现的、在中国古代战争中是如何使用的以及在13世纪时是如何传到日本、欧洲的。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
12．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“This invention seems to have been discovered in China by accident —by alchemists when doing experiments. ”这项发明似乎是在中国偶然发现的——由炼金术士在做实验时发现的。可知，火药是被中国的炼金术士在做实验时偶然发现的。故选C。
13．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“According to a description of a battle scene in 1132，it took two persons to carry a “fire cannon”,根据1132年对一场战争场景的描述，一门“火炮”需要两个人扛着。可知，当时的“火炮”很沉重，在战场上使用起来并不是很方便。故选B。
14．考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“… the cannons were fired from a moving platform. And this platform had to be moved close to the wall of the besieged(被围攻的) city.”大炮是从一个移动的平台上发射的。这个平台必须移动到接近被围攻的城市。可判断出，如果早期的“火炮”离攻击的物体很远，那么它们的作用就不大。故选A。
15．考查主旨大意。通读全文，文章第一段介绍中国古代火药是如何发明的，第二、三段介绍火药在中国古代战争中是如何使用的，第四段介绍火药在13世纪时传到日本、欧洲的情况。文章内容是围绕介绍火药展开的，因此标题应该是“火药”。故选D。
【答案】16．F；17．E；18．B；19．A；20．D
【知识点】七选五
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，在当今世界，英语已经成为一种全球性的语言，掌握英语已经是与外部世界交流的必要条件。作者给出了几点学习英语的建议。
【点评】考查七选五，本文是一篇教育类阅读， 要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
16．根据空前“In today's world English has become a global language. Speaking or writing in English is a matter of global interest these days, for it is now a requirement for being able to communicate with the outer world.”在当今世界，英语已成为一种全球语言。 如今，用英语说或写是一个全球关注的问题，因为它现在是能够与外部世界交流的要求。介绍了英语应用越来越广泛，以及下文作者的分述，给出快速提高英语水平的三个方面的建议，F. By following these tips you will improve the language quickly“通过这些技巧，你将很快地提高语言水平。”承上启下，符合语境，故选F。
17．根据本段小标题“ Enthusiasm(热情) ”；以及空前The first thing you need to have is an enthusiasm to reach your goal.”你需要做的第一件事就是达到目标的热情。 E. You won't achieve success if you aren't enthusiastic enough “如果你没有足够的热情，你就不会取得成功。”符合语境，故选E。
18．本空是与另两项并列的小标题，根据本段内容可知，在你的日常生活中，你会遇到杂志、电子邮件、网站、文学作品、报纸等，多阅读它们会给你更丰富的词汇，助你更快提高英语水平。因此作者建议要阅读你所见过的一切。 B. Read everything you may come across “阅读您可能遇到的所有内容”符合语境，故选B。
19．根据空后“It's a bit more important that you keep a handy notebook with you and whenever you learn a new word or expression, write down the context along with the word.”当你学习一个新的单词或短语时，把上下文和这个词一起写下来。作者建议，不要只是读过就放过了，要随身携带一本方便的笔记本。 A. Don't just move on after reading “不要只是在阅读后就放过了”符合语境，故选A。
20．根据空后“So, to prevent this you need to keep visiting your pages and go through the notes you have made time and time again.”“因此，为了避免这种情况，你需要不断地复习笔记。”此处的“这种情况”是指人生来就会健忘这件事。D. However, being a human being you are built to forget“然而，作为一个人，你生来就会忘记”符合语境，故选D。
【答案】21．B；22．C；23．A；24．A；25．A；26．D；27．B；28．A；29．D；30．C
【知识点】说明文；日常生活类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了龙卷风的破坏力。
【点评】考查完形填空，本题考点涉及动词，名词，形容词，副词，固定短语等多个知识点的考查，是一篇生活类阅读，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，从而选出正确答案。
21．句意：最猛烈的龙卷风时速超过400公里。A. tropical“热带的”；B. violent“猛烈的”；C. fortunate“幸运的”；D. previous“先前的”。根据空后“have winds of over 400 km per hour”可知，此处表示“最猛烈的龙卷风时速超过400公里”，故选B。
22．句意：它们可以把汽车、火车甚至房子带到其他地方，也可以把动物的皮毛或羽毛扯下来。A. furniture“家具”；B. ash“灰”；C. feathers“羽毛”；D. columns“专栏”。根据空前“the fur”和空后“off an animal”可知，此处表示“把动物的皮毛或羽毛扯下来”，故选C。
23．句意：几乎所有的龙卷风都发生在美国。A. occur“发生”；B. warn“警告”；C. strike“打，撞”；D. erupt“喷发”。根据空后“in the US”可知，几乎所有的龙卷风都发生在美国，故选A。
24．句意：最严重的一次发生在1925年，造成700多人死亡，2700多人受伤。A. causing“造成”；B. ruining“毁坏”；C. experiencing“经历”；D. flooding“淹没”。根据空后“over 700 deaths and 2,700 injuries”可知，此处说的是结果，因此空格处是“造成”，故选A。
25．句意：飓风的风速达到每小时120公里或更高，会引发巨浪、暴雨和洪水。A. waves“波浪”；B. lightning“闪电”；C. eruption“喷发”；D. lava“岩浆”。根据空后“heavy rain and floods”可知，飓风的风速达到每小时120公里或更高，会引发巨浪、暴雨和洪水。故选A。
26．句意：大西洋平均每年有六次飓风。A. in all“总共”；B. above average“高于平均水平”；C. at all“（否定句）根本”；D. on average“平均”。根据上文“There're six Atlantic hurricanes each year”可知，大西洋平均每年有六次飓风。故选D。
27．句意：最糟糕最恐怖的一次发生在1900年的德克萨斯州加尔维斯顿。A. worldwide“世界范围的”；B. terrifying“可怕的”；C. active“积极的”；D. striking“惊人的”。根据空后“it caused 6,000 deaths and destroyed 3,600 buildings”可知，这次飓风很可怕，故选B。
28．句意：可悲的是，它造成了6000人死亡，摧毁了3600栋建筑。A. Sadly“可悲的是”；B. Luckily“幸运的是”；C. Hopefully“有希望地”；D. Thankfully“值得庆幸的是”。根据空后“it caused 6,000 deaths and destroyed 3,600 buildings”可知，它造成了6000人死亡，摧毁了3600栋建筑，这是可悲的，故选A。
29．句意：墓地被飓风摧毁了，他的棺材掉进了海里。A. picked up“捡起”；B. took off“起飞”；C. put out“扑灭”；D. ended up“最后”。根据空后“in the sea”可知，句子表示“他的棺材最后掉进了海里”，故选D。
30．句意：8年后，这具棺木在距离科格伦埋葬地3000公里的加拿大东部被发现。A. damaged“损害”；B. ruined“毁坏”；C. buried“埋葬”；D. struck“打，撞”。根据块钱“the coffin”可知，这具棺木在距离科格伦埋葬地3000公里的加拿大东部被发现。故选C。
【答案】31．B；32．A；33．C；34．B；35．D；36．B；37．C；38．A；39．B；40．A
【知识点】说明文；社会历史类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，是关于《人类发展报告》最重要的部分之一——人类发展指数，该指数从三个方面衡量一个国家的成就：预期寿命、教育和收入。
【点评】考查完形填空，本题考点涉及动词，名词，形容词，副词，固定短语等多个知识点的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，从而选出正确答案。
31．句意：该指数从三个方面衡量一个国家的成就：预期寿命、教育和收入。A. develops“发展”； B. measures“衡量，测量”； C. pollutes“污染”； D. educates“教育”。根据空前“The Index”以及句意中的三个方面可知，它以此“衡量”一个国家的成就，故选B。
32．句意：该指数有一些惊讶。A. index“指数”； B. similarity“相似点”； C. charity“慈善机构”； D. transport“运输”。根据上文“The Index ”可推知，此处指的是The Index。故选A。
33．句意：挪威排在榜首，美国排在第七位。A. similar to“与……相似”；B. close to“靠近”； C. at the top of “在……顶端，榜首”；D. at the bottom of“在……底部，末尾”。根据空后“the list”可知，此处指的是在榜单中的排名；以及下文“The bottom ten countries are all African countries.”可知挪威不在末端，结合常识，挪威应位于榜首，故选C。
34．句意：这是成功发展的例子之一。A. income“收入”； B. development“发展”； C. tourism“旅游”； D. industry“工厂”。根据下文“China increased life expectancy by 13 years. In the last ten years in China, 150 million people moved out of 5　.”可知，中国在过去的时期不断发展，所以中国处于榜单中间说明了这是成功发展的例子。故选B。
35．句意：在过去十年中，中国有1.5亿人脱贫。A. location“位置”； B. position“ 位置，职位”；C. pollution“污染”； D. poverty“贫困，贫穷”。根据上文可知中国近些年取得了很成功的发展，再结合结合常识，可知，此处说明中国有1.5亿人“脱贫”，故选D。
36．句意：然而，发展中国家的许多人面临着粮食问题。A. polluted“污染的”； B. developing “发展中的”；C. developed“发达的”；D. industrial“工业的”。根据下文“Over half of who get 7 are in South Asia or Africa.”可知，发展中国家面临着巨大的“粮食问题”，故选B。
37．句意：一半以上的饥饿人口在南亚或非洲。A. homeless“无家可归的”； B. poor “贫穷的”；C. hungry “饥饿的”；D. unfortunate“不幸的”。根据上文“发展中国家面临着粮食问题”，可知，一半以上的饥饿人口在这些地区。故选C。
38．句意：在发展中国家，约有1.15亿儿童未受教育。A. educated“教育的”； B. smart “聪明的”；C. similar “相似的”；D. crowded“拥挤的”。根据常识和该指数从寿命，教育和收入三方面进行衡量可知，此处谈到了发展中国家的教育现状，有很多儿童未能受教育，故选A。
39．句意：不幸的是，超过10亿人没有安全的饮用水，因此报告建议我们今后需要做出更大的努力。A. similarly“相似地”； B. unfortunately“不幸地”； C. interestingly“有趣地”；D. though“尽管”。根据空后“ more than 1 billion people don't have safe water to drink”可知，超过10亿人没有安全的饮用水，这是不幸的，故选B。
40．句意：不幸的是，超过10亿人没有安全的饮用水，因此报告建议我们今后需要做出更大的努力。A. efforts“努力”； B. progress “进步”；C. fortune“运气，命运”； D. goals“目标”。根据空前“ more than 1 billion people don’t have safe water to drink”超过10亿人没有安全的饮用水，可推知，报告建议我们今后需做出更多“努力”。故选A。
41．【答案】has influenced
【知识点】动词第三人称单数；现在完成时；主谓一致
【解析】【分析】句意：此后，他们的作品影响了其他作家。由“ever since”可知，句子时态用现在完成时，主语work是不可数名词，因此空格处是has influenced，故填has influenced。
【点评】考查时态和主谓一致，本题涉及现在完成时和第三人称单数作主语。
42．【答案】at
【知识点】固定短语；简单介词
【解析】【分析】句意：挪威高居榜首，而美国排在第七。at the top of，固定短语，“在……顶部”，空格处使用介词at。故填at。
【点评】考查介词，以及固定短语at the top of。
43．【答案】occur
【知识点】动词第三人称单数；一般现在时；主谓一致
【解析】【分析】句意：飓风通常发生在南大西洋。根据首字母和汉语提示可知，此处应用动词occur作谓语，根据句意描述客观情况和副词usually可知，此处时态用一般现在时，主语hurricanes为复数，动词用原形，故填occurs。
【点评】考查时态和主谓一致，本题涉及一般现在时和第三人称单数作主语。
44．【答案】by
【知识点】简单介词
【解析】【分析】句意：每年有800多万游客来巴黎旅游。巴黎是被参观，空格处用表示“被”的介词by，故填by。
【点评】考查介词，掌握by的应用。
45．【答案】where
【知识点】关系副词引导定语从句的用法
【解析】【分析】句意：古代中国是一个国家之间经常发生战争的地方。 states were often at war with each other 是限制性定语从句，先行词是place，在定语从句中做地点状语，用关系副词where。故填where。
【点评】考查定语从句，本题涉及关系副词where引导的限制性定语从句。
46．【答案】major
【知识点】作前置定语
【解析】【分析】句意：几个世纪以来，沙尘暴一直是许多亚洲国家的主要灾害。根据首字母和汉语提示可知，此处应用形容词major作定语，修饰名词disaster。故填major。
【点评】考查形容词，本题涉及形容词作定语。
47．【答案】in
【知识点】“介词关系代词（which/whom)”引导定语从句的用法
【解析】【分析】句意：我们在印刷术最早发明的地区。分析可知，空格处是“介词+which”引导的定语从句，region意为“地区”，表示“在那个地区”应用介词in。故填in。
【点评】考查介词，本题涉及“in which"引导的限制性定语从句。
48．【答案】to move
【知识点】动词不定式
【解析】【分析】句意：风有时强大到足以移动沙丘。“be+形容词+enough+to do”是固定用法，意为“足够……可以做某事”，因此空格处是不定式to move，故填to move。
【点评】考查非谓语动词，本题涉及不定式作结果状语。
49．【答案】up
【知识点】固定短语；副词的用法
【解析】【分析】句意：龙卷风可以卷起汽车、火车甚至房屋。由“Tornadoes”可知，句子表示“龙卷风可以卷起汽车、火车甚至房屋”，“卷起”是固定短语，pick up，故填up。
【点评】考查副词，以及固定短语pick up。
50．【答案】coming
【知识点】固定短语；动名词
【解析】【分析】句意：为了防止它的到来，政府正在植树。prevent sb. (from) doing，固定短语，“阻止某人做某事”，因此空格处用动名词作宾语，故填coming。
【点评】考查非谓语动词，本题涉及动名词作宾语，以及固定短语prevent sb. (from) doing。
【答案】51．lives →live
52．cities和similar之间加of
53．caused →为causing
54．often和thick之间加so
55．to →in
56．删除逗号后面的in
57．in和1990s之间加the
58．who → whose
59．删除to
60．up →off
【知识点】短文改错
【解析】【点评】考查单句改错，本题考点涉及时态，主谓一致，介词，非谓语动词，副词，介词，定语从句，冠词等多个知识点的考查，覆盖面广，综合性强，难度较大，区分度高。
51．句意：法国大约三分之二的艺术家和作家居住在巴黎。“分数+名词”后的谓语形式取决于名词的数，“artists and writers”是复数，因此其后谓语动词用复数，句子描述客观事实，时态用一般现在时，因此谓语是live，故lives改为live。
52．句意：它是大小和年代相似的城镇或城市之间的一种协议。of similar size and age表示“大小和年代相似”，of表示一种属性，故在cities和similar之间加of。
53．句意：美国平均每年发生800次龙卷风，造成约80人死亡，1500人受伤。句中are是谓语，cause作非谓语动词，前面所描述的事情和cause之间是主谓关系，因此用现在分词causing表主动，故将caused改为causing。
54．句意：它们通常很厚，以至于你看不到太阳。“so+形容词/副词+that...”是固定用法，意为“如此……以至于……”，故在often和thick之间加so。
55．句意：己所不欲，勿施于人。in a...way是固定短语，意为“以某种方式”，故将to改为in。
56．句意：三峡大坝是中国自长城和大运河修建以来最大的建设项目。“is the biggest construction project in China since the building of the Great Wall and the Grand Canal.”是非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词“The Three Gorges Dam”是物，因此用关系代词which引导定语从句，故去掉逗号后面的in。
57．句意：世界上最高的建筑大多建于20世纪90年代和21世纪。in the 1990s固定短语，“在20世纪90年代”，故在in和1990s之间加the。
58．句意：孔子是影响最大的哲学家。“influence has been the greatest”是定语从句，influence和philosopher是所属关系，用关系代词whose表所属，在从句中作定语，故who改为whose。
59．句意：我不禁感到非常担心。can't help but do固定短语，“忍不住做”，故去掉to。
60．句意：它们能把猫背上的毛和鸡身上的羽毛都剥掉。由“the back of a cat and feathers off a chicken”可知，句子表示“它们能把猫背上的毛和鸡身上的羽毛都剥掉”，take sth. off sth.固定短语，“从某物身上去掉某物”，故up改为off。
61．【答案】Dear Editor,
Rubbish is now one of the major environmental problems．
With the increasing population, masses of rubbish are produced every day and some rubbish does great harm to the environment. It pollutes the air, the soil and the water. Today it is evident that many cities are troubled by mountains of rubbish, which not only has a bad effect on our daily life but results in serious diseases．
In a nutshell, we must find a better way to deal with rubbish. First of all, rubbish should be put in different places according to whether they can be recycled or not. Secondly, we must make every citizen aware of the importance.
Besides, everybody must realize that it is everybody's duty to keep the environment clean. As far as I'm concerned, it is urgent that laws must be passed on how to deal with rubbish．
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
【知识点】提纲作文；文字式应用文；半开放性作文
【解析】【分析】本题是一篇英文信件，要求考生以李华的身份 给某英语杂志社的编辑写一封信反映情况，说明垃圾的危害以及处理办法 。写作背景： 垃圾已成为一个严重的环境问题。 写作要点已经给出，属于提纲类作文，内容包括： 1）垃圾的现状和危害；2）说明处理垃圾的办法：分类放进不同的垃圾桶里；提高环保意识；3）自己的看法。 提示中的内容比较泛泛，需要适当补充。本题对于考生的综合能力要求较高，要求考生有很强的谋篇布局的能力和组织要点的能力。需要注意紧扣文章主题，给出的要点都需要包括。写作时注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。
【点评】本篇作文要点齐全，结构完整，条理清晰，应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，熟练地使用了语句间的连接成分，使整个文章结构紧凑，很好地完成了写作任务。例如：With the increasing population, masses of rubbish are produced every day and some rubbish does great harm to the environment.运用了并列句，被动语态；Today it is evident that many cities are troubled by mountains of rubbish, which not only has a bad effect on our daily life but results in serious diseases．运用了主语从句，非限制性定语从句；First of all, rubbish should be put in different places according to whether they can be recycled or not. 运用了宾语从句；Besides, everybody must realize that it is everybody's duty to keep the environment clean.运用了宾语从句； As far as I'm concerned, it is urgent that laws must be passed on how to deal with rubbish．运用了主语从句。
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宁夏回族自治区吴忠市利通区2022-2023学年高二上学期8月开学考试英语试题
一、阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。（共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分）
（2022·全国乙卷）阅读理解
Henry Raeburn（1756-1823）
The Exhibition
This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and work of Scotland's best loved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, comes to London. Selected from collections throughout the world, it is the first major exhibition of his work to be held in over forty years.
Lecture Series
Scottish National Portrait（肖像画）Gallery presents a series of lectures for the general public. They are held in the Lecture Room. Admission to lectures is free.
An Introduction to Raeburn Sunday 26 Oct., 15.00 DUNCAN THOMSON Raeburn's English Contemporaries Thursday 30 Oct., 13.10 JUDY EGERTON
Characters and Characterisation in Raeburn's Portraits Thursday 6 Nov., 13.10 NICHOLAS PHILLIPSON Raeburn and Artist's Training in the 18th Century Thursday 13 Nov., 13.10 MARTIN POSTLE
Exhibition Times
Monday-Saturday 10.00—17.45 Sunday 12.00—17.45
Last admission to the exhibition: 17.15. There is no re-admission.
Closed: 24—26 December and 1 January.
Admission
4. Children under 12 years accompanied by an adult are admitted free.
Schools and Colleges
A special low entrance charge of 2 per person is available to all in full-time education, up to and including those at first degree level, in organised groups with teachers.
1．What is the right time for attending Raeburn's English Contemporaries
A．Sun. 26 Oct. B．Thurs. 30 Oct.
C．Thurs. 6 Nov. D．Thurs. 13 Nov.
2．How much would a couple with two children under 12 pay for admission
A． 4. B． 8. C． 12. D． 16.
3．How can full-time students get group discounts
A．They should go on Sunday mornings.
B．They should come from art schools.
C．They must be led by teachers.
D．They must have ID cards with them.
【答案】1．B
2．B
3．C
【知识点】细节理解题；数字计算题；时文广告类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了为纪念苏格兰最受欢迎的画家 Henry Raeburn 而举行的展览的相关情况。
【点评】考查阅读理解，包含细节理解题、数字计算题，是一篇介绍类阅读，注意先略读文章，掌握文章大意，再分析题干及选项，到文中找到相关内容并进行理解。
1．考查细节理解。根据Raeburn's English Contemporaries一栏中的“Thursday 30 Oct. ”10月30日星期四”可知，在10月30日星期四可以去参加Raeburn's English Contemporaries。故选B。
2．考查数字计算。根据Admission部分中的“ 4. Children under 12 years accompanied by an adult are admitted free.”4英镑。12岁以下儿童在一位成人陪同下免费入场。可知，一对夫妇应付 4x2= 8，两个12岁以下的儿童在成人陪同下免费，即入场费为8英镑。故选B。
3．考查细节理解。根据 Schools and Colleges 部分中的“A special low entrance charge of 2 per person is available to all in full-time education, up to and including those at first degree level, in organised groups with teachers.”所有全日制教育的学生，高至并包括那些学士学位水平的学生，在有教师的组织团体中，均可享受每人2英镑的特别低入场费。可知，全日制学生在有教师的组织团体中，可以获得折扣，即他们必须由教师带领。故选C。
（2022高二上·利通开学考）阅读理解
What is a good excuse to ask for some time off At your school, sickness may be the only one. But in British schools, family events are also well-accepted ones. The National Association of Head Teachers in the UK has written new guidelines about students asking for leave. They will allow parents to take their children out of school for family weddings or funerals(葬礼) or visiting an ill relative.
This is a change from the 2013 guidelines that stopped parents taking children out of school without permission. Otherwise, they could have got a fine of 60 pounds (about 600 yuan) or faced court. Family events were not proper excuses to get permission.
Many parents complained about this rule.
"Taking family events is very important for children's growth and that is a lesson the schools cannot ever teach our children. " John Hemming, chairman of Parents Want a Say Organization, told TheIndependent.
The new change supports this idea and gives permission to students taking time off for family events. It's now OK for British students to take time off for family events.
In China, however, many students rarely have time off for family events.
"That's part of the reason for the generation gap(代沟)between parents and children, "Guo Hongxia, a researcher at National Institute of Education Sciences, wrote in China Education Daily.
4．In Chinese schools, _____is a good excuse to ask for time off.
A．any excuse B．only sickness C．school sport D．family events
5．In the UK now, parents won't be allowed to take out their children out of school because of ______
A．family weddings B．family funerals
C．fishing organization D．visiting an ill relative
6．Before 2013, ______could get a fine or face court after taking children out without permission in the UK.
A．Parents Want a Say B．the head teachers of the school
C．children's teachers D．children's parents
7．According to the passage, we know that ____.
A．in the UK, there's a big generation gap between parents and children
B．in China, many students seldom have time off for family events
C．there's no difference between the rules of taking time off in the world
D．all the students aren't allowed to take time off for family events
【答案】4．B
5．C
6．D
7．B
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；社会文化类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了中国和英国学生上课请假理由的区别，英国学生可以因为家庭活动请假而中国学生不可以。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
4．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“At your school, sickness may be the only one.”在你的学校，疾病可能是唯一的原因。可知，在中国的学校，只有生病是一个请假的好借口。故选B。
5．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“They will allow parents to take their children out of school for family weddings or funerals (葬礼) or visiting an ill relative.”他们将允许父母带孩子离开学校参加家庭婚礼、葬礼或看望生病的亲戚。可知，现在在英国，父母不能因为钓鱼活动而把孩子带出学校，故选C。
6．考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“This is a change from the 2013 guidelines that stopped parents taking children out of school without permission. Otherwise, they could have got a fine of 60 pounds (about 600 yuan) or faced court.”这与2013年的指导方针有所不同，该指导方针禁止家长未经许可将孩子带出学校。否则，他们可能会被处以60英镑（约600元）的罚款或面临法庭审判。可知，2013年以前，在英国，未经允许带孩子外出的父母可能会被罚款或面临法庭审判。故选D。
7．考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“In China, however, many students rarely have time off for family events.”然而，在中国，许多学生很少有时间参加家庭活动。可知，在中国，许多学生很少有时间参加家庭活动，故选B。
（2022高二上·利通开学考）阅读理解
Nothing could stop Dad. After he was put on disability for a bad back, he bought a small farm in the country, just enough to grow food for the family. He planted vegetables, fruit trees and even kept bees for honey.
And every week he cleaned Old Man McColgin's chicken house in exchange for manure (肥料). The smell real burned the inside of your nose. When we complained about the terrible smell, Dad said the stronger the manure, the healthier the crops, and he was right. For example, just one of his cantaloupes filled the entire house with its sweet smell, and the taste was even sweeter.
As the vegetables started coming in, Dad threw himself into cooking. One day, armed with a basket of vegetables, he announced he was going to make stew(炖菜). Dad pulled out a pressure cooker and filled it up with cabbages, eggplants, potatoes, corns, onions and carrots. For about half an hour, the pressure built and the vegetables cooked. Finally, Dad turned off the stove. The pot began to cool and the pressure relief valve sprayed out a cloud of steam. If we thought Dad's pile of chicken manure was bad, this was 10 times worse. When Dad took off the lid, the smell nearly knocked us out.
Dad carried the pot out and we opened doors and windows to air out the house. Just how bad was it The neighbours came out of their houses to see if we had a gas leak!
Determined, Dad filled our plates with steaming stew and passed them around. It didn't look that bad, and after the first wave had shut down my ability to smell, it didn't offend the nose so much, either. I took a taste. It would never win a prize in a cooking competition, but it was surprisingly edible, and we drank up every last drop of soup.
8．Why did Dad clean Old Man McColgin's chicken house regularly
A．To earn some money for the family. B．To collect manure for his crops.
C．To get rid of the terrible smell. D．To set a good example to us.
9．What can we infer about Dad's stew
A．It is popular among the neighbours.
B．It contains honey and vegetables.
C．It looks very wonderful.
D．It tastes quite delicious.
10．What does the underlined word "offend" in the last paragraph mean
A．Attract. B．Upset. C．Air. D．Shut.
11．What can we learn about Dad from the text
A．He is an experienced cook.
B．He is a troublesome father.
C．He has a positive attitude to life.
D．He suffers a lot from his disability.
【答案】8．B
9．D
10．B
11．C
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；人物故事类；记叙文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者的父亲买了一个小农场，在里面种满了各种蔬菜、果树甚至还养了蜜蜂。但作者的父亲收获的时候，他炖了一锅蔬菜，闻到味道时，作者和其他人觉得烧得很糟糕，但是最后全部都吃光了。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。
8．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“And every week he cleaned Old Man McColgin's chicken house in exchange for manure(肥料).”每周他都要清理Old Man McColgin's 的鸡舍，作为得到肥料的交换。可知，父亲清理Old Man McColgin's 的鸡舍是为了收集肥料。故选B。
9．考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“we drank up every last drop of soup.”我们把最后一滴汤都喝完了，可推知，父亲的炖菜非常美味。故选D。
10．考查词义猜测。根据最后一段中的“the first wave had shut down my ability to smell, it didn't offend the nose so much, either.”第一波气味就让我丧失了嗅觉，它也没有太offend鼻子。可知，此处指的是鼻子闻不到那种味道，因此它也没有让鼻子感到很不适。由此可知划线词意为 “使......不适”，与upset同意。故选B。
11．考查推理判断。根据第一段“Nothing could stop Dad. After he was put on disability for a bad back, he bought a small farm in the country, just enough to grow food for the family. He planted vegetables, fruit trees and even kept bees for honey.”没有什么可以阻止父亲。在背部受了严重的伤后，他在农村买了一个小农场，这个农场足够给家人种植食物。他种了蔬菜、果树，甚至养了蜜蜂以获得蜂蜜可知，父亲在背部受伤后，不愿意休息，而是自己经营着小农场，而且在收货后，还自创菜。可知，父亲对于生活有着积极的态度。故选C。
（2022高二上·利通开学考）阅读理解
Along with silk and paper, gunpowder is another invention by Chinese and the Silk Road helped it spread to the West. The dating of gunpowder is as early as 850 AD. The Chinese used gunpowder to make fireworks and for signal flares. Gunpowder was also thought to have been used in medicine and in alchemy(炼金术). This invention seems to have been discovered in China by accident —by alchemists when doing experiments.
The gunpowder used for military purpose was first recorded in 919 AD. By the 11th century, explosive bombs filled with gunpowder were introduced and used in China. The words "fire cannon" "rocket" and "fireball" appeared time and again in the official Song history as well as two other books written during the same period.
The first detailed description of using the "fire cannon" in warfare was in connection with a battle fought in 1126 when the Song army used it against the invading(入侵) enemy. The so-called " fire cannon" was a tube made of bamboo filled with gunpowder which, when fired, threw a flaming missile(投掷物) towards the enemy. According to a description of a battle scene in 1132. it took two persons to carry a "fire cannon", and the cannons were fired from a moving platform. And this platform had to be moved close to the wall of the besieged(被围攻的) city.
Gunpowder reached Japan, the Islamic countries and then Europe in the 13th century, and the Arabs improved gunpowder for military use. The early account of gunpowder in Europe was recorded by English philosopher Roger Bacon in the 13th century. One century later the Arabs used it to attack the Spanish town Baza and the next year in 1326 Florence ordered the manufacturing of cannon and cannon balls. From Italy the making of gunpowder soon spread to other European countries, and by the 1350s it had become an effective weapon on the battlefield.
12．Gunpowder was discovered _________.
A．by alchemists when they had an accident
B．by alchemists after studying it for a long time
C．accidentally by alchemists
D．experimentally by alchemists
13．Which of the following words can best describe a "fire cannon"
A．Convenient. B．Heavy. C．Useless. D．Simple.
14．It can be inferred from the passage that _______.
A．"fire cannons" at early times would be less helpful if they were far away from the object
B．alchemists devoted themselves to the study of gunpowder
C．the Silk Road spread to the West because of the invention of gunpowder
D．the first detailed description of using "fire cannons" in warfare was in 1132
15．What is the best title of the passage
A．Powerful Fire Cannons B．Four Inventions of Ancient China
C．The Discovery of the Alchemy D．Gunpowder
【答案】12．C
13．B
14．A
15．D
【知识点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；细节理解题；社会文化类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了中国古代四大发明之一火药是如何被发现的、在中国古代战争中是如何使用的以及在13世纪时是如何传到日本、欧洲的。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
12．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“This invention seems to have been discovered in China by accident —by alchemists when doing experiments. ”这项发明似乎是在中国偶然发现的——由炼金术士在做实验时发现的。可知，火药是被中国的炼金术士在做实验时偶然发现的。故选C。
13．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“According to a description of a battle scene in 1132，it took two persons to carry a “fire cannon”,根据1132年对一场战争场景的描述，一门“火炮”需要两个人扛着。可知，当时的“火炮”很沉重，在战场上使用起来并不是很方便。故选B。
14．考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“… the cannons were fired from a moving platform. And this platform had to be moved close to the wall of the besieged(被围攻的) city.”大炮是从一个移动的平台上发射的。这个平台必须移动到接近被围攻的城市。可判断出，如果早期的“火炮”离攻击的物体很远，那么它们的作用就不大。故选A。
15．考查主旨大意。通读全文，文章第一段介绍中国古代火药是如何发明的，第二、三段介绍火药在中国古代战争中是如何使用的，第四段介绍火药在13世纪时传到日本、欧洲的情况。文章内容是围绕介绍火药展开的，因此标题应该是“火药”。故选D。
二、任务型阅读（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）
（2022高二上·利通开学考）据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。
In today's world English has become a global language. Speaking or writing in English is a matter of global interest these days, for it is now a requirement for being able to communicate with the outer world.
　16． 　
Enthusiasm(热情)
The first thing you need to have is an enthusiasm to reach your goal. The most important thing you have to have is emotional(情感的)devotion with your desire to learn English quickly. 　17． 　
　18． 　
You pass by a lot of things in English that you meet with in your day-to-day life. Things could include magazines, emails, posts on social media, websites, a piece of literary work(文学作品) or a newspaper. Read them because you never know what is waiting for you there. You might find that a lot of things are already known to you but the content will surely be full of new vocabulary allowing you to improve faster.
Keep a note of the new words
　19． 　. It's a bit more important that you keep a handy notebook with you and whenever you learn a new word or expression, write down the context along with the word. Use the word in a sentence and note the meaning, too. Sometimes you may find forgetting a certain word or phrase seems impossible　20． 　. So, to prevent this you need to keep visiting your pages and go through the notes you have made time and time again.
A. Don't just move on after reading
B. Read everything you may come across
C. Don't let yourself down if you face a difficulty
D. However, being a human being you are built to forget
E. You won't achieve success if you aren't enthusiastic enough
F. By following these tips you will improve the language quickly
G. Spend the most of your time in either listening or reading in English
【答案】16．F；17．E；18．B；19．A；20．D
【知识点】七选五
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，在当今世界，英语已经成为一种全球性的语言，掌握英语已经是与外部世界交流的必要条件。作者给出了几点学习英语的建议。
【点评】考查七选五，本文是一篇教育类阅读， 要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
16．根据空前“In today's world English has become a global language. Speaking or writing in English is a matter of global interest these days, for it is now a requirement for being able to communicate with the outer world.”在当今世界，英语已成为一种全球语言。 如今，用英语说或写是一个全球关注的问题，因为它现在是能够与外部世界交流的要求。介绍了英语应用越来越广泛，以及下文作者的分述，给出快速提高英语水平的三个方面的建议，F. By following these tips you will improve the language quickly“通过这些技巧，你将很快地提高语言水平。”承上启下，符合语境，故选F。
17．根据本段小标题“ Enthusiasm(热情) ”；以及空前The first thing you need to have is an enthusiasm to reach your goal.”你需要做的第一件事就是达到目标的热情。 E. You won't achieve success if you aren't enthusiastic enough “如果你没有足够的热情，你就不会取得成功。”符合语境，故选E。
18．本空是与另两项并列的小标题，根据本段内容可知，在你的日常生活中，你会遇到杂志、电子邮件、网站、文学作品、报纸等，多阅读它们会给你更丰富的词汇，助你更快提高英语水平。因此作者建议要阅读你所见过的一切。 B. Read everything you may come across “阅读您可能遇到的所有内容”符合语境，故选B。
19．根据空后“It's a bit more important that you keep a handy notebook with you and whenever you learn a new word or expression, write down the context along with the word.”当你学习一个新的单词或短语时，把上下文和这个词一起写下来。作者建议，不要只是读过就放过了，要随身携带一本方便的笔记本。 A. Don't just move on after reading “不要只是在阅读后就放过了”符合语境，故选A。
20．根据空后“So, to prevent this you need to keep visiting your pages and go through the notes you have made time and time again.”“因此，为了避免这种情况，你需要不断地复习笔记。”此处的“这种情况”是指人生来就会健忘这件事。D. However, being a human being you are built to forget“然而，作为一个人，你生来就会忘记”符合语境，故选D。
三、完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）
（2022高二上·利通开学考）阅读下面短文，然后从各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
The most 21． tornadoes have winds of over 400 km per hour. They can take cars, trains and even houses to other places, and also take the fur or 22． off an animal. Almost all tornadoes 23． in the US. On average, there're 800 each year, making 80 people dead and 1500 injured. The worst one was in 1925, 24． over 700 deaths and 2, 700 injuries.
Hurricanes have winds of 120 km per hour or more which cause huge 25． , heavy rain and floods. There're six Atlantic hurricanes each year 26． . The worst and most 27． one was in 1900 in Galveston, Texas. 28． , it caused 6, 000 deaths and destroyed 3, 600 buildings. Charles Coghlan, a nineteenth-century Irish actor, died and was buried in Texas in 1899. The cemetery was destroyed by the hurricane and his coffin 29． in the sea. Eight years later, the coffin was found in the east of Canada, 3, 000 km away from where Coghlan was 30． .
21．A．tropical B．violent C．fortunate D．previous
22．A．furniture B．ash C．feathers D．columns
23．A．occur B．warn C．strike D．erupt
24．A．causing B．ruining C．experiencing D．flooding
25．A．waves B．lightning C．eruption D．lava
26．A．in all B．above average C．at all D．on average
27．A．worldwide B．terrifying C．active D．striking
28．A．Sadly B．Luckily C．Hopefully D．Thankfully
29．A．picked up B．took off C．put out D．ended up
30．A．damaged B．ruined C．buried D．struck
【答案】21．B；22．C；23．A；24．A；25．A；26．D；27．B；28．A；29．D；30．C
【知识点】说明文；日常生活类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了龙卷风的破坏力。
【点评】考查完形填空，本题考点涉及动词，名词，形容词，副词，固定短语等多个知识点的考查，是一篇生活类阅读，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，从而选出正确答案。
21．句意：最猛烈的龙卷风时速超过400公里。A. tropical“热带的”；B. violent“猛烈的”；C. fortunate“幸运的”；D. previous“先前的”。根据空后“have winds of over 400 km per hour”可知，此处表示“最猛烈的龙卷风时速超过400公里”，故选B。
22．句意：它们可以把汽车、火车甚至房子带到其他地方，也可以把动物的皮毛或羽毛扯下来。A. furniture“家具”；B. ash“灰”；C. feathers“羽毛”；D. columns“专栏”。根据空前“the fur”和空后“off an animal”可知，此处表示“把动物的皮毛或羽毛扯下来”，故选C。
23．句意：几乎所有的龙卷风都发生在美国。A. occur“发生”；B. warn“警告”；C. strike“打，撞”；D. erupt“喷发”。根据空后“in the US”可知，几乎所有的龙卷风都发生在美国，故选A。
24．句意：最严重的一次发生在1925年，造成700多人死亡，2700多人受伤。A. causing“造成”；B. ruining“毁坏”；C. experiencing“经历”；D. flooding“淹没”。根据空后“over 700 deaths and 2,700 injuries”可知，此处说的是结果，因此空格处是“造成”，故选A。
25．句意：飓风的风速达到每小时120公里或更高，会引发巨浪、暴雨和洪水。A. waves“波浪”；B. lightning“闪电”；C. eruption“喷发”；D. lava“岩浆”。根据空后“heavy rain and floods”可知，飓风的风速达到每小时120公里或更高，会引发巨浪、暴雨和洪水。故选A。
26．句意：大西洋平均每年有六次飓风。A. in all“总共”；B. above average“高于平均水平”；C. at all“（否定句）根本”；D. on average“平均”。根据上文“There're six Atlantic hurricanes each year”可知，大西洋平均每年有六次飓风。故选D。
27．句意：最糟糕最恐怖的一次发生在1900年的德克萨斯州加尔维斯顿。A. worldwide“世界范围的”；B. terrifying“可怕的”；C. active“积极的”；D. striking“惊人的”。根据空后“it caused 6,000 deaths and destroyed 3,600 buildings”可知，这次飓风很可怕，故选B。
28．句意：可悲的是，它造成了6000人死亡，摧毁了3600栋建筑。A. Sadly“可悲的是”；B. Luckily“幸运的是”；C. Hopefully“有希望地”；D. Thankfully“值得庆幸的是”。根据空后“it caused 6,000 deaths and destroyed 3,600 buildings”可知，它造成了6000人死亡，摧毁了3600栋建筑，这是可悲的，故选A。
29．句意：墓地被飓风摧毁了，他的棺材掉进了海里。A. picked up“捡起”；B. took off“起飞”；C. put out“扑灭”；D. ended up“最后”。根据空后“in the sea”可知，句子表示“他的棺材最后掉进了海里”，故选D。
30．句意：8年后，这具棺木在距离科格伦埋葬地3000公里的加拿大东部被发现。A. damaged“损害”；B. ruined“毁坏”；C. buried“埋葬”；D. struck“打，撞”。根据块钱“the coffin”可知，这具棺木在距离科格伦埋葬地3000公里的加拿大东部被发现。故选C。
（2022高二上·利通开学考）完形填空
One of the most important
sections of the Human Development Report is the Human
Development Index. The
Index 31． a country's achievements in three ways:
life expectancy, education and income. The 32． has some surprises. Norway is 33． the list, while the US is
at number
The bottom ten countries
are all African countries. China is in the middle of the list. It is one of the
examples of successful 34． . China increased life expectancy by 13
years. In the last ten years in
China, 150 million people
moved out of 35． . However, 'a great many people in 36． countries are facing problems of food. Over half of who get 37． are in South Asia or Africa. In developing countries about 115 million
children are not 38． . And 39． more than 1 billion people don't have safe water to drink, so the report
suggests that we need to make greater 40． in the future.
31．A．develops B．measures C．pollutes D．educates
32．A．index B．similarity C．charity D．transport
33．A．similar to B．close to
C．at the top of D．at the bottom of
34．A．income B．development C．tourism D．industry
35．A．location B．position C．pollution D．poverty
36．A．polluted B．developing C．developed D．industrial
37．A．homeless B．poor C．hungry D．unfortunate
38．A．educated B．smart C．similar D．crowded
39．A．similarly B．unfortunately C．interestingly D．though
40．A．efforts B．progress C．fortune D．goals
【答案】31．B；32．A；33．C；34．B；35．D；36．B；37．C；38．A；39．B；40．A
【知识点】说明文；社会历史类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，是关于《人类发展报告》最重要的部分之一——人类发展指数，该指数从三个方面衡量一个国家的成就：预期寿命、教育和收入。
【点评】考查完形填空，本题考点涉及动词，名词，形容词，副词，固定短语等多个知识点的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，从而选出正确答案。
31．句意：该指数从三个方面衡量一个国家的成就：预期寿命、教育和收入。A. develops“发展”； B. measures“衡量，测量”； C. pollutes“污染”； D. educates“教育”。根据空前“The Index”以及句意中的三个方面可知，它以此“衡量”一个国家的成就，故选B。
32．句意：该指数有一些惊讶。A. index“指数”； B. similarity“相似点”； C. charity“慈善机构”； D. transport“运输”。根据上文“The Index ”可推知，此处指的是The Index。故选A。
33．句意：挪威排在榜首，美国排在第七位。A. similar to“与……相似”；B. close to“靠近”； C. at the top of “在……顶端，榜首”；D. at the bottom of“在……底部，末尾”。根据空后“the list”可知，此处指的是在榜单中的排名；以及下文“The bottom ten countries are all African countries.”可知挪威不在末端，结合常识，挪威应位于榜首，故选C。
34．句意：这是成功发展的例子之一。A. income“收入”； B. development“发展”； C. tourism“旅游”； D. industry“工厂”。根据下文“China increased life expectancy by 13 years. In the last ten years in China, 150 million people moved out of 5　.”可知，中国在过去的时期不断发展，所以中国处于榜单中间说明了这是成功发展的例子。故选B。
35．句意：在过去十年中，中国有1.5亿人脱贫。A. location“位置”； B. position“ 位置，职位”；C. pollution“污染”； D. poverty“贫困，贫穷”。根据上文可知中国近些年取得了很成功的发展，再结合结合常识，可知，此处说明中国有1.5亿人“脱贫”，故选D。
36．句意：然而，发展中国家的许多人面临着粮食问题。A. polluted“污染的”； B. developing “发展中的”；C. developed“发达的”；D. industrial“工业的”。根据下文“Over half of who get 7 are in South Asia or Africa.”可知，发展中国家面临着巨大的“粮食问题”，故选B。
37．句意：一半以上的饥饿人口在南亚或非洲。A. homeless“无家可归的”； B. poor “贫穷的”；C. hungry “饥饿的”；D. unfortunate“不幸的”。根据上文“发展中国家面临着粮食问题”，可知，一半以上的饥饿人口在这些地区。故选C。
38．句意：在发展中国家，约有1.15亿儿童未受教育。A. educated“教育的”； B. smart “聪明的”；C. similar “相似的”；D. crowded“拥挤的”。根据常识和该指数从寿命，教育和收入三方面进行衡量可知，此处谈到了发展中国家的教育现状，有很多儿童未能受教育，故选A。
39．句意：不幸的是，超过10亿人没有安全的饮用水，因此报告建议我们今后需要做出更大的努力。A. similarly“相似地”； B. unfortunately“不幸地”； C. interestingly“有趣地”；D. though“尽管”。根据空后“ more than 1 billion people don't have safe water to drink”可知，超过10亿人没有安全的饮用水，这是不幸的，故选B。
40．句意：不幸的是，超过10亿人没有安全的饮用水，因此报告建议我们今后需要做出更大的努力。A. efforts“努力”； B. progress “进步”；C. fortune“运气，命运”； D. goals“目标”。根据空前“ more than 1 billion people don’t have safe water to drink”超过10亿人没有安全的饮用水，可推知，报告建议我们今后需做出更多“努力”。故选A。
四、语法填空，阅读下列句子，按照句子结构的语法性和上下问连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）
41．（2022高二上·利通开学考）Their work 　 　 (influence) other writers ever since.
【答案】has influenced
【知识点】动词第三人称单数；现在完成时；主谓一致
【解析】【分析】句意：此后，他们的作品影响了其他作家。由“ever since”可知，句子时态用现在完成时，主语work是不可数名词，因此空格处是has influenced，故填has influenced。
【点评】考查时态和主谓一致，本题涉及现在完成时和第三人称单数作主语。
42．（2022高二上·利通开学考）Norway is　 　 the top of the list, while the US is at number 7.
【答案】at
【知识点】固定短语；简单介词
【解析】【分析】句意：挪威高居榜首，而美国排在第七。at the top of，固定短语，“在……顶部”，空格处使用介词at。故填at。
【点评】考查介词，以及固定短语at the top of。
43．（2022高二上·利通开学考）Hurricanes usually o　 　(发生) in the southern Atlantic Ocean.
【答案】occur
【知识点】动词第三人称单数；一般现在时；主谓一致
【解析】【分析】句意：飓风通常发生在南大西洋。根据首字母和汉语提示可知，此处应用动词occur作谓语，根据句意描述客观情况和副词usually可知，此处时态用一般现在时，主语hurricanes为复数，动词用原形，故填occurs。
【点评】考查时态和主谓一致，本题涉及一般现在时和第三人称单数作主语。
44．（2022高二上·利通开学考）Paris is visited 　 　 more than eight million tourists every year.
【答案】by
【知识点】简单介词
【解析】【分析】句意：每年有800多万游客来巴黎旅游。巴黎是被参观，空格处用表示“被”的介词by，故填by。
【点评】考查介词，掌握by的应用。
45．（2022高二上·利通开学考）Ancient China was a place 　 　 states were often at war with each other.
【答案】where
【知识点】关系副词引导定语从句的用法
【解析】【分析】句意：古代中国是一个国家之间经常发生战争的地方。 states were often at war with each other 是限制性定语从句，先行词是place，在定语从句中做地点状语，用关系副词where。故填where。
【点评】考查定语从句，本题涉及关系副词where引导的限制性定语从句。
46．（2022高二上·利通开学考）Sandstorms have been a m　 　(主要的) disaster for many Asian countries for centuries.
【答案】major
【知识点】作前置定语
【解析】【分析】句意：几个世纪以来，沙尘暴一直是许多亚洲国家的主要灾害。根据首字母和汉语提示可知，此处应用形容词major作定语，修饰名词disaster。故填major。
【点评】考查形容词，本题涉及形容词作定语。
47．（2022高二上·利通开学考）We are in the region 　 　 which printing was first invented.
【答案】in
【知识点】“介词关系代词（which/whom)”引导定语从句的用法
【解析】【分析】句意：我们在印刷术最早发明的地区。分析可知，空格处是“介词+which”引导的定语从句，region意为“地区”，表示“在那个地区”应用介词in。故填in。
【点评】考查介词，本题涉及“in which"引导的限制性定语从句。
48．（2022高二上·利通开学考）The wind is sometimes strong enough 　 　 (move) sand dunes.
【答案】to move
【知识点】动词不定式
【解析】【分析】句意：风有时强大到足以移动沙丘。“be+形容词+enough+to do”是固定用法，意为“足够……可以做某事”，因此空格处是不定式to move，故填to move。
【点评】考查非谓语动词，本题涉及不定式作结果状语。
49．（2022高二上·利通开学考）Tornadoes can pick 　 　 cars, trains and even houses.
【答案】up
【知识点】固定短语；副词的用法
【解析】【分析】句意：龙卷风可以卷起汽车、火车甚至房屋。由“Tornadoes”可知，句子表示“龙卷风可以卷起汽车、火车甚至房屋”，“卷起”是固定短语，pick up，故填up。
【点评】考查副词，以及固定短语pick up。
50．（2022高二上·利通开学考）To prevent it 　 　 (come), the government is planting trees.
【答案】coming
【知识点】固定短语；动名词
【解析】【分析】句意：为了防止它的到来，政府正在植树。prevent sb. (from) doing，固定短语，“阻止某人做某事”，因此空格处用动名词作宾语，故填coming。
【点评】考查非谓语动词，本题涉及动名词作宾语，以及固定短语prevent sb. (from) doing。
五、单句改错（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）
（2022高二上·利通开学考）错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏词符号（^），并在此符号下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1．每处错误及其修改均仅限一词。
2）必须按答题要求做题，否则不给分。
51．About two-thirds of France's artists and writers lives in Paris.
52．It's an agreement between towns or cities similar size and age.
53．On average, there are 800 tornadoes in the US each year, caused about 80 deaths and 1, 500 injuries.
54．They are often thick that you cannot see the sun.
55．Treat others to the way you want to be treated.
56．The Three Gorges Dam, in which is the biggest construction project in China since the building of the Great Wall and the Grand Canal.
57．Most of the tallest buildings in the world were built in 1990s and in the twenty-first century.
58．Confucius is the philosopher who influence has been the greatest.
59．I can't help but to feel very concerned.
60．They can take the fur up the back of a cat and feathers off a chicken.
【答案】51．lives →live
52．cities和similar之间加of
53．caused →为causing
54．often和thick之间加so
55．to →in
56．删除逗号后面的in
57．in和1990s之间加the
58．who → whose
59．删除to
60．up →off
【知识点】短文改错
【解析】【点评】考查单句改错，本题考点涉及时态，主谓一致，介词，非谓语动词，副词，介词，定语从句，冠词等多个知识点的考查，覆盖面广，综合性强，难度较大，区分度高。
51．句意：法国大约三分之二的艺术家和作家居住在巴黎。“分数+名词”后的谓语形式取决于名词的数，“artists and writers”是复数，因此其后谓语动词用复数，句子描述客观事实，时态用一般现在时，因此谓语是live，故lives改为live。
52．句意：它是大小和年代相似的城镇或城市之间的一种协议。of similar size and age表示“大小和年代相似”，of表示一种属性，故在cities和similar之间加of。
53．句意：美国平均每年发生800次龙卷风，造成约80人死亡，1500人受伤。句中are是谓语，cause作非谓语动词，前面所描述的事情和cause之间是主谓关系，因此用现在分词causing表主动，故将caused改为causing。
54．句意：它们通常很厚，以至于你看不到太阳。“so+形容词/副词+that...”是固定用法，意为“如此……以至于……”，故在often和thick之间加so。
55．句意：己所不欲，勿施于人。in a...way是固定短语，意为“以某种方式”，故将to改为in。
56．句意：三峡大坝是中国自长城和大运河修建以来最大的建设项目。“is the biggest construction project in China since the building of the Great Wall and the Grand Canal.”是非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词“The Three Gorges Dam”是物，因此用关系代词which引导定语从句，故去掉逗号后面的in。
57．句意：世界上最高的建筑大多建于20世纪90年代和21世纪。in the 1990s固定短语，“在20世纪90年代”，故在in和1990s之间加the。
58．句意：孔子是影响最大的哲学家。“influence has been the greatest”是定语从句，influence和philosopher是所属关系，用关系代词whose表所属，在从句中作定语，故who改为whose。
59．句意：我不禁感到非常担心。can't help but do固定短语，“忍不住做”，故去掉to。
60．句意：它们能把猫背上的毛和鸡身上的羽毛都剥掉。由“the back of a cat and feathers off a chicken”可知，句子表示“它们能把猫背上的毛和鸡身上的羽毛都剥掉”，take sth. off sth.固定短语，“从某物身上去掉某物”，故up改为off。
六、书面表达（满分25分）
61．（2022高二上·利通开学考）垃圾已成为一个严重的环境问题。假如你是李华，请你给某英语杂志社的编辑写一封信反映这个情况，说明垃圾的危害以及处理办法。要点如下：
1）垃圾的现状和危害；2）说明处理垃圾的办法：分类放进不同的垃圾桶里；提高环保意识；3）自己的看法。
注意：1）词数120左右，开头结尾已经为你写好(不计入总词数)
2）可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：垃圾 rubbish 分类放进不同的垃圾桶里 put into different dustbins
提高环保意识 raise awareness of environmental protection
Dear editor,
……
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
【答案】Dear Editor,
Rubbish is now one of the major environmental problems．
With the increasing population, masses of rubbish are produced every day and some rubbish does great harm to the environment. It pollutes the air, the soil and the water. Today it is evident that many cities are troubled by mountains of rubbish, which not only has a bad effect on our daily life but results in serious diseases．
In a nutshell, we must find a better way to deal with rubbish. First of all, rubbish should be put in different places according to whether they can be recycled or not. Secondly, we must make every citizen aware of the importance.
Besides, everybody must realize that it is everybody's duty to keep the environment clean. As far as I'm concerned, it is urgent that laws must be passed on how to deal with rubbish．
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
【知识点】提纲作文；文字式应用文；半开放性作文
【解析】【分析】本题是一篇英文信件，要求考生以李华的身份 给某英语杂志社的编辑写一封信反映情况，说明垃圾的危害以及处理办法 。写作背景： 垃圾已成为一个严重的环境问题。 写作要点已经给出，属于提纲类作文，内容包括： 1）垃圾的现状和危害；2）说明处理垃圾的办法：分类放进不同的垃圾桶里；提高环保意识；3）自己的看法。 提示中的内容比较泛泛，需要适当补充。本题对于考生的综合能力要求较高，要求考生有很强的谋篇布局的能力和组织要点的能力。需要注意紧扣文章主题，给出的要点都需要包括。写作时注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。
【点评】本篇作文要点齐全，结构完整，条理清晰，应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，熟练地使用了语句间的连接成分，使整个文章结构紧凑，很好地完成了写作任务。例如：With the increasing population, masses of rubbish are produced every day and some rubbish does great harm to the environment.运用了并列句，被动语态；Today it is evident that many cities are troubled by mountains of rubbish, which not only has a bad effect on our daily life but results in serious diseases．运用了主语从句，非限制性定语从句；First of all, rubbish should be put in different places according to whether they can be recycled or not. 运用了宾语从句；Besides, everybody must realize that it is everybody's duty to keep the environment clean.运用了宾语从句； As far as I'm concerned, it is urgent that laws must be passed on how to deal with rubbish．运用了主语从句。
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