【人教九上英语尖子生阶梯阅读+听说写训练】解题策略

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
【人教九上英语尖子生阶梯阅读+听说写训练】解题策略
第一节　五步听说解题技巧
　　英语专家说:“英语难只是因为重复得不够!”这充分强调了英语听说的重要性和反复训练的必要性。因此,在初中英语学习中,同学们应该多听、多记、多背,这是一个输入和输出的过程,只有在不断地输入后有了一定的积累,才能输出。
为了有效地培养同学们运用英语进行交际及语言运用的能力,我们首先要强化听说能力的培养。鉴于此,本书每段材料分五步,每一步就同一段听力材料设置不同层次的任务。第一步至第四步,听录音并完成每步设题;第五步,在练习听力的基础上练习口语,用自己的话试着复述所听到的材料。通过这种“step by step”模式的反复训练,加上自信和坚持,相信你的英语听说水平一定会有质的飞跃!
第二节　完形填空解题技巧
　
完形填空是以完成句子为基础的篇章理解题目,它所考查的内容包括词汇、语法、句式、语篇理解和逻辑推理等。由于这种题目的综合性强、考查面广加之陷阱题较多,所以,完形填空对于大部分学生来说都是难点。但是,如果我们了解了其命题原理,就会少走弯路,解题时也会有的放矢,提高答题的正确率。
●命题原则
完形填空的命题原则是“以实词为主,虚词为辅,突出词汇语境化”。实词中侧重于对动词和名词的考查,同时也兼顾对形容词、副词以及其他词类的考查。试题以“情境意义”为主。
●分值及长度
完形填空在整份试卷中所占的分值较重,占10%~15%,短文长度一般为150~300个单词。
●命题特点
(1)记叙文为主
完形填空所选短文大多为记叙文,究其原因是记叙文具有故事情节曲折、趣味性强、结构完整的特点,内容贴近生活实际,符合初中生的阅读心理和认知规律。
(2)首句不设空
完形填空开篇第一句均不设空,都是一个完整的句子。这些句子大多为文章的中心句,开门见山地交代了故事发生的时间、地点、人物等信息。学生可以通过首句得知文章的体裁和题材,从而推断文章的大意。学生应重视文章首句的作用,为正确理解全文打好基础。
　
　根据生活常识进行判断
学生在平时生活中应该多注意对生活常识和百科知识的积累,多观察生活,体验生活,广泛阅读各方面的专业书籍。做题时,对题中设计的某个知识点熟悉或对其内容有似曾相识之感,这样做起题来就轻松多了。
【典例】 What is your greatest dream We received several different answers to the question.
Zhao Min: I remember the sky was really　1　 when I was a child. But now there are more and more　2　, and we have begun to lose that sky which looked like a blue diamond(宝石).
(　　)2.A.factories B.schools C.supermarkets D.banks
[解析] 第2题,根据生活常识可知,一般学校、超市和银行不会使我们失去像蓝宝石一样的天空,是现在越来越多的工厂造成的污染使我们失去了蓝天白云。故根据生活常识可知,第2题选factories,意为“工厂”。
　利用语法知识分析解题
这类题目主要考查学生在一定的语境中运用语法知识和识别句型的能力。由于对语法知识的考查越来越弱化,因此这类题型的数量也越来越少。
【典例】 Sally Clark is a seven-year-old lovely girl. Last year, her mother died 　1　 a terrible illness. Now the poor girl herself has the same illness.
(　　)1.A.for B.with C.at D.of
[解析] 动词die后面可以跟介词for和of,因此本题主要是考查die for与die of的区别。die for意为“为……而死”;die of意为“死于”。平时学习中只要弄清楚它们的区别即可做出本题,选D。
　熟记固定的句型结构
在英语中,有很多固定的词组和句型。我们在平时的学习过程中,要熟记熟背,牢牢地将它们记在自己的脑海中。这样它们在试题中出现时,我们就会游刃有余,逐渐增强自己做题的信心。
【典例】 Unlike most music prodigies(年轻的天才) who started playing when they were two or three years old, 7-year-old Cyril Vinzent did not start learning the piano 　1　 he was five years old.
(　　)1.A.before B.until C.when D.after
[解析] 此句用了not…until句型,前面出现了not,空格处应该是until。
　利用前文较远处的信息进行推理判断
完形填空考查的信息经常会在前文出现。当空格处需要进行推理判断时,一定要把前面与之相关的信息与空格处的信息进行对比判断。
【典例】 Most amusement parks in the USA have been owned by companies, 　2　 Oaks Park has been owned by one family—the Bollingers—throughout most of 　3　 history. The park was built by a company and opened on May 30, 1905.
…
The park, especially the skating rink, has appeared in many American movies and TV programs. In 2005 the park celebrated　8　 years of history. It is one of the oldest amusement parks in the USA.
(　　)8.A.100 B.1,000 C.10 D.50
[解析] 第8题,根据上文“The park was built by a company and opened on May 30, 1905.”可知,公园在1905年5月30日对公众开放,到2005年,公园已经有100年的历史。故选A。
　利用后文较远处直接复现信息
完形填空考查的信息经常会在后文直接重复出现,包括原词复现、同义词和反义词复现、概括词复现和代词复现等。当空格处需填的是人名、物名、地名等时,其复现的信息有可能出现在后文较远处。同学们要留心,在阅读到完形填空后面的信息时,不要忘记为前面的题重新确定答案。
【典例】 “I′m sorry, my daughter. It′s my fault(过错) that I haven′t noticed your　5　. But I promise(承诺), from now on, I′ll try my best to be a good father,” my father told me this later. At that moment, tears ran down my face.
He paid little attention to my feelings before, but now he really　6　 the importance of love and has changed a lot.
(　　)5.A.feelings B.love C.sadness D.letters
[解析] 第5题,“I′m sorry, my daughter. It′s my fault(过错) that I haven′t noticed your feelings.”,其复现信息出现在短文下一段第一句“He paid little attention to my feelings before…”。故选A。
第三节　阅读理解解题技巧
　
综观历年各地的中考英语试题与各地最新的中考英语模拟试题,我们不难看出,中考英语阅读理解的命题呈现出以下命题特点。
●选材贴近生活,时代气息浓郁
这完全符合英语学科学以致用的特点和英语考试水平测试的性质。我国现行的英语教学以交际法为指导,倡导任务型教学,要求学生能在现实生活环境中灵活运用英语,完成交际任务。
●体裁多样化,有机组合为一个阅读系列
中考英语阅读文章除了保持题材的鲜活外,也注重所选文章体裁的多样性。通常,一份中考英语试题的阅读部分包括人物经历或事件描述类的记叙文、介绍社会现象和异域风情或现代高科技类的说明文、提供各种信息的应用文,有时也出现谈论热点话题的议论文等。
由于中考试题的选材具备典型性与不可重复性的特点,每一类体裁的文章一般都只能选择一篇。不同类别的3~5篇文章组合在一起,基本上按照由易到难和客观题在前、任务型阅读等主观题在后的顺序排列,有机组合,形成一个中考英语阅读理解测试系列,从而达到比较全面地测试学生各种英语文体阅读能力的目的。
●选择类题型是主流题型
选择类题型的阅读理解所占比例一直最大,测试的能力要求也因题而异。
(1)细节信息题只要求学生能从文章中找到相关细节或关键词即可,难度也低。
(2)细节语义转换理解题所占的比例最高,正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的转换,要求学生能结合上下文正确理解原文中某个短语或句子的含义,从备选答案中找到与之意思一致的选项,属于中档难度题。
(3)一般来说,中考英语阅读理解试题都会设计一道猜测画线生词或词组意思的题,测试学生根据上下文提示或词根来理解词义的能力,难度可大可小,视具体情况而定。
(4)推理判断题属于难度较高的主观试题,一般设计为每篇的最后一道题,主要是考查学生能否通过文章的字面意思和段落或全篇的内在逻辑关系进行合乎逻辑的推理判断能力。
(5)也有少数试题难度更高,特别是在话题谈论类的文章后面,要求学生能正确理解作者的写作意图与态度倾向。学生只有在整体理解文章内容的基础上才能领会作者的言外之意。
　
　细节理解题
(1)命题形式
细节理解题的考查主要是针对文中某句、某段或某个事实进行提问。细节理解题涉及的内容很广,其设题方式多种多样,概括起来有两大类,即:
1.直接理解题:主要是四个“W”和一个“H”,即:What(事件),When(时间),Where(地点),Why(原因)和How(经过)。
2.语义转化题:主要是通过改变题干的叙述方式或者以同义表达来考查学生对文章的理解,要求学生迅速识别原文的信息,准确选出最佳答案。
(2)解题技巧
第一步:明确问题。根据题干,确定问题的关键。
第二步:准确定位。在原文中定位关键词,注意同义转换,注意反义转述,注意信息归纳。
(3)解题范例
Emergencies(紧急情况) don′t happen very often. But when they do, you want to get help first. No one wants to spend time looking up the phone numbers.
In 1968, the United States government wanted one number that people could call for emergencies. They decided that 911 was easy to remember and people could dial it quickly. The very first 911 call was made on February 16, 1968, in Alabama. Today, 911 is used for emergencies in most parts of the United States and many parts of Canada.
Other countries may use other numbers. In Great Britain, it′s 999. If you′re not sure which emergency number is used in your area, check your phone book.
　　…
(　　)1.The emergency number 911 was first used in 　　　　in the USA.
A.1958 B.1968 C.1978 D.1999
(　　)2.Why was 911 chosen to be the emergency call
A.Because other countries also used the number.
B.Because it was suggested by the phone company.
C.Because it was simple and easy to remember and dial.
D.Because it was also used in many parts of Canada.
[解析]
1.细节理解题。根据短文第二段第三句“The very first 911 call was made on February 16, 1968, in Alabama.”可知,911是在1968年首次使用的。故选B。
2.细节理解题。根据短文第二段第二句“They decided that 911 was easy to remember and people could dial it quickly.”可知,因为911容易被记住,人们能快速拨出,所以将其定为紧急电话。故选C。
　推理判断题
(1)命题形式
推理判断题要求根据阅读材料中所提供的信息,推断出未知的信息。推理不是凭空猜测,而是在已知信息的基础上对未知的内容作出陈述。此类题的题干中不会出现与原文完全相同的内容,常常伴随may infer, can be, suggest, guess等词汇。推理判断题的设题方式概括起来有两大类,即:
1.细节推理:以文章某处的信息或细节作依据,推断出未知的细节。
　　2.归纳推理:要求学生透过文章整体逻辑或多处信息,推测文章的深层意思和作者的态度、意图、观点、情感等。
(2)解题技巧
第一步:定位。定位段落,目标阅读。
第二步:详读。了解大意,深层把握。
第三步:推理。立足语篇,据实推理。
(3)解题范例
He was an old man who fished alone in a small boat on the sea and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy had been with him. But after forty days without a fish, the boy′s parents had told him that the old man was now salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone with another boat which caught three good fish the first week. It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his boat empty. The sail looked like the flag of failure forever.
The old man was thin with deep wrinkles(皱纹) in the back of his neck. His face was terribly brown because of the strong sunlight on the sea every day and his hands had the deep scars(伤疤) from dealing with heavy fish on the lines. But none of these scars were fresh. Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful.
“Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from the sea, “I could go with you again. We′ve made some money.”
The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.
“No,” the old man said.“You′re with a lucky boat. Stay with them.”
“But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks.”
“I remember,” the old man said.
“It was Papa who made me leave. I am a boy and I must follow him.”
“I know,” the old man said.“It is quite normal.”
“He doesn′t have much faith(信心).”
“No,” the old man said.“But we have, haven′t we ”
“Yes,” the boy said.“Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace ”
“Why not ” the old man said. “Between fishermen.”
　　…
(　　)3.The old man refused the boy to go fishing with him again because 　　　　.
A.he wanted to fish by himself
B.he could really understand the boy′s parents
C.the boy asked for some money
D.the boy had already learnt how to fish
(　　)4.From the story we can know that 　　　　.
A.the old man was always full of hope
B.the boy′s parents believed in the old man
C.everyone laughed at the old man′s bad luck
D.the boy was worried about the old man′s health
[解析]
3.推理判断题。根据短文第一段中的“the boy′s parents had told him that the old man was now salao, which is the worst form of unlucky”以及第五段中的“You′re with a lucky boat. Stay with them.”可知,老人明白男孩的父母认为自己是个扫把星,只会给别人带来不幸,所以他拒绝了男孩的请求。故选B。
4.推理判断题。根据短文第一段首句“…and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish.”可知,老人在海上捕鱼已经84天了,一无所获,但是他一直在坚持,说明他对未来一直充满希望和信心。后文中的“But we have, haven′t we ”也能说明这一点。故选A。
　词义猜测题
(1)命题形式
词义猜测是指在阅读过程中根据对语篇的信息、逻辑、背景知识及语言结构等的综合理解去猜测或推断某一生词、难词、关键词的意义。词义猜测题的提问方式:
1.The underlined word “…” in the last paragraph probably means “　　　　”.
2.The expression “…” most probably means “　　　　”.
3.The underlined word “…” means “　　　　”.
4.The word “…” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “　　　　”.
(2)解题技巧
方法1:见“形”辨义。利用构词法来理解词义。
方法2:望“文”生义。根据上下文,利用定义或释义、同义词、反义词等进行猜测。
方法3:拆“句”知义。分析句子,根据句子结构的逻辑关系来理解词义。
(3)解题范例
In Guang′an city, there are more and more private cars on the road. They cause many traffic accidents. In order to solve the problem, the government has decided to provide 1,000 public bikes for people to rent(租赁). The government encourages people to ride bikes in order to solve the traffic problem.
More than 13,000 people have agreed to the idea. Some of them ask for more than one card. Although there are not enough bikes, an official(官员) from the government said that they would find some ways to deal with such a shortage.
…
(　　)3.In the passage, the underlined word “shortage” means “　　　　” in Chinese.
A.挑战 B.缺点 C.短缺 D.困难
[解析] 本题可以采用拆“句”知义法。根据画线单词所在句子前半部分的信息“Although there are not enough bikes”可推知,一位政府官员表示,他们会找到一些方法来处理这种短缺。故shortage意为“短缺”,选C。
　主旨大意题
(1)命题形式
主旨大意题要求学生在理解全文大意的基础上,对短文作出总结性或者概括性的评价。主旨大意题主要有以下几种考查形式:
1.归纳大意题:The main idea of this passage is…/This passage is mainly about…/From the passage we know that…/According to the passage we can…/What′s the passage mainly about
2.提炼标题型:What′s the best title of the passage /The title of the passage can be…
3.写作目的型:The author′s purpose is…/The writer wants to tell us…/The author suggests that…
(2)解题技巧
方法1:定位主题句。主题句的显著特点:所表达的意思具有明显的概括性,句子结构简单精炼。主题句一般位于段首或段尾。
方法2:查找关键词。若文章或段落中没有主题句,就找关键词(句),然后根据对文章的理解,归纳概括出文章的中心思想。一般来说,文章中的关键词常多次出现,它蕴含着文章的中心思想。
方法3:概括总结法。有些文章的主旨大意并不出现在文章里面,而需要阅读全文后进行归纳总结。
　　(3)解题范例
Once a king got two nice falcons(猎鹰) from his son. He had never seen such beautiful falcons before. He loved them so much and he ordered the best falconer to train them to fly.
After several months, the king came to see how the training was going. He found that one falcon had already been able to fly high in the sky, while the other was staying on the branch(树枝) of a tree quietly, just keeping still.
The king called all his falconers together and ordered them to try every way they could to make the other falcon fly. But none of them succeeded. One day, while the king was taking a walk in the forest, an idea came to his mind. Maybe someone who knew the natural environment well could solve this problem. He sent for a farmer who lived in the forest into his palace to train it at once.
The next morning, the king saw the other falcon flying above in the sky freely. “It is unbelievable!” shouted the king. “How could you make it happen ”
The farmer replied, “It′s very easy. I just cut off the branch where the falcon rested.”
It is always the same to human beings. We all have “two flying wings” in our hearts as well, but we often seem not to notice them and stay where we are just for safety and comfort. We won′t realize we can fly so high and freely until the “branch” we are resting on breaks.
(　　)5.What is the best title for the text
A.The Wise King
B.The Nice Falcons
C.The Best Falconer
D.The Flying Wings
[解析] 主旨大意题。文章通过讲述两只猎鹰,一只愿意在空中自由飞翔,而另一只在农民砍掉树枝后才展开翅膀在空中飞翔的故事,来告诉人们,我们都有“两只飞翔的翅膀”,不要等到失去舒适的环境的时候才会想到往高处飞。故选D。
第四节　以读促写解题技巧
　
《优等生》中书面表达的设计理念是“以读促写”,围绕相应单元话题来展开,对学生们写作能力的提升是循序渐进的,可以让学生在练习中对写作材料进行积累,最终达到厚积薄发。
　
第一步:【审】
从阅读理解整体上把握文章大意,然后对其深入探究,提出三个左右的针对性问题,让学生们回答。学生们在回答这些问题的时候,使自己对原文更加了解,更加有把握。
第二步:【遣】
在阅读原文的基础上,从文章中选择一些精彩的语句。写出关于某一话题的语句、原文中感动自己的句子或者自己掌握的单词或短语。只有这样,才会使写作水平得到进一步的提升。
第三步:【模】
我们对阅读材料再次加工,从整体上把握阅读材料。一般从三个方面来进行:首先,开门见山,提出问题。其次,提供方法。最后,针对所提出的问题,进行解决,起到画龙点睛的作用。采用思维导图的解题模式,使学生更加深入、细致地了解阅读材料。
第四步:【润】
我们在前三步的基础上,对阅读原文进行加工、润色。适当地把原文内容进行删减,重点突出核心词汇和主要的段落大意。让学生们在减小难度的情况下,再次细致地把握文章大意及所表达的主要思想。
第五步:【练】
针对本单元的话题,让学生们写一篇与本单元话题相关的写作。通过前面的阅读积累,来提升自己的写作水平,掌握相关话题的写作。
　
●细心审题,明确要求
在动笔之前要细读试题,仔细看图,认真审题。根据所给提示,弄清要写的体裁(通知、书信、日记、便条等)、主要内容和要求,也就是说对题目所提供的信息,不论是文字还是图片,都应认真分析、反复推敲、抓住要点、掌握大意,这是做题的关键环节之一。主旨明确:写什么(体裁)、有多少(内容)要点、要用什么格式、用什么人称、时态等。
●抓住中心,列出要点,认真答题
在细读试题,领会题意,明确要求之后,下一步应围绕文章中心,把内容要点一一列出。列要点要紧扣试题内容要求,千万不要遗漏。与此同时,考虑好可以表达要点的词汇、句型等,即:要写好一个句子首先要考虑主语和谓语,然后才是其他成分。所写的句子要通顺、流畅,而且符合英语语法的习惯。打腹稿阶段主要是理清文章的层次,也就是搭好文章的架子,确定段落和句子的顺序,决定先说什么,后说什么。
●围绕要点,扩写成文,发挥自身优势
腹稿打好后,就可动笔把原来列出的要点在草稿纸上写成句子,再连句成篇,这是最艰巨的阶段。学生要充分运用所学的相近或相似的词语和表达法,选择自己较熟悉或拿手的句式来表达。同时要注意语法结构,尤其是动词时态、人称和数,避免错误百出、语病成堆;对于有能力上更高档次的学生,可以适当运用复合句,如定语从句、状语从句以及非谓语动词等,以增加文章的美感和说服力。恰当使用过渡词语,能让语句通顺,层次清楚,产生画龙点睛的效果。
●复核修正,认真誊写
最后,要检查全文四遍。第一遍要对照题目所要求的内容或情景,看要点是否全包括在内,有遗漏要补上;第二遍要凭语感看是否文从字顺,再看拼写上有没有错误,若有问题及时纠正;第三遍重点看字母的大小写及标点符号是否有错,然后查一下词数是多少,是否符合要求;改正后再从头至尾读一遍,确保无误后认真誊写到试卷上。誊写时应做到书写工整,卷面整洁。这在平时的练习中就要坚持做到,养成良好习惯。
21世纪教育网 www.21cnjy.com 精品试卷·第 2 页 （共 2 页）
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)