2023届高考英语动词的时态及语态讲解讲义（含答案）

高考英语动词的时态及语态讲解
：
高中常考的动词时态：
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 完成进行时态
现在 does/do 被动: is/am/are done is/am/are doing 被动: is/am/are being done has/have done 被动: has/have been done has/have been doing 被动： /
过去 did 被动: was/were done was/were doing 被动: was/were being done had done 被动: had been done had been doing 被动： /
将来 will/shall do is/am/are going to do 被动: will be done be going to be done will/shall be doing will have done
过去将来 would/should do 被动: would be done
二：专题讲解
一般现在时，现在进行时，一般将来时
1、一般现在时
主动：does/do 时间状语： today, every morning/night/evening/day/week/year, always,usually, often,sometimes, seldom, seldom, never, occasionally,from time to time, at present, twice a week,rarely,seldom,once a month,hardly,ever,never.
被动：is/am/are done
表示主语现在的特征或状态，性格，能力，爱好等。
She is quite well today.
Tom has a good sense of humor.
表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态，常与表示频度的时间状语连用
I go to school by bus every day.
He does excise twice a week.
表示客观事实或普遍真理。
Light goes faster than sound.
The physics teacher told us that light goes faster than sound.
Columbus proved that the earth is round.
在宾语从句中，对于客观真理、自然现象和言语时，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。
在某些剧本、解说、书报标题，球赛现场报道，或当句子为倒装句（以here,there等开头），常用一般现在时表示正在发生的动作。
Look! Here comes the bus.
There goes the bell/Here comes Mr. Wang.
PEACE TALKS FAIL. 和谈失败。
在when, before, after, as soon as, once, until等引导的时间状语从句和if, unless引导的条件状语从句中，一般用一般现在时表示将来，而不用一般将来时。
It won’t be long before the rain stops.
If Bob stays away from the junk food,hewillbeingoodhealth.
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
When I graduate I’ll go to the countryside.
There will be a picnic unless it rains tomorrow.
表说话时状态和感觉或结果的动词表示现在发生的具体行为时，只用一般现在时，而不用进行时态。
感官动词：hear,see,taste,notice,smell,feel;
表示态度感情的动词： like,dislike, love,hate,fear,agree,believe, heat,care,forget,mind,understand;
表占有： belong,have(拥有),want,own,possess;
表心理状态： feel,want,prefer,wish,believe,know,mean,realize,think,remember;
表存在状态和持续： look,owe,be (is，am，are), seem, suppose.
I hear someone singing.我正听见有人唱歌。
Do you see anyone over there 你看到那里有什么人吗？
What does he think of it 他觉得这怎么样？
It doesn’t matter. Does it hurt (感觉结果)
表将来时间
表示按时间表、计划将要发生的动作，已确定或安排好的事情，用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作。
主语通常是事物，且句中常带有时间状语。
表示往返位移的动词： go, come, leave, arrive, drive, fly, move, return, ride, sail
表示开始结束的动词： begin, close, end, open, start, stop
He starts next week. 他下个星期出发。
We leave very soon. 我们很快就离开。
The train starts at 10 o'clock in the morning. 火车将在早上10点开出。
When does the bus start It starts in ten minutes.
The plane takes off at 11:30. (不受主观支配的计划)
②若主语是人，多用现在进行时或将来进行时表已确定的计划。
I’m taking four courses next semester.
We have invited the Browns. They are coming to dinner.
Don’t call be after seven because I’ll be studying in the library
谓语动词是hope，take care that，make sure that等后的宾语仍句中，用一般现在时表示将来。
I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave here.
练习
1. The father as well as children _____ every Sunday afternoon in winter.
A. is going B. go C. goes D. are going
2. Send my regards to your lovely wife when you _______ home.
A. wrote B. will write C. have written D. write
3. — Do you have any problems if you ______ this job
—Well, I’m thinking about the salary….
A. offer B. will offer C. are offered D. will be offered
4.I think it is necessary for my 19-year-old son to have his own mobile phone, for I sometimes want to make sure if he _____ home for dinner.
A. come B. comes C. has come D. will come
填空：
1. He proved that the earth _____ (move) around the sun.
2.Thegirl_______(teach)us English on Sundays.
3.Hewill call you as soon as he _____(get ) home.
翻译：
父亲每天早晨都浇花。
我女儿喜欢看电视和听音乐。
我最喜欢的课是英语
4.我爸爸周日早上看报纸
2、现在进行时: 当表示现在正在进行的动作或正在发生的事。
主动：is/am/are doing 被动：is/am/are being done 时间状语：now,rightnow,atthismoment,atpresent,thisweek,thesedays, 感叹号型：Look! … Listen!…
(1) 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。
We are waiting for you.
They are talking now.
They are working these days.
(2) 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。
Mr. Green is writing another novel.(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)
(3) 有些“移动”动词用现在进行时表示将来的动作，这类的动词有：
go，come，leave，fly，move，start，begin，arrive，stay，get，do，have，meet，play，return，see，spend，stay，work，return 等。
He is flying Beijing. 他将要飞往北京。
Mike is coming home on Thursday.迈克星期四回来
I am spending next week in Sanya. 我将要在三亚度过下周。
I’m coming. 我就来了。
We’re going to Shanghai next week.
Mr. Black is leaving for London in a few days.
(4) 与always, constantly, forever, often 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观感彩。
You are always changing your mind.
The heating is forever going off for no reason. 供暖设备不知怎么的常常停止工作。
He is always thinking of how he could do more for the people.
He is constantly leaving his things about.
练习：
单选
1.Look!He_____theirmotherdothehousework.
A.is helping B. are help C. is help D. is helping
2.Don’t talk here. My mother_____.
A. is sleeping B. are sleeping C. sleeping D. sleep
3. Danny ______.Don’t call him.
A. will write B.is writing C. writing D. writes
4.–When _____he _____back –Sorry, I don’t know.
A. does, come B. are coming C. is come D .is coming
填空
It’s ten o’clock. My mother ______________(lie)in bed.
We ___________(play)games now.
What __________you__________(do) these days
Who__________(sing)in the next room
5、The girl__________(like)wearing a sweater. Look! She __________(wear)a red sweater today.
翻译：
你为什么总是犯错
这几天他们正在山上种树。
这个夏季火车几乎天天晚点。

2、一般将来时: 表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常出现的动作或状态。
主动：shall/will do be going to do 被动：will be done be going to be done 时间状语： tomorrow, next week, next year, soon, in three days, from now one, in the future, soon, before long
★★对将来要发生的动作或状态有多种表达方式，以下为几种常见的表达方式：
① shall（主语为第一人称）／will do…(带有一定的情态意义的“意图”，带有意愿的感彩)
We will visit the nature museum tomorrow.
I will/shall have an exam in three days.
② be going to do… (表示“打算”)
主语是人，表示说话人的看法；主语是物，有迹象表明将要发生或者即将发生某种情况。
He is going to do some shopping in the nearest supermarket tomorrow morning.
It’s going to rain soon.
There are going to have a party.
③ be to do… (表示“按计划安排要发生的动作”，官方的，不改变的计划)
The play is to be performed next Friday evening．该出戏剧将于下周五晚上演。
The Expo is to be held in Shanghai.
④ be about to do… (表示“即刻要发生的动作”，后面不跟时间状语。 )
The plane is about to take off．So the passengers are asked to turn off their mobile phones．
We are about to leave.
【拓展】
(1) 一般现在时与现在进行时也能用来表示将来时间，但是仅限于少数表示位置转移的动作动词，如：come、go、leave、arrive、fly、start等，意为：“意图”、“打算”、“安排”、常用于人。而且，一般现在时表示计划或时问表规定要发生的动作，具有定时性，不可更改；而现在进行时虽也表示计划中的安排，但可以改变。如：
I'm leaving tomorrow.
The flight to Beijing leaves at 10 a.m.飞往北京的航班定于十点起飞。
The flight to Beijing is leaving in ten minutes．飞往北京的航班再过十分钟就要起飞了。
(2) 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。(这就是我们常说的“主将从现”)
If he doesn’t invite me, I won’t go to the party．
I will call you as Soon as she tells me the exact time for the meeting．
(3) 谓语动词是hope，take care that, make sure that等后的宾语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。
I hope they have a nice time next week.
练习
1、选择
--- ____ leave at the end of this month.
--- I don’t think you should do that until ____ another job.
A. I’m going to; you’d found B. I’m going to; you’ve found
C. I’ll; you’ll find D. I’ll; you’d find
No one ____ this building without the permission of the police.
A. is leaving B. is to leave C. has left D. will be leaving
2、填空
If their marketing plans succeed, they________（increase） their sales by 20 percent.
I think it is necessary for my 19-year-old son to have his own mobile phone, for I sometimes want to make sure if he________ （come）home for dinner.
Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026________（take）off at 18:20.
Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane________.（take off）
3、翻译
我打算高中毕业后主修电子工程专业。（major in）
明天他们将在课堂上进一步讨论这个题目。（further）
当地政府将努力向儿童提供良好的教育。（provide）
我们将举行晚会庆祝他五十大寿。（in honor of）
我打算在明天的会议上发表我对这个事件的个人看法。（present v.）
练习题：
单选
( ) 1. – Where is the morning paper
– I ________ it for you at once.
A. get B. am getting C. to get D. will get
( )2. ________ a concert next Saturday
A. There will be B. Will there be C. There can be D. There are
( ) 3. If they come, we ________ a meeting.
A. have B. will have C. had D. would have
( ) 4. If it ________ tomorrow, we’ll go roller-skating.
A. isn’t rain B. won’t rain C. doesn’t rain D. doesn’t fine
( ) 5. Tomorrow he ________ a kite in the open air first, and then ______ boating in the park.
A. will fly; will go B. will fly; goes
C. is going to fly; will goes D. flies; will go
( ) 6. There ________ a birthday party this Sunday.
A. shall be B. will be C. shall going to be D. will going to be
( ) 7. They ________ an English evening next Sunday.
A. are having B. are going to have C. will having D. is going to have
( ) 8. Is honesty the best policy We______that it is when we are little.
A.will teach B.teach C.are taught D.will be taught
( ) 9. As Jack left his membership card at home, he wasn’t allowed ______into the sports club.
A.going B.togo C.go D.gone
( ) 10. Only with the greatest of luck ______to escape from the rising flood waters.
managed she B. she managed C. did she manage D. she did manage
( ) 11. —I hear that Jason is planning to buy a car.
—I know. By next month, he ______enough for a use done.
A.will have saved B.will be saving C.has saved D. saves
( ) 12. Bob called to tell his mother that he couldn’t enter the house,for he________his key at school.
A.had left B.would leave C.was leaving D.has left
( ) 13. The school board is made up of parents who ________to make decisions about school affairs.
A.had been elected B. had elected
C.have been elected D.have elected
( ) 14. — Did you expect Frank to come to the party — No, but I had hoped ________.
A. him coming B. him to come C. that he comes D. that he would come
二、一般过去时、现在完成时、过去进行时和过去完成时
4、一般过去时：
主动：did 时间状语： just now, yesterday, yesterday morning, last Sunday, last week, last month last year, one month ago, a few minutes ago, a moment ago, in 1999, in the past, 频度副词usually, often 等
被动：was/were done
表示在过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态
I went to school on foot yesterday.
You were absent from school two days ago.
“过去”的概念并不是只指如 “yesterday，last week，… ” 等，实际上“与现在对立的过去”，亦即“非现在的以前”，哪怕是“过了说话时间的几分钟之前”，只要所要表达的时间与说话时的“现在”形成对立，就必须使用一般过去时来表达。
一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常和often，always等表示频率的时间状语连用。表示过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为；过去主语所具备的能力和性格。
表示过去一段时间内，经常或反复的动作。常与always,often, never等连用。
You often went climbing when you were a little boy.
★比较
Tom always carried an umbrella. (只是说明她过去的动作，不表明她是否常带着伞。)
Tom always carries an umbrella 。Tom老是带着伞。说明这是习惯，现在还习惯总带着一把伞
Tom is always carrying an umbrella. Tom总是带着一把伞。(表示说话者对这一动作或行为厌烦)
谈到已故的人的情况多用过去时
Lu Xun was a great writer.
表示过去连续发生的动作时，要用过去时。此时，往往没有表示过去的时间状语，而通过上下文来表示。
The boy opened his eyes for a moment,looked at the captain,and then died.
如果强调已经终止的习惯时要用used to do(过去常常做，而不那样做了)
He used to drink alcohol.他过去喝酒。(意味着他不喝酒了。喝酒这个动作终止了)
I used to take a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。(意味着不在早晨散步了)
比较：
I took a walk in the morning.我曾经在早晨散过步。(只是说明过去这一动作)
叙述没有过去具体时间的，但实际上是过去发生的动作或存在的状态。
I never thought you arrived here on time.
What did you say
在时间、条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。
Alice said she would come if I promised to wait for her.
选择
( ) 1. Lee ________ his mobile phone at home.
A. leave B. leaves C. leaved D. left
( ) 2. Mr. Black was late because he _______ his way.
A. losted B. lose C. loses D. lost
( ) 3. Will you please say it again I ________ quite _______ you.
A. didn’t, hear B. don’t, heard C. didn’t, heard D. don’t, hear
( ) 4. —Have you seen him today —Yes, I ____ him this morning.
A. seeing B. see C. sees D.saw
( ) 5. He ______ worried when he heard the news.
Is B.was C. does D. did
( )6. Sorry, I can’t open the door, for I 　 the key to it.
A. lost B. lose C. had lost D. have lost
( ) 7. — It’s good to see you again, Agnes.
— This has been our first chance to visit since ________ from Iran.
A. you return B. you returned C. you have returned D. returning
填空：
It was raining hard when he ____ (get)home.
2. She said her brother wasn’t in Beijing. He ______(go)to Japan on business last week.
3.As he walked along the lake, he ______(sing)happily
4..She said she _____(arrive ) at Shanghai next week
翻译：
我过了一个忙碌但却刺激的周末。
2. Jenny喜欢看书。昨晚她看了一本英语书。

5、过去进行时
主动：was/were doing 被动：was/were being done 时间状语： thismorning,thewholemorning,alldayyesterday,fromninetotenlastevening,when,while (just)then, atthis/thattime, yesterdayafternoon,（at）thistimeyesterday
概念：过去进行时主要表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示过去某一阶段一直在进行的动作。
过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。
I was doing the homework all day yesterday
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.
过去进行时用法：
但在不少情况下，没有表示时间的状语，这时需要通过上下文来表示。
What were you doing at nine last night
I was watching TV at home yesterday afternoon.
They were playing football at this time yesterday.
过去进行时也可以表示过去某一段时间内正在进行的动作。常与thosedays,thewholemorning,from8:00to12:00lastnight等时间状语连用。
From1983to1998, he was teaching at Yale.
They were building a bridge last winter.
He was writing a book those days.
过去进行时与频度副词always, forever,continually,constantly等连用时表示过去经常反复的动作，常常带有埋怨、讨厌、赞扬或喜爱等情绪。
My sister was always forgetting things.(表示埋怨)
He was always helping others.(表示赞扬)
过去进行时表示过去将要发生的动作。
现在进行时可以表示将来的动作，同样，过去进行时也可以表示从过去某时看来将要发生的动作，常用在间接引语中。
She asked him if he was coming back for lunch.
练习题
单选
Nobody noticed what she ______ at the moment.
A will do B was doing C has done D had done
2. When I got home, my son _____ the music.
A am listening to B listened to C was listening to D was listening
3. I call you yesterday evening, but there was no answer.
- Oh., I’m sorry I _____ dinner at my friend’s home.
A home B had Cwas having D have had
填空：
They__________(watch)afootballmatchfrom7:00to9:00lastnight.
He __________ (try)to draw a plane on the blackboard at that time.
When the teacher came into the classroom, the students__________（laugh）loudly.
翻译：
我作业没做完是因为我昨天一直帮妈妈在家干活。
她说她下个月动身去纽约。
昨天下午从3点到5点他一直在看电视。
(
过去进行时和一般过去时的区别
)
过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的动作，而一般过去时则表示一个完成的动作。也就是说用一般过去时，
只表示有过这件事；用过去进行时，则强调动作的连续性。
I wrote a letter this morning.今天上午我写了一封信。（信写完了）
I was writing a letter this morning.今天上午我在写一封信。（信不一定写完）
表示过去的状态、感觉及心理活动的静态动词(如be， like，love，hate，fear，own，hear，see，know，want， notice)可用于一般过去时，但通常不用于进行时。
I hated it when a man spoke with his mouth full of food.我讨厌人们说话时口里含着食物。
一般过去时与always，constantly，forever，continually等连用，表示“过去经常性、习惯性的动作”;
而过去进行时与always，constantly，forever，continually等连用，表示动作的重复，常带有感彩。
He always got up at six.他过去总是六点起床。
He was always thinking of his work.他总是一心想到工作。
下面几种情况不用一般过去时而要用过去进行时：
表示过去某一阶段暂时性的习惯动作时。如：
Tom was getting up at six o’clock everyday that week.汤姆那一周里每天都是六点钟起床。
(2)与always连用表示赞美，厌烦等感彩时。
John was always coming to school late.约翰上学总是迟到。
Lei Feng was always doing good deeds for the people.雷锋总是为人民做好事。
(3) when作并列连词，表示“(这时)突然”之意时，第一个并列分句用过去进行时，when引导的并列分句用一般过去时。如：
I was taking a walk when I met him.我正在散步，突然遇见了他。
We were playing outside when it began to rain.我们正在外边玩，这时下起雨来了。
(4) go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词可用过去进行时表示过去将来的含义。
I was leaving for Wuhan that day.那天我正要去武汉。
She was coming later.她随后就来。
现在完成时
have (has) +done 被动：have (has) been done 时间状语for, since, so far, ever, never, just, before, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always等， 或无时间状语。
1、用法：
1）开始于过去的动作刚结束
We have already finished the work.
2) 表示过去发生的动作对现在的影响或结果；从过去到现在曾经历过的事；
I’ve seen the film Avatar before.
We have just cleaned the classroom.
I have seen the movie three times.
3)表示过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在，并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态。。
They’ve lived there for eleven years.
现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know等。
★注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
4）现在完成时用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。
We’ll start at five if it has stopped raining by that time. 我们5点动身，如果那时雨已停。
You’ll be able to write good paragraphs when you have mastered some writing skills. 掌握一些写作技巧以后，你就能写出好段落。
比较since和for
since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。
I have lived here for more than twenty years.
I have lived here since I was born.
My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)
I have worked here for many years. (现在我仍在这里工作。)
延续动词与瞬间动词
1) 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示时间段的时间状语连用。
He has completed the work. (表结果)
I've known him since then. (表经历)
2)用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……"；瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"
He didn't come back until ten o'clock.
He slept until ten o'clock.
2、现在完成时常用于下列结构：
：现在完成时用于有序数词以及theonly构成的句型中。
It is+ thefirst/thelast +名词+that+现在完成时
This theonly
1. Itisthe first time that I’ve seen such a tall building.
2. This is the only book that he has ever written.
：现在完成时用于形容词最高级构成的句型中。
It is+ the best, the worst +名词+that+现在完成时
This The most interesting
1. It is the best film that I’ve ever seen.
2. This is the most interesting book that I’ve ever read.
练习1、选择
You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
---Do you know our town at all
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
练习2、填空
His first novel (receive) good reviews since it came out last month.
It is the most instructive lecture that I (attend) since I came to this school.
When you are home, give a call to let me know you (arrive) safely.
Up to now, the program (save) thousands of children who would otherwise have died.
When I first met Bryan I didn’t like him, but I (change) my mind.
练习3、翻译
他们已经邀请我留下过周末。（invite）
电脑的发明对科学的进步产生很大的影响。（affect）
过去的两年来，我一直忙着考试。（busy）
这已不是我第一次来上海了。（It）
过去的几年里，广告在我们的日常生活中起着重要的作用。（role）
(
现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
)
现在完成时不指代一个明确时间，强调某动作或行为一直延续到现在，且仍未结束或与现在有联系。一般过去时指代一个明确的时间，该动作或行为已经结束，与现在没有联系。
The tower has stood there for centuries. 这个塔矗立在那已经有几个世纪了。（现在仍在）
The tower stood there for centuries.这个塔在那矗立了几个世纪。（现在或许已经不存在）。
I have lost my key to the drawer. 我把抽屉钥匙丢了。（至今无法打开抽屉）
I have my key to the drawer yesterday. 我昨天丢了钥匙。（也许未找到，也许已经找到）
I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）
2）过去时常与具体的时间状语yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等连用，
现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语for, since, so far, ever, never, just, before, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always等连用，或无时间状语。
共同的时间状语:
this morning, tonight, this April, now, once,before, already, recently,lately
3) 现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know等。
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
表示短暂动作的词（如come, go, die, marry, buy）的完成时不能与for,since等表示一段时间的状语连用。Since从句无论用终止性动词或延续性动词都表示该动作的完成或结束。
练习、填空
We still hold meeting in the old house, which _______ (stand) on the same spot for over two hundred years.
I __________ (not see) Keith at the party yesterday morning.
Only one British female astronaut __________ (spend) time on a space station.
We ____________ (have) three major snowstorms so far this winter. I wonder how many more we will have.
This is the first time that I _________ (hear) her sing, and I hope it is the last.
I _________ (weigh) 100 pounds three months ago, and look at me now!
The incidence of the street crime __________ (rise) by five percent in the last two months.
10) He ____________ (teach) English for two months when he was living in Germany.
7、过去完成时
had done （被动）had been done 时间状语：just, already, ever, never, yet, before, when, by then, till, up till then, by the end of…, by the time…, once, as soon as,
表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。
By the end of last week, Jack had learned skating for five months.
说明：既然过去完成时是描述过去的过去，因此也用来表示引起过去状态或行为的原因：
I was tired on Monday. I hadn’t sleptwell the night before.
She looked thin because shehad been sick for a few months.
She was late for class because her bus had arrived late.
②与when, before, when, until等引导时间状语从句连用，强调动作发生的先后。
She had already cleaned the house before her parents went back. 她父母回来前，她已经打扫了房间。
Shehadgottothestationbefore9o’clock.
The train had left before I reached the station.
He felt a lot better after he had taken the medicine.
When we got back, the babysitter had gone home.
When he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
I had never heard about it until you told me.
He didn’t arrive at the station until the train had left.
He asked me whether I had seen the film the night before.
When I arrived at the station, the train had left.
过去完成时常用于下列结构：
By/Before the end of+过去时间；By+过去时间 +主句(过去完成时)
At the time of+过去时间;By the time+过去时句子
By the end of last year we had built five new houses.
At the time of the trial last summer Hinckley had been in prison for eight months.
By the time I got to the party most people had gone home.
Hardly/Barely/Scarcely +过去完成时（倒装形式）+when + 句子 (过去时)
No sooner +过去完成时（倒装形式）+than + 句子 (过去时)
I had hardly got home when it began to rain.我一到家天就下起雨来。
= Hardly had Igot home when it began to rain.
He had no sooner arrived at the station than the train left.他一到车站，火车就离站了。
= No sooner had he arrived at the station than the train left.
主句（过去时，动作先发生）+ before + 从句（过去完成时，动作的未完成或未实现）；含义为“不等…就”
1. I left university before I had taken the final exams.我还没参加期末考试就离校了。
2. She sacked him before he’d had a chance to explain.她不等他解释就把他解雇了。
表示过去没有实现的愿望。在动词expect, hope, intend, mean (+intend), suppose等的过去完成时指“过去没有实现的愿望、打算、计划”，也表示“失望”或“惋惜”等情绪。
1. We had hoped that you would be able to visit us. 我们本希望你能来拜访我们。
2. She had planned to attend the meeting in person, but he changed his mind later. 他原打算亲自出席会议，但后来改变了主意。
用一般过去时代替完成时
两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。
When she saw the mouse，she screamed.
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.
两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
练习
（）1. The policeman’s attention was suddenly caught by a small box which _____ placed under the Minister’s car.
A. has been B. was being C. had been D. would be
（）2. He kept looking at her, wondering whether he _____ her somewhere.
A. saw B. has seen C. seen D. had seen
（）3. He _______ more than 5,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15.
A. has learned B. would have learned C. learned D. had learned
（）4. — George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding
— No, I _______.Did they have a big wedding
A. was not invited B. have not been invited C. hadn’t been invited D. didn’t invite
（）5. When the old man _____ to walk back to his house, the sun ______ itself behind the mountain.
A. started; had already hidden B. had started; had already hidden
C. had started; was hiding D. was starting; hid
（）6.The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B. were writing, has left
C. had written, had left D.were writing, had left
（）7.The policeman’s attention was suddenly caught by a small box which ____ placed under the Minister’s car.
A. has been B. was C. had been D. would be
填空
He was unhappy when he sold his guitar. After all, he （have） it for a very long time.
She was surprised to find the fridge empty; The child (eat) everything!
Last month, the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they from China.
It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they (do) for me.
3、翻译
1) 在我们到达他们家之前，他们就已经吃完晚饭了。
在我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始了。
他告诉我他以前在那个学校任教过。
他说他已经看过那本小说了。
三、过去将来时
would/should+动词原形were/was going to do （被动）would/should be done were/was going to be done 时间状语： 1) at six the next morning/afternoon/ night, the next day /Friday/ week /month 2)the following day /week/ month /year 3)two days/ three weeks /four years later 4) after10 o'clock, after 10 o'clock in the morning, 5)when, after引导的时间状语从句。
表示从过去某时看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。是在某一过去时之后发生的动作。我们可以理解为它是“立足于过去，着眼于未来”的一种时态。
He said he would come here the next Friday.
I knew that he would help us when we were in trouble.
When you asked Li Lei for help, he would never refuse you.
过去将来时的结构：
由助动词“would/should+动词原形”构成,should主要用于主语是第一人称时;would可用于各种人称。
He said he would come to see me.
She told us that she would try her best to catch up with other classmates that term.
I knew you would agree.
He called to say that he would come home after 10 o'clock
The doctor said Jack would be all right in a few days.
Whenever we had trouble, he would come to help us.
“was/were+goingto+动词原形”。常可用来表示按计划或安排即将发生的事。
No one knew when he was going to come.
She said she was going to start off at once.
They said that they were going to be sent to meet her at the railway station.
I was told that he was going to return home.
He told us that he was going to attend the meeting.
此结构还可表示根据当时情况判断有可能但不一定会发生某事。例如：
It seemed as if it was going to rain.
come，go，leave，arrive，start等动词可用过去进行时代替过去将来时。例如：
He said the train was leaving at six the next morning.
She told me she was coming to see me.
We were informed that the leaders were coming to our school soon.
条件状语从句和时间状语从句中须用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
I didn’t know when she would come,but when she came I would let you know.
The teacher said that it would be very difficult to make progress if I didn’t work hard.
was / were to + 动词原形。如：
The building was to be completed the next month.
Li Lei was to arrive soon.
was / were about to + 动词原形。如：
We were about to leave there when it began to rain heavily and suddenly.
He was about to have lunch when the bell rang.
过去将来时的用法
（1）过去将来时，一般用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中。如：
He said he would stay with us.
He said he would never go there again.。
（2）过去将来时，用于虚拟语气中。如：
If I were you, I would not do that.
If he were here, he would show us how to do it.
（3）was / were going to + 动词原形；was / were to + 动词原形；was / were about to + 动词原形等结构都可表达一种即将实现的意图或打算。如：
The conference was going to be held the next month.
We were to have our class at eight.
I was about to tell him about it when Wu Dong got in.
练习题
单选
Li Ming said he _____happy if Brian _____to China next month.
A. was; come B. was; would come
C. would be; came D. will be; come
Jenny said she _____her holiday in China.
A. spent B. would spent
C. was going to spent D. would spend
I hoped Tina ______ to my birthday party on time the next Wednesday.
A. to come B. is coming C. will come D. was coming
She ______ to work when the telephone rang.
A. is going B. will go
C. was about to go D. is to go
—What did your son say in the letter
He told me that he_ _____the Disney World the next day.
Will visit B. has visited C. is going to visit D. would visit
2Wewerenotsurewhetherthey______morevegetables.
are going to grow B. were going to grow C. will grow D. have grown
---Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday
---I___, but I had an unexpected visitor.
A. had B. would C. was going to D. did
This morning Alice ___out ___the door opened and in came some strangers.
A. was just about to go; while B. went when
C. was going while D. was just about to go; when
填空
Jenny said she_____（spend）her holiday in China.
LiMing said he_____(be )happy if Brian_____(come) to China next month.
I wasn't sure whether he_______(lend)me his book the next morning.
They made up their mind that they ________（buy） a new house once Larry changed jobs.
Miss Zhang said she _____________(visit) the Great Wall next summer.　
She told him that she _______________ (not stay) here for long.
He was fifty-six. In two years he ___________ (be) fifty-eight.
3、翻译
他们问我是否很快要去广州。
我上大学的时候，每年暑假都找份临时工挣学费。
他们将接受政府的工资。
她和我将在一个约定的地方见面。
我告诉他马上离开，但他不。
布朗夫人刚要开始，但是珍妮先说话了
他不知道以后他会出名。
他情绪低落的时候，就拉小提琴。
我认为他会同意我们的观点.
Section B: 强化练习
( ) 1. — Bob must be very wealthy.
— Yes, he more in one day than I do in a week.
A. has been earned B. had earned C. earns D. has earned
( ) 2. — Come on in, Peter, I want show you something.
— Oh, how nice of you! I you to bring me a gift.
A. didn’t think, were going B. hadn’t thought, were going
C. never think, are going D. never thought, were going
( ) 3. I first met Lisa three years ago. She ______ at a radio shop at the time.
A. has worked B. was working C. had been working D. had worked
( ) 4. The reporter said that the UFO ______ east to west when he saw it.
A. was traveling B. traveled C. had been traveling D. was to travel
( ) 5. “What ' s the matter, Ali You look sad.”
“Oh, nothing much. As a matter of fact, I ______ of my friends back home.”
A. just thought B. have just been thinking
C. was just thinking D. have just thought
( ) 6. When Li Ming hurried home, he found that his mother _______ already____ to hospital.
A. has; been sent B had; sent C. has; sent D. had; been sent
( ) 7. She _____her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ____home.
A. has left; comes B. had left; would come C. had left; came D. left; had come
( ) 8. Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years.
A. was ; studying B. will ; study C. has ; studied D. are ; studying
( ) 9. Harry Potter is a very nice film. I_______ it twice.
A. will see B. have seen C. saw D.see
( ) 10. The house belongs to my aunt but she_____here any more.
A.hasn't lived B.didn't live C.hadn't lived D.doesn't live
( ) 11. --- Your job _______ open for your return.
--- Thanks .
A.will be kept B.will keep C.had kept D.had been kept
( ) 12. The young girl sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. She ______ before.
A.hasn't flown B.didn't fly C.hadn't flown D.wasn't flying
( ) 13. ---Mr Gorden asked me to remind you of the meeting this afternoon. Don’t forget it!
---OK. I ______.
A. won't B. don't C. will D. do
( ) 14. Mrs. Wu told me that her sister___________.
A. left about two hours before　　　 B. would leave about two hours before
C. has left about two hours ago 　　　D. had left about two hours before
( ) 15. When I reached home, my parents __________their supper.
A. are having　　　　　　　　　　 B. have already had
C. have had　　　　　　　　　　　D. had already had
( ) 16. She __________in this school ________ the past ten years.
A. was teaching, since　　　　　　　B. had been teaching, since
C. would teach, for　　　　　　　　　D. has been teaching, for
( ) 17.--- I ______ so busily recently that I ______ no time to help you with your math.
--- That’s OK. I can manage it by myself.
A. have been working; have　 B. have worked; had
C. am working; will have D. had been working; had had
( ) 18.Remember to send me a photo of us next time you ______ to me.
A. are writing B. will write
C. has written D. write
( ) 19.--- I beg your pardon, but I didn’t quite catch you.
　　　 --- Oh, I ______ myself.
A. am talking to B. talked about
C. have talked to D. was talking to
( ) 20. I ______ ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the New Year.
A. will play B. have played
C. played D. play
( ) 21. I first met Tom 10 years ago. He ______ in a radio factory at that time.
A. had worked B. has worked
C. was working D. has been working
( ) 22. --- What ______ when I phoned you
--- I ______ my work, and I wanted to go out.
A. have you done; finished B. were you doing; have finished
C. did you do; had just finished D. were you doing; had just finished
( ) 23. They won’t buy new clothes because they ______ money to buy a new house.
A.save B.are saving C.have saved D.were saving
( ) 24. The traffic in our city is already good and it ______ even better.
A.gets B.got C.has got D.is getting
( ) 25. I used to drink a lot of tea but these days I ______ coffee.
A. prefer B. preferred C. had preferred D. am preferring
( ) 26. The vegetables didn’t taste very good. They ______ too long.
A. had been cooked B. were cookedC. have cooked D. cooked
( ) 27. --- Remember the first time we met, Jim
--- Of course I do. You ______ in the library.
A. were reading B. had read C. have read D. read
( ) 28. I want to buy that kind of cloth because I ______ the cloth ______ well.
　　A. have told; washes B. have been told; washes
　　C. was told; washed D. have been told; is washed
( ) 29. Jim talked for about half an hour yesterday. Never ______ him talk so much.
A. I heard B. did I hear C. I had heard D. had I heard
( ) 30. He ___ articles for our wall-newspaper these three years, and he ____ about forty articles.
　 A. has been writing; has written B. has been writing; wrote
　 C. is writing; has been writing D. has written; has written
练习二：Complete the sentences with the proper tenses of the words in the brackets.
1. Marty d details ________ (prove) that Taiwan ________ (belong) to China:
2. This material ________(feel) soft and may be used to make underwear (内衣).
3. ________you________(understand) what I________(mean)by doing so
4. Old people ___________ (prefer) to live in the peaceful countryside rather than in the noisy city.
5.At present about 25% of the citizens in our city ________ (own) private cars.
6. W’d better hurry up. The airplane ____________ (take off) at 6:00, and we only have one hour left.
7. Hello, Tina. I ______ ( not think) it ___________ (be) you. What’s the matter with you
8. I hear that you ___________ (lose) your bike. So, how do you go to work every day
9. When _________ you_________ (learn) about the secret As far as I know, nobody has let it out.
10. Jim _________ (talk) to his girlfriend on the phone when there _________ (be) a knock on the door.
11. According to the plan, the project ____________ (be) to be completed at the end of next month.12.
12. By last November I ____________ (collect) more than 2,000 stamps.
13. I _________ (plan) to visit the Ming Tombs but the heavy rain ruined my mood.
14. I _________(be) to Beijing for 5 times.
15. The road is too muddy, and I ___________ (have) several falls.
现在完成进行时
have/has been doing 时间状语： since,for,by,howlong,when,until,allday,allthemorning 等表示一段时间或表示起讫的时间状语
强调从过去某一时刻开始的动作，一直持续到说话时还在进行或刚结束。常与延续性动词连用。瞬间动词不能用于此时态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍继续进行下去。
1. Tom has been working hard since the new term began.
2. I have been fixing the bike for three hours.
3. How long have been wearing glasses
表示一直到说话时为止的一段时间内一再重复的动作。
1. He has been saying that all the morning.
2. We have been waiting for you for half an hour.
现在完成进行时表示一个重复性的动作，常用语表示“关切、惊异、愤怒”等感彩。
1. You have been coughing a lot lately.
2. He has been scoring plenty of goals this season.
与lately,recently连用表示动作或行为的临时性
1. Helen has been spending a lot of time at the club lately.
2. People have been eating less meat recently because of the price.
现在完成进行时与现在完成时的比较：
现在完成时强调动作的延续性，因此有“未完成”的含义，而现在完成时则表示“已完成”
I have written a letter.
I have been writing a letter.
(前面一句表已完成；后一句表示还在写，没有完成)
现在完成进行时强调动作的延续性，因此不用于表达该动作重复了多少次的句中。现在完成时可用于描述反复多次的行为。
She has been visiting Paris three times this year. ( )
She has visited Paris three times this year. ( )
现在完成进行时强调动作或行为的临时性，现在完成时强调动作或行为持续的状态。
We have been eating less meat recently because of the crisis.
We have eaten a lot less meat over the last ten years or so.
现在完成进行时强调动作或行为本身，现在完成时强调动作或行为的结果。
I’ve been doing my accounts all afternoon.
I’ve done the accounts here and there.
练习
Tom _________ in the library every night over the last three months.
A. works B. worked C. has been working D. had been working
On her next birthday, Ann _____ married for twenty years.
A. is B. has been C. will be D. will have been
He ___________ articles for our wall-newspaper these years, and he ________ about thirty articles.
A. has written; wrote B. has been writing; wrote
C. is writing; has been writing D. has been writing; has written
The world gold price_________ (rise) for the last five years, which is now over 1000 dollars per ounce.
You ________ (read) the novel for almost five hours. Why not join us and have a cup of tea
Nana _________ (serve) as a photographer for five years in the club, and now she is the CEO.
Up to now, the Hope Project_________ (save) thousands of children who would otherwise have died.
将来完成时
willhavedone 时间状语：by+将来时间：bythen,bytheendof,withinthenextweek; 复合句：before,when,bythetime+状语从句
表示将来某一时间前某动作已经完成，或预计将已完成
1.We will have planted about 2000 trees by 2017.
2.By then we’ll have eaten all the food we brought.
3.By the end of next week, they’ll have reached the destination.
4.I’ll have finished my report within the next hour.
5.Perhaps we’ll have finished our work before she arrives.
6.When we get there, they’ll have left.
在时间和条件状语从句中，要用现在完成时代替将来完成时
I will give you my opinion when I have read the book through.
注(1)by短语引导表示将来的时间，如果主句描述的是所处的一种状态或该动词本身有已完成的含义时，常可用一般将来时表示。
Breakfast will be ready by the time you have dressed.
By the time you have finished this work, your meal will get cold.
注(2)“within…”等短语如不强调已完成，主句也可用一般将来时。
A new type of computer will be manufactured within the next two years.
语法 --- 被动语态(Passive Voice)
语态（Voice）用来表明主语和谓语动词之间的关系。英语动词有两种时态：主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态（Active Voice）表示主语是动作的执行者，侧重于行为者。谓语动词为主动语态的句子叫主动句。
被动语态（Passive Voice）表示主语是动作的承受着，侧重于动作的对象或动作本身。谓语动词为被动语态的句子叫被动句。
英语使用被动语态的频率比汉语多得多，一般包括下列情况：
1) 不知道动作的执行者，或没有必要指出 (省略…by…)
▍His bike has been stolen. 他的自行车被偷了。 ▍You are wanted outside. 外面有人找你。
2) 强调动作的承受者 (主语)，动作的承受者是谈话中心。
▍This song was written by a teacher. 这首歌是一位教师写的。 ▍My watch has been repaired. 我的表修好了。
3) 由于某种理由（如为了礼貌、委婉或便于组合语法关系）而需要用被动语态。
▍You are expected to finish the work in time. 希望你及时把这项工作完成。 ▍Enough has been said here of this question. 关于这个问题，这里已经谈得不少了。
4) 动作的执行者有较长的修饰语，或这行者是多个并列，为了使结构紧凑、上下连贯而用被动语态。
▍The homework hasn’t been handed in by the students who were absent yesterday. 昨天缺席的学生还没有交作业。 ▍The problem was brought up not only by some students, but also by some teachers. 这个问题不仅学生提出来了，而且有些老师也提出来了。
5) 动作的执行者不是有生命的人，而是无生命的事物
▍The forest was destroyed by a big fire. 森林被大火烧毁了。 ▍The house was washed away by the storm. 房子被暴雨冲走了。
6) 在文章标题、广告、新闻报道中，常用省略了助动词be的被动语态。
▍Girls Wanted. 招女工。（广告） ▍Road Blocked. 道路堵塞。（新闻报道）
7) 在商务书信中，起草人是以公司名义写时，常用被动语态。
▍Your letter has been received. 来信收到。 ▍Your complaint is being looked into. 你的投诉正在调查之中。
8) 由于被动语态主要用来强调动作本身而不是强调谁做的动作，比较客观，因此常用于描述一个过程、科学实验、动作解说等，并广泛用于科技英语以及新闻报告等正式问题中。
▍Farmland is being lost for several reasons. 耕地的流失有几个原因。 ▍Several villages are said to have been flooded. 据说有好几个村子被洪水淹没了。
1.被动语态的构成形式
时态 构成
1) 一般现在时 am/is/are +done ▍History is made by the people. 历史是人民创造的。
2) 一般将来时 will be done ▍Several big modern power plants will be built in our city next year. 明年我市将建立几座大型的现代发电厂。
3) 一般过去时 was/were done ▍Thousands of people were killed in this earthquake. 成千上万的人在这次地震中遇难。
4) 现在进行时 am/is /are being done ▍A new cinema is being built here．这里正在建一个新的电影院。
5) 过去进行时 was/were done ▍The old hotel was being rebuilt the. 这座老旅馆那时候正在重建。
6) 现在完成时 has /have been done ▍We have been warned to be careful of rats by them. 他们已提醒我们要注意老鼠。
7) 过去完成时 had been done ▍My shoes have been cleaned by somebody. 有人已把我的鞋子擦了。
8) 过去将来时 should/would be done ▍I did not say that the equipment would be changed. 我并没说我们将换掉那台设备。
2.含有情态动词的被动语态
含情态动词的被动语态的结构: 情态动词 + be + done
▍This must be kept in mind. 我们必须把这个记在心里。
▍The refrigerator can be put in that place. 我们可以把冰箱放在那个地方。
3.It is said that+从句及其他类似句型
一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型 “It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”。
▍It is said that… 据说, ▍It is reported that…据报道， ▍It is believed that…大家相信，
▍It is hoped that…大家希望， ▍It is well known that…众所周知， ▍It is thought that…大家认为，
▍It is suggested that…据建议
4.主动形式表被动意义
1）表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out“爆发”, come out“出现”, come about“发生”, come true“实现”, run out“用完”, give out“发出”, turn out“结果是”等以主动形式表示被动意义。
▍How do the newspapers come out 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？
▍When does the wedding take place 什么时候举行婚礼
2）系动词look, sound, taste, smell, feel, go, grow, seem, turn没有被动形式，但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, smell, look等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。
▍Your reason sounds reasonable. 那听起来很有道理。
▍The food tastes delicious. 那食物尝起来很可口。
3）在动词 require, need, want, deserve等表示“需要；值得”的动词之后，可用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。
▍The trees need watering. 树需要浇水。
▍Children want looking after. 孩子需要照顾。
▍The TV needs repairing.电视机需要修理。
课堂练习（一）：
If nothing _____ , the oceans will turn into fish deserts.
A. does B. had been done C. will do D. is done
A Midsummer Night’s Dream at the Theatre Royal on 19th June, and then tours throughout Scotland. ★
A. opens B. is opened C. will open D. will be opened
Linda, make sure the tables _____ before the guests arrive.
A. be set B. set C. are set D. are setting
Though we don’t know what was discussed, yet we can feel the topic _____.
A. had changed B. will change C. was changed D. has been changed
Rain forests and buried sat such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.
A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut
Unless some extra money_____, the theatre will close.
A. was found B. finds C. is found D. found
—Did you enjoy the party
—Yes. We_____ well be our hosts.
A. were treated B. would be treated C. treated D. had treated
We won’t start the work until all the preparations_____.
A. are being made B. will be made C. have been made D. had been made
The school board is made up of parents who ________ to make decisions about school affairs.
A. had been elected B. had elected C. have been elected D. have elected
10. It ______ last week that the haze (雾霾）in Beijing caused many problems.
A. reports B. reported C. is reported D. was reported
课堂作业：选择
1. This listening material, together with its CD-ROMs, well.
A. sells B. sell C. is sold D. are sold
2. —Excuse me. I'm looking for Be the Best of Yourself.
—Sorry. The book you ask for______ out.
A. is selling B. is sold C. was selling D. will be sold
3. Annie to the party. She had a wonderful time with us.
A. invites B. is invited C. was invited D. has invited
4. Teenagers allowed to drive.
A. should not be B. should be not C. not should be D. will not invited
5. —Didn't you see the sign "No Parking!" on the right
—Sorry, I didn't. But now I know parking here.
A. wasn't allowed B. isn't allowed C. won't allow D. doesn't allow
6. From May 6, pedestrians(行人) 10 yuan if they run red lights, according to Beijing traffic authorities.　
A. will fine　 B. were fined C. are fine D. will be fined
7.—What languages ______ in that country'
—German and English
A. are speaking B. are spoken C. speak D. is spoken
8. It is said that an Asian Culture Village inside the AYG, Village in Nanjing in the coming Asian Youth Games period.
A. builds B. is building C. will be built D. was built
9. The child without parents ______ good care of by his teachers in this special school.
A. is taken B. are taken C. take D. takes
10. — “Frog”, Mo Yan's latest novel, please!
— Sorry, it ________ just now. But it will come out again soon.
A. sold out B. is sold out C. has sold out D. was sold out
11. A lot of trees _____around here every year, and we can enjoy fresher air now．
A．were planted B．are planted C．will plant D．are planting
14. The song reminds me of my old school days as soon as it ______.
A. is played B. plays C. will be played D. will play
15. — It’s difficult to get to the other side of the river.
— I think a bridge over the river.
A. should be built B. should build C. will build D. has built
16. —Have you finished your project
—Not yet. I’ll finish it if I _______ ten more minutes.
A. give B. am given C. will give D. will be given
17. Thanks to the internet, different kinds of information ________in a short time.
A. can be learned B. has been learned C. can learn D. has learned
18. It is reported that Daimiao Culture Square _______ in Taian next year.
A. will be built B. were built C. have built D. will build
19. This pair of shoes ________ hand, and it _______ very comfortable.
A. is made with; is felt B. are made from; is felt
C. are made of; feels D. is made by; feels
20. —How often do I need to feed the dog
— It ___ food every day, or it will be hungry.
A. must give B. must be give C. must be given D. must be gave
21. Many children in Britain to have their own bank cards these days.
A. allow B. allowed C. are allowed D. were allowed
翻译中动词的时态
一般来说，描述客观现象或事实、表达观点或愿望、得出结论的句子大都用现在时态。表示现在动作的趋势时，一般使用现在进行时，如：
【例1】：网球运动在上海越来越流行了。(popular)
Tennis is getting more and more popular in Shanghai.
英语中的进行态与频率副词搭配，有时表示一种情感色彩，如：
【例2】：他总是为他人着想。He is always thinking of others.（赞扬）
【例3】：她那时老是改变主意。She was changing her mind all the time.（不满）
汉语中的“了”、“过”等词一般表示动作已完成或动作发生在过去，对应着英语中的一般过去时及现在完成时等时态，如：【例4】：这本杂志花了我30多元。(cost) This magazine cost me more than 30 yuan.
“了”、“的”对应的是过去时还是完成时，要根据句意而定，如：
【例5】：这部电影我已经看了两遍。 I have seen the film twice already.
【例6】：这部电影我曾经看过两遍。 I saw the film twice in the past.
“了”配合“一直”、“就是”等词，表示过去动作对现在的影响，应该使用现在完成时，如：
【例7】：我跟你说了多少遍，可你就是不听。 I have told you that many times, but you never listen to me.
若过去时句子前后出现两个动作，一个动作配合“已经”时，应使用过去完成时；若过去时句子的一个动作配合“要”、“准备”、“将”等词，往往考虑使用when, be about to或者是过去进行时等结构，如：
【例8】：我们赶到机场时，飞机已经起飞。 By the time we got to the airport, our plane had already taken off.
【例9】：他们正要离开，天就下雨了。 They were about to leave when it began to rain.
汉语中的“着”表持续，往往与进行态对应，如：
【例10】：明天这个时候我在图书馆等着你。 Tomorrow this time I’ll be waiting for you in front of the library.
【例11】：最后还须强调从句中涉及的时态问题。除了常说的“主将从现”，其他的某些主从复合句中的时态也是相对固定的，建议牢记。
③ 动词的语态及无主句的处理
汉语中有些以主动结构表示被动意义的句子，英语也有类似的情况，如：
【例1】：这种料子容易销售。This kind of material sells well.
当汉语句无主语或者主语很模糊时，翻译时最好用被动语态，避开主语，不影响其意思，如：
【例2】：应鼓励年轻人按照自己的特长选择职业。(encourage) Young people should be encouraged to choose their careers according to their own strong points.
若是复合句中出现没有主语的情况，则应考虑使用非谓语动词充当状语，如：
【例3】：看到奶奶有些睡意，他拉上窗帘并把电视的音量调低了。 (turn) Seeing Grandma a little sleepy, he drew the curtains and turned the TV down.
当然，无主句不单单只能使用被动来翻译，还有其他的选择，示例如下：
【例4】山里住着一位68岁的老汉。 In the mountains lived a 68-year-old man.（使用倒装句）
【例5】快点吧，否则你可能会失去机会。Hurry up, or you may miss the chance.（使用祈使句）
【例6】与自然斗争，倍感快乐。 It is a great joy to battle against nature.（使用形式主语）
【例7】做实验，再小心也不为过。 One cannot be too careful when doing an experiment.（补充主语）
课堂练习
明确的时间状语，可以作为时态判断的依据;
1.我第一次写英语作文时，犯了很多拼写错误。(make)
The first time I wrote an English composition, I made a lot of spelling mistakes.
2.当时，那位出租车司机别无选择，只能求助于游客。(choice)
At that time the taxi driver had no choice but to turn to the tourist / traveler (for help).
3.听到008年奥运会在北京举办的消息是，人们欣喜若狂。
People wild with joy / overjoyed at the news that the Olympic Games would be held in Beijing in 2008.
4.在过去几年里，这家工厂用塑料代替木头来降低成本。(substitute)
In the past few years, this factory has substituted plastic for wood in order to reduce the cost.
没有明确时间状语，但是可以从句子结构，特别是括号内所给的连接词来判断动词时态。
5.请尽早作出决定，不然你会错失良机 (or)
Please make your decision quickly, or you will miss the good chance.
6.你一旦养成坏习惯，改掉它是很难的。(once)
Once you form / get into a bad habit, it’s very difficult to get rid of/ get out of it.
7.如果队员们不加强配合，我校篮球队就不可能在决赛中战胜对手。(unless)
Our school basketball team will not beat the opponents in the final match / final(s) unless the team members strengthen their cooperation / cooperate well with each other.
描述客观现象，表达观点或愿望，得出结论的句子大都用表示现在的各种时态。
8.小组讨论有助于更好的理解课文。 (help)
Group discussion helps to understand the text better.
9.我希望尽快收到你的照片。
I hope that I can receive your photos as soon as possible.
10.多吃蔬菜和水果有益健康。(good)
Eating more vegetables and fruits does good to one’s health. . .
如果译文是复合句，要注意主从时态一致
11.物理课上他没听懂王教授所讲的内容。 (fail)
In the physics class, he failed to understand what Professor Wang was talking about.
翻译中有些动词要根据具体情况选用相应时态，有些时候一般现在时和一般过去式皆可以。
12.不管天有多晚，他从不把今天的事拖到明天(put off)
However late it is, he never puts off what must be done today till tomorrow.
or: However late it was, he never put off what he could do the day till the next day.
翻译
1). It occurred to sb that...
1. 我从未想到我校篮球队会在决赛中败北。(occur)
It never occurred to me that the basketball team of my school would be defeated in the final.
2. 我万万没想到对电脑知识一窍不通的奶奶如今也迷上了网购。（occur）
It has never occurred to me that grandma who was ignorant of computer knowledge is fascinated by online shopping nowadays.
3. 他从没想到保护水资源的文化和社会因素也应被列入考虑范围。(occur)
It never occurred to him that the cultural and social aspects of protecting the water resource should also be taken into account/consideration.
2). There is no doubt that...
1. 毫无疑问在如今这个充满竞争的社会，保持幽默有助于减少压力并促进创造性思维。（contribute）
There is no doubt that in such a competitive society, keeping a sense of humor contributes to reducing pressure and promoting creative thinking.
2. 毫无疑问，小时候没有受过教育的父母经常叮嘱他们的孩子要好好读书。( access )
There is no doubt that those parents who had no access to education in their childhood often ask their children to study hard.
3). The more..., the more...
练得越多，你的钢琴弹的就越好。（the more）
The more exercise you do, the better you can play the piano.
4.). What impressed me most was that...
What matters/worries is that...
使我最担心的是, 这孩子除了玩在线游戏之外, 似乎对周围的一切都漠不关心。 (show)
What worries me most is that the child shows no interests in anything around him except playing online games.
5). When it comes to...
谈到向别人表达感谢时，除了“谢谢”外，还有许多更有创意的方式。(come)
When it comes to thanking people, there are many more creative ways besides “thank you”.
6). There is no point in doing
我认为就此问题与那些固执己见的人争论下去没有意义了。（point n.）
I think that there is no point arguing about the question with those who are stubborn.
7). It is/was...that/who...
正是我国宇航员的精神才使我们克服了所有的艰难险阻。（enable）
It was the spirit of astronauts/ the astronauts’ spirit of our country that enabled us to overcome all the difficulties.
8). Nothing is more...than...
1. 没有什么能比得上我现在看到的景色。 （than）
No scenery is better/ more beautiful than what I am enjoying here.
2. 就教师而言，没有什么比能看到学生取得进步更令人高兴的了。(than)
As for the teachers, there is nothing more joyful than witnessing the progress made by the students.
翻译句型
1. As is known ( to us all ), … = It is known (to us all) that …
2. It seems that sb./sth.… =sb./sth. seems to…
It appears (to sb) that …=sb./sth. appears to…
3. It (so)happened that sb./sth.…=sb./sth. happened to…
4. There is/are….
There seems to be…
There happened to be…
There must have been…
There is going to/will be…
5. Sth occurred to sb
It (suddenly) occurred to sb that …
It never occurred to sb that… = It didn’t occur to sb that…
6. It is said / reported that sb./sth.… = sb / sth is said / reported to do…
It is believed that sb./sth.… = sb / sth is believed to do……
7. It is no good / use doing …
They think / consider / feel it no use / good doing
It is likely that sb./sth.… = sb / sth is likely to do…
It is possible / probable that sb./sth.…
8. It is hard to imagine /say / believe…
It is no wonder that…
9. It takes sb. some time to do sth.
Sb. takes some time to do sth.
Sb. spends time/money doing sth / on sth
10. When/Whenever it comes to sb./sth/doing sth, …
11. It (still) remains a question whether …= Whether … remains a question.
Whether … remains to be seen.
Whether … ( or not ) mainly depends on …
12. It matters a lot / little whether/who/how…
It doesn’t matter whether/who/how…
What (really) matters (to sb) is …
13. You make it a rule to do / that…
They make it possible / clear (for sb) to do / that …
We find / feel / think / consider it +adj. / n. (for sb) to do / that…
We think / consider / feel it a great honor to do sth
14. keep / bear sth in mind → keep / bear in mind that…
15. take sth. for granted
take it for granted that … = It is taken for granted that…
16. see to sth.
see to it that … = make sure that …
17. I would appreciate it (very much) if you could do sth.
I would be grateful/thankful (to sb.) if you could do sth.
18. It won’t be long before …
→It will be …before…
It is / was the first / second time that … (现在完成时 / 过去完成时)
19. It is up to sb. to do sth.
20. It was+强调部分+ that …
Sb. do / does / did +v.
21. not … until 直到……才……
→It is/was not until… that…
→Not until…
22. The first time +从句 …= When… for the first time,…
Every time / Each time …= Whenever…
The moment / The instant / Directly… = As soon as… 一…… 就
23. no sooner … than / hardly … when
I had no sooner left than she called. =No sooner had I left than she called.
24. n. / adj. / adv. + as / though + S + V 虽然……
25. However / No matter how + adj. / adv. + S + V,…
whatever / wherever / whenever / whichever / whoever / whomever / whether
26. The more … the more …
27. There is no / not much point in doing …
There is no need (for sb) to do …
There is no doubt that …
There is no possibility of doing / that …
There is no denying that …
28. Chances are that … 可能……
29. since / now that 既然
30. It is / has been some time since … (过去式)
It was some time since … (过去完成时)
31. Those who…
32. He is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.
He is one of the students who have passed the exam.
33. 倒装 ①全部倒装 ②部分倒装
Only +状语（短语/从句）
34. 祈使句，and / or +陈述句
35. not … but…
36. Word came that …
37. The reason why / for… was / is that ...
38. What impressed / struck us most was that…
What matters (to sb.) is that…
39. With the development / improvement / rise / increase / advance / help of …
40. Contrary to one’s wish / expectation / what people (had) expected / thought
41. cannot /never …too / can’t… enough --- 怎样也不过分----
42. not necessarily 未必---
43. take … into consideration / account
五、课后作业
1直到回到家她才发现把自行车钥匙忘在了办公室里了。（not …until）
2众所周知， 计算机在我们的日常生活和工作中起着重要的作用。( play )
3众所周知，成功属于那些勤奋工作的人。（It ）
4我们发现很难赶上科技领域的迅速发展。(find it )
5我发现很难与那些一贯固执己见的人合作。 （find it）
6给我印象最深的是她的微笑。(impress)
7只有到了那时，汤姆才承认自己的错误。(Only )
8正是怀特先生负责这个项目。( it is … who )
在电脑的帮助下，解这道题只需花你几秒钟的时间。（take）
毫无疑问实行“五一”、“十一”长假有许多明显的优点。（there is no doubt…）
你熟悉的词越多，你越会发现比较容易理解一篇文章的内容和意义。（the more…）
他们答应无论发生什么，他们都会完成这项艰巨的任务。(whatever)
我从来没想到你能干这种事。(occur)
他们成功的原因在于他们能从错误中学到很多。 (the reason for)
他体质差的原因是他不太注意饮食和休息。 (the reason )
她没有参加昨晚的聚会是因为没有人告诉她。 （why）
快点，要不然我们就要错过火车了。 (or)
跟她解释这事没用.，因为她太年轻，理解不了。 （no use ）
他一登上飞机就发现他的手表不见了。 (No sooner…)
那些不会操作电脑或不会讲英语的人是不能得到这份工作的。 (those )
他开始做他的功课已两个小时了，可到现在还没完成他的所有作业。(since, so far)
无论计算机如何普及，有些工作必须有人来做。 (no matter how)
飞机飞得越高，我们越看不清楚。 (the more)