2023届高考英语二轮复习：从三个维度破解提示词为动词的语法填空题 讲义（含答案）
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| 名称 | 2023届高考英语二轮复习：从三个维度破解提示词为动词的语法填空题 讲义（含答案） |  | |
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| 版本资源 | 人教版（2019） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2022-09-26 07:38:47 | ||
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从三个维度破解提示词为动词的语法填空题
维度①
谓语动词
STEP 01
如何判定谓语动词？
方法1
当句子中只有提示词为动词时，通常做谓语。
方法2
当提示动词放在已经有了谓语动词的句子中，但这些动词被and连接时，则提示动词也为谓语。注意：这时的and放在最后两个谓语动词中间。
STEP 02
确定动词后如何进一步确定时态、语态及主谓一致？
方法1：时态的确定
1. 根据时态标志词确定时态
1）一般现在时的时态标志词：
sometimes，every year/week/day/morning，often，always，usually，seldom，now and then等。
2）一般过去时的时态标志词：
once upon a time，yesterday，last week/month/year，just now，the other day（= a few days ago），时间段＋ago，时间段＋later，in＋过去的年份。
3）一般将来时的时态标志词：
tomorrow，next week/month/year，in (the coming)＋时间段，upcoming，in the future等。
4）现在进行时的时态标志词：
Look！Listen！now，at present，at this moment/time/minute，currently等。
5）过去进行时的时态标志词：
at that moment/time/minute，then等。
6）将来进行时的时态标志词：
at this time/moment tomorrow等。
7）现在完成时的时态标志词：
lately，recently，so/by far，by now，up to now，until now，in/during/over the past/last few＋时间段等。in/over recent＋时间段，since＋过去的时间点，ever since等。
8）过去完成时的时态标志词：
by＋过去的时间，by then，by the end of＋过去的时间点，until then，before＋过去的时间点。
2. 根据并列连词连接的平行结构作为时态判断的依据：
常见如下：
and，but，or，both ... and ...，either ... or ...，neither ... nor ...，not only ... but (also)等。尤其关注一个主语，两个或两个以上的并列谓语，谓语动词的时态要保持一致。
3．根据主从句时态呼应的原则确定时态：
宾语从句中，主句如果用一般过去时，从句也应该用过去的时态；但陈述客观事实或真理时，从句用一般现在时。
时间、条件状语从句中，主将从现，即主句为一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来。
4．根据语境提示确定时态：
如果没有时间标志词或者主从句的时态暗示，就要联系上下文、前后句中的时态，看看动作是否同时发生或者先后发生，确定填空处的时态。
5. 掌握常考固定句型 ：
1) was/were doing ... when+ 一般过去时。
2) was/were about to do ... when+一般过去时。
3) had (just) done ... when+一般过去时。
4) Hardly/scarcely/rarely+had +主语+done ... when+一般过去时。
5) No sooner+had+主语+done ... than+一般过去时。
6) This/That/It is the+序数词+time+that+现在完成时。
7) This/That/It was the+序数词+time+that+过去完成时。
8) It is/has been+时间段+since+一般过去时。
9) 祈使句＋and＋陈述句(一般将来时)。
10) It is time that you did/should do sth.（虚拟语气）。
11) If I had followed his advice, I would have succeeded.（虚拟语气）。
链接高考
【2022年全国乙卷】The chairman of the China Culture Promotion Society 63 (address) the opening ceremony.
[答案] addressed
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态。中国文化促进会会长在开幕式上致辞。 这个是谓语动词，发生在五月一号，有具体的过去时间，所以用一般过去时。注意address在这里是动词，意思是在开幕式上“发言，演讲”。故填addressed。
【2021年全国甲卷】We 46 (hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate. My bike was old and shaky but did the job.
[答案] hired
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语动词。句子没有时间状语，但从下句的谓语动词was和did可知，空格处也要用一般过去时。故填hired。
【2020年全国Ⅰ卷】The unmanned Chang'e 4 probe (探测器) — the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess — 61 (touch) down last week in the South Pole- Aitken basin.
[答案] touched
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语动词。句子主语是The unmanned Chang’e 4 probe，谓语动词是touch。根据时间状语last week可判断用一般过去时。故填入touched。touch down意为“（飞机等）降落，着陆”。
【2020年全国Ⅲ卷】When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary artist, they smiled and 66 (point) down the river.
[答案] pointed
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，设空处是并列谓语。设空处与 and 前面的 smiled 构成并列谓语动词，前后时态应一致。故填pointed。
【2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, 38 (form) the core collection of the British Museum that opened in 1759.
[答案] formed
[解析] 考查谓语动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语动词。根据上文内容以及时间状语in 1759可知，应用一般过去时。故填formed。
【2020年6月浙江卷】By about 6000 BC, people 61 (discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise.
[答案] had discovered
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语动词。根据时间状语By about 6000 BC（到大约公元前6000年为止）可知，空格处的谓语动词需用过去完成时，表示到过去某个时间为止已经完成或发生的动作。故填had discovered。
【2020年6月浙江卷】Then with the rise of science, changes began. New methods 63 (mean) that fewer people worked in farming.
[答案] meant
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语动词。根据前面的句子和后面宾语从句的时态可知，此处陈述过去的事情，应该用一般过去时。故填meant。
【2019年全国Ⅱ卷】Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene 64 (declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36- year- old business. Irene said ...
[答案] declared
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态。该句主语为Irene，此处为谓语成分，根据后文的had以及said可知，用一般过去时态。故填declared。
【2019年全国Ⅲ卷】Our hosts shared many of their experiences and 65 (recommend) wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit.
[答案] recommended
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态。and连接两个并列的谓语动词，空格处与shared并列，时态要一致。故填recommended。
方法2：语态的确定
第一步，确定主语；第二步，判断主语和动词的关系：如果主语是动作的发出者，要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，要用被动语态。
注意：要能够区分及物动词和不及物动词，不及物动词或短语动词没有被动语态。如：happen，exist，remain，rise，taste，survive，belong to，break out，break down，come up，come true，take place等。
链接高考
【2020年全国Ⅲ卷】One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait (画像) done so he called all great artists to come and present their finest work, so that he could choose the best. The artist was sure he would 63 (choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor’s chief minister, the old man laughed.
[答案] be chosen
[解题思路]考查谓语动词的语态。主语he和动词choose之间是被动关系，空格前有would，故用“be＋及物动词的过去分词”。
方法3：主谓一致
1. 语法一致
①主语为单数可数名词或不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式。
②主语为单个不定式（短语），动名词（短语）或主语从句时，谓语动词用单数形式。
③主语为复数名词或两个或以上不定式（短语），动名词（短语）或主语从句时，谓语动词用复数形式。
④a large quantity of＋不可数名词，谓语动词用单数；quantities of＋不可数名词，谓语动词用复数。
⑤如果定语从句缺少主语，谓语动词与先行词，（即从句所修饰的名词或代词）保持数的一致。
2. 就近原则
①either ... or ...，neither ... nor ...，not only ... but (also) …，not ... but ...等并列连词连接主语时。
②there be 句型中，谓语动词与最近的主语保持数的一致。
3. 就远原则：名词＋介词短语＋名词，谓语动词与离的远的第一个名词，即句子的主语保持数的一致。介词短语包括：with/along with/together with/as well as/rather than/in addition to/including等。
4. 并列的谓语动词形式（时态、数）一致。
5. 定语从句中的谓语动词要和从句的主语保持一致。从句的主语是关系代词时，谓动词应与关系代词所代指的先行词在人称和数上保持一致。
链接高考：以下高考试题同时考查时态和主谓一致
【2022年全国甲卷】In the last five years, Cao 67 (walk) through 34 counties in six continents, and in 2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro, Africa’s highest mountain.
[答案] has walked
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。这是由and连接的并列句，walk是第一个简单句的谓语动词，由时间状语In the last five years可知，此处需用现在完成时，句子主语Cao是第三人称单数。故填has walked。
【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that 58 (be) previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority to increase effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
[答案] were
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。定语从句中的谓语动词，由从句主语areas和空格后的previously unprotected（以前没有受到保护）可知此处应用be动词的复数且时态为一般过去时。故填were。
【2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】You can’t help wondering how hard it 61 (be) for the people then to pull all those rocks into places.
[答案] was
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，宾语从句缺少谓语动词，宾语从句的主语it代指后面的不定式，再根据从句中的时间状语then可知，空格处应该是be的第三人称单数的一般过去时。故填入was。
【2020年全国Ⅰ卷】 “This really excites scientists,” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it 67 (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed.”
[答案] means
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语动词。根据直接引语中的excites可判断用一般现在时；主语是it，谓语动词需用第三人称单数形式。故填means。
【2020年全国Ⅱ卷】This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers 62 (carry) special significance.
[答案] carries
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语动词。此处陈述客观事实，所以用一般现在时；从句主语是动名词短语decorating with plants, fruits and flowers，所以从句谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填carries。
【2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】The parts of a museum open to the public are called galleries or rooms. Often, only a small part of a museum’s collection 41 (be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.
[答案] is
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语动词。“a part of +名词”作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于of后面的名词，collection是单数，且本句陈述的是一般事实，因此此处需用be的第三人称单数形式。故填is。
【2019年全国Ⅰ卷】 Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations，three are declining, six 70 (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
[答案] are
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语动词。本句其他谓语动词用了一般现在时，本句的主语six指代six polar bear subpopulations，表示复数意义，故本空应填谓语动词are。
【2019年全国Ⅰ卷】In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut 65 (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.
[答案] have reported
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语动词。根据时间状语In recent years可知，主句用现在完成时态，主语为some Inuit people。故填have reported。
【2019年全国Ⅱ卷】Irene said, “I don’t see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I 66 (make) over the years.”
[答案] have made
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，此定语从句缺少谓语动词。根据定语从句中的时间状语over the years可知，此处用现在完成时态，主语是I。故填have made。
链接高考：以下高考试题同时考查时态、语态和主谓一致
【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】The GPNP 60 (design) to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity (完整性) of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones, and leaving behind precious natural assets (资产) for future generations”.
[答案] is designed
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，主语The GPNP与design是被动关系，所以用被动语态；陈述一般事实，故用一般现在时。故填is designed。
【2021年全国甲卷】The Xi’an City Wall 41 (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored.
[答案] was built
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，and连接两个并列谓语，由时间状语in the Tang Dynasty可知，此处谓语动词是一般过去时，而第三人称主语The Xi’an City Wall与build是被动关系。故填一般过去式的被动语态was built。
【2020年全国Ⅰ卷】“This really excites scientists,” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon 68 (construct).”
[答案] is constructed
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，how引导的宾语从句缺少谓语动词。整句话的时态为一般现在时，且第三人称单数主语the moon与construct（组成，构成）之间是被动关系，需用一般现在时的被动语态。故填is constructed。
【2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】The parts of a museum open to the public 40 (call) galleries or rooms. Often, only a small part of a museum’s collection is on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.
[答案] are called
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语动词。因主语The parts of a museum与call是被动关系，应该用被动语态；本句陈述的是一般事实，应用一般现在时。故填are called。
【2020年6月浙江卷】And, as more children were born, more food 59 (need).
[答案] was needed
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。food和need之间是被动关系，因此用被动语态；由上文的were born可知，此处用一般过去时；且food在此处为不可数名词，作主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填was needed。
【2019年全国Ⅲ卷】On the last day of our week long stay, we 69 (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars ...
[答案] were invited
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词时态、语态和主谓一致。由On the last day of our week long stay可知，句子时态为一般过去时。we和invite之间是被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。故填were invited。
维度②
非谓语动词
所给动词若在句中作非谓语，要考虑是作哪一种成分，找到逻辑主语，确定主被动关系，注意发生的时间，另外还要注意是否是固定搭配、固定句型或特殊用法，最后注意写对形式（动词-ing的变化规则、动词-ed的变化规则要记牢）。
考点1：非谓语动词（to do/doing）作主语
动词不定式和动词- ing形式都带有名词性，可作句子的主语，其区别在于：不定式表示某一具体的，尤其是未发生的动作；动词 -ing形式表示抽象的、泛指的动作。作主语时，还常用it作形式主语，把不定式或动词 -ing形式后置。
单个动名词、不定式作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。
固定句式：
It is + adj + for sb/of sb + to do sth.
It is no use/good doing sth.
It is a waste of time doing sth.
链接高考
【2021年全国甲卷】It is possible 43 (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.
[答案] to walk
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作主语。这是“It is + adj + to do sth.”（做某事是……的）句型。句中It是形式主语，后面的不定式短语是真正的主语。故填to walk。
【2019年全国III卷】On our way to the house, it was rain so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take 62 (get) there.
[答案] to get
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作主语。这是“It takes sb some time to do sth.”（做某事花费某人……时间）句型。在how long引导的宾语从句中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式to get there。故填to get。
考点2：非谓语动词（to do/doing）在及物动词或介词之后作宾语
需解决以下几个问题：
1. 哪些动词后只能接to do作宾语？
agree, afford, aim, ask, arrange, beg, choose, decide, demand, determine, expect, fail, fear, hesitate, hope, learn, long, manage, offer, prepare, pretend, plan, promise, refuse, seek, struggle, want, wish等动词后跟动词不定式作宾语。
2. 哪些动词后只能接doing作宾语？
admit, allow, advise, appreciate, avoid, consider, deny, delay, dislike, escape, enjoy, finish, forbid, get down to, give up, imagine, keep, mind, miss, permit, practise, put off, risk, suggest等动词后跟动名词作宾语。
3. 哪些动词后两者都可接，但意义不同？
forget to do sth 忘记要做某事
forget doing sth 忘记做过某事了
go on to do sth 接着做另一件事
go on doing sth 接着做同一件事
mean to do sth 打算做某事
mean doing sth 意味着要做某事
regret to do sth 很遗憾要做某事
regret doing sth 很后悔做过某事
remember to do sth 记得要做某事
remember doing sth 记得做过某事
try to do sth 努力做某事
try doing sth 尝试做某事
注意：
1.介词后只能接doing作宾语。
2.主语 + 谓语（think，feel，make，find等）+ it + adj/n + to do/doing sth. 结构中it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是to do/doing sth。
链接高考
【2021年全国乙卷】Activities there range from whale watching to hiking and accommodations aim 70 (have) a low impact on the natural environment.
[答案] to have
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作宾语。aim后需接不定式作宾语，aim to do sth旨在做某事。故填to have。
【2021年全国甲卷】After 44 (spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some action.
[答案] spending
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作宾语。根据设空位置可知，应该填入动名词作介词After的宾语。故填spending。
【2021年全国乙卷】Minimize the impact of 67 (visit) the place.
[答案] visiting
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作宾语。根据设空位置可知，应该填入动名词作介词of的宾语。故填visiting。
【2020年全国II卷】They represent the earth 63 (come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings.
[答案] coming
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作宾语。分析句子结构可知，动词represent后面是and连接的并列结构作宾语，后面是名词短语，前面是带逻辑主语的动名词短语。故填coming。
考点3：非谓语作表语（to do/doing/done）
常考点：现在分词和过去分词都带有形容词性，可作句子的表语。
其区别在于：
形容词化的现在分词exciting, interesting, disappointing等作表语时，强调“性质特征”，意为“令人……的”，本质上与主语为主动关系，主语常为物； 形容词化的过去分词excited，interested，disappointed等作表语时，强调“感受或状态”，意为“感到……的”，本质上与主语为被动关系，主语常为人。除be动词外，常跟非谓语动词作表语的系动词还有become，feel，get，remain，seem等。
例：
Hearing the exciting news, I feel excited.
get dressed/promoted/paid/charged …
remain seated
链接高考
【2021年全国乙卷】It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become 61 (educate) about the areas — both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the development of the local area.
[答案] educated
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作表语。分析句子结构可知，become是系动词，所填单词作表语，become educated about …意为“受到关于……的教育”。故填educated（受到教育的）。
考点4：非谓语动词作状语
当句子中已经有了谓语动词，提示词为动词，但两个动词之间没有连词而是由逗号隔开，则填非谓语动词。
动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作状语，需从时间意义和主动、被动关系上判定到底用哪种形式。
注意以下几点：
1. only + to do作结果状语与doing作结果状语的区别：
only + to do作结果状语表示意料之外的结果；doing表示自然而然的结果。
He hurried to the airport, only to be told the plane had taken off.
② Her husband died, leaving her with her two children.
2. 状语从句的省略结构形式：
when/while/unless/if/though/... ＋ doing（与主语之间是主动关系）/ done（与主语之间是被动关系）。
When offered help, one often says “Thank you.” or “It’s kind of you.”
When crossing the street, you must pay attention to vehicles.
3. 在“be ＋ 状态动词的过去分词 ＋ 介词”结构中
其中的过去分词往往已形容词化，没有动作意义，说明主语的状态。如：
be buried in/be lost in/be absorbed in/be engaged in/be dressed in/be covered with/be crowded with/be faced with/be occupied with/be devoted to/be exposed to/be accustomed to/be convinced of/be determined to/be seated in/be located in等，此类短语作状语时，去掉动词be。
例：
Buried in his book, he didn’t notice me.
Faced with the financial crisis, many companies had to declare bankruptcy.
链接高考
【2022年全国乙卷】 68 (strengthen) the connection with young people, the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media, inviting twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts.
[答案] To strengthen
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作状语。分析句子结构可知，此处需用动词不定式作目的状语，此处位于句首，第一个单词首字母要大写。故填To strengthen。
【2022年全国乙卷】To strengthen the connection with young people, the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media, 69 (invite) twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts.
[答案] inviting
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作状语。句子已经有了the event included做主、谓语，因此这里逗号后面是非谓语动词，用动词的-ing形式作状语。故填inviting。
【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】 56 (cover) an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Part, the GPNP will be one of the first national park in the country.
[答案] Covering
[解题思路] 考查非谓语作状语。分析句子结构可知，该句子的主语是the GPNP，系动词是will be, 表语是one of the first national parks in the country，句子成分完整。又因提示词cover为动词，the GPNP与cover的关系为主动关系，故空格处应填入cover的现在分词形式。(注意：位于句子开头，单词第一个字母应大写。)
【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that were previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority 59 (increase) effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
[答案] to increase
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作状语。分析句子结构可知，此处用不定式作目的状语。故填to increase。
【2020年全国I卷】Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang’e-4 66 (find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.
[答案] to find
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作状语。分析句子结构可知，设空处应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to find。
【2020年全国II卷】They are easy 68 (care) for and make great presents.
[答案] to care
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作状语。此句是“be+ adj + to do”结构，作状语的不定式用主动形式表达否定意义。故填to care。
【2020年全国III卷】The next morning he hired a boat and set out 67 (find) the well-known painter.
[答案] to find
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作状语。此处是固定搭配set out to do sth开始做某事，不定式作目的状语。故填to find。
【2020年6月浙江卷】Later they learned to work with the seasons, planting at the right time and, in dry areas, 63 (make) use of annual floods to irrigate their fields.
[答案] making
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作状语。分析句子结构可知，空格处所填单词与planting构成并列关系，在句中做伴随状语，中间插入了作状语的介词短语。因make与主语they是主动关系，故填making。
【2019年全国III卷】On our last day of our week-long stay, we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm, 70 (listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
[答案] listening
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作状语。分析句子结构可知，空格处所填单词与meeting构成并列关系，在句中做attend的伴随状语。因listen与主语we是主动关系，故填listening。
考点5：非谓语动词作定语
动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作定语，需从时间意义和主被动关系上判定到底用哪种形式。
固定搭配
(1）the ＋ only/next/last/序数词/形容词最高级(＋ n) ＋ to do
(2)名词way, ability, chance, decision, effort, attempt, plan, right, wish, promise, desire, wish ... ＋ to do
(3) sb have sth to do 某人有某事要做
there is sth to do 有某事要做
有些和精神或身体状态有关的动词（如surprise，excite，astonish，shock，amuse，annoy等），它们的现在分词和过去分词已经形容词化，动词-ing常用来修饰物，动词-ed常用来修饰人或人的表情、声音等。
链接高考
【2022年全国甲卷】A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked (徒步) 40 days to Xi'an, as a first step 61 (journey) the Belt and Road route (路线) by foot.
[答案] to journey
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作定语。后面有宾语the Belt and Road route，所以这个journey是动词，而前面名词短语中有序数词，所以这里要用不定式作定语。故填to journey。
【2022年全国甲卷】Inspired by the Bet and Road Forum for International Cooperation 63 (hold) in Beijing, Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute (致敬) to the ancient Silk Road.
[答案] held
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作定语。分析句子结构可知，此处应填入过去分词作后置定语。故填held。
【2022年全国乙卷】“… It can help to build a community with a 66 (share) future for mankind,” he said.
[答案] shared
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作定语。shared作future的定语，a shared future for mankind人类命运共同体。故填shared。
【2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】Through it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure and offers a place where you can sit down to rest your 63 (ache) legs.
[答案] aching
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作定语。分析句子结构可知，所填词在句中作定语修饰legs，ache是不及物动词，与legs之间是主动关系，需用现在分词。故填aching。
【2021年1月浙江卷】This may be due to some disadvantages for people 64 (live) in the countryside.
[答案] living
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作定语。分析句子结构可知，本句已经有谓语动词may be，设空处需用现在分词作后置定语，people living in the countryside在乡下住的人。故填living。
【2020年6月浙江卷】Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology 60 (change) lives.
[答案] to change
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作定语。被修饰的名词experience前面有序数词first，此处应该用动词不定式作后置定语。故填to change。
【2019年全国Ⅱ卷】When we got a call 68 (say) she was short-listed, we thought it was a joke.
[答案] saying
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作定语。分析句子结构可知，所填单词与后面内容构成动词-ing短语作后置定语，a call saying …一个说……的电话。故填saying。
【2019年全国Ⅱ卷】Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene declared she had no plans 65 (retire) from her 36- year- old business. Irene said ...
[答案] to retire
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作定语。此处所填词修饰名词plan，应该用动词不定式，have no plans to do sth没有做某事的计划。故填to retire。
考点6：非谓语动词作宾补
注意根据固定搭配确定用哪种非谓语动词形式。
链接高考
【2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】But that’s how nature is — always leaving us 60 (astonish).
[答案] astonished
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语。分析句子结构可知，设空处所填单词作宾语补足语，并且与宾语之间是被动关系，需用过去分词。故填astonished。
【2020年全国II卷】They make great gifts and you see them many times 65 (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.
[答案] decorated
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语。分析句子结构可知，设空处所填单词作宾语补足语，并且与宾语之间是被动关系，需用过去分词。故填decorated。
【2020年全国III卷】And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds 69 (surround) the mountaintops, he was reduced to tears.
[答案] surrounding
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语。分析句子结构可知，设空处所填单词作宾语补足语，并且与宾语clouds之间是主动关系，需用现在分词。故填surrounding。
【2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations and imagine themselves living at a different time in history or 43 (walk) through a rainforest.
[答案] walking
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语。分析句子结构可知，imagine oneself doing sth意为“想像自己做某事”，此处用动词-ing形式作宾补，与or前面的living并列。故填walking。
维度③
词形转换
既不缺谓语动词也不缺非谓语动词时，如何进行词性转换？
动词一般转换成名词。在句中作主语、宾语或在物主代词、形容词之后，填入该动词的名词形式。
链接高考
【2022年全国甲卷】Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental 65 (protect).
[答案] protection
[解题思路] 考查词性转换。此处所填内容作动词promote的宾语，同时受形容词environmental修饰，可以确定是名词。故填protection。
【2021年全国乙卷】It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become educated about the areas — both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the 62 (develop) of the local area.
[答案] development
[解题思路] 考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，所填单词作动词（benefits）的宾语，并且前面有定冠词，需用名词形式。the development of …意为“……的发展”。故填development。
【2019年全国Ⅰ卷】In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a 66 (believe) that populations are increasing.
[答案] belief
[解题思路] 考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，所填单词作leading to的宾语，并且前面有不定冠词a，需用名词形式。故填单数名词belief。
【2019年全国III卷】When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting 66 (compete) to watch, together with the stories behind it.
[答案] competition
[解题思路] 考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，所填单词受形容词interesting修饰，并且前面有不定冠词an，需用名词形式。故填单数名词competition。
维度①
谓语动词
STEP 01
如何判定谓语动词？
方法1
当句子中只有提示词为动词时，通常做谓语。
方法2
当提示动词放在已经有了谓语动词的句子中，但这些动词被and连接时，则提示动词也为谓语。注意：这时的and放在最后两个谓语动词中间。
STEP 02
确定动词后如何进一步确定时态、语态及主谓一致？
方法1：时态的确定
1. 根据时态标志词确定时态
1）一般现在时的时态标志词：
sometimes，every year/week/day/morning，often，always，usually，seldom，now and then等。
2）一般过去时的时态标志词：
once upon a time，yesterday，last week/month/year，just now，the other day（= a few days ago），时间段＋ago，时间段＋later，in＋过去的年份。
3）一般将来时的时态标志词：
tomorrow，next week/month/year，in (the coming)＋时间段，upcoming，in the future等。
4）现在进行时的时态标志词：
Look！Listen！now，at present，at this moment/time/minute，currently等。
5）过去进行时的时态标志词：
at that moment/time/minute，then等。
6）将来进行时的时态标志词：
at this time/moment tomorrow等。
7）现在完成时的时态标志词：
lately，recently，so/by far，by now，up to now，until now，in/during/over the past/last few＋时间段等。in/over recent＋时间段，since＋过去的时间点，ever since等。
8）过去完成时的时态标志词：
by＋过去的时间，by then，by the end of＋过去的时间点，until then，before＋过去的时间点。
2. 根据并列连词连接的平行结构作为时态判断的依据：
常见如下：
and，but，or，both ... and ...，either ... or ...，neither ... nor ...，not only ... but (also)等。尤其关注一个主语，两个或两个以上的并列谓语，谓语动词的时态要保持一致。
3．根据主从句时态呼应的原则确定时态：
宾语从句中，主句如果用一般过去时，从句也应该用过去的时态；但陈述客观事实或真理时，从句用一般现在时。
时间、条件状语从句中，主将从现，即主句为一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来。
4．根据语境提示确定时态：
如果没有时间标志词或者主从句的时态暗示，就要联系上下文、前后句中的时态，看看动作是否同时发生或者先后发生，确定填空处的时态。
5. 掌握常考固定句型 ：
1) was/were doing ... when+ 一般过去时。
2) was/were about to do ... when+一般过去时。
3) had (just) done ... when+一般过去时。
4) Hardly/scarcely/rarely+had +主语+done ... when+一般过去时。
5) No sooner+had+主语+done ... than+一般过去时。
6) This/That/It is the+序数词+time+that+现在完成时。
7) This/That/It was the+序数词+time+that+过去完成时。
8) It is/has been+时间段+since+一般过去时。
9) 祈使句＋and＋陈述句(一般将来时)。
10) It is time that you did/should do sth.（虚拟语气）。
11) If I had followed his advice, I would have succeeded.（虚拟语气）。
链接高考
【2022年全国乙卷】The chairman of the China Culture Promotion Society 63 (address) the opening ceremony.
[答案] addressed
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态。中国文化促进会会长在开幕式上致辞。 这个是谓语动词，发生在五月一号，有具体的过去时间，所以用一般过去时。注意address在这里是动词，意思是在开幕式上“发言，演讲”。故填addressed。
【2021年全国甲卷】We 46 (hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate. My bike was old and shaky but did the job.
[答案] hired
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语动词。句子没有时间状语，但从下句的谓语动词was和did可知，空格处也要用一般过去时。故填hired。
【2020年全国Ⅰ卷】The unmanned Chang'e 4 probe (探测器) — the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess — 61 (touch) down last week in the South Pole- Aitken basin.
[答案] touched
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语动词。句子主语是The unmanned Chang’e 4 probe，谓语动词是touch。根据时间状语last week可判断用一般过去时。故填入touched。touch down意为“（飞机等）降落，着陆”。
【2020年全国Ⅲ卷】When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary artist, they smiled and 66 (point) down the river.
[答案] pointed
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，设空处是并列谓语。设空处与 and 前面的 smiled 构成并列谓语动词，前后时态应一致。故填pointed。
【2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, 38 (form) the core collection of the British Museum that opened in 1759.
[答案] formed
[解析] 考查谓语动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语动词。根据上文内容以及时间状语in 1759可知，应用一般过去时。故填formed。
【2020年6月浙江卷】By about 6000 BC, people 61 (discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise.
[答案] had discovered
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语动词。根据时间状语By about 6000 BC（到大约公元前6000年为止）可知，空格处的谓语动词需用过去完成时，表示到过去某个时间为止已经完成或发生的动作。故填had discovered。
【2020年6月浙江卷】Then with the rise of science, changes began. New methods 63 (mean) that fewer people worked in farming.
[答案] meant
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语动词。根据前面的句子和后面宾语从句的时态可知，此处陈述过去的事情，应该用一般过去时。故填meant。
【2019年全国Ⅱ卷】Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene 64 (declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36- year- old business. Irene said ...
[答案] declared
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态。该句主语为Irene，此处为谓语成分，根据后文的had以及said可知，用一般过去时态。故填declared。
【2019年全国Ⅲ卷】Our hosts shared many of their experiences and 65 (recommend) wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit.
[答案] recommended
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态。and连接两个并列的谓语动词，空格处与shared并列，时态要一致。故填recommended。
方法2：语态的确定
第一步，确定主语；第二步，判断主语和动词的关系：如果主语是动作的发出者，要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，要用被动语态。
注意：要能够区分及物动词和不及物动词，不及物动词或短语动词没有被动语态。如：happen，exist，remain，rise，taste，survive，belong to，break out，break down，come up，come true，take place等。
链接高考
【2020年全国Ⅲ卷】One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait (画像) done so he called all great artists to come and present their finest work, so that he could choose the best. The artist was sure he would 63 (choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor’s chief minister, the old man laughed.
[答案] be chosen
[解题思路]考查谓语动词的语态。主语he和动词choose之间是被动关系，空格前有would，故用“be＋及物动词的过去分词”。
方法3：主谓一致
1. 语法一致
①主语为单数可数名词或不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式。
②主语为单个不定式（短语），动名词（短语）或主语从句时，谓语动词用单数形式。
③主语为复数名词或两个或以上不定式（短语），动名词（短语）或主语从句时，谓语动词用复数形式。
④a large quantity of＋不可数名词，谓语动词用单数；quantities of＋不可数名词，谓语动词用复数。
⑤如果定语从句缺少主语，谓语动词与先行词，（即从句所修饰的名词或代词）保持数的一致。
2. 就近原则
①either ... or ...，neither ... nor ...，not only ... but (also) …，not ... but ...等并列连词连接主语时。
②there be 句型中，谓语动词与最近的主语保持数的一致。
3. 就远原则：名词＋介词短语＋名词，谓语动词与离的远的第一个名词，即句子的主语保持数的一致。介词短语包括：with/along with/together with/as well as/rather than/in addition to/including等。
4. 并列的谓语动词形式（时态、数）一致。
5. 定语从句中的谓语动词要和从句的主语保持一致。从句的主语是关系代词时，谓动词应与关系代词所代指的先行词在人称和数上保持一致。
链接高考：以下高考试题同时考查时态和主谓一致
【2022年全国甲卷】In the last five years, Cao 67 (walk) through 34 counties in six continents, and in 2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro, Africa’s highest mountain.
[答案] has walked
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。这是由and连接的并列句，walk是第一个简单句的谓语动词，由时间状语In the last five years可知，此处需用现在完成时，句子主语Cao是第三人称单数。故填has walked。
【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that 58 (be) previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority to increase effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
[答案] were
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。定语从句中的谓语动词，由从句主语areas和空格后的previously unprotected（以前没有受到保护）可知此处应用be动词的复数且时态为一般过去时。故填were。
【2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】You can’t help wondering how hard it 61 (be) for the people then to pull all those rocks into places.
[答案] was
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，宾语从句缺少谓语动词，宾语从句的主语it代指后面的不定式，再根据从句中的时间状语then可知，空格处应该是be的第三人称单数的一般过去时。故填入was。
【2020年全国Ⅰ卷】 “This really excites scientists,” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it 67 (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed.”
[答案] means
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语动词。根据直接引语中的excites可判断用一般现在时；主语是it，谓语动词需用第三人称单数形式。故填means。
【2020年全国Ⅱ卷】This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers 62 (carry) special significance.
[答案] carries
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语动词。此处陈述客观事实，所以用一般现在时；从句主语是动名词短语decorating with plants, fruits and flowers，所以从句谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填carries。
【2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】The parts of a museum open to the public are called galleries or rooms. Often, only a small part of a museum’s collection 41 (be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.
[答案] is
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语动词。“a part of +名词”作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于of后面的名词，collection是单数，且本句陈述的是一般事实，因此此处需用be的第三人称单数形式。故填is。
【2019年全国Ⅰ卷】 Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations，three are declining, six 70 (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
[答案] are
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语动词。本句其他谓语动词用了一般现在时，本句的主语six指代six polar bear subpopulations，表示复数意义，故本空应填谓语动词are。
【2019年全国Ⅰ卷】In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut 65 (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.
[答案] have reported
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语动词。根据时间状语In recent years可知，主句用现在完成时态，主语为some Inuit people。故填have reported。
【2019年全国Ⅱ卷】Irene said, “I don’t see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I 66 (make) over the years.”
[答案] have made
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，此定语从句缺少谓语动词。根据定语从句中的时间状语over the years可知，此处用现在完成时态，主语是I。故填have made。
链接高考：以下高考试题同时考查时态、语态和主谓一致
【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】The GPNP 60 (design) to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity (完整性) of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones, and leaving behind precious natural assets (资产) for future generations”.
[答案] is designed
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，主语The GPNP与design是被动关系，所以用被动语态；陈述一般事实，故用一般现在时。故填is designed。
【2021年全国甲卷】The Xi’an City Wall 41 (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored.
[答案] was built
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，and连接两个并列谓语，由时间状语in the Tang Dynasty可知，此处谓语动词是一般过去时，而第三人称主语The Xi’an City Wall与build是被动关系。故填一般过去式的被动语态was built。
【2020年全国Ⅰ卷】“This really excites scientists,” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon 68 (construct).”
[答案] is constructed
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，how引导的宾语从句缺少谓语动词。整句话的时态为一般现在时，且第三人称单数主语the moon与construct（组成，构成）之间是被动关系，需用一般现在时的被动语态。故填is constructed。
【2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】The parts of a museum open to the public 40 (call) galleries or rooms. Often, only a small part of a museum’s collection is on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.
[答案] are called
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语动词。因主语The parts of a museum与call是被动关系，应该用被动语态；本句陈述的是一般事实，应用一般现在时。故填are called。
【2020年6月浙江卷】And, as more children were born, more food 59 (need).
[答案] was needed
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。food和need之间是被动关系，因此用被动语态；由上文的were born可知，此处用一般过去时；且food在此处为不可数名词，作主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填was needed。
【2019年全国Ⅲ卷】On the last day of our week long stay, we 69 (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars ...
[答案] were invited
[解题思路] 考查谓语动词时态、语态和主谓一致。由On the last day of our week long stay可知，句子时态为一般过去时。we和invite之间是被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。故填were invited。
维度②
非谓语动词
所给动词若在句中作非谓语，要考虑是作哪一种成分，找到逻辑主语，确定主被动关系，注意发生的时间，另外还要注意是否是固定搭配、固定句型或特殊用法，最后注意写对形式（动词-ing的变化规则、动词-ed的变化规则要记牢）。
考点1：非谓语动词（to do/doing）作主语
动词不定式和动词- ing形式都带有名词性，可作句子的主语，其区别在于：不定式表示某一具体的，尤其是未发生的动作；动词 -ing形式表示抽象的、泛指的动作。作主语时，还常用it作形式主语，把不定式或动词 -ing形式后置。
单个动名词、不定式作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。
固定句式：
It is + adj + for sb/of sb + to do sth.
It is no use/good doing sth.
It is a waste of time doing sth.
链接高考
【2021年全国甲卷】It is possible 43 (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.
[答案] to walk
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作主语。这是“It is + adj + to do sth.”（做某事是……的）句型。句中It是形式主语，后面的不定式短语是真正的主语。故填to walk。
【2019年全国III卷】On our way to the house, it was rain so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take 62 (get) there.
[答案] to get
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作主语。这是“It takes sb some time to do sth.”（做某事花费某人……时间）句型。在how long引导的宾语从句中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式to get there。故填to get。
考点2：非谓语动词（to do/doing）在及物动词或介词之后作宾语
需解决以下几个问题：
1. 哪些动词后只能接to do作宾语？
agree, afford, aim, ask, arrange, beg, choose, decide, demand, determine, expect, fail, fear, hesitate, hope, learn, long, manage, offer, prepare, pretend, plan, promise, refuse, seek, struggle, want, wish等动词后跟动词不定式作宾语。
2. 哪些动词后只能接doing作宾语？
admit, allow, advise, appreciate, avoid, consider, deny, delay, dislike, escape, enjoy, finish, forbid, get down to, give up, imagine, keep, mind, miss, permit, practise, put off, risk, suggest等动词后跟动名词作宾语。
3. 哪些动词后两者都可接，但意义不同？
forget to do sth 忘记要做某事
forget doing sth 忘记做过某事了
go on to do sth 接着做另一件事
go on doing sth 接着做同一件事
mean to do sth 打算做某事
mean doing sth 意味着要做某事
regret to do sth 很遗憾要做某事
regret doing sth 很后悔做过某事
remember to do sth 记得要做某事
remember doing sth 记得做过某事
try to do sth 努力做某事
try doing sth 尝试做某事
注意：
1.介词后只能接doing作宾语。
2.主语 + 谓语（think，feel，make，find等）+ it + adj/n + to do/doing sth. 结构中it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是to do/doing sth。
链接高考
【2021年全国乙卷】Activities there range from whale watching to hiking and accommodations aim 70 (have) a low impact on the natural environment.
[答案] to have
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作宾语。aim后需接不定式作宾语，aim to do sth旨在做某事。故填to have。
【2021年全国甲卷】After 44 (spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some action.
[答案] spending
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作宾语。根据设空位置可知，应该填入动名词作介词After的宾语。故填spending。
【2021年全国乙卷】Minimize the impact of 67 (visit) the place.
[答案] visiting
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作宾语。根据设空位置可知，应该填入动名词作介词of的宾语。故填visiting。
【2020年全国II卷】They represent the earth 63 (come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings.
[答案] coming
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作宾语。分析句子结构可知，动词represent后面是and连接的并列结构作宾语，后面是名词短语，前面是带逻辑主语的动名词短语。故填coming。
考点3：非谓语作表语（to do/doing/done）
常考点：现在分词和过去分词都带有形容词性，可作句子的表语。
其区别在于：
形容词化的现在分词exciting, interesting, disappointing等作表语时，强调“性质特征”，意为“令人……的”，本质上与主语为主动关系，主语常为物； 形容词化的过去分词excited，interested，disappointed等作表语时，强调“感受或状态”，意为“感到……的”，本质上与主语为被动关系，主语常为人。除be动词外，常跟非谓语动词作表语的系动词还有become，feel，get，remain，seem等。
例：
Hearing the exciting news, I feel excited.
get dressed/promoted/paid/charged …
remain seated
链接高考
【2021年全国乙卷】It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become 61 (educate) about the areas — both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the development of the local area.
[答案] educated
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作表语。分析句子结构可知，become是系动词，所填单词作表语，become educated about …意为“受到关于……的教育”。故填educated（受到教育的）。
考点4：非谓语动词作状语
当句子中已经有了谓语动词，提示词为动词，但两个动词之间没有连词而是由逗号隔开，则填非谓语动词。
动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作状语，需从时间意义和主动、被动关系上判定到底用哪种形式。
注意以下几点：
1. only + to do作结果状语与doing作结果状语的区别：
only + to do作结果状语表示意料之外的结果；doing表示自然而然的结果。
He hurried to the airport, only to be told the plane had taken off.
② Her husband died, leaving her with her two children.
2. 状语从句的省略结构形式：
when/while/unless/if/though/... ＋ doing（与主语之间是主动关系）/ done（与主语之间是被动关系）。
When offered help, one often says “Thank you.” or “It’s kind of you.”
When crossing the street, you must pay attention to vehicles.
3. 在“be ＋ 状态动词的过去分词 ＋ 介词”结构中
其中的过去分词往往已形容词化，没有动作意义，说明主语的状态。如：
be buried in/be lost in/be absorbed in/be engaged in/be dressed in/be covered with/be crowded with/be faced with/be occupied with/be devoted to/be exposed to/be accustomed to/be convinced of/be determined to/be seated in/be located in等，此类短语作状语时，去掉动词be。
例：
Buried in his book, he didn’t notice me.
Faced with the financial crisis, many companies had to declare bankruptcy.
链接高考
【2022年全国乙卷】 68 (strengthen) the connection with young people, the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media, inviting twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts.
[答案] To strengthen
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作状语。分析句子结构可知，此处需用动词不定式作目的状语，此处位于句首，第一个单词首字母要大写。故填To strengthen。
【2022年全国乙卷】To strengthen the connection with young people, the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media, 69 (invite) twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts.
[答案] inviting
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作状语。句子已经有了the event included做主、谓语，因此这里逗号后面是非谓语动词，用动词的-ing形式作状语。故填inviting。
【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】 56 (cover) an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Part, the GPNP will be one of the first national park in the country.
[答案] Covering
[解题思路] 考查非谓语作状语。分析句子结构可知，该句子的主语是the GPNP，系动词是will be, 表语是one of the first national parks in the country，句子成分完整。又因提示词cover为动词，the GPNP与cover的关系为主动关系，故空格处应填入cover的现在分词形式。(注意：位于句子开头，单词第一个字母应大写。)
【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that were previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority 59 (increase) effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
[答案] to increase
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作状语。分析句子结构可知，此处用不定式作目的状语。故填to increase。
【2020年全国I卷】Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang’e-4 66 (find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.
[答案] to find
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作状语。分析句子结构可知，设空处应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to find。
【2020年全国II卷】They are easy 68 (care) for and make great presents.
[答案] to care
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作状语。此句是“be+ adj + to do”结构，作状语的不定式用主动形式表达否定意义。故填to care。
【2020年全国III卷】The next morning he hired a boat and set out 67 (find) the well-known painter.
[答案] to find
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作状语。此处是固定搭配set out to do sth开始做某事，不定式作目的状语。故填to find。
【2020年6月浙江卷】Later they learned to work with the seasons, planting at the right time and, in dry areas, 63 (make) use of annual floods to irrigate their fields.
[答案] making
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作状语。分析句子结构可知，空格处所填单词与planting构成并列关系，在句中做伴随状语，中间插入了作状语的介词短语。因make与主语they是主动关系，故填making。
【2019年全国III卷】On our last day of our week-long stay, we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm, 70 (listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
[答案] listening
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作状语。分析句子结构可知，空格处所填单词与meeting构成并列关系，在句中做attend的伴随状语。因listen与主语we是主动关系，故填listening。
考点5：非谓语动词作定语
动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作定语，需从时间意义和主被动关系上判定到底用哪种形式。
固定搭配
(1）the ＋ only/next/last/序数词/形容词最高级(＋ n) ＋ to do
(2)名词way, ability, chance, decision, effort, attempt, plan, right, wish, promise, desire, wish ... ＋ to do
(3) sb have sth to do 某人有某事要做
there is sth to do 有某事要做
有些和精神或身体状态有关的动词（如surprise，excite，astonish，shock，amuse，annoy等），它们的现在分词和过去分词已经形容词化，动词-ing常用来修饰物，动词-ed常用来修饰人或人的表情、声音等。
链接高考
【2022年全国甲卷】A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked (徒步) 40 days to Xi'an, as a first step 61 (journey) the Belt and Road route (路线) by foot.
[答案] to journey
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作定语。后面有宾语the Belt and Road route，所以这个journey是动词，而前面名词短语中有序数词，所以这里要用不定式作定语。故填to journey。
【2022年全国甲卷】Inspired by the Bet and Road Forum for International Cooperation 63 (hold) in Beijing, Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute (致敬) to the ancient Silk Road.
[答案] held
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作定语。分析句子结构可知，此处应填入过去分词作后置定语。故填held。
【2022年全国乙卷】“… It can help to build a community with a 66 (share) future for mankind,” he said.
[答案] shared
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作定语。shared作future的定语，a shared future for mankind人类命运共同体。故填shared。
【2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】Through it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure and offers a place where you can sit down to rest your 63 (ache) legs.
[答案] aching
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作定语。分析句子结构可知，所填词在句中作定语修饰legs，ache是不及物动词，与legs之间是主动关系，需用现在分词。故填aching。
【2021年1月浙江卷】This may be due to some disadvantages for people 64 (live) in the countryside.
[答案] living
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作定语。分析句子结构可知，本句已经有谓语动词may be，设空处需用现在分词作后置定语，people living in the countryside在乡下住的人。故填living。
【2020年6月浙江卷】Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology 60 (change) lives.
[答案] to change
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作定语。被修饰的名词experience前面有序数词first，此处应该用动词不定式作后置定语。故填to change。
【2019年全国Ⅱ卷】When we got a call 68 (say) she was short-listed, we thought it was a joke.
[答案] saying
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作定语。分析句子结构可知，所填单词与后面内容构成动词-ing短语作后置定语，a call saying …一个说……的电话。故填saying。
【2019年全国Ⅱ卷】Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene declared she had no plans 65 (retire) from her 36- year- old business. Irene said ...
[答案] to retire
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作定语。此处所填词修饰名词plan，应该用动词不定式，have no plans to do sth没有做某事的计划。故填to retire。
考点6：非谓语动词作宾补
注意根据固定搭配确定用哪种非谓语动词形式。
链接高考
【2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】But that’s how nature is — always leaving us 60 (astonish).
[答案] astonished
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语。分析句子结构可知，设空处所填单词作宾语补足语，并且与宾语之间是被动关系，需用过去分词。故填astonished。
【2020年全国II卷】They make great gifts and you see them many times 65 (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.
[答案] decorated
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语。分析句子结构可知，设空处所填单词作宾语补足语，并且与宾语之间是被动关系，需用过去分词。故填decorated。
【2020年全国III卷】And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds 69 (surround) the mountaintops, he was reduced to tears.
[答案] surrounding
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语。分析句子结构可知，设空处所填单词作宾语补足语，并且与宾语clouds之间是主动关系，需用现在分词。故填surrounding。
【2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations and imagine themselves living at a different time in history or 43 (walk) through a rainforest.
[答案] walking
[解题思路] 考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语。分析句子结构可知，imagine oneself doing sth意为“想像自己做某事”，此处用动词-ing形式作宾补，与or前面的living并列。故填walking。
维度③
词形转换
既不缺谓语动词也不缺非谓语动词时，如何进行词性转换？
动词一般转换成名词。在句中作主语、宾语或在物主代词、形容词之后，填入该动词的名词形式。
链接高考
【2022年全国甲卷】Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental 65 (protect).
[答案] protection
[解题思路] 考查词性转换。此处所填内容作动词promote的宾语，同时受形容词environmental修饰，可以确定是名词。故填protection。
【2021年全国乙卷】It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become educated about the areas — both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the 62 (develop) of the local area.
[答案] development
[解题思路] 考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，所填单词作动词（benefits）的宾语，并且前面有定冠词，需用名词形式。the development of …意为“……的发展”。故填development。
【2019年全国Ⅰ卷】In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a 66 (believe) that populations are increasing.
[答案] belief
[解题思路] 考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，所填单词作leading to的宾语，并且前面有不定冠词a，需用名词形式。故填单数名词belief。
【2019年全国III卷】When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting 66 (compete) to watch, together with the stories behind it.
[答案] competition
[解题思路] 考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，所填单词受形容词interesting修饰，并且前面有不定冠词an，需用名词形式。故填单数名词competition。