2023届高考英语词法突破之冠词、代词和介词（含讲解与习题）讲义（含答案）
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2023届高考英语词法突破之冠词、代词和介词（含讲解与习题）
近几年，高考对不可忽视的小词： 冠词、代词和介词的考查主要集中在其基本用法上，因此这类试题一般较为简单。考生在解题时要根据语境、句意判断人称和数，仔细阅读上下文，根据代词具体指代的对象和在句中充当的成分，确定代词的格。冠词经常考查不定冠词a、an的泛指和定冠词the的特指及固定搭配。牢记介词的固定搭配是解答介词相关题目的关键。
项目 高考真题练 微技能点拨
冠 词 1.(2021·全国卷甲)It took us about 3 hours to go all ________ way around the Xi'an City Wall. 2．(2021·全国卷乙)Due to ________ growing popularity of environmentally related and adventure travel, various types of trips are now being classified as ecotourism. 3．(2021·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)While you're in China, Mount Huangshan is ________ must to visit! 4．(2020·浙江卷1月)A child born in the US today has ________very realistic chance of living beyond 100 and needs to plan accordingly. 语法填空二谨记 1．根据泛指或特指选择冠词 如果空格后的名词或“形容词＋名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。 2．根据固定句式或固定搭配选择冠词 英语中有很多带有冠词的固定句式或短语，记住这些句式和短语也有利于解决此类问题。
代 词 5.(2021·全国卷乙)Ecotourism has ________(it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s. 6．(2021·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”， and it will always stick in the visitor's memory. It sure does in ________(I)． 7．(2021·浙江卷6月)She was extremely pretty, and her house was a reflection of ________(she), everything in good taste and in perfect order. 8．(全国卷Ⅲ)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find ________(they) alive. 1.熟记常用的不定代词，如one、all、both、either、neither、each、many、much、little、few、other、another、something、nothing等。 2．人称、物主、反身代词：“成分”是关键 (1)如果句中缺少主语，则用人称代词的主格； (2)如果句中缺少宾语或表语，则用人称代词的宾格； (3)如果句中缺少定语，则用形容词性物主代词； (4)如果宾语或表语又反射到句子主语，则用反身代词。
续 表
项目 高考真题练 微技能点拨
介 词 9.(2021·浙江卷1月)The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased ________ 2.1 in women and men. 10．(2021·全国卷甲)It was built originally to protect the city ________ the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复)． 11．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist ________ earth, Mother Nature. “四种方法”确定介词 1．根据介词短语与谓语的逻辑关系； 2．根据语境含义并结合介词用法； 3．根据特殊的结构关系，如接复合宾语就只能用with或without； 4．根据介词与动词、形容词、名词等的搭配。
答案：
1．the 解析：考查冠词。all the way为固定短语，意为“一直、一路上”。
2．the 解析：考查冠词。名词popularity后有定语，故其前应用定冠词the表特指，the growing popularity of...意为“……的日益流行”。
3．a 解析：考查冠词。此处must表示“必须做的事”，为可数名词，通常用单数。a must意为“必须做的一件事”。
4．a 解析：考查冠词。根据下文的chance 可知，这里表示“非常实际的一个机会”，应用不定冠词表示泛指。very的发音以辅音音素开头，应填a。
5．its 解析：考查代词。空格在名词之前，因此填形容词性物主代词its，表示“它的起源”。
6．mine 解析：考查代词。与前面的it will always stick in the visitor's memory呼应，这里表示It sure sticks in my memory，因此，本空填名词性物主代词mine。
7．herself 解析：考查代词。此处是说她的房子也反映了她自己，应用反身代词herself。
8．them 解析：考查代词。分析句子结构可知，此处要用代词作find的宾语，要用人称代词的宾格。they的宾格为them。
9．by 解析：此处是说农村地区女性和男性的平均体重指数增加了2.1。此处表示升高的幅度，应用介词by。
10．in 解析：考查介词。表示“在……朝代”应用介词in。
11．on 解析：考查介词。on earth是固定搭配，意为“在世上”。
语法项目一 冠词
重点一 冠词的基本用法
(一)不定冠词a、an
1．在发音以辅音音素开头的单词前用a，在发音以元音音素开头的单词前用an。如a university、a useful animal、a European car、an hour、an honest boy、an X ray、an ugly man、an honor等。
◆Judging from his words, he must be an honest man.
从他的话判断，他一定是一位诚实的人。
◆As is known to us, Russia is a European country.
众所周知，俄罗斯是一个欧洲国家。
2．不定冠词a/an放在可数名词单数前，泛指一个人或一个事物。
◆They found an apartment in America where they lived only half a year.
他们在美国找到一个公寓，在那里待了仅仅半年。
3．表示泛指。说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词。
◆It was a cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly.
那是一个寒冷冬天的夜晚，月亮在夜空中闪耀着。
4．表示量指。不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one 强烈。
◆As the old saying goes, “Rome was not built in a day.”
常言道，“冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。”
5．不定冠词a/an表示“某一个”，相当于some/a certain。
◆A Mr Brown came to see you just now.
刚才有一位布朗先生来找你了。
6．“a/an＋序数词”表示“又一、再一”；“a most＋形容词”表示“非常、很”。
◆I really enjoyed my stay in Xi'an. It's indeed worth a second visit.
我真的喜欢待在西安，它的确值得再次参观。
◆He put forward a most useful suggestion at the meeting.
在会议上他提出了一个非常实用的建议。
7．在抽象名词success、failure、surprise、pleasure、beauty、wonder、comfort、danger、shock等前表示“一个……的人或一件……的事”。
◆The operation is a success and the patient is now out of danger.
手术很成功，病人目前脱离了危险。
(二)定冠词the
1．特指某人或某事。
◆The village where I was born has taken on a new look in the past ten years.
在过去十年里，我出生的那个小村庄已经呈现出新的面貌。
2．用于序数词和形容词/副词最高级以及形容词only、very、same等之前。
◆As is known to all, China is the biggest developing country in the world.
众所周知，中国是世界上最大的发展中国家。
◆Yang Liwei is the first man who has been into space in China.
杨利伟是中国第一个登上太空的人。
3．在某些形容词、分词前表示一类人或在姓氏复数前表示一家人。
◆As far as I know, the Greens are going to move to Beijing.
据我所知，格林一家要搬到北京去。
4．用在世界上独一无二的事物、西洋乐器以及发明物的名词前。
◆The little girl likes to play the violin and often plays it after school.
这个小女孩喜欢拉小提琴，经常放学后演奏。
5．用在表示计量的名词前，如by the hour、by the day、by the week、by the dozen、by the yard等，但是如果表示单位的名词为不可数名词时，之前不用冠词，如by weight/height等。
◆As far as I know, he will get paid by the week.
据我所知，他会按周得到报酬。
6．用于the more...the more...(越……越……)结构中。
◆The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes you will make.
你越仔细，犯的错误就会越少。
【小题微练】
1．The data is expected to give ________ full picture of the population. It provides support for making national development policies.
a 解析：考查不定冠词。结合句意可知，此处表示“充分描述”，短语为give a full picture of。full首字母的发音为辅音音素，所以用a。
2．In old age, Mrs. Johnson became ________ most celebrated of the small excellent group of black women who at midcentury served as mathematicians for the space agency.
the 解析：考查定冠词。空后为最高级，故设空处应用定冠词the。
3．After more than 600 years of development, ________ handcraft of Beijing glassware has been passed down to the seventh generation.
the 解析：考查定冠词。此处特指“北京玻璃器皿的工艺品”，所以用定冠词the表示特指。
重点二 固定搭配中的冠词
1．不定冠词用于固定短语中
at a loss 不知所措；困惑
have a word with 与……谈话
all of a sudden 突然
in a hurry 匆忙地
as a rule 通常
pay a visit to 参观；拜访
as a matter of fact 事实上
as a result/consequence 因此
be on a diet 节食
have a gift/talent for 在某方面有天赋
have/catch a cold 感冒
make a living 谋生
have/take a rest 休息
in a way 从某种意义上说
give sb. a lift 让某人搭便车
do sb. a favor 帮某人一个忙
keep an eye on 留心
2．定冠词用于固定短语中
at the moment 此刻；目前
at the same time 同时
not in the least 一点儿也不
on the contrary 相反
in the end 最后；最终
on the whole 总的来说
to tell the truth 说实话
in the distance 在远处
on the other hand 另一方面
to the point 中肯；切题
make the most of 充分利用；最大限度地从某物上获益
by the way 顺便说一下
go to the cinema/theater 去看电影/戏剧
in the middle of 在……中间
3．零冠词用于固定短语中
on purpose 故意地
by chance 碰巧
catch/on fire 着火
at dawn/dusk 在黎明/黄昏
face to face 面对面地
in debt 负债
in fact 实际上
make room for 给……让出空间
out of date 过时的
heart and soul 全心全意地
in danger 在危险中
in return 作为回报
side by side 肩并肩地
from time to time 不时地
hand in hand 手拉手
day after day 天天地；日复一日地
day by day 一天天；渐渐地
out of place 不合适
on foot 步行
in place 在正确位置
4．冠词有无，意义不同
in charge of负责/in the charge of ...由……负责；in prison在坐牢/in the prison在监狱里；at table在吃饭/at the table在桌旁；out of question毫无疑问、没问题/out of the question不可能；by day在白天/by the day按天计算。
【小题微练】
1．In a sometimes callous (冷漠的) world where people can be so focused on what they're doing, a random act of kindness can make ________ difference.
a 解析：考查固定短语。make a difference意为“有作用、有影响”是固定短语。
2．(2020·浙江卷7月)This style of farming lasted for quite a long time. Then, with ________ rise of science, changes began.
the 解析：考查定冠词。with the rise of意为“随着……的崛起”是固定短语。
3．The NYPD hopes in ________ long term the information can be used to tailor manpower to each police station in the city.
the 解析：考查定冠词。in the long term是固定短语，意为“从长远来看”。
语法项目二 代词
考点一 人称代词、物主代词、反身代词
1．基本用法
类别 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词
主格 宾格 形容 词性 名词性
功能 主语 宾语、 表语 定语 主语、 表语、 宾语 宾语、 表语、同位语
第一 人称 单 数 I me my mine myself
复 数 we us our ours ourselves
第二 人称 单 数 you you your yours yourself
复 数 you you your yours yourselves
第三 人称 单 数 he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
复 数 they them their theirs themselves
2.反身代词的习惯用法
与介词 搭配 by oneself 独自地 for oneself 替自己；为自己 of oneself 自动地 in oneself 本质上；本身
与动词 搭配 apply oneself to 专心致志于 behave oneself 举止得体；行为检点 dress oneself 打扮；自己穿衣 devote oneself to 致力于；献身于 help oneself to 随便吃/用 enjoy oneself 玩得开心 seat oneself 就座；入席 make yourself at home 别客气 teach oneself 自学
【小题微练】
1．Shi Yan, chief of the Liaoning University of TCM, says he supports international students to participate in such activities, which will help ________(they) combine knowledge together with culture.
them 解析：考查人称代词。空处作动词help的宾语，应用宾格形式them。
2．(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine ________(they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.
themselves 解析：考查反身代词。设空处所填词指代该句主语visitors，根据句意可知，此处表示“他们自己”，应用反身代词themselves。
考点二 it的用法
_____________________________________________________________
1．it的基本用法
用法 例句
指天气、季节、时间、距离、环境等 It is early spring, but it is already hot. 现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了。
指代前面提过的事物、群体、想法、内容等或代替指示代词 That vase is valuable. It is more than 200 years old. 那个花瓶很珍贵，它有200多年的历史。
指不知性别的婴儿或身份不明确的人(由于某种原因而不知对方是谁) The baby cried because it was hungry. 这个婴儿饿得啼哭。
it用来代替不定式、动名词短语或名词性从句作形式主语或形式宾语 I have made it clear that nobody is allowed to smoke here. 我已经讲得很清楚了，任何人都不准在此吸烟。
2.it作形式主语或形式宾语的常用句型
it作 形式 主语 It is a pity/shame that...真可惜…… It is no wonder that ...难怪…… It seems/appears that...似乎/看来…… It looks/seems as if/as though...看起来好像…… It happens that...碰巧…… It occurs to/comes to/strikes/hits sb. that...某人突然想起…… It is said/reported that...据说/据报道…… It is certain that...……是一定的。 It is no use/good doing...做……没有用/好处。 It takes sb. some time to do...做……花费某人若干时间。
it作 形式 宾语 主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...＋it＋adj./n.＋for/of sb. to do.../that从句 主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...＋it＋useless/worth/worthwhile/no use/no good/a waste of time/money/energy...＋doing...
3.it的常用短语或句型
◆When it comes to learning English, reading widely is of great importance.
当谈到学习英语，广泛阅读很重要。
◆You can count on/rely on/depend on it that he will help you out.
你可以相信他能帮助你摆脱困境。
◆I can't help it if he is always complaining.
若他总是抱怨，我也没办法。
◆We finally made it to the airport though it was rainy.
尽管下雨了，但是我们最终及时赶到了机场。
◆As someone puts it, practice makes perfect.
正如某人所说，熟能生巧。
◆Please see to it that you fasten the safety belt when driving.
开车时确保系好安全带。
◆I take it that you don't agree with the manager.
我想你不同意经理的意见。
◆It is/has been three years since he joined the army.
他参军已经三年了。
◆It was three years before he returned home.
过了三年他才回家。
【小题微练】
3．Every new year in the heartland of industrial China, thousands upon thousands of motorcyclists brave the weather and hit the road, determined to make ________ home.
it 解析：考查代词。make it to sp.为固定搭配，意为“成功到某地”，home为副词，不与介词连用，make it home意为“成功到家”。
4．________ is estimated that the structure has 80 stones in all and each stone weighs about two tons.
It 解析：考查代词。在该句中， it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句。it is estimated that ...意为“据估计……”。位于句首，首字母应大写。
5．However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25，000 people were using ________ every day.
it 解析：考查人称代词。根据语境可知，此处应用it指代文中的the railway。
6．After becoming an internet hit, Dingzhen served as the local tourism ambassador and filmed The World of Dingzhen to speak for his hometown. The film soon brought ________ into people's vision.
it 解析：考查人称代词。此处代指his hometown，所以应用it代指。
考点三 不定代词
1．other、the other、another、others和the others的用法
other 不能单独使用，常与复数名词连用，如果前面有the、some、any、each、every、no以及形容词性物主代词时，也可与可数名词单数连用
续 表
others 表示泛指，相当于“other＋复数名词”，可构成some...others...，意为“一些……另一些……”
the other/ the others “the other＋可数名词单数”特指两者中的另一个，可构成one...the other...，意为“一个……另一个……”，其复数形式为the others或“the other＋复数名词”，特指在某些人或物中，除去一部分后，其余的人或物
another 指三者或三者以上中的另一个，表示泛指，后接可数名词单数，也可以用于“another＋数词＋可数名词复数”表示“另外几个……”
2.one(s)、that和those的用法
在文中为避免重复，one(s)、that和those等都可以用来代替上文出现的名词。
one(s) one代替的是前面提到的同类异物中的任何一个，相当于“a/an＋可数名词单数”；ones用来代替前面出现的可数名词复数，也表泛指 a/an＋可数名词单数＝one； the＋可数名词单数＝that/the one； the＋不可数名词＝that； the＋可数名词复数＝the ones/ those； 可数名词复数＝ones
that 代替前面提到的同类异物中特指的事物，所代替的名词可以是可数名词单数，也可以是不可数名词，其前面通常不能有修饰语，但可以有后置定语
those 代替前面提到的同类异物中特指的事物，只能指代可数名词复数，相当于the ones
3.both、all、either、any、neither和none的用法
都 任一 都不
两者 both either neither
三者或三 者以上 all any none
4.something、anything和nothing的用法
句式 语意
something 肯定句 某事，某物
疑问句 某事，某物
anything 条件句、否定 句、疑问句 任何东西(事物)
肯定句 任何东西(事物)
nothing 陈述句 没有一点儿东西
[名师点津] 固定搭配：anything but(根本不)、nothing but(只不过、仅仅)、all but(差不多)、none but(仅仅、只有)。everything意为“每件事物、所有事物”，强调整体，与not连用时表示部分否定，意为“并不是所有事物都……”。
【小题微练】
7．However, quite a few others, especially ________ in the countryside, would fix a lucky date so that their marriage would have “Double Happiness”．
those 解析：考查代词。根据语境可知，空处指那些在农村地区的人，表示复数，应用代词those。
8．And the hutong today is fading into the shade for ________ tourists and local people.
both 解析：考查代词。both...and...为固定搭配，意为“两者都……”。
9．As far as I am concerned, cycling is a good solution. For one thing, bicycles don't need any petrol and they are energy saving. For ________， bicycles are environmentally friendly because they won't give off waste gas.
another 解析：考查代词。for one thing...for another...意为“一方面……另一方面……”。
语法项目三 介词
重点一 常考介词
1．at、in、on表示“时间”
(1)at表示某一时刻
at 12：00(在12点)、at noon(在中午)、at night(在夜里)、at midnight(在半夜)、at dawn/daybreak(在黎明/破晓)、at sunrise/sunset(在日出/日落)、at dusk(在黄昏)。
(2)in指上午、下午及晚上或月、年等较长的时间
in the 1980's/1980s(在20世纪80年代)、in the Qing Dynasty(在清朝)、in October(在十月份)、in the morning/afternoon/evening(在上午/下午/晚上)。
(3)on用于表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间(如某日、某节日、星期几等)
on October 1st(在10月1号)、on a rainy day(在一个下雨天)、on National Day(在国庆节)、on the morning of July 3rd(在7月3号上午)。
2．by、before、after、until/till、during、within表示时间
(1)by 到……时(为止)
(2)before 在……以前
(3)after 在……后
(4)until/till 直到……为止
(5)during 在……期间
(6)within 在……之内
◆He often falls asleep during the class，which makes his teacher very angry.
他常常上课睡觉，这使他的老师很生气。
3．between、among表示“在……之间”
between表示“在……之间(两者之间)”，常和and连用；among表示“在……之间(三者或三者以上)”。
◆Keep the close relationship between teachers and students.
保持亲密的师生关系。
4．by、on、in、with表示“使用……工具、手段、方式等”
(1)by/on表示“乘、坐(交通工具)”或“通过……方式”
by bike(骑自行车)、by taxi(坐出租车)、by plane(乘飞机)、by ship(乘船)、go to school on my bike(骑自行车上学)、on foot(步行)
(2)in当“用”讲时，后常接表示语言、材料等的词
◆Her parents always talk to her in German.
她的父母总是用德语和她交谈。
(3)with表示使用某种具体的工具、手段等
◆We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs.
我们用眼睛看，用耳朵听，用腿走路。
5．about、on表示“关于”
about多用于表示内容比较普通、不太正式的情形，on多指内容属于专门性的，是严肃的或学术性的，有时两者可通用。
◆He gave a report about/on the international situation at the meeting.
他在会上做了一个关于国际形势的报告。
6．from、since表示时间
(1)from表示开始的时间，意为“从……开始”，多用于“from...to/till”结构中。
◆We work from Monday to Friday every week.
我们每周从周一工作到周五。
(2)since表示“自……以后、从……以来”。
◆I haven't heard from him since last year.
自从去年，我就没有收到过他的来信。
7．with的常见用法
(表示关系)和……一起；(表示状态)具有，带有；(表示方式)用……，凭借……；(表示原因)由于，因为。
◆Would you like to go to the theatre with us
你愿意和我们一起去看戏吗？
◆The small child trembled with fear.
那个小孩吓得打哆嗦。
8．for的用法
表示“为了；给，对(表示对象、用途等)；因为，由于；向，往(表示去向)；就……而言”。
◆The biggest concern for most of us is the quality of public education.
我们大多数人最关心的是大众教育的质量问题。
9．without的用法
表示“没有，缺乏；不和……在一起；不用，不拿，不带”。
◆It is a pity that David is away on business. Anyhow, you've got a great deal of time to tour in New York without him.
很遗憾，大卫出差了。不管怎样，你有大量时间在没有他的情况下游览纽约。
10．against的用法
倚靠着……(表示方位)；反对(表示态度)；以……为背景(表示对比)。
◆An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are against it.
看来意见达成一致是不可能了，因为大多数委员会成员都表示反对。
11．beyond的用法
在……另一边，在……更远处(表示位置)；超出，非……所能及(表示程度)。
◆Everybody was touched beyond words after they heard her moving story.
听了她感人的故事，大家都被感动得无以言表。
【小题微练】
1．Every time we lose a species, we lose an opportunity ________ humankind.
for 解析：考查介词。“an opportunity for sb.”是固定短语，意为“某人的一个机会”。
2．Some species live ________ cold, humid caves in the Pyrenees, the Alps and the Balkan Peninsula, forming a narrow band across Europe.
in 解析：考查介词。分析句子结构可知，空前是谓语动词live(居住、生活)，空后是形容词所修饰的名词caves，所以该空需用介词in。
3．(2020·浙江卷1月)This aging of the population is driven ________ two factors.
by 解析：考查介词。空格处位于被动语态的谓语后，用来表示动作的发出者，故填by。
4．The celebration includes congratulations ________ students, recommending outstanding teachers, the exchange of ideas among teachers, and so on.
from 解析：考查介词。此处是说来自学生的祝贺，from 表示“来自”。
重点二 介词短语
1．at＋名词
at a loss 不知所措 at dinner 在吃晚餐
at peace 处于和平状态 at dawn 在黎明
at war 在战争中 at work 在工作
2．by＋名词
by accident 偶然地 by chance 偶然地
by force 用暴力 by hand 手工地
by mistake 错误地 by the month 按月算
3．beyond＋名词
beyond comparison 无与伦比
beyond control 失控
beyond description 难以描述
beyond doubt 毋庸置疑
beyond expression 难以表达
beyond (one's) reach 够不到
4．in＋名词
in bed 在床上；卧床
in danger 处于危险中
in debt 负债
in difficulty 处于困难中
in high spirits 情绪高昂
in need 处于困难中
in order 整齐；井然有序
in surprise 吃惊地
in trouble 在困难中
in use 使用中
5．on＋名词
on a trip 在旅行
on business 出差
on display/show 在展出
on duty 在值班
on holiday/vacation 在度假
on sale 在出售
on strike 在罢工
on the way 在途中
6．out of＋名词
out of balance 失去平衡
out of control 失去控制
out of danger 脱离危险
out of date 过期
out of order 出故障
out of work 失业
7．under＋名词
under consideration 在考虑中
under construction 在建造中
under control 在控制之下
under discussion 在讨论中
under pressure 在压力下
under repair 在修理中
under treatment 在治疗中
8．其他高频介词短语
against time 争分夺秒
at the sight of 一看到……
at the age of 在……岁时
in the face of 面对；面临
in addition (to) 另外；除了
in case of 万一
in charge of 负责；主管
in favour of 赞成；支持
in need of 需要
in no time 立刻
in a hurry 匆忙
in preparation for 为……做准备
in return for 作为回报
of help/use 有帮助的/有用的
of importance 重要的
on behalf of 代表
【小题微练】
1．Two experts from Sotheby's confirmed the bowl was from the 1400s when they were able to look at it ________ person.
in 解析：考查介词。固定搭配in person意为“亲自”。
2．In Singapore there's no better place to find Chinese medicines than in Chinatown—a colorful and lively place, rich ________ Chinese culture and history.
in 解析：考查介词。(be) rich in意为“在……方面丰富”，为固定用法。
3．(2019·浙江卷6月)But can uniforms help improve school standards The answer ________ this question is not clear.
to 解析：考查介词。the answer to the question为固定用法，表示“问题的答案”。
4．Morgan says that it is time that people stopped standing by and recording on their phones when they see someone ________ trouble.
in 解析：考查介词。in trouble为固定短语，意为“陷入困境、陷入麻烦”。
重点三 动词短语中的介词
1．常考的含介词的动词固定结构和搭配
(1)用于“动词＋sb./sth.＋of＋sth.”结构的常见动词有：
accuse控告 cheat欺骗 cure治愈
inform通知 remind使想起 rob抢劫
warn警告 rid使摆脱 suspect怀疑
persuade说服 convince使信服
◆You need to convince them of your enthusiasm for the job.
你要使他们相信你对这份工作的热情。
(2)用于“动词＋sb./sth.＋for＋sth.”结构的常见动词有：
blame责备 criticize批评 forgive原谅
excuse原谅 pardon原谅 punish惩罚
scold责备 thank感谢 praise赞扬
respect尊重 admire钦佩；赞赏
◆The school is widely admired for its excellent teaching.
这所学校因其出色的教学而广受赞誉。
(3)用于“动词＋sb./sth.＋from＋(doing) sth.”结构的常见动词有：
prevent阻止 stop阻止 keep阻止
protect保护 preserve保护；保存 defend 保卫
ban禁止 prohibit阻止；禁止 shelter保护
◆You need warm clothes to protect yourself from the cold.
你需要穿暖些，以免着凉。
2．常考的含介词的动词短语
account for 占……(比例)；解释……(原因)
act as 充当；起作用
break away from 脱离；逃离
break down 打破，消除
break up 粉碎；破碎；解散
bring about 引起；导致；造成
bring down 降低；减少；使(飞机)着陆
bring up 提出(讨论)；抚养，养育
call for (去)接；需要；(公开)要求
carry out 履行；实施；执行
carry through 帮助……渡过难关；成功完成；顺利实现
come across (偶然)遇见，碰见；发现
come to an end 终止，结束
come up with 提出
do harm to 对……有害
do without 没有……也行；没有……
而设法对付过去
end up with 以……结束
get across 被传达；被理解；把……讲清楚
get around 传播；流传；各处走动
get down to 开始做某事；开始认真注意
(或对待)某事
get over 解决；克服；控制
get rid of 除去，去掉；免除，摆脱
get through 正式通过；(用电话)接通，
联系上；顺利通过(考试等)
give away 赠送；颁发；泄露
give rise to 使发生
give way to 屈服；退让；让步
go against 违反；与……不符
go in for 参加考试(或竞赛)；
对某事物有兴趣，爱好
go through 经历
hold back 拦阻，阻挡；隐瞒
hold on 握住；抓牢
keep in touch with 与……联系
look down on/upon 轻视；瞧不起
look into 调查；审查
make out 理解，明白；辨认出；声称
make the best of 尽可能善用；尽力而为
be made up of 由……组成
pick up 捡起；用车接(某人)；接收；
偶然习得
put off 推迟，延迟；取消；使疏远
put up 搭建，竖立；张贴；提升
put up with 忍受，容忍
see through 看穿；识破
see to 照料；处理
set about 着手做
set aside 留出；暂不考虑
show around/round 领(某人)参观
show off 炫耀；展示
take in 吸入；理解，领会；注意到
take off 脱下，摘掉
take on 承担；呈现，具有
take up 开始从事；占用，占据
turn down 关小，调低；拒绝，顶回
work out 计算出；制定出
【小题微练】
1．According to satellite monitoring results, the increase of vegetation in China accounted ________ 25 percent of the world's total new greenery.
for 解析：考查固定搭配。account for意为“占……比例”，为固定搭配。
2．The opening of FAST not only offers more observation possibilities to the world's scientific community but also contributes Chinese wisdom ________ building a community of shared future for humanity.
to 解析：考查固定搭配。contribute...to...意为“为……贡献……”，为固定搭配。
3．(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Museums must compete ________ people's spare time and money with other amusements.
for 解析：考查固定搭配。根据语境可知，此处表达的是“为了人们的空闲时间和金钱与其他的娱乐活动进行竞争”，compete for意为“为……竞争，为固定搭配”。
[学生用书P322]
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2022·中山“三诊一模”)Because of Richard Sears' enthusiasm for 1.____________(tradition) Chinese culture, he began learning Chinese in 1972. 2.____________(attract) by the ancient language, Sears often went back and forth between China and America. In 1994, after his recovery from a severe heart attack, he made a 3.____________(decide) to make the ancient Chinese characters, Jiaguwen, available online.
From then on, Sears started programming and building a database of Jiaguwen. 4.____________ took him seven years to scan the characters in Chinese ancient books. In 2002, the Jiaguwen enthusiast's website 5.____________(create), though with only a few page views per day in the beginning. It rose to 600，000 per day in 2011 after a blogger recommended the site 6.____________ a Chinese social media platform. “I became famous 7.____________(instant) and was given a nickname ‘Uncle Hanzi’，” Sears said with a smile. Up till now, the website has been continuously updated, 8.____________ gives lovers of the ancient language from all over the world free access to browsing (浏览) in their free time.
At present, the 70 year old American has made his home in China. Apart from 9.____________(take) part in some social 10.____________(activity), Sears devotes all his efforts to the study of Chinese characters.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了热爱中国文化的美国人创建甲骨文网站的故事。
1．traditional 解析：考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，此处应是形容词，修饰名词Chinese culture，作定语，故填traditional。
2．Attracted 解析：考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处应为非谓语动词，和句子的谓语went之间没有连词，且和其逻辑主语Sears构成动宾关系，故用过去分词作原因状语，故填Attracted。
3．decision 解析：考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空处应为名词，被冠词a修饰，故填decision。
4．It 解析：考查代词。It takes/took sb. some time to do sth. 意为“做某事花费某人多长时间”，是固定句型，故填It。
5．was created 解析：考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作谓语，又与句子主语the Jiaguwen enthusiast's website构成被动关系，故用被动结构， 即“be＋done”，且时间状语是In 2002，故用一般过去时的被动语态形式，又因主语是第三人称单数，故填was created。
6．on/by/through 解析：考查介词。根据语境可知，空处表示“通过”的含义，故填on/by/through。
7．instantly 解析：考查副词。分析句子结构可知，空处应为副词形式作状语，故填instantly。
8．which 解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导一个非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作主语，代指前面整个主句，故填which。
9．taking 解析：考查非谓语动词。介词后跟名词、代词或动词 ing形式作宾语，故空处用动词 ing形式作介词短语Apart from的宾语，故填taking。
10．activities 解析：考查名词的单复数。activity是可数名词，且与空前的some呼应，故用复数形式，故填activities。
Ⅱ.写作运用
根据汉语提示补全作文， 并注意其中冠词、代词和介词的使用。
Dear Eric，
1．How__is__everything__going(最近一切可好)？Knowing you are so fond of Chinese calligraphy, I would like to send you a book about this abstract and high level form of art in an English edition, 2.which__is__easy__for__you__to__understand(这对你来说很容易理解)．
The book is entitled Appreciation of Chinese Calligraphy, 3.including__a__fascinating__collection__of__masterpieces(包括一系列引人入胜的杰作). It not only presents a variety of calligraphy styles, but also provides beautiful illustrations, expert analyses and useful comments, since one's handwriting is often viewed as a reflection of his or her personality. I am sure 4.you__will__have__a__good__knowledge__of__this__form__of__art(你将对这种艺术形式有很好的了解) after reading it and are more willing to give it a try.
Could you please leave me your address so that I can mail it to you soon 5.I__hope__you__will__like__the__book__and__find__it__helpful(我希望你会喜欢这本书并觉得它有帮助)．
Looking forward to your reply.
Yours，
Li Hua
近几年，高考对不可忽视的小词： 冠词、代词和介词的考查主要集中在其基本用法上，因此这类试题一般较为简单。考生在解题时要根据语境、句意判断人称和数，仔细阅读上下文，根据代词具体指代的对象和在句中充当的成分，确定代词的格。冠词经常考查不定冠词a、an的泛指和定冠词the的特指及固定搭配。牢记介词的固定搭配是解答介词相关题目的关键。
项目 高考真题练 微技能点拨
冠 词 1.(2021·全国卷甲)It took us about 3 hours to go all ________ way around the Xi'an City Wall. 2．(2021·全国卷乙)Due to ________ growing popularity of environmentally related and adventure travel, various types of trips are now being classified as ecotourism. 3．(2021·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)While you're in China, Mount Huangshan is ________ must to visit! 4．(2020·浙江卷1月)A child born in the US today has ________very realistic chance of living beyond 100 and needs to plan accordingly. 语法填空二谨记 1．根据泛指或特指选择冠词 如果空格后的名词或“形容词＋名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。 2．根据固定句式或固定搭配选择冠词 英语中有很多带有冠词的固定句式或短语，记住这些句式和短语也有利于解决此类问题。
代 词 5.(2021·全国卷乙)Ecotourism has ________(it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s. 6．(2021·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”， and it will always stick in the visitor's memory. It sure does in ________(I)． 7．(2021·浙江卷6月)She was extremely pretty, and her house was a reflection of ________(she), everything in good taste and in perfect order. 8．(全国卷Ⅲ)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find ________(they) alive. 1.熟记常用的不定代词，如one、all、both、either、neither、each、many、much、little、few、other、another、something、nothing等。 2．人称、物主、反身代词：“成分”是关键 (1)如果句中缺少主语，则用人称代词的主格； (2)如果句中缺少宾语或表语，则用人称代词的宾格； (3)如果句中缺少定语，则用形容词性物主代词； (4)如果宾语或表语又反射到句子主语，则用反身代词。
续 表
项目 高考真题练 微技能点拨
介 词 9.(2021·浙江卷1月)The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased ________ 2.1 in women and men. 10．(2021·全国卷甲)It was built originally to protect the city ________ the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复)． 11．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist ________ earth, Mother Nature. “四种方法”确定介词 1．根据介词短语与谓语的逻辑关系； 2．根据语境含义并结合介词用法； 3．根据特殊的结构关系，如接复合宾语就只能用with或without； 4．根据介词与动词、形容词、名词等的搭配。
答案：
1．the 解析：考查冠词。all the way为固定短语，意为“一直、一路上”。
2．the 解析：考查冠词。名词popularity后有定语，故其前应用定冠词the表特指，the growing popularity of...意为“……的日益流行”。
3．a 解析：考查冠词。此处must表示“必须做的事”，为可数名词，通常用单数。a must意为“必须做的一件事”。
4．a 解析：考查冠词。根据下文的chance 可知，这里表示“非常实际的一个机会”，应用不定冠词表示泛指。very的发音以辅音音素开头，应填a。
5．its 解析：考查代词。空格在名词之前，因此填形容词性物主代词its，表示“它的起源”。
6．mine 解析：考查代词。与前面的it will always stick in the visitor's memory呼应，这里表示It sure sticks in my memory，因此，本空填名词性物主代词mine。
7．herself 解析：考查代词。此处是说她的房子也反映了她自己，应用反身代词herself。
8．them 解析：考查代词。分析句子结构可知，此处要用代词作find的宾语，要用人称代词的宾格。they的宾格为them。
9．by 解析：此处是说农村地区女性和男性的平均体重指数增加了2.1。此处表示升高的幅度，应用介词by。
10．in 解析：考查介词。表示“在……朝代”应用介词in。
11．on 解析：考查介词。on earth是固定搭配，意为“在世上”。
语法项目一 冠词
重点一 冠词的基本用法
(一)不定冠词a、an
1．在发音以辅音音素开头的单词前用a，在发音以元音音素开头的单词前用an。如a university、a useful animal、a European car、an hour、an honest boy、an X ray、an ugly man、an honor等。
◆Judging from his words, he must be an honest man.
从他的话判断，他一定是一位诚实的人。
◆As is known to us, Russia is a European country.
众所周知，俄罗斯是一个欧洲国家。
2．不定冠词a/an放在可数名词单数前，泛指一个人或一个事物。
◆They found an apartment in America where they lived only half a year.
他们在美国找到一个公寓，在那里待了仅仅半年。
3．表示泛指。说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词。
◆It was a cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly.
那是一个寒冷冬天的夜晚，月亮在夜空中闪耀着。
4．表示量指。不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one 强烈。
◆As the old saying goes, “Rome was not built in a day.”
常言道，“冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。”
5．不定冠词a/an表示“某一个”，相当于some/a certain。
◆A Mr Brown came to see you just now.
刚才有一位布朗先生来找你了。
6．“a/an＋序数词”表示“又一、再一”；“a most＋形容词”表示“非常、很”。
◆I really enjoyed my stay in Xi'an. It's indeed worth a second visit.
我真的喜欢待在西安，它的确值得再次参观。
◆He put forward a most useful suggestion at the meeting.
在会议上他提出了一个非常实用的建议。
7．在抽象名词success、failure、surprise、pleasure、beauty、wonder、comfort、danger、shock等前表示“一个……的人或一件……的事”。
◆The operation is a success and the patient is now out of danger.
手术很成功，病人目前脱离了危险。
(二)定冠词the
1．特指某人或某事。
◆The village where I was born has taken on a new look in the past ten years.
在过去十年里，我出生的那个小村庄已经呈现出新的面貌。
2．用于序数词和形容词/副词最高级以及形容词only、very、same等之前。
◆As is known to all, China is the biggest developing country in the world.
众所周知，中国是世界上最大的发展中国家。
◆Yang Liwei is the first man who has been into space in China.
杨利伟是中国第一个登上太空的人。
3．在某些形容词、分词前表示一类人或在姓氏复数前表示一家人。
◆As far as I know, the Greens are going to move to Beijing.
据我所知，格林一家要搬到北京去。
4．用在世界上独一无二的事物、西洋乐器以及发明物的名词前。
◆The little girl likes to play the violin and often plays it after school.
这个小女孩喜欢拉小提琴，经常放学后演奏。
5．用在表示计量的名词前，如by the hour、by the day、by the week、by the dozen、by the yard等，但是如果表示单位的名词为不可数名词时，之前不用冠词，如by weight/height等。
◆As far as I know, he will get paid by the week.
据我所知，他会按周得到报酬。
6．用于the more...the more...(越……越……)结构中。
◆The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes you will make.
你越仔细，犯的错误就会越少。
【小题微练】
1．The data is expected to give ________ full picture of the population. It provides support for making national development policies.
a 解析：考查不定冠词。结合句意可知，此处表示“充分描述”，短语为give a full picture of。full首字母的发音为辅音音素，所以用a。
2．In old age, Mrs. Johnson became ________ most celebrated of the small excellent group of black women who at midcentury served as mathematicians for the space agency.
the 解析：考查定冠词。空后为最高级，故设空处应用定冠词the。
3．After more than 600 years of development, ________ handcraft of Beijing glassware has been passed down to the seventh generation.
the 解析：考查定冠词。此处特指“北京玻璃器皿的工艺品”，所以用定冠词the表示特指。
重点二 固定搭配中的冠词
1．不定冠词用于固定短语中
at a loss 不知所措；困惑
have a word with 与……谈话
all of a sudden 突然
in a hurry 匆忙地
as a rule 通常
pay a visit to 参观；拜访
as a matter of fact 事实上
as a result/consequence 因此
be on a diet 节食
have a gift/talent for 在某方面有天赋
have/catch a cold 感冒
make a living 谋生
have/take a rest 休息
in a way 从某种意义上说
give sb. a lift 让某人搭便车
do sb. a favor 帮某人一个忙
keep an eye on 留心
2．定冠词用于固定短语中
at the moment 此刻；目前
at the same time 同时
not in the least 一点儿也不
on the contrary 相反
in the end 最后；最终
on the whole 总的来说
to tell the truth 说实话
in the distance 在远处
on the other hand 另一方面
to the point 中肯；切题
make the most of 充分利用；最大限度地从某物上获益
by the way 顺便说一下
go to the cinema/theater 去看电影/戏剧
in the middle of 在……中间
3．零冠词用于固定短语中
on purpose 故意地
by chance 碰巧
catch/on fire 着火
at dawn/dusk 在黎明/黄昏
face to face 面对面地
in debt 负债
in fact 实际上
make room for 给……让出空间
out of date 过时的
heart and soul 全心全意地
in danger 在危险中
in return 作为回报
side by side 肩并肩地
from time to time 不时地
hand in hand 手拉手
day after day 天天地；日复一日地
day by day 一天天；渐渐地
out of place 不合适
on foot 步行
in place 在正确位置
4．冠词有无，意义不同
in charge of负责/in the charge of ...由……负责；in prison在坐牢/in the prison在监狱里；at table在吃饭/at the table在桌旁；out of question毫无疑问、没问题/out of the question不可能；by day在白天/by the day按天计算。
【小题微练】
1．In a sometimes callous (冷漠的) world where people can be so focused on what they're doing, a random act of kindness can make ________ difference.
a 解析：考查固定短语。make a difference意为“有作用、有影响”是固定短语。
2．(2020·浙江卷7月)This style of farming lasted for quite a long time. Then, with ________ rise of science, changes began.
the 解析：考查定冠词。with the rise of意为“随着……的崛起”是固定短语。
3．The NYPD hopes in ________ long term the information can be used to tailor manpower to each police station in the city.
the 解析：考查定冠词。in the long term是固定短语，意为“从长远来看”。
语法项目二 代词
考点一 人称代词、物主代词、反身代词
1．基本用法
类别 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词
主格 宾格 形容 词性 名词性
功能 主语 宾语、 表语 定语 主语、 表语、 宾语 宾语、 表语、同位语
第一 人称 单 数 I me my mine myself
复 数 we us our ours ourselves
第二 人称 单 数 you you your yours yourself
复 数 you you your yours yourselves
第三 人称 单 数 he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
复 数 they them their theirs themselves
2.反身代词的习惯用法
与介词 搭配 by oneself 独自地 for oneself 替自己；为自己 of oneself 自动地 in oneself 本质上；本身
与动词 搭配 apply oneself to 专心致志于 behave oneself 举止得体；行为检点 dress oneself 打扮；自己穿衣 devote oneself to 致力于；献身于 help oneself to 随便吃/用 enjoy oneself 玩得开心 seat oneself 就座；入席 make yourself at home 别客气 teach oneself 自学
【小题微练】
1．Shi Yan, chief of the Liaoning University of TCM, says he supports international students to participate in such activities, which will help ________(they) combine knowledge together with culture.
them 解析：考查人称代词。空处作动词help的宾语，应用宾格形式them。
2．(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine ________(they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.
themselves 解析：考查反身代词。设空处所填词指代该句主语visitors，根据句意可知，此处表示“他们自己”，应用反身代词themselves。
考点二 it的用法
_____________________________________________________________
1．it的基本用法
用法 例句
指天气、季节、时间、距离、环境等 It is early spring, but it is already hot. 现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了。
指代前面提过的事物、群体、想法、内容等或代替指示代词 That vase is valuable. It is more than 200 years old. 那个花瓶很珍贵，它有200多年的历史。
指不知性别的婴儿或身份不明确的人(由于某种原因而不知对方是谁) The baby cried because it was hungry. 这个婴儿饿得啼哭。
it用来代替不定式、动名词短语或名词性从句作形式主语或形式宾语 I have made it clear that nobody is allowed to smoke here. 我已经讲得很清楚了，任何人都不准在此吸烟。
2.it作形式主语或形式宾语的常用句型
it作 形式 主语 It is a pity/shame that...真可惜…… It is no wonder that ...难怪…… It seems/appears that...似乎/看来…… It looks/seems as if/as though...看起来好像…… It happens that...碰巧…… It occurs to/comes to/strikes/hits sb. that...某人突然想起…… It is said/reported that...据说/据报道…… It is certain that...……是一定的。 It is no use/good doing...做……没有用/好处。 It takes sb. some time to do...做……花费某人若干时间。
it作 形式 宾语 主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...＋it＋adj./n.＋for/of sb. to do.../that从句 主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...＋it＋useless/worth/worthwhile/no use/no good/a waste of time/money/energy...＋doing...
3.it的常用短语或句型
◆When it comes to learning English, reading widely is of great importance.
当谈到学习英语，广泛阅读很重要。
◆You can count on/rely on/depend on it that he will help you out.
你可以相信他能帮助你摆脱困境。
◆I can't help it if he is always complaining.
若他总是抱怨，我也没办法。
◆We finally made it to the airport though it was rainy.
尽管下雨了，但是我们最终及时赶到了机场。
◆As someone puts it, practice makes perfect.
正如某人所说，熟能生巧。
◆Please see to it that you fasten the safety belt when driving.
开车时确保系好安全带。
◆I take it that you don't agree with the manager.
我想你不同意经理的意见。
◆It is/has been three years since he joined the army.
他参军已经三年了。
◆It was three years before he returned home.
过了三年他才回家。
【小题微练】
3．Every new year in the heartland of industrial China, thousands upon thousands of motorcyclists brave the weather and hit the road, determined to make ________ home.
it 解析：考查代词。make it to sp.为固定搭配，意为“成功到某地”，home为副词，不与介词连用，make it home意为“成功到家”。
4．________ is estimated that the structure has 80 stones in all and each stone weighs about two tons.
It 解析：考查代词。在该句中， it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句。it is estimated that ...意为“据估计……”。位于句首，首字母应大写。
5．However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25，000 people were using ________ every day.
it 解析：考查人称代词。根据语境可知，此处应用it指代文中的the railway。
6．After becoming an internet hit, Dingzhen served as the local tourism ambassador and filmed The World of Dingzhen to speak for his hometown. The film soon brought ________ into people's vision.
it 解析：考查人称代词。此处代指his hometown，所以应用it代指。
考点三 不定代词
1．other、the other、another、others和the others的用法
other 不能单独使用，常与复数名词连用，如果前面有the、some、any、each、every、no以及形容词性物主代词时，也可与可数名词单数连用
续 表
others 表示泛指，相当于“other＋复数名词”，可构成some...others...，意为“一些……另一些……”
the other/ the others “the other＋可数名词单数”特指两者中的另一个，可构成one...the other...，意为“一个……另一个……”，其复数形式为the others或“the other＋复数名词”，特指在某些人或物中，除去一部分后，其余的人或物
another 指三者或三者以上中的另一个，表示泛指，后接可数名词单数，也可以用于“another＋数词＋可数名词复数”表示“另外几个……”
2.one(s)、that和those的用法
在文中为避免重复，one(s)、that和those等都可以用来代替上文出现的名词。
one(s) one代替的是前面提到的同类异物中的任何一个，相当于“a/an＋可数名词单数”；ones用来代替前面出现的可数名词复数，也表泛指 a/an＋可数名词单数＝one； the＋可数名词单数＝that/the one； the＋不可数名词＝that； the＋可数名词复数＝the ones/ those； 可数名词复数＝ones
that 代替前面提到的同类异物中特指的事物，所代替的名词可以是可数名词单数，也可以是不可数名词，其前面通常不能有修饰语，但可以有后置定语
those 代替前面提到的同类异物中特指的事物，只能指代可数名词复数，相当于the ones
3.both、all、either、any、neither和none的用法
都 任一 都不
两者 both either neither
三者或三 者以上 all any none
4.something、anything和nothing的用法
句式 语意
something 肯定句 某事，某物
疑问句 某事，某物
anything 条件句、否定 句、疑问句 任何东西(事物)
肯定句 任何东西(事物)
nothing 陈述句 没有一点儿东西
[名师点津] 固定搭配：anything but(根本不)、nothing but(只不过、仅仅)、all but(差不多)、none but(仅仅、只有)。everything意为“每件事物、所有事物”，强调整体，与not连用时表示部分否定，意为“并不是所有事物都……”。
【小题微练】
7．However, quite a few others, especially ________ in the countryside, would fix a lucky date so that their marriage would have “Double Happiness”．
those 解析：考查代词。根据语境可知，空处指那些在农村地区的人，表示复数，应用代词those。
8．And the hutong today is fading into the shade for ________ tourists and local people.
both 解析：考查代词。both...and...为固定搭配，意为“两者都……”。
9．As far as I am concerned, cycling is a good solution. For one thing, bicycles don't need any petrol and they are energy saving. For ________， bicycles are environmentally friendly because they won't give off waste gas.
another 解析：考查代词。for one thing...for another...意为“一方面……另一方面……”。
语法项目三 介词
重点一 常考介词
1．at、in、on表示“时间”
(1)at表示某一时刻
at 12：00(在12点)、at noon(在中午)、at night(在夜里)、at midnight(在半夜)、at dawn/daybreak(在黎明/破晓)、at sunrise/sunset(在日出/日落)、at dusk(在黄昏)。
(2)in指上午、下午及晚上或月、年等较长的时间
in the 1980's/1980s(在20世纪80年代)、in the Qing Dynasty(在清朝)、in October(在十月份)、in the morning/afternoon/evening(在上午/下午/晚上)。
(3)on用于表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间(如某日、某节日、星期几等)
on October 1st(在10月1号)、on a rainy day(在一个下雨天)、on National Day(在国庆节)、on the morning of July 3rd(在7月3号上午)。
2．by、before、after、until/till、during、within表示时间
(1)by 到……时(为止)
(2)before 在……以前
(3)after 在……后
(4)until/till 直到……为止
(5)during 在……期间
(6)within 在……之内
◆He often falls asleep during the class，which makes his teacher very angry.
他常常上课睡觉，这使他的老师很生气。
3．between、among表示“在……之间”
between表示“在……之间(两者之间)”，常和and连用；among表示“在……之间(三者或三者以上)”。
◆Keep the close relationship between teachers and students.
保持亲密的师生关系。
4．by、on、in、with表示“使用……工具、手段、方式等”
(1)by/on表示“乘、坐(交通工具)”或“通过……方式”
by bike(骑自行车)、by taxi(坐出租车)、by plane(乘飞机)、by ship(乘船)、go to school on my bike(骑自行车上学)、on foot(步行)
(2)in当“用”讲时，后常接表示语言、材料等的词
◆Her parents always talk to her in German.
她的父母总是用德语和她交谈。
(3)with表示使用某种具体的工具、手段等
◆We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs.
我们用眼睛看，用耳朵听，用腿走路。
5．about、on表示“关于”
about多用于表示内容比较普通、不太正式的情形，on多指内容属于专门性的，是严肃的或学术性的，有时两者可通用。
◆He gave a report about/on the international situation at the meeting.
他在会上做了一个关于国际形势的报告。
6．from、since表示时间
(1)from表示开始的时间，意为“从……开始”，多用于“from...to/till”结构中。
◆We work from Monday to Friday every week.
我们每周从周一工作到周五。
(2)since表示“自……以后、从……以来”。
◆I haven't heard from him since last year.
自从去年，我就没有收到过他的来信。
7．with的常见用法
(表示关系)和……一起；(表示状态)具有，带有；(表示方式)用……，凭借……；(表示原因)由于，因为。
◆Would you like to go to the theatre with us
你愿意和我们一起去看戏吗？
◆The small child trembled with fear.
那个小孩吓得打哆嗦。
8．for的用法
表示“为了；给，对(表示对象、用途等)；因为，由于；向，往(表示去向)；就……而言”。
◆The biggest concern for most of us is the quality of public education.
我们大多数人最关心的是大众教育的质量问题。
9．without的用法
表示“没有，缺乏；不和……在一起；不用，不拿，不带”。
◆It is a pity that David is away on business. Anyhow, you've got a great deal of time to tour in New York without him.
很遗憾，大卫出差了。不管怎样，你有大量时间在没有他的情况下游览纽约。
10．against的用法
倚靠着……(表示方位)；反对(表示态度)；以……为背景(表示对比)。
◆An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are against it.
看来意见达成一致是不可能了，因为大多数委员会成员都表示反对。
11．beyond的用法
在……另一边，在……更远处(表示位置)；超出，非……所能及(表示程度)。
◆Everybody was touched beyond words after they heard her moving story.
听了她感人的故事，大家都被感动得无以言表。
【小题微练】
1．Every time we lose a species, we lose an opportunity ________ humankind.
for 解析：考查介词。“an opportunity for sb.”是固定短语，意为“某人的一个机会”。
2．Some species live ________ cold, humid caves in the Pyrenees, the Alps and the Balkan Peninsula, forming a narrow band across Europe.
in 解析：考查介词。分析句子结构可知，空前是谓语动词live(居住、生活)，空后是形容词所修饰的名词caves，所以该空需用介词in。
3．(2020·浙江卷1月)This aging of the population is driven ________ two factors.
by 解析：考查介词。空格处位于被动语态的谓语后，用来表示动作的发出者，故填by。
4．The celebration includes congratulations ________ students, recommending outstanding teachers, the exchange of ideas among teachers, and so on.
from 解析：考查介词。此处是说来自学生的祝贺，from 表示“来自”。
重点二 介词短语
1．at＋名词
at a loss 不知所措 at dinner 在吃晚餐
at peace 处于和平状态 at dawn 在黎明
at war 在战争中 at work 在工作
2．by＋名词
by accident 偶然地 by chance 偶然地
by force 用暴力 by hand 手工地
by mistake 错误地 by the month 按月算
3．beyond＋名词
beyond comparison 无与伦比
beyond control 失控
beyond description 难以描述
beyond doubt 毋庸置疑
beyond expression 难以表达
beyond (one's) reach 够不到
4．in＋名词
in bed 在床上；卧床
in danger 处于危险中
in debt 负债
in difficulty 处于困难中
in high spirits 情绪高昂
in need 处于困难中
in order 整齐；井然有序
in surprise 吃惊地
in trouble 在困难中
in use 使用中
5．on＋名词
on a trip 在旅行
on business 出差
on display/show 在展出
on duty 在值班
on holiday/vacation 在度假
on sale 在出售
on strike 在罢工
on the way 在途中
6．out of＋名词
out of balance 失去平衡
out of control 失去控制
out of danger 脱离危险
out of date 过期
out of order 出故障
out of work 失业
7．under＋名词
under consideration 在考虑中
under construction 在建造中
under control 在控制之下
under discussion 在讨论中
under pressure 在压力下
under repair 在修理中
under treatment 在治疗中
8．其他高频介词短语
against time 争分夺秒
at the sight of 一看到……
at the age of 在……岁时
in the face of 面对；面临
in addition (to) 另外；除了
in case of 万一
in charge of 负责；主管
in favour of 赞成；支持
in need of 需要
in no time 立刻
in a hurry 匆忙
in preparation for 为……做准备
in return for 作为回报
of help/use 有帮助的/有用的
of importance 重要的
on behalf of 代表
【小题微练】
1．Two experts from Sotheby's confirmed the bowl was from the 1400s when they were able to look at it ________ person.
in 解析：考查介词。固定搭配in person意为“亲自”。
2．In Singapore there's no better place to find Chinese medicines than in Chinatown—a colorful and lively place, rich ________ Chinese culture and history.
in 解析：考查介词。(be) rich in意为“在……方面丰富”，为固定用法。
3．(2019·浙江卷6月)But can uniforms help improve school standards The answer ________ this question is not clear.
to 解析：考查介词。the answer to the question为固定用法，表示“问题的答案”。
4．Morgan says that it is time that people stopped standing by and recording on their phones when they see someone ________ trouble.
in 解析：考查介词。in trouble为固定短语，意为“陷入困境、陷入麻烦”。
重点三 动词短语中的介词
1．常考的含介词的动词固定结构和搭配
(1)用于“动词＋sb./sth.＋of＋sth.”结构的常见动词有：
accuse控告 cheat欺骗 cure治愈
inform通知 remind使想起 rob抢劫
warn警告 rid使摆脱 suspect怀疑
persuade说服 convince使信服
◆You need to convince them of your enthusiasm for the job.
你要使他们相信你对这份工作的热情。
(2)用于“动词＋sb./sth.＋for＋sth.”结构的常见动词有：
blame责备 criticize批评 forgive原谅
excuse原谅 pardon原谅 punish惩罚
scold责备 thank感谢 praise赞扬
respect尊重 admire钦佩；赞赏
◆The school is widely admired for its excellent teaching.
这所学校因其出色的教学而广受赞誉。
(3)用于“动词＋sb./sth.＋from＋(doing) sth.”结构的常见动词有：
prevent阻止 stop阻止 keep阻止
protect保护 preserve保护；保存 defend 保卫
ban禁止 prohibit阻止；禁止 shelter保护
◆You need warm clothes to protect yourself from the cold.
你需要穿暖些，以免着凉。
2．常考的含介词的动词短语
account for 占……(比例)；解释……(原因)
act as 充当；起作用
break away from 脱离；逃离
break down 打破，消除
break up 粉碎；破碎；解散
bring about 引起；导致；造成
bring down 降低；减少；使(飞机)着陆
bring up 提出(讨论)；抚养，养育
call for (去)接；需要；(公开)要求
carry out 履行；实施；执行
carry through 帮助……渡过难关；成功完成；顺利实现
come across (偶然)遇见，碰见；发现
come to an end 终止，结束
come up with 提出
do harm to 对……有害
do without 没有……也行；没有……
而设法对付过去
end up with 以……结束
get across 被传达；被理解；把……讲清楚
get around 传播；流传；各处走动
get down to 开始做某事；开始认真注意
(或对待)某事
get over 解决；克服；控制
get rid of 除去，去掉；免除，摆脱
get through 正式通过；(用电话)接通，
联系上；顺利通过(考试等)
give away 赠送；颁发；泄露
give rise to 使发生
give way to 屈服；退让；让步
go against 违反；与……不符
go in for 参加考试(或竞赛)；
对某事物有兴趣，爱好
go through 经历
hold back 拦阻，阻挡；隐瞒
hold on 握住；抓牢
keep in touch with 与……联系
look down on/upon 轻视；瞧不起
look into 调查；审查
make out 理解，明白；辨认出；声称
make the best of 尽可能善用；尽力而为
be made up of 由……组成
pick up 捡起；用车接(某人)；接收；
偶然习得
put off 推迟，延迟；取消；使疏远
put up 搭建，竖立；张贴；提升
put up with 忍受，容忍
see through 看穿；识破
see to 照料；处理
set about 着手做
set aside 留出；暂不考虑
show around/round 领(某人)参观
show off 炫耀；展示
take in 吸入；理解，领会；注意到
take off 脱下，摘掉
take on 承担；呈现，具有
take up 开始从事；占用，占据
turn down 关小，调低；拒绝，顶回
work out 计算出；制定出
【小题微练】
1．According to satellite monitoring results, the increase of vegetation in China accounted ________ 25 percent of the world's total new greenery.
for 解析：考查固定搭配。account for意为“占……比例”，为固定搭配。
2．The opening of FAST not only offers more observation possibilities to the world's scientific community but also contributes Chinese wisdom ________ building a community of shared future for humanity.
to 解析：考查固定搭配。contribute...to...意为“为……贡献……”，为固定搭配。
3．(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Museums must compete ________ people's spare time and money with other amusements.
for 解析：考查固定搭配。根据语境可知，此处表达的是“为了人们的空闲时间和金钱与其他的娱乐活动进行竞争”，compete for意为“为……竞争，为固定搭配”。
[学生用书P322]
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2022·中山“三诊一模”)Because of Richard Sears' enthusiasm for 1.____________(tradition) Chinese culture, he began learning Chinese in 1972. 2.____________(attract) by the ancient language, Sears often went back and forth between China and America. In 1994, after his recovery from a severe heart attack, he made a 3.____________(decide) to make the ancient Chinese characters, Jiaguwen, available online.
From then on, Sears started programming and building a database of Jiaguwen. 4.____________ took him seven years to scan the characters in Chinese ancient books. In 2002, the Jiaguwen enthusiast's website 5.____________(create), though with only a few page views per day in the beginning. It rose to 600，000 per day in 2011 after a blogger recommended the site 6.____________ a Chinese social media platform. “I became famous 7.____________(instant) and was given a nickname ‘Uncle Hanzi’，” Sears said with a smile. Up till now, the website has been continuously updated, 8.____________ gives lovers of the ancient language from all over the world free access to browsing (浏览) in their free time.
At present, the 70 year old American has made his home in China. Apart from 9.____________(take) part in some social 10.____________(activity), Sears devotes all his efforts to the study of Chinese characters.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了热爱中国文化的美国人创建甲骨文网站的故事。
1．traditional 解析：考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，此处应是形容词，修饰名词Chinese culture，作定语，故填traditional。
2．Attracted 解析：考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处应为非谓语动词，和句子的谓语went之间没有连词，且和其逻辑主语Sears构成动宾关系，故用过去分词作原因状语，故填Attracted。
3．decision 解析：考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空处应为名词，被冠词a修饰，故填decision。
4．It 解析：考查代词。It takes/took sb. some time to do sth. 意为“做某事花费某人多长时间”，是固定句型，故填It。
5．was created 解析：考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作谓语，又与句子主语the Jiaguwen enthusiast's website构成被动关系，故用被动结构， 即“be＋done”，且时间状语是In 2002，故用一般过去时的被动语态形式，又因主语是第三人称单数，故填was created。
6．on/by/through 解析：考查介词。根据语境可知，空处表示“通过”的含义，故填on/by/through。
7．instantly 解析：考查副词。分析句子结构可知，空处应为副词形式作状语，故填instantly。
8．which 解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导一个非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作主语，代指前面整个主句，故填which。
9．taking 解析：考查非谓语动词。介词后跟名词、代词或动词 ing形式作宾语，故空处用动词 ing形式作介词短语Apart from的宾语，故填taking。
10．activities 解析：考查名词的单复数。activity是可数名词，且与空前的some呼应，故用复数形式，故填activities。
Ⅱ.写作运用
根据汉语提示补全作文， 并注意其中冠词、代词和介词的使用。
Dear Eric，
1．How__is__everything__going(最近一切可好)？Knowing you are so fond of Chinese calligraphy, I would like to send you a book about this abstract and high level form of art in an English edition, 2.which__is__easy__for__you__to__understand(这对你来说很容易理解)．
The book is entitled Appreciation of Chinese Calligraphy, 3.including__a__fascinating__collection__of__masterpieces(包括一系列引人入胜的杰作). It not only presents a variety of calligraphy styles, but also provides beautiful illustrations, expert analyses and useful comments, since one's handwriting is often viewed as a reflection of his or her personality. I am sure 4.you__will__have__a__good__knowledge__of__this__form__of__art(你将对这种艺术形式有很好的了解) after reading it and are more willing to give it a try.
Could you please leave me your address so that I can mail it to you soon 5.I__hope__you__will__like__the__book__and__find__it__helpful(我希望你会喜欢这本书并觉得它有帮助)．
Looking forward to your reply.
Yours，
Li Hua