2023届高三英语一轮复习外研版（2019）必修第二册 Unit 1-6 基础知识讲解讲义-（含答案）

高中英语必修二
基础知识讲解
Unit 1
I. 基础知识讲解
一、单词转换
1.marriage n.婚姻
→marry v.嫁，娶，结婚
2.related adj.有关系的，相关的
→relate v.与……有联系，相关联
→ relative n.亲戚
→relation n.关系
3.addict n.对……着迷的人
→addicted adj.入迷的，上瘾的
4.differ v.不同，有区别
→ different adj.不同的
5.slightly adv.略微，稍微
→slight adj.轻微的，少量的
6.recommend v.推荐
→recommendation n.推荐信
7.satisfying adj.令人高兴的，令人满意的
→satisfy v.使满足，使满意
→ satisfied adj.感到满意的
→satisfaction n.满意
8. horrible adj.糟糕的
→ horribly adv.可怕地，非常地
二、重点单词讲解
1.gather v.聚集
gather的基本意思是“(使)人或物聚在一起”,可表示“聚集,采集,积聚,恢复”等义,可用于有形物,也可用于无形物,还可作“把…围住,拉紧…”“打褶子”解。gather引申可以表示“推断”。
He gathered a big crowd around him.
他周围围了一大群人。
They gathered the leaves for burning.
他们把树叶扫拢烧掉。
I gather he’s ill, and that’s why he hasn’t come.
我猜是他病了，所以还没有来。
2.typical adj.典型的，有代表性的
【考点归纳】
※be typical of典型的，特有的
It is typical of sb.to do sth.某人做某事是经常的；某人一贯好做某事。
※typically adv.通常，一般；典型地；果然
【例句】
①Since I’m here，I’d like to try typical dishes of this country.
既然来了，我想品尝这个国家的特色菜。
②Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of actors.
我们两个都具有演员典型的品质和优点。
【对接高考】 单句语法填空
Typically，he would come late and then say that he had to go early.
他一向是来得很晚，然后又总说他得早走。
→type n.类型 v.打字
3.convenient adj.方便的，便利的
※It is convenient for sb.to do sth.某人方便做某事。
名师点津：convenient作表语时，不可用人作主语，而要用物作主语或用it作形式主语。“当你方便的时候”应用when it is convenient for you表示，而不是when you are convenient。
【例句】
①It is convenient for people to do some shopping online now.
现在人们网上购物很方便。
②Please come to see me at your convenience.
＝Please come to see me if it is convenient for/to you.
请在你方便时来看我。
If it is convenient，I’ll go to see him this weekend.
如果方便，我这个周末去看他。
→conveniently adv.便利地
→convenience n.便利；方便
for convenience为方便起见
at sb.’s convenience在某人方便时
4.adapt v.使适应，使适合；改写，改编
【考点归纳】
※adapt oneself to适应
adapt A for B　将A改编为B
adapt A from B　根据B改编A
【例句】It took him a while to adapt himself to the new surroundings.
他过了好一阵子才适应新环境。
【对接高考】 完成句子
①It is said that the TV play is adapted from a novel.
据说这部电视剧改编自一部小说。
④Three of her novels have been adapted for television by a famous director.
她的三部小说已被一位著名导演改编成电视剧。
※adaptable adj.有适应能力的，能适应的
②Successful businesses are highly adaptable to economic change.
成功的企业高度适应经济变化。
※adaptation n.适应；改编本，改写本
③Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.
这里我要强调一些在气候适应方面更聪明、更具创造性的例子。
三、重点短语
1.be shocked by/at...对……感到震惊
【考点归纳】
※shock vt.& vi.(使)震惊；震动n.休克；打击；震惊
be a shock to...使……震惊
※shocked adj.感到震惊的
be shocked to do sth.因做某事而感到震惊
be shocked that...对……感到震惊
※shocking adj.令人震惊的
【例句】All of us are shocked at his situation in the company.
我们大家都对他在公司的处境感到震惊。
【对接高考】 单句语法填空
①I was shocked to hear the news that he had been fired.
听到他被解雇的消息，我很震惊。
②The ending of this play is very shocking.
这出戏的结局真令人震惊。
【一句多译】
这个消息让会上的人们很是震惊。
①The news made the people at the meeting very shocked.
②The people at the meeting were shocked at/by the news.
2.sort n.种类；方式v.分类；挑选
【考点归纳】
※sort out 分类；整理；(从……中)挑选出
sort out...from... 把……从……中挑选/辨别出来
※a sort of 一种
all sorts of 各种各样的
sort of 有点儿，有几分；稍微(作副词用，修饰其后的形容词和动词)
【例句】
①He spent an hour sorting out the emails he had received.
他花了一个小时将他收到的电子邮件分类。
②We must sort out the good apples from the bad ones.
咱们得把好的苹果拣出来，同坏的那些分开。
【对接高考】 完成句子
①Sort out the following messages that are mixed up to make complete sentences containing attributive clauses.
把下面混乱的信息整理成含有定语从句的完整的句子。
②There are all sorts of flowers in the garden in the center of the city.
在城市中心的花园里有各种各样的花。
③He looked sort of bored with the film and left the cinema without finishing it.
他看上去对这部电影有点厌烦，没看完就离开了电影院。
3.suffer from 遭受；忍受；患病
【考点归纳】
※suffer vt.& vi.遭受，蒙受；受苦；感到疼痛
suffer loss/pain遭受损失/痛苦
※suffering n.痛苦，疼痛；苦难；折磨
※sufferer n .患病者；受苦者
【易混辨析】　suffer，suffer from
※suffer指“遭受苦痛、损失，忍受侮辱”等，其宾语通常为pain，loss，damage，punishment，defeat，hardship，discouragement，disappointment等抽象名词。
※suffer from指“遭受战争、自然灾害等带来的苦难及患病之苦”，其后常接表示疾病或造成不幸或痛苦的事物的名词。
注意：二者一般不用于被动语态。
【例句】The people in this country have suffered a lot because of the war.
战争让这个国家的人民深受其害。
【对接高考】 完成句子
①The patient said that he had suffered from a bad back.
那个病人说他患过背疼。
②The new plant can’t suffer the cold weather，so the researchers are trying to deal with it.
这种新植物不能经受寒冷的天气，所以研究人员正在设法处理。
4.deal with 对付；处理；安排；涉及，论及，关于；和……做生意
【考点归纳】
deal with与do with都有“处理”之意，但deal with常与how连用；do with常与what连用。
【例句】
①How are you going to deal with the air pollution of this area
你们打算怎样处理这一地区的空气污染？
【对接高考】 完成句子
①I hear that such people are difficult to deal with.
我听说，这种人不好对付。
②This is a book dealing with the planting of flowers and trees in Africa.
这是一本有关非洲花草树木种植的书籍。
【一句多译】
交通事故发生后你怎样处理？
①How do you deal with a traffic accident after it happens
②What do you do with a traffic accident after it happens
5.come across 偶然发现;偶然遇见
【词汇拓展】
come about发生;引起
come along一道来;进展;表现;出现
come back回来;反驳;回答;再现记忆
come from来自
come off脱落,掉下;发生;成功
come out出来;出版,发表
come through 通过;安然渡过
come up走近,接近;显现;出现
come up with想出;提出;赶上
6.thanks to由于，幸亏
【例句】
①Thanks to your help，I am successful in the end.
多亏了你的帮助，我最终成功了。
②They moved here because of the baby.
他们为了孩子而搬家到这里。
【对接高考】 完成句子
Thanks to his help，my speech was so successful that everyone cheered for me.
多亏了他的帮助，我的演出才如此成功，人人都为我喝彩。
表示“由于，因为”的短语还有：
because of，owing to，due to，on account of
7.与amaze/amazement有关的短语
(1)be amazed to do sth.惊奇地做某事
(2)be amazed at/by...对……大为惊奇
(3)to one’s amazement
＝to the amazement of sb.令某人惊奇的是
8.remind...of...使……想起……
【考点归纳】
remind sb.that...提醒某人……
remind sb.to do sth.提醒某人做某事
【例句】
①The pictures reminded me of my school days.
这些照片使我想起了学生时代。
②I reminded him that he must go home before dark.
我提醒他必须在天黑前回家。
【对接高考】 单句语法填空
①Remind me to write to my mother if I forget it.
如果我忘了，请提醒我给妈妈写信。
②Reminded not to speak loud in the library，the students lowered their voice.
被提醒不要在图书馆大声说话，学生们降低了声音。
9.belong to 属于
【考点归纳】
※belong to属于，没有被动形式，也不用于完成时和进行时。后面要接宾格代词或名词作宾语。
【例句】Think of the people who belong to book groups.
想想那些属于图书小组的人。
①The house belonging to my grandfather was sold yesterday.
属于我爷爷的那套房子昨天被卖掉了。
※belongings n.所有物；财产
②Later，he took all his belongings to France.
后来，他带着全部财产去了法国。
10.bring up抚养；培养；教育；提出；呕吐
【考点归纳】
bring in引进；获利；赚钱
bring out出版；使显现
bring about引起；导致
bring down使倒下；减少；降低
【例句】He was brought up in Hannibal，Missouri，along the Mississippi River.
他在密西西比河畔密苏里州的汉尼拔长大。
【对接高考】 单句语法填空
①We need to bring in some new blood.
我们需要输入一些新鲜血液。
②His carelessness brought about his failure in the exam.
他的粗心导致了考试的失败。
③Could you please bring down the price a little
你把价格降一点好吗？
【一词多义】写出下列句子中bring up的汉语意思
(1)The old woman brought up five children.养育
(2)David was brought up to value the sense of sharing.教导
(3)The greedy child brought up all he had eaten.呕吐
11.such as例如，比如
【考点归纳】
for example 例如
that is 即……
【易混辨析】such as，for example
※ such as用来罗列同类人或物中的几个例子，可置于被列举的事物与前面的名词之间，但其后不能用逗号。
※for example强调举例说明，而且一般只举同类人或物中的一个作为插入语，且用逗号隔开，可置于句首、句中或句末。
【例句】
①English is also spoken in Singapore and Malaysia and countries in Africa such as South Africa.
在新加坡、马来西亚和非洲一些国家，例如南非，人们也说英语。
【对接高考】 完成句子
①The farm grows many kinds of crops，such as wheat，corn，cotton and rice.
这个农场种植很多种庄稼，例如小麦、玉米、棉花和水稻。
②A lot of people here，for example，Mr John，would rather have coffee.
这儿的许多人，例如约翰先生，宁愿喝咖啡。
③I have two friends.That is，Tom and Lucy.
我有两个朋友，即汤姆和露西。
12.pick up v.捡起；收集；接人；偶然结识；站起，扶起；振作精神；(不费力地)学会；获得
【考点归纳】
pick and choose挑三拣四，仔细挑选
pick on故意挑剔；故意找茬
pick out挑选出
pick sb.to do sth.挑选某人做某事
【例句】
①It’s not easy to pick out the best actor for this play，because they’re all so good.
要在这出戏里选出最佳演员可真不容易，因为他们都演得十分出色。
②They always pick on her when anything goes wrong.
每当事情出了什么差错，他们总是责怪她。
When I was in the third grade，I was picked to be the princess in the school play.
在三年级时，我被选为校园剧中的公主。
【一词多义】写出下列句子中pick up的汉语意思
①He picked up the child and put her on his shoulders.抱起
②But we have to survive，so I have to pick myself up，and then continue my work.振作精神
③The next morning，my mum came to pick me up.开车接
④She’s talking with the man she picked up on holiday.偶然结识
⑤She soon picked up French when she went to live in France.学会
四、重点句式
1.Growing up in England with a British father and a Chinese mother，I’ve enjoyed food from both countries ever since I was able to hold a knife and fork—and chopsticks.
我在英国长大，父亲是英国人，母亲是中国人，自从我能拿起刀叉和筷子，我就喜欢上了两国的食物。
ever since意为“自那以后”;用作时间状语,可以单独使用,也可以接名词或句子作宾语。
She left school three years ago and has worked as a nurse ever since.
她三年前毕业,从那时起一直当护士。
【温馨提示】
(1)ever since的用法和since完全一致,它们之后的从句要用一般过去时,主句要用现在完成时。
(2)It is/has been+一段时间+since...意为“自从……以来已经多久了”,since后面的句子用一般过去时;如前面是It was+一段时间,since...后面的句子要用过去完成时。
It is three years since his brother joined the army.
他哥哥参军三年了。
It was ten years since he had left his hometown.
他离开家乡十年了。
2.He must have thought I was joking.
他一定认为我在开玩笑。
【考点归纳】
※本句中must have done表示对过去行为的推测，意为“一定；想必”，语气十分肯定。属于“情态动词＋have＋过去分词”结构。
※“情态动词＋have＋过去分词”的其他形式：
①should have done在语义上相当于ought to have done，表示“过去本来应该做某事而实际上却没有做”；shouldn’t have done表示“过去本来不应该做某事而实际上却做了”。这一用法往往含有责备的意味。
②may/might have done表示对过去行为的推测，意为“可能做过”。might所表示的可能性比较弱，语气较委婉。
③can/could have done表示“本来可以做而实际上未做”或者“过去可能”，疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为表示怀疑或不肯定，其中can’t have done多用于语气强烈的否定，意为“不可能做过”。
④needn’t have done表示“本来不必做某事而实际上却做了”。
【例句】He must have been punished，for he is upset today.
他肯定是受到了惩罚，因为他今天很沮丧。
【对接高考】 完成句子
①You shouldn’t have taken away my dictionary，for I wanted to use it.
你本不应该拿走我的字典，因为我要用它。
②He should have started earlier，but he didn’t.
他本应该早点出发，但是他没有。
③They can’t have left；it was raining so heavily then.雨下得很大，他们不可能离开了。
④You needn’t have come；I have finished the work.
你没有必要来，我已经完成了这项工作。
3.To me，there’s nothing better than a cross cultural afternoon tea of English biscuits and a cup of Chinese oolong tea in a fine china cup!
对我来说，没有什么比英式饼干和在瓷杯里泡一杯乌龙茶这种跨文化的下午茶更好的了！
【考点归纳】
本句中nothing better than为形容词的比较级与否定词连用，表达最高级的含义。常用的否定词有：no，not，never，nothing，nobody，hardly等，其意义为“再也没有……比这更……的了”。
【例句】
①In my opinion，nothing is more pleasant than traveling.
在我看来，没有什么比旅行更令人愉快的了。
②—Did you sleep well last night in our hotel，Mr Smith
—Never better，like a rock.
——史密斯先生，你昨夜在我们旅馆睡得好吗？
——从没这么好过，睡得很沉。
【对接高考】 单句语法填空
I have never spent a more worrying day.
我从来没有经历过比这更令人担忧的一天了。
4.As a doctor，I know I had better change the way I eat，but I just don’t have the time or the energy right now.
作为一名医生，我知道我最好改变我的饮食方式，但我现在没有时间和精力。
【考点归纳】
the way I eat我的饮食方式，这里I eat作the way的定语。way作“方式”解，且其关系词在定语从句中作状语时，定语从句用in which或that引导，也可省略关系词。当the/a way后面的定语从句缺少主语或宾语时，关系词用that或which，作宾语时可省略。
【例句】
I hate the way (that/in which) you answer back with your mother.
我讨厌你那样和妈妈顶嘴。
【对接高考】 单句语法填空
I don’t like the way that/in which you talk to your children.
我不喜欢你和孩子们谈话的方式。
5.Sometimes I bring home food from the restaurant where I work.
有时我从我工作的餐馆带食物回家。
【考点归纳】
这是一个复合句。where在句中引导定语从句，修饰先行词restaurant，在从句中作状语，这里的where可用“in which”替换。
※当先行词是表示地点的名词，如place，room，mountain，airport等，同时关系词在从句作地点状语时，定语从句需用关系副词where来引导。
※除了具体的地点名词外，当先行词为system，case，point，position，situation，stage，condition，industry，activity，job，race，scene，circumstance等抽象的地点名词，且关系词在从句中作地点状语时，也常用where引导定语从句。
【例句】Then we moved to Paris，where we lived for six years.
然后我们搬到了巴黎，我们在那里住了六年。
【对接高考】 单句语法填空
Students should take part in some activities where they can gain experience.
学生们应该参加一些他们能获得经验的活动。
Unit 2
一、单词转换
1.decorate v.装饰，美化
→decoration n.装饰物
2.inequality n.不平等
→equality n.平等
→equal adj.平等的
→equally adv.平等地
3.limitless adj.无限的
→limit v.限制
→limited adj.有限的
4.regular adj.频繁的，经常的
→regularly adv.频繁地，经常地
5.warning n.警告，警示
→warn v.警告
6.starving adj.挨饿的，即将饿死的
→starve v.挨饿
7.attract v.吸引，引起……的兴趣
→attraction n.吸引
8.competition n.比赛，竞赛
→compete v.比赛，竞赛
9.admit v.承认
→admitted adj.公认的；被承认了的
10.retired adj.退休的
→retire v.退休
11.exist v.存在，实际上有
→existence n.存在
二、重点词汇
1.honour v.向……表示敬意
do sb honour/do honour to sb向某人致敬;给某人带来荣誉
do sb the honour of doing sth使增光;赏光
in honour of纪念
feel it an honour to do sth做某事感到荣幸
feel honoured to do sth做某事感到荣幸
【温馨提示】honour表示“荣誉;光荣”时是不可数名词,表示“使人感到光荣的事或人” 或“荣幸” 时是可数名词。
2.decoration n.装饰物
decorate vt.装饰
decorate sth with sth用……来装饰……
decorate sb for sth因某事授予某人奖章
People have decorated their houses with coloured lights to celebrate Christmas.
人们把房子装饰上彩灯来庆祝圣诞节。
3.regard v.认为,看作
have regard for尊敬……
regard sb as 把……看作……
　pay/show regard尊重
with/in regard to关于
send one’s regards问候
【温馨提示】(1)regard表示“关心”“关怀”等,是不可数名词;表示“尊重”“赞赏”,也是不可数名词。
He is a warm-hearted man and always shows regard for the poor.
他是个热心人,总是关注穷人。
(2)表示“问候”,要用复数形式。
Please give him my (best) regards.请代我向他问好。
4.complain v.抱怨,不满,发牢骚
complain (to sb) of/about (doing) sth(向某人)投诉/抱怨(做)某事;(向某人)发牢骚
complain (to sb) that...(向某人)抱怨……
complaint n.抱怨;投诉;控告
make a complaint about/of sth抱怨/投诉某事
make a complaint to sb向某人抱怨/投诉
5.request n.请求,要求
make a request for sth/that...请求;要求……
at one’s request应某人的要求
request sb to do sth请求某人做某事
request that...(should) do sth请求……
It is requested that...(should) do sth据要求……
6.attract v.吸引,引起……的兴趣
attract sb to...把某人吸引到……(to是介词)
attract one’s attention吸引某人的注意力
be attracted by被……所吸引
attraction n.吸引(力);具有吸引力的人或事物
have no/a little/much attraction for sb对某人没有/有一点/很有吸引力
attractive adj.有吸引力的;引起注意的;引起兴趣的
7.competition n.比赛,竞赛
compete in参加……比赛;在……方面竞争
compete for 为……而竞争
compete with/against...for 为争取……而与……对抗/竞争
competition n.比赛;竞争
in competition with 与……进行竞争
competitor n.竞争者;对手
competitive adj.有竞争力的
8.admit v.(不情愿地)承认
admit sth/doing sth承认某事/做某事
admit+n./pron.+to be...承认……是……
admit sb/sth into/to...允许某人/物进入……;成为……中的一员
be admitted as...作为……被接受
admission n.进入;入场费;承认
9.effort n.力气,精力
make an effort to do sth努力做某事
spare no effort to do sth不遗余力地做某事
with great effort努力
It takes effort to do sth做某事需要努力
through sb’s efforts经过某人的努力
10.occasion n.场合,时刻
on occasion有时;偶尔;间或
on no occasion决不(放在句首时引起部分倒装)
on this/that occasion在这个/那个时候
on the occasion of在……的时候;在……之际
occasionally adv.有时;偶尔
occasional adj. 偶尔的;有时的
11.exist v.存在,实际上有
exist in 存在于……之中
exist on 靠……为生
there exist(s)...某地有……;存在……
existence n.存在;生存
come into existence产生;成立;开始存在
existing adj. 现存的;现行的
三、重点句式
1.That is why Letters from Father Christmas could be the perfect book for those who regard Christmas as a special time of year.这就是为什么《圣诞老人的信》对那些将圣诞节视为一年中的特殊时刻的人来说是一本完美的书。
【句式剖析】
This/That is why...意为“这/那就是……的原因”,why引导表语从句,表示结果。
2.The letters did,however,change as Tolkien’s children got older:然而,随着托尔金的孩子长大,这些信件确实发生了变化:
【句式剖析】
句中的did是加强语气的助动词,强调的是句中的谓语动词,由于句子是一般过去时,所以助动词用did。
3.I don’t think that’s Lucy.我认为那不是露西。
【句式剖析】该句是一个否定前移的句型。当主句为I/We think (suppose,believe,expect,guess,imagine)+that-clause时,如果宾语从句中带有否定意义,通常要把否定词not转移到主句谓语上来,从而构成否定前移。
【句式拓展】
(1)主句的主语为第一人称时,否定前移句型的反意疑问句应与宾语从句保持一致。
(2)主句的主语是第二或第三人称时,反意疑问句则要与主句保持一致。
4.Nowadays,some people choose to have the dinner in a restaurant,but not everyone is keen on this idea.现在,有些人选择在餐馆吃饭,但不是每个人都喜欢这个主意。
【句式剖析】not everyone is keen on this idea是一个表达部分否定意义的句型,not everyone=everyone...not,表示 “并非每一个人……都……”。
【句式拓展】
部分否定通常有以下两种情况:
(1)否定词与 all,both,every,everyone,everything等连用 (不管否定词放在什么位置);
(2)否定词和always,often等连用。
As a matter of fact,not every one of the songs sounds beautiful.
事实上,并不是每一首歌曲都好听。
【温馨提示】全部否定的情况:
(1)表示全部否定意义的词 (no,none,nobody,nothing,no one,neither等)+表示肯定意义的谓语。
(2)否定词+any/anybody/anything/...
None of her family has/have been to college.
她的一家(任何人)谁都没上过大学。
It’s strange that I haven’t heard anything about the accident.
很奇怪,我没听说任何关于这起车祸的事情。
5.What’s more,not only are these attended and enjoyed by Chinese citizens living abroad,but by many other nationalities,too.更重要的是,不仅海外的中国公民参加并享受这些活动,许多其他国籍的人也参加了。
【句式剖析】
not only...but also...用于连接两个表示并列关系的成分,着重强调后者,其意为“不但……而且……”;其中的also有时可以省略。
Unit 3
一、重点词汇
1.equipment n.装备,设备,用具　
a piece of equipment 一件设备
equip v.配备;装备　
equip...with...用……装备……　
equip sb for (doing) sth使某人为(做)某事而准备
2.content n.满意,满足　adj. 满足的　vt.使满足　
content oneself with...使自己满足于……　
feel/be content with对……满意
We should not content ourselves with only a little book knowledge.
我们不应该仅仅满足于有一点点书本知识。
3.defend v.(在比赛中)防守,防卫
defence n.防御;保卫　
in defence of ...
=in one’s defence保卫……;为……辩护　
defend sb/sth from/against...保护某人/某物免遭……
What points can be raised in defence of this argument
什么论点能提出来为这个说法辩护呢
4.adjustable adj.可调整的,可调节的
adjust v.调整,适应　
adjust...to (doing) sth调整……以适应(做)某事
adjust oneself to使自己适应于……　
adjustment n.调整;调节;适应　
make an adjustment to对……做出调整
5.balance n.平衡　
keep/lose one’s balance保持/失去平衡　
keep the balance of nature保持生态平衡　
keep a balance between...and...保持……与……的平衡　
balance between...and...平衡……与……　
balance sth against...权衡;斟酌;比较　
balanced adj.平衡的
keep a balanced diet保持饮食均衡
6.involve v.包含,需要　
involve sb in (doing) sth使某人参与(做)某事; 使某人牵扯到某事中
involve doing sth包括做某事;需要做某事　
involved adj.复杂的;有牵连的;有关的　
get/be involved in被卷入……之中;热衷于;专心于　
be/get involved with sb/sth与某人混在一起;和某事有密切联系
involvement n.参与;加入;插手
7.response n.回答,回复
in response to作为……的回应　
make no response没有回答
respond v.响应,回答
respond with用……作答
respond to回复
8.power n.力量
in power 当权
come to/into power掌权;上台　
do all/everything in one’s power to do sth竭尽全力做某事　
beyond one’s power超出某人的能力　
powerful adj.强大的;有影响/感染力的;有势力的
9.inspire v.鼓舞,鼓励
inspire sb with...用……激励某人　
inspire sb to do sth激励某人做某事
inspiration n. 灵感,启发
inspiring adj. 鼓舞人心的,激励的　
inspired adj. 受到激励的,得到灵感的
10.persuade v.说服,劝服　
persuade sb to do sth
=persuade sb into doing sth说服某人做某事
persuade sb not to do sth
=persuade sb out of doing sth说服某人不做某事　
persuade sb of sth/that...使某人相信……
11.base vt.以……为根据　n.基部;基地;基础
basic adj.基本的;基础的
basically adv.大体上;基本上;总的说来
base...on/upon...把……建立在……基础之上
be based on/upon以……为基础;依据……
on the basis of 在……基础上,基于
I base my hopes on the good news we had yesterday.
我把希望寄托在我们昨天得到的好消息上。
二、重点短语
1.与beneficial/benefit有关的短语
(1)be beneficial to对……有益，对……有用
(2)benefit from/by得益于，得利于
(3)be of benefit to对……有利
(4)for sb.’s benefit/for the benefit of sb.为了某人的利益
2.represent oneself as/to be自称是……
3.与go有关的短语
(1)go back 回去；追溯
(2)go through经历；通过；仔细检查；用完
(3)go by (时间)流逝；消逝
(4)go over 复习；温习
(5)go up上升
(6)go down下降
(7)go after追求；追赶
(8)go against反对；违背
4.与 break有关的短语
(1)break away (from)挣脱(束缚)；脱离
(2)break in插嘴；闯入
(3)break into破门而入
(4)break out突然爆发
(5)break up破碎；驱散；(关系等)破裂
5.与conflict有关的短语
(1)in conflict with与……有冲突
(2)come into conflict with与……产生冲突
(3)conflict with与……相冲突
6.与 die 有关的短语
(1)die out灭绝；逐渐消失；逐渐熄灭
(2)die away(声音、光等)逐渐减弱；消失
(3)die of/from因……而死
(4)die down逐渐平息；逐渐暗淡
(5)die off相继死去
三、重点句式
1.All over the world you can see kids playing to their hearts’ content with a ball made of plastic bags;just like Pelé did when he was a boy.(教材P26)
在世界各地,你都可以看到孩子们尽情玩塑料袋做的球,就像贝利小时候一样。
【句式剖析】本句中的see kids playing...是“see sb doing”结构,其中的playing是动词-ing形式,在句中作宾语补足语,表示动作正在进行。
When I passed,I saw my friends playing chess.
我路过时,看到我的朋友们在下象棋。
2.Whether you’re a professional athlete or keen sportsperson,DX Sports Watch is the ideal choice for you.(教材P29)
无论您是职业运动员还是热衷于体育的人,DX运动手表都是您理想的选择。
【句式剖析】
句中的whether...or...意为“无论……,还是……”,引导包含选择范围的让步状语从句。
3.....its waterproof band is fully adjustable so that it is comfortable to wear.(教材P29)
它的防水带完全可以调节,因此戴着很舒适。
【句型剖析】so that在此处引导结果状语从句,意为“因此,所以”。
It was raining heavily last night,so that we didn’t go to the party.
昨晚雨下得很大,因此我们没去参加晚会。
【句型拓展】
so that引导目的状语从句时,意为“为了,以便”,此时从句的谓语动词常含有一个情态动词(can,could,might,may等);so that在引导目的状语从句时,基本等同于in order that,主要区别在于:in order that引导的状语从句可置于主句之前或之后,而so that引导的从句只能放在主句后面。
4.When learning about a new topic,it is important to collect facts and figures.(教材P32)
当学习一个新的话题时,收集事实和数字是很重要的。
【句式剖析】When learning about a new topic是状语从句的省略形式。
状语从句的省略是一个非常重要的考点。一般说来,在时间、条件、让步、原因、方式等状语从句中,如果从句的主语和主句的主语相同或者从句的主语是it,从句中的谓语部分又含有be的某种形式时,可以省略从句中的主语和be动词,构成“从属连词+形容词/动词-ing/过去分词/介词短语/不定式”的结构。这种结构使句子简洁、流畅,丝毫不影响句意的表达。
【句式拓展】
if possible 如果可能的话
if any(= if there is any)如果有的话
if not 如果不是这样
if so如果是这样的话
if necessary 如果必要的话
It is said that she was admitted to a famous university.If so,I’m really proud of her.
据说她被一所著名大学录取了,如果是那样的话,我真的为她感到自豪。
Unit 4
一、单词变换
1.anger n.愤怒，怒火
→angry adj.生气的，发怒的
2.extremely adv.极度，极其
→extreme adj.极端的；过激的
3.absorbed adj.专心致志的
→absorb v.吸收；吸引；吞并
4.absolutely adv.完全地，绝对地
→absolute adj.完全的，绝对的
5.appealing adj.有吸引力的，有趣的
→appeal v.上诉，呼吁
6.arrangement n.安排，筹划
→arrange v.安排；把……分类；整理；改编
7.brief adj.短暂的
→briefly adv.短暂地，简短地
8.disappointed adj.失望的，沮丧的
→disappointment n.失望，扫兴
9.behave v.表现
→behavio(u)r n.行为；态度
10.responsibility n.责任
→responsible adj.尽责的，承担责任的
11.absence n.缺乏，没有
→absent adj.缺席的，不在场的，缺少的
二、重点单词和短语
1.energetic adj. 精力充沛的,充满活力的　
→ energy n. 能源;能量;精力
have the energy to do sth有精力做某事　
full of energy精力充沛
2.combine v. (使)结合,(使)组合　
combine...with/and... 把……和……结合起来
combine to do sth 联合起来做某事;联合起来促成某事
be combined with... 与……相结合
If he can combine his ability with/and hard work,he should be very successful.
如果他能把自己的才能和勤奋结合起来,他应该会非常成功的。
→ combination n. 联合;结合;混合
in combination with与……联合起来
The firm is working on a new product in combination with several partners.
这家公司与几家合作伙伴在联合开发一种新产品。
3.absorb vt.吸收
absorb...from...从……中吸收……　
absorb...into...把……吸收入……
absorb oneself in...专心于;全神贯注于　
①The boy absorbed polluted air into his lungs.
这个男孩把被污染的空气吸入肺中。
②This plant absorbed water from the earth around it.
这株植物从周围的土壤中吸收水分。
→ absorbed adj. 专心致志的
(be) absorbed in...全神贯注于……;被……吸引住
I don’t want to get too absorbed in modeling.
我不想太过专注于模特这一行业。
4.appeal vi.有感染力,呼吁　vt. 将……上诉
appeal for ... 恳求；呼吁
appeal to sb for sth 为某事向某人呼吁或请求
appeal to sb to do sth 恳求/呼吁某人做某事
The government is appealing to everyone to save water.
政府呼吁每个人节约用水。
The police are appealing to the public for information about the crime.
警方正在呼吁公众提供有关这一犯罪的信息。
→ appeal n. 呼吁;恳求
make an appeal (to sb) for sth为某事(向某人)呼吁或请求
make an appeal (to sb) to do sth恳求/呼吁(某人)做某事
→ appealing adj. 有吸引力的,有趣的
While this sounds highly appealing，it does not work.
虽然这听起来很有吸引力，但是没有用。
5.escape v.(从危险或糟糕的处境中)逃离,逃避,摆脱
escape (doing) sth 逃避(做)某事　
escape from... 从……逃脱;逃避
She escaped from being injured in the accident.
她在这次事故中幸免受伤。
→ escape n. 逃跑; 逃脱; 逃避
fire escape 太平梯;安全梯;安全出口　
a narrow escape 九死一生;死里逃生
6.disappointed adj.失望的,沮丧的
→ disappoint vt.使失望
→ disappointing adj.令人失望的
→ disappointment n.失望
to one’s disappointment使某人失望的是
7.behave v. 表现　
behave well/badly to/towards sb 对待某人好/差
behave oneself 守规矩;表现得体
→ well-behaved adj. 表现好的
→ behavio(u)r n.举止，行为；习性
behavio(u)r towards/to... 对……的行为
The boss was not satisfied with his behavior towards/to the customers.
老板不满于他对顾客的行为。
8.responsibility n.责任
It's my responsibility to lock the doors.
我负责锁门。
He has no responsibility for that accident.
他对那个事故没有责任。
Wives still take most of the responsibility for the children.
妻子仍然对孩子承担大部分责任。
The father of a family should have more sense of responsibility.
一家之父应有责任感。
→ repsonsible adj. 负责的
be responsible for... 对......负责
9.absence n.缺乏,没有　
absence from 缺席;不在
absence of mind 心不在焉　
in one’s absence 某人不在时
in the absence of 不在;缺少　
The decision was made in her absence.
这个决定是在她不在的时候做的。
→ absent adj.缺席的;不在的;心不在焉的
be absent from... 不参加;缺席......
10.arrangement n.安排；筹备；约会
make an arrangement/arrangements for...安排……
Her teacher made a special arrangement to discuss her progress at school once a month.
她的老师做了特别安排，每月讨论一次她在学业上的进展情况。
→ arrange vt.筹备；安排；整理
arrange for sb./sth.to do sth. 安排某人/某物做某事
arrange to do sth. 安排做某事
11.amazing adj.令人吃惊的，令人惊讶的
→ amaze vt.使吃惊
→ amazed adj.吃惊的，惊奇的
be amazed at/by...对……大为惊奇
be amazed to do sth.惊奇地做某事
①From his amazed look，I knew he had heard of the news.
从他惊讶的表情我知道他已经听说了那个消息。
②He was amazed at/by what Benjamin had done with his gift.
他对本杰明凭天赋所做的事情感到惊讶。
→ amazement n.惊愕，惊异
to one’s amazement
＝to the amazement of sb.令某人惊奇的是......
【一句多译】
令我们惊讶的是他突然病倒了。
①It amazed us that he suddenly fell ill.(amaze)
②To our amazement，he suddenly fell ill.(amazement)
③What made us amazed was that he suddenly fell ill.(amazed)
12.represent v.代表(＝stand for)，象征；标志
The word “love” is often represented by a heart.
“爱”这个词常用心形来表示。
represents oneself as/to be 自称是......
She represents herself as/to be the kindest mother in the world.
她自称是世界上最善良的母亲。
13.put on上演；穿上；增加
put forward 提出；推荐；拨快；将……提前
put down 写下；放下；镇压
put off 推迟，延期
put out 熄灭，扑灭；生产
put up 张贴；搭起，建起；留某人过夜
①They have put forward the wedding by two weeks.
他们把婚礼提前了两周。
②The sports meeting has been put off because of the heavy rain.
运动会已经因为大雨而延期了。
③Ten minutes later，the firefighters arrived and the big fire was put out.
十分钟后，消防队员赶到，大火被扑灭了。
14.live up to... 达到；不辜负；符合
live on/upon 继续存在；继续生存；以……为食；靠……生活
live by... 靠……(手段、方式)生活
live through... 经历……而幸存
①We will live up to what our parents expect of us.
我们将不辜负父母对我们的期望。
②The old man used to live by begging.
那个老人曾经靠乞讨为生。
③Each of the people who lived through World War Ⅱ had a different experience.
每个经历过二战而幸存的人都有不同的经历。
15.(sb.) be/get familiar with sth.(某人)熟悉，通晓某物/事
If you want to study abroad，you should be familiar with English.
如果你想出国学习，就应该熟悉英语。
16.date back to...＝date from...追溯到……
out of date 过时的
up to date 最新的
to date 到目前为止
set/fix a date for sth. 约定……的日期
名师点津：date back to追溯到，始于，其后接表示具体时间的名词；date back追溯，其后接表示一段时间的名词。
The old building dating back to the 16th century looks so splendid.
这座始建于16世纪的古建筑看上去很是壮观。
You’d better buy a new magazine.This one is out of date.
你最好买一本新杂志。这本已经过期了。
We have to set/fix a date to discuss the problem carefully.
我们必须定个日期认真讨论这个问题。
三、重点句式
1....I was full of confidence—until the Peking Opera came to town!(教材P38)
我充满信心,直到京剧来到我们的城镇!
【句式剖析】
until是连词,引导时间状语从句。until用于肯定句,修饰延续性动词,表示该动作或状态的终止时间,表示“直到”之意;用于否定句,修饰非延续性动词,表示该动作的开始时间。“not...until...”一般译为“直到……才……”。
【句式拓展】
(1)强调肯定句中的until时间状语(从句)时,一般套用“It is/was until...that...”句型;强调否定句中的until时间状语(从句)时,可套用“It is/was not until...that...”句型。
(2)not until位于句首时,句子要用倒装语序。
It was not until he came back that I knew what had happened.
直到他回来我才知道发生的事情。
Not until one o’clock this morning did they return.
直到今天早晨一点他们才回来。
2.The voices themselves sounded really unique—some of the female voices were so high that I was sure they could break glass!(教材P38)
这些声音本身听起来真的很独特——有些女声音调太高了,我确信它们能震碎玻璃!
【句式剖析】
句中的so...that...意为“如此……以至于……”,so为副词,修饰形容词high;that 为连词,引导结果状语从句。
3.As soon as the curtain rose,I was absorbed.(教材P41)
幕布一升起,我就被吸引了。
【句式剖析】
句中as soon as 意为“一/刚……就……”,引导时间状语从句。
I’ll tell him the news as soon as he comes.
他一来我就告诉他这个消息。
【句式拓展】
英语中“一/刚……就……”还有下列几种表达方法:
(1)on/upon+n./ v.-ing
(2)immediately/directly/instantly
(3)the moment/minute/second/instant
(4)hardly/scarcely...when ...
(5)no sooner...than ...
Upon his return from Beijing,he began his research work.
他一从北京回来,就立即开始他的研究工作。
4.This is something that even the highly successful Harry Potter movies can’t escape from...(教材P45)
这是即使是非常成功的《哈利·波特》系列电影也无法避免的事……
【句式剖析】
不定代词something后面是that引导的定语从句。that在定语从句中通常作主语、表语或宾语,作宾语时一般可省略。
【句式拓展】
只能用that引导定语从句的情况:
(1)先行词既包含人又包含物时;
(2)先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时;
(3)先行词是不定代词(everything,anything,nothing,little,much,all)时;
(4)先行词被all,every,no,some,any,(a)few,(a)little,much等限定词修饰时;
(5)在who或which开头的疑问句中;
(6)先行词被the very,the same,the last,the only等词修饰时。
5....with fans of the books disappointed not to see some of their favourite characters in the movie versions.(教材P45)
……那些原著的粉丝们因为没有在电影版本中看到他们最喜欢的角色而非常失望。
【句式剖析】
with fans of the books disappointed 为“with+宾语+宾语补足语”结构,disappointed...形容词作宾语补足语。
He always sleeps with the windows open.
他总是敞着窗子睡觉。
Unit 5
一、单词和短语
1.determined adj.坚定的,坚决的
be determined to do sth 决定做某事
→ determine vt. 决定
determine to do sth下定决心做某事
determine on/upon... 就……做出决定
→ determination n.决心;决定
with determination 坚决地;坚定地
2.aware adj.知道的,意识到的
be aware that...意识到/体会到……
as far as I’m aware据我所知
→ awareness n.意识;认识
develop an awareness of... 逐渐懂得;培养……的意识
raise one’s awareness of...提高某人的……意识
4.apply vt.涂；敷；搽；应用；运用 vi.申请；请求；使用；有效
apply for...申请……
apply to... 适用于；与……有关
apply oneself to...专心于……(to为介词)
apply...to...把……运用到……；把……涂到……
The young man wanted to apply for a position in this big company.
这个年轻人想在这个大公司申请一个职位。
What I have said does not apply to you.
我说的话与你无关。
In this way we can better apply theory to practice.
这样我们就能更好地把理论运用到实践中去。
Students should apply themselves to improving their skills.
学生们应该努力提高自己的技能。
→ applicant n.申请人
→ application n.申请，请求；申请书；运用
Foreign students should send their applications before July 10.
外国学生应该在7月10日前发送申请表。
5.comment n.评论；议论 vt.& vi.表达意见；作出评论
make comments on/upon sth.评论某事
offer comments 提意见
no comment 无可奉告
—Can you say something about the present situation
—Sorry，no comment!
—你能对当前的形势说说自己的看法吗？
—对不起，无可奉告！
She made helpful comments on my work.
她对我的工作提出了有益的意见。
Don’t offer comments if you cannot understand the real meaning.
如果你不能真正理解它的意义，请不要乱提意见。
→ comment on/upon... 对……发表评论
I’m not in a position to comment on the matter.
我无权对这件事发表评论。
6.budget n.预算 vt.编预算；为……做预算
expense budget 开支预算
annual budget 年度预算
within/over budget 在预算内/超出预算
on a tight budget 预算紧张
Congress has approved the new educational budget.
国会通过了新的教育预算。
Travellers on a tight budget might prefer to backpack.
预算紧张的旅行者可能会更喜欢背包游。
→ budget one’s incomes 做储蓄计划
→ budget one’s time安排自己的时间
7.accommodation n.膳宿，住宿；和解，调解，调和，调停
afford accommodation 提供膳宿
book accommodation 预订房间
reach an accommodation 达成和解，找到折中办法
have accommodation for... 可以容纳……人
make accommodations for... 为……提供食宿
There travelling students found accommodation at moderate terms.
旅游的学生们感到那儿的膳宿费是公道的。
We can make accommodations for six people at a push.
如情况需要，我们可以安排六个人的住处。
If labor and management don’t reach an accommodation，there will be a strike.
如果劳资双方达不成妥协，就会发生罢工。
→ accommodate v.使适应，使相符；容纳，向……提供住处
accommodate to ... 适应......，相符
accommodate oneself to...使自己适应……
Her eyes took a while to accommodate to the darkness.
过了一会儿，她的眼睛才适应了黑暗。
8.impact n.影响；冲击力；撞击
have/make an impact on... 对……有/产生影响
an impact against... 对……的冲击
The development of science and technology has an impact on our daily life，for example，the Internet.
科技的发展，比如说因特网，影响了我们的日常生活。
9.engage v.参加；从事；答应，保证；订婚；预定；吸引
engage in... ＝be engaged in... 从事，忙于，参加
be engaged to sb. 与某人订婚
engage for sth. 允诺；保证
engage to do sth. 答应做某事；保证做某事
engage one’s interest/attention 吸引某人的兴趣/注意力
engage sb in... 使某人参与......
engage sb to do... 雇用;聘用
engage with ... 与……有联系
My family has been engaged in farming for generations.
我家几代都从事农业。
I will engage for his behaviour if you decide to employ him.
如果你能决定雇用他，那么我可以担保他的行为。
When did he become engaged to her
他跟她什么时候订了婚？
The company had engaged to finish the building by May.
公司保证大楼在5月之前完工。
→ engagement n.订婚；约定；(与……的)亲密关系
10.quit v.离开(工作职位、学校等)；离任，停止；戒掉；迁出，撤离(住处)
quit doing sth.停止做某事
quit office 离职
quit school 退学
quit oneself of fear 克服了恐惧
You must quit smoking.Most important of all，you should start taking exercise.
你必须戒烟。最重要的是，你该开始运动。
11.mass n.大量，众多；块；群众 adj.大量的，大批的；大众的 v.聚集，集结，集中；使成一团
a mass of... ＝masses of... 许多；大量
the masses 群众；民众
Large masses of clouds was moving towards here.
大块的云团向这里移来。
The spot where the hero fell is now marked with a huge mass of flowers.
在英雄牺牲的地方，现在种着一大片花作为标志。
→ massive adj. 大规模的；巨大的
12.refer to... 指的是;描述;提到;查阅
refer to...as...把……称作……
refer...to...把……提交给……
refer to a book/dictionary查阅书/字典
look up...in...在……中查阅……
→ reference n.提到; 谈及; 涉及; 参考
in/with reference to ... 关于;至于
13.be worth +名词
be worth +doing sth值得做……(worth后面的v.-ing用主动形式表被动意义。句子的主语是v.-ing的逻辑宾语,故其后不能再接宾语;如果不是及物动词,必须加上相应的介词)
(3)be worth +钱或相当于“代价”的比喻性名词等
【词语辨析】
worth/worthy/worthwhile
(1)worth通常作表语,后接名词或动词的-ing形式,其中名词多为表示钱数或相当于价格的名词;动词的-ing形式的主动形式表示被动的意思;worth可被well修饰,意为“很值得做”;worth后接名词或动词的-ing形式可作后置定语。
(2)worthy作表语时,后面必须先接of再接名词或动词的-ing形式的被动形式,或者直接在worthy后接动词不定式的被动形式。
(3)worthwhile意为“值得的;值得花时间、金钱或精力的”,可作定语或表语,后面可接不定式或动词的-ing形式。
Huangshan Mountain is worthy of a visit/ to be visited.
黄山值得一游。
14.can’t wait to do sth.
＝can hardly wait to do sth.迫不及待地想做某事
I could hardly wait to see this film at the time.
当时我迫不及待地想看这部电影。
The woman can’t wait to see (see) her son.
这个女人迫不及待地想见到儿子。
→ cannot help doing sth.禁不住/忍不住做某事
I think everybody can’t help laughing (laugh) if they see it.
我认为每个人都会情不自禁地大笑，如果他们看到它。
15.in particular尤其地；特别地
The boy likes anything to do with nature in particular.
那个男孩尤其喜欢与自然界有关的一切。
→ be particular about对……挑剔
I am not particular about my clothes while my wife minds what I wear.
我不怎么讲究着装，而我的妻子却很在乎我穿什么。
→ particularly adv.特殊地；特别地
What I particularly dislike about this lesson is that it is really boring.
我特别不喜欢这节课的地方是它的确令人乏味。
16.when it comes to 当说到；当谈到
That has been particularly true when it comes to Burma.
当涉及到缅甸时，那一点尤其正确。
【短语归纳】
come about 发生无被动形式
come on 加油；到来；得了吧
come across 偶然发现，偶然遇见
come out 出版；结果是；花开放
come to 达到；谈到
come up 长出地面；太阳升起；发生；被提及；被,讨论无被动形式；走近
come up with 提出，想出；追上；找出
二、重点句式
1.When I post the picture online,I will make a comment about how bad it is to feed wild crocodiles.(教材P51)
当我在网上发布这张照片时,我会对喂养野生鳄鱼有多糟糕发表评论。
【句式剖析】
句中how bad it is to feed wild crocodiles 是一个感叹句,在此处作介词about的宾语。感叹句用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈的感情,主要用what和how来引导。
Tonight,I think he proved to everybody what a great player he was.
我认为今晚他向所有人证明了他是个多么出色的选手。
【句式拓展】
(1)what式感叹句
①What+a(n) +形容词+单数可数名词+主语+谓语!
②What+形容词+复数名词+主语+谓语!
③What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语!
(2)how式感叹句
①How +形容词/副词+主语+谓语!
②How +形容词+ a / an + 单数可数名词+主语+谓语!
③How +主语+谓语!
(3)感叹句被用作宾语从句时,除时态根据需要改变外,结构、语序等均保持不变。
What an important part he has played in the work!
在这项工作中他发挥了多么重要的作用啊!
2.There is no doubt that the Bernina Express is a journey for travellers who want to get back to nature...(教材P53)
毫无疑问,伯尔尼纳快车是(属于)想回归自然的旅行者的旅程……
【句式剖析】
there is no doubt that...意为“毫无疑问……”,that引导同位语从句。
There is no doubt that I have little difficulty communicating with foreigners.
【句式拓展】
I don’t doubt that he is telling the truth.
我毫不怀疑他在讲真话。
Do you doubt that he will win the match
你怀疑他会赢得这场比赛吗
3.It was then that I realised that her seat was empty!(教材P57)
那时,我才意识到她的座位是空的!
【句式剖析】该句是含有It is/was...that...的强调句,强调的是句子的状语then。强调句的基本构成形式为:It is/was+被强调部分+that+其他部分。
It is with your generous help that I firmly believe that I will adapt to the college life as soon as possible.
正是你慷慨的帮助,我坚信我会很快地适应大学生活的。
4.In less than 18 months，there were over 200，000 people reading my blog.
在不到18个月的时间里， 有20多万人阅读了我的博客。
【句式剖析】
本句中包含there be句型，there be句型中又包括现在分词短语作定语。这一句式是英语中的常用表达。
Once upon a time，there was an old fisherman living by the seaside.
)At this time，there ought to be some travellers waiting （wait）for their flights at the airport.
在这个时候，应该有一些旅客在机场等待他们的航班。
Can’t you see that there is some luggage lying (lie)on the ground
你难道没看到地上放着行李吗？
Unit 6
一、单词变换
1.scare v.使(某人)惊恐，吓唬
→scared adj.害怕的；惊恐的
2.fortunately adv.幸运地
→fortunate adj.幸运的
→fortune n.运气
3.extinction n.灭绝，绝种
→extinct adj.灭绝的
4.devote v.致力，献身
→devoted adj.挚爱的；投入的
→devotion n.致力；献身
5.cruelty n.残忍，残酷
→cruela dj.残忍的；残酷的
→cruelly adv.残忍地；残酷地
6.fog n.雾
→foggy adj.多雾的；有雾的
7.infection n.感染，传染病
→infect v.传染
→infectious adj.传染的；传染性的
8.permission n.允许，许可
→permit v.允许；许可；许可证
9.urge v.竭力主张；强烈要求，敦促
→urgent adj.紧急的；急迫的
10.concerned adj.焦急的，担忧的
→concern v.担忧；涉及n.担忧
11.contribute v.促成，造成(某事发生)
→contribution n.贡献
二、重点单词和短语
1.be scared of sb./sth.害怕某人/某事
(be) scared to death吓死了
be scared to do sth.害怕/不敢做某事
→ scare v.使(某人)惊恐；吓唬
scare sb.into doing sth. 恐吓某人做某事
scare sb.to death 把某人吓得要死
scare sb.away/off 将某人吓跑
She is scared of surfing on the sea while her brother is fond of it.
她害怕在海上冲浪，然而她弟弟非常喜爱。
Some parents try to scare their children into behaving well.
有些父母试图用吓唬的办法使孩子们守规矩。
Rock climbing was a fun thing but I was scared to death from the start.
攀岩很有趣，但开始时我吓得要死。
2.devote vt.献身；专心于(常与介词to连用)
devote...to...把……奉献给；把……专注于
devote oneself to... 致力于；献身于
I don’t think we should devote any more time to persuading such a stubborn man to change his mind.
我认为我们不应该花时间去说服这么顽固的一个人改变主意。
He is so devoted to his English teaching that I admire him for his devotion.(devote)
他如此深爱他的英语教学，以至于我对他的奉献感到敬佩。
→ devoted adj.深爱的；忠诚的
As we all know，he’s a generous，devoted，active and warm hearted man.
众所周知，他是一个慷慨大方、忠诚、积极又热心的人。
be devoted to... 专心于；致力于......
He is so devoted to his English teaching that I admire him for his devotion.
他如此深爱他的英语教学，以至于我对他的奉献感到敬佩。
→ devotion n.关爱；奉献
3.supply n.供应　
supply sb with sth给某人提供某物　
supply sth to sb给某人提供某物　
be well/poorly supplied with...供应充足/缺乏　
in short supply供不应求
4.reduce vt.减少；减缩
reduce sth.to...减少到……
reduce sth.by...减少了……
reduce sb.to doing sth.使陷入更坏的境地；使沦落为......
名师点津：reduce“减少”的近义词是decrease，反义词是increase, rise(增加)。这三个词与reduce用法一样，后可接to...表示增减的结果，接by...表示增减的幅度。
Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snacks between meals and will improve the taste of food.
膳食中有足够的脂肪和盐会减少饭后吃零食的欲望，并会提高你的食欲。
It was foggy so the driver had to reduce speed to forty kilometres an hour.
由于大雾，司机不得不把速度减到每小时40千米。
If you buy more than ten, they will reduce the price by 10 percent.
如果你买10个以上，他们就会把价格降低10%。
5.permission n.许可；允许
ask for (one’s) permission请求(某人的)允许
with/without permission允许/未经允许
You’d better ask for the teacher’s permission to leave before you go.
在你走之前，你最好请求老师准许。
It’s illegal to read people’s private letters without permission.
未经允许看别人的私人信件是不合法的。
→ permit vt.允许；许可；准许 n.许可；执照；通行证；许可证
permit sb.to do sth.允许某人做某事
permit doing sth.允许做某事
My father permitted me to dive in the ocean to experience the underwater world.
爸爸允许我去海洋潜水，去体验一下水下世界。
We don’t permit smoking in the office as more women work here.
因为办公室女士比较多，我们不允许在办公室抽烟。
Weather permitting，we will go on a picnic this afternoon.
如果天气许可，今天下午我们去野餐。
6.majority n.大多数；大部分
in a/the majority 占大多数
by/with a majority 以多数
①majority作主语时，若侧重于整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若侧重于个体成员，谓语动词用复数形式。
②the/a majority of后跟可数名词复数形式作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数；后跟单数或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数
In the nursing profession，women are in a/the majority.
女性在护理行业中占大多数。
If you look at the audience at a classical concert，the majority is over the age of fifty.
如果你看一下古典音乐会的观众，(你会发现)多数是超过50岁的人。
The majority of the damage is easy to repair.
大部分损坏很容易修复。
→ major adj.主要的；重要的 vi.主修 n.主修课程；主修学生
Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too.
出生率降低也是很多发展中地区的主要问题。
→ major in... 主修……
→ minority n.少数
in the/a minority 占少数
7.remove vt.移动；搬开；消除；把……免职；撤去
remove...from...把……从……移开
remove sth.into/out of把某物搬入/搬出
remove sb.from school (学校)开除某人
remove one’s doubts/trouble消除某人的疑虑/烦恼
The busy work has removed the workers from the homesickness.
繁忙的工作缓解了工人们的思乡之情。
In order to remove his doubts，we told him all the truth.
为了消除他的疑虑，我们告诉了他所有的真相。
8.affect vt.影响；对……有影响；侵袭；感动
be affected by... 被……侵袭/感动
When I was 50，my weight problem began to affect me seriously.
当我50岁时，体重问题开始严重地影响我。
→ effect n.影响；结果；效力
in effect 实际上；在实施中，有效
come into effect 生效；开始实施
take effect 起作用
have an effect on/upon... 对……有影响
To some extent，the measure the government has taken has a great effect on/upon the remote villages.
在某种程度上，政府采取的这项措施已经对那些偏远的山村产生了极大的影响。
In effect，he didn’t like the new film at all.
实际上，他根本不喜欢这部新电影。
Do you know when the new traffic rules came into effect？
你知道新交规是什么时候生效的吗？
→ effective adj.有效果的
The government will take some effective measures to deal with it.
政府会采取一些有效的措施来处理它。
9.amount n.数量
“a large amount of＋不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
“large amounts of＋不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
名师点津：表示“大量的”短语还有a large number of，a great deal of，a lot of，plenty of，a large quantity of 等。
①a large number of只能修饰可数名词复数；
②a great deal of只能修饰不可数名词；
③a lot of, plenty of, a large quantity of既可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词。
People in disaster areas have had a large amount of help from people all over the world.
灾区人民得到了全世界人们的大量帮助。
A huge amount of money was spent on the new bridge last year.
=Huge amounts of money were spent on the new bridge last year.
去年建这座新桥花了很多钱。
→ amount to... 总计为......
The cost of the book amounted to ￡250，which is too much for me to afford.
这本书的费用共达250英镑，对我来说太贵了支付不起。
10.contribute vi.促成，造成 vt.捐献；贡献；捐助
contribute to ... 有助于......；促使......；导致......
It was his carelessness that contributed to the accident.
正是他的粗心大意造成了这起事故。
名师点津：表示“引起；导致；有助于”的词语还有cause, lead to, result in，bring about等。
contribute...to...向……捐献/捐赠……
Everyone is willing to contribute food and clothes to the homeless people.
每个人都愿意为无家可归的人捐献食物和衣服。
→ contribution n.贡献；捐款
make a contribution/contributions to (doing) sth.对……作出贡献
Participating in the contest will be a golden chance for me to show my dancing skills and make some contributions to the class.
参加比赛对我来说是一次难得的展示我的舞蹈才能的好机会，并对班级作出贡献。
11.average adj.平均的；普通的 n.平均数；平均水平；一般水准
an average of ... 平均有......,后跟数词
on the average平均起来
above/below the average 在平均水平以上/以下
40 hours is a fairly average working week for most people.
对大多数人来说，一周工作40小时是相当正常的。
Men lose an average of 3－4 cm in height as they age, while women may lose 5 cm or more.
随着年龄的增长，男士的身高平均减少3－4公分，而女士可能减少5公分或更多一些。
Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68℃ above the average.
去年是有史以来最暖和的一年，全球温度比平均值高出0.68摄氏度。
12.urge vt.敦促；竭力主张；强烈要求
urge sth./sb.on催促某物/某人前进
urge sb.to do sth.催促某人做某事
urge that ...should do sth.极力主张/强调……做某事
It is urged that ...should do sth.坚决要求……做某事。
She could hear him urging her on as she ran past.
当她跑过去时，她能听到他在为她加油。
他催促我们立刻走。
He urged us to go(go) at once.
＝He urged that we (should) go(go) at once.
13.take ...into account 把……考虑或计算在内；考虑……
We should take his health into account and then make a decision.
我们应该把他的健康状况考虑进去，然后再做决定。
on account of... 由于；因为......
on no account 决不(放在句首时句子用部分倒装)
account for... 解释或说明……的原因；总共有(占)
On no account should the soldiers be blamed for what happened.
士兵们绝对不该为所发生的事受到责备。
His illness accounts for his absence from the meeting.
他因为生病而缺席会议。
14.due to...由于……；因为
名师点津：due to可在句中作表语、定语或状语。
Due to the wrong route they took，they spent more time than expected getting to the destination.
由于选择了错误的路线，他们用了比预计多的时间到达目的地。
Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious results.
由于疏忽大意造成的错误可能带来严重的后果。
→ due adj.欠款的；预定的；到期的
be due to do sth.预定/计划做某事
be due to sb.应支付/给予/归于某人
The boat is due to arrive at 12，so remember to meet me on time.
船预计在12点到，记着准时去接我。
Thank you for delivering my goods here.Ten dollars is due to you.
多谢你把货物送到这儿，我应付你10美元。
三、重点句式
1.Some people stopped swimming in the sea,afraid of the horrible creature from the film.(教材P62)
有些人因为害怕电影里可怕的生物而停止在海里游泳。
【句式剖析】
afraid of the horrible creature from the film是形容词短语,在句中作原因状语。形容词短语作状语时,通常用来描述主语的特征或所处的状况。
The little girl was walking in the street,cold and hungry.
小姑娘在大街上走着,又冷又饿。
Long and untidy,her hair played in the breeze.
她的头发又长又乱,在微风中飘扬。
【句式拓展】
形容词短语作状语:
作用:说明主语的情况,与谓语动词无关
类型:方式状语、原因状语、伴随状语等
位置:句首、句中或句末,常用逗号与句子其他成分隔开
Sad and tired,the young man slept all day long.
这个年轻人又伤心又疲惫,睡了一整天。
2.It was an area where fishermen were finning,and the sea floor was covered with dead sharks.(教材P63)
这是一个渔民生切鱼鳍的地方,海底布满了死去的鲨鱼。
【句式剖析】
where fishermen were finning是定语从句,修饰area。一般而言,where在定语从句中用来指代地点,其先行词往往是表示地点的名词,where在从句中充当地点状语。
【句式拓展】
(1)where引导的定语从句通常可用“介词+which”替换,其中的介词根据先行词或定语从句中谓语动词来决定。
(2)当先行词是point,situation,case,occasion等抽象名词时,其后常用where引导定语从句,分别相当于at which,in which,in which和on which。
(3)from后可以接where,构成from where结构,其中的where可以看作是名词,也可当作关系代词。
(4)where引导定语从句和状语从句的区别:where引导定语从句时,where是关系副词,在从句中作地点状语,其前面有表示地点的先行词,where引导的从句修饰先行词;where引导状语从句时,where是从属连词,where引导的从句修
饰主句的谓语动词,where前面没有表示地点的先行词。
This is the farm where / on which they used to live.
这是他们过去住过的农场。
Her illness has developed to the point where nobody can cure her.
她的病已发展到没人能治的地步。
3.The less energy you use,the less carbon dioxide is released.(教材P66)
你使用的能量越少,二氧化碳的释放就越少。
【句式剖析】
“The+比较级...,the+比较级...”意为“越……就越……”,第一个“The+比较级”是表示条件的状语从句(在表示将来意义时,从句用一般现在时表示将来);第二个“the+比较级”是主句。
The more you speak English,the better your English will become.
你说英语越多,你的英语水平就会越高。
【句式拓展】(1)“比较级+and+比较级”或“more and more+原级”表示“越来越……”。
Holiday flight tickets are getting less and less expensive.
假期的机票越来越便宜了。
(2)“the+比较级+of (the)+名词/代词”,表示“(两者中)较……的”。
Of the two cameras,I would prefer the smaller one,which is very easy for me to carry.
这两个照相机,我喜欢较小的一个,它容易携带。
4.However,making a paper bag uses four times as much energy as making a plastic bag and up to three times the amount of water.(教材P68)
然而,制造一个纸袋所需的能量是制造一个塑料袋的四倍,所需的水是制造一个塑料袋的三倍。
【句式剖析】
four times as much energy as...是“倍数+as+原级+as”结构,是英语倍数的一种表示方法。
【句式拓展】
(1)“倍数+比较级+than”
The hall is five times bigger than our classroom.
这个大厅的面积比我们教室大五倍。
(2)“倍数+the size/length+of+其他”
The newly broadened square is four times the size of the previous one.
新扩建的广场是未扩建时的四倍大。
(3)“倍数+what从句”
The production is now three times what it was ten years ago.
现在的产量是十年前的三倍。
The length of the road is four times what it was three years ago.
这条路的长度是三年前的四倍。
(4)“计量名词+of+名词+be+倍数+that+of”
The size of the sun is a million times over that of the earth.
太阳的体积比地球的体积大一百万倍。
The depth of this river is three times that of Wenhe River.
这条河的深度是汶河的三倍。
5.In 1980，Benchley was diving when he came across an awful sight.
在1980年，本奇正在潜水，这时他遇到了一个可怕的场景。
【考点归纳】
be doing sth.when...正在做某事这时突然……。when为并列连词，相当于and just at that time。
be about to do...when ...正要做……这时……
be on the point of doing...when...正要做……这时……
had just done...when...刚刚做完……这时……
【例句】
①I was walking along the street when I heard my name called.
我正在街上走着，突然听到有人叫我的名字。
②I was on the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.
我正要给他打电话，这时他的信到了。
【对接高考】 单句语法填空
①We were about to start when it began to rain.
我们正要动身，这时突然下起雨来。
②I had just finished（finish） my test paper when the bell rang，announcing the exam was over.
我刚完成试卷这时宣告考试结束的铃声响了。