2023届高三英语二轮专题阅读理解专题讲义-（含答案）
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| 名称 | 2023届高三英语二轮专题阅读理解专题讲义-（含答案） |  | |
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高三二轮备考复习之阅读理解专题
【考纲解读】
要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能：
（1）理解主旨要义；
（2）理解文中具体信息；
（3）根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；
（4）根据所读内容做出判断和推理；
（5）理解文章的基本结构；
（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。
第一课时
1词汇量是阅读理解的保障。再教学生翻译技巧（重点关注长难句），最后总结答题技巧。
2细节题较多，需要学生养成细致严谨认真的答题习惯，绝不能因为马虎失误丢分。
3阅读训练量要加大，题材体裁应广泛。
4题型设置
主旨大意类（main idea, title, structure）
事实细节类（which—true，not true，order）
猜测词义类（the underlined ）
推理判断类（infer，purpose，attitude，imply， where –-come from，what will be discussed in the next paragraph）
细节理解类
本类试题主要考查学生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力。问题包括询问人（who)、物(what)、时间(when)、地点(where)、原因(cause)、结果(effect)、文中的数据(data)等。新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考查这些细节。此类试题的答案一般可以在文章中直接或间接找到。
【知识体系及重点研析】
扫读是一种快速阅读方法，目的是为了获得特定信息。（即信息定位）这些信息可以是时间、名称、地点和数据等。扫读前，首先要确定代要寻找的信息，想想它们会以什么形式出现，再决定到文章的哪一部分去找。然后就快速移动目光，直到找到所需信息，仔细阅读这一部分就可以了，没有必要再往下读。
Question Form
1.According to the passage, who/ what/ which/ when/ where / why / how/ how
many/how much/ how long/ how soon/ how often, etc.
2. According to the passage, which of the following is true/ not true
3. According to the passage, which of the following is not mentioned
All of the following are true EXCEPT ___.
【考题再现】
Passage 1 （2015·天津，D)Once when I was facing a decision that involved high risk, I went to a friend.He looked at me for a moment, and then wrote a sentence containing the best advice I've ever had：Be bold and brave—and mighty(强大的) forces will come to your aid.
Those words made me see clearly that when I had fallen short in the past，it was seldom because I had tried and failed.It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all.On the other hand，whenever I had plunged into deep water, forced by courage or circumstance, I had always been able to swim until I got my feet on the ground again.
Boldness means a decision to bite off more than you are sure you can eat．And there is nothing mysterious about the mighty forces.They are potential powers we possess：energy, skill, sound judgment, creative ideas—even physical strength greater than most of us realize.
Admittedly, those mighty forces are spiritual ones.But they are more important than physical ones.A college classmate of mine，Tim, was an excellent football player, even though he weighed much less than the average player.“In one game I suddenly found myself confronting a huge player, who had nothing but me between him and our goal line,” said Tim.“I was so frightened that I closed my eyes and desperately threw myself at that guy like a bullet(子弹)—and stopped him cold.”
Boldness—a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme—is not one that can be acquired overnight. But it can be taught to children and developed in adults.Confidence builds up.Surely,there will be setbacks(挫折) and disappointments in life;boldness in itself is no guarantee of success.But the person who tries to do something and fails is a lot better off than the person who tries to do nothing and succeeds.
So, always try to live a little bit beyond your abilities—and you'll find your abilities are greater than you ever dreamed.
Task 1
1．Why was the author sometimes unable to reach his goal in the past
A．He faced huge risks. B．He lacked mighty forces.
C．Fear prevented him from trying. D．Failure blocked his way to success.
2．What is the implied meaning of the underlined part
A．Swallow more than you can digest.
B．Act slightly above your abilities.
C．Develop more mysterious powers.
D．Learn to make creative decisions.
3．What was especially important for Tim's successful defense in the football game
A．His physical strength. B．His basic skill.
C．His real fear. D．His spiritual force.
4 What can be learned from Paragraph 5
A．Confidence grows more rapidly in adults.
B．Trying without success is meaningless.
C．Repeated failure creates a better life.
D．Boldness can be gained little by little.
5．What is the author's purpose in writing this passage
A．To encourage people to be courageous.
B．To advise people to build up physical power.
C．To tell people the ways to guarantee success.
D．To recommend people to develop more abilities.
Task 2词汇积累
1．involve high risk 包含高风险
2．potential powers 潜能
3．fall short 缺乏
His behaviour falls short of accepted standards.他的行为没达到公认的标准。
4．admittedly adj.不可否认
5．plunge into 跳入
6．stop him cold 完全阻止他
7．confront vt.对抗；遭遇；面临
8．boldness n．大胆；冒失
Task 3：语法填空
Once when I was facing a decision __1__ involved high risk，I went to a friend.He looked at me __2__ a moment, and then wrote a sentence __3__ (contain)the best advice I've ever had：Be bold and brave—and mighty(强大的) forces will come to your aid.
Those words made me see __4__ (clear)that when I had fallen short in the past, it was seldom because I had tried and failed.It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me __5__ trying at all.On the other hand,whenever I had plunged into deep water,__6__ (force)by courage or circumstance, I had always been able to swim until I got my feet on the ground again.
Task 4：单句改错
1．A college classmate of me, Tim，was an excellent football player, even though he weighed much less than the average player.
2．I was such frightened that I closed my eyes and desperately threw myself at that guy like a bullet(子弹)—and stopped him cold.
3．So，always try to live a little bit beyond your abilities—and you'll find your abilities are great than you ever dreamed.
Task 5：攻克长难句(分析句子结构，尝试翻译成汉语)
Boldness—a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme—is not one that can be acquired overnight.
分析：a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme是同位语，one是替代词，“有魄力或勇敢的品格”，that则引导定语从句，先行词是one。
译文：魄力是一种挑战自我极限的意愿，不是一夜就能获得的品质。
【巩固提升】
Passage 2（2013陕西卷）B
In 1978, I was 18 and was working as a nurse in a small town about 270 km away from Sydney, Australia. I was looking forward to having five fays off from duty. Unfortunately, the only one train a day back to my home in Sydney had already left. So I thought I’d hitch a ride (搭便车).
I waited by the side of the highway for three hours but no one stopped for me. Finally, a man walked over and introduced himself as Gordon. He said that although he couldn’t give me a lift, I should come back to his house for lunch. He noticed me standing for hours in the November heat and thought I must be hungry. I was doubtful as a young girl but he assured （使…放心）me I was safe, and he also offered to help me find a lift home afterwards. When we arrived at his house, he made us sandwiches. After lunch, he helped me find a lift home.
Twenty-five years later, in 2003, while I was driving to a nearby town one day, I saw an elderly man standing in the glaring heat, trying to hitch a ride. I thought it was another chance to repay someone for the favour I’d been given decades earlier. I pulled over and picked him up. I made him comfortable on the back seat and offered him some water.
After a few moments of small talk, the man said to me, “You haven’t changed a bit, even your red hair is still the same.” I couldn’t remember where I’d met him. He then told me he was the man who had given me lunch and helped me find a lift all those years ago. It was Gordon.
1. The author had to hitch a ride one day in 1978 because .
A. her work delayed her trip to Sydney
B. she was going home for her holidays
C. the town was far away from Sydney
D. she missed the only train back home
2. Which of the following did Gordon do according to Paragraph 2
A. He helped the girl find a ride.
B. He gave the girl a ride back home.
C. He bought sandwiches for the girl.
D. He watched the girl for three hours.
3. The reason why the author offered a lift to the elderly man was that .
A. she realized he was Gordon
B. she had known him for decades
C. she was going to the nearby town
D. she wanted to repay the favour she once got
4. What does the author want to tell the readers through the story
A. Giving sometimes produces nice results.
B. Those who give rides will be rapid.
C. Good manners bring about happiness.
D. People should offer free rides to others.
词汇积累:
课后作业 ：
第二课时
推 测 词 义
(1) The word “…” in Line … means/can be best replaced by …
(2) As used in the passage, the phrase
“…” suggests…
(3) From the passage, we can infer that
the word/phrase “…” is/refers to …
(4) The word “…” is closest in meaning to …
技巧 1 根据定义，解释或同位关系猜测词义
句子中有些词在其前或其后的文字中就有该词的定义或解释，常用“to be called, to mean, refer to, that is (to say), in other words, namely”等词语来提示下文。还有一些标点符号，如：冒号、破折号、括号等都表示后文要继续解释说明前文。
技巧 2 根据对比猜测词义
一个生词的前面或后面有时会出现它的反义词或对比词语。主要有but, yet, however, while, unlike, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast with 等。有时标点符号分号也可表示对比。
技巧 3根据同类关系猜测词义同义词替换的表达方法可以为学生们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。一些常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有or, like, similar等。
技巧 4根据因果关系猜测词义
可通过对原因或结果进行逻辑推理，猜出结果或原因中的生词词义。通常由because, so that, so / such…that等词汇及结构来体现。
技巧 5根据举例猜测词义
在生词出现后，作者通常会举一个例子，用for example, for instance, such as, like等词语，从例子可理解生词的词义。
技巧 6据构词法猜测词义
英语单词的构词法以派生和合成为主，了解构词法并记住一些派生词词缀，可以扩充词汇量，也可以猜测生词词义。
技巧 7根据常识猜测词义
猜测词义时，可利用上下文语境，结合自身生活经验进行逻辑推理
【考题再现】
Passage 1 (2014·四川, D)
With around 100 students scheduled to be in that 9 am Monday morning lecture，it is no surprise that almost 20 people actually make it to the class and only 10 of them are still awake after the first 15 minutes；it is not even a surprise that most of them are still in their pyjamas(睡衣).Obviously,students are terrible at adjusting their sleep cycles to their daily schedule.
All human beings possess a body clock.Along with other alerting(警报)systems，this governs the sleep/ wake cycle and is therefore one of the main processes which govern sleep behaviour.Typically,the preferred sleep/wake cycle is delayed in adolescents,which leads to many students not feeling sleepy until much later in the evenings.This typical sleep pattern is usually referred to as the“night owl”schedule of sleep.
This is opposed to the “early bird”schedule，and is a kind of disorder where the individual tends to stay up much past midnight.Such a person has great difficulty in waking up in the mornings.Research suggests that night owls feel most alert and function best in the evenings and at night.Research findings have shown that about 20 percent of people can be classified as“night owls”and only 10 percent can be classified as“early birds”—the other 70 percent are in the middle.Although this is clearly not true for all students,for the ones who are true night owls this gives them an excellent excuse for missing their lectures which unfortunately fall before midday.
1．What does the author stress in Paragraph 1
A．Many students are absent from class.
B．Students are very tired on Monday mornings.
C．Students do not adjust their sleep patterns well.
D．Students are not well prepared for class on Mondays.
2．Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 2
A．Most students prefer to get up late in the morning.
B．Students don’t sleep well because of alerting systems.
C．One’s body clock governs the sleep/wake cycle independently.
D．Adolescents’ delayed sleep/wake cycle isn’t the preferred pattern.
3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “classified”？
A．Criticised. B．Grouped.
C．Organised. D．Named.
4．What does the text mainly talk about
A．Functions of the body clock.
B．The “night owl”phenomenon.
C．Human beings’ sleep behaviour.
D．The school schedule of “early birds”．
词汇积累:
Passage 2(2014·新课标全国Ⅰ,C)
A typical lion tamer (驯兽师) in people’s mind is an entertainer holding a whip (鞭)and a chair.The whip gets all of the attention，but it’s mostly for show.In reality，it’s the chair that does the important work.When a lion tamer holds a chair in front of the lion’s face，the lion tries to focus on all four legs of the chair at the same time.With its focus divided,the lion becomes confused and is unsure about what to do next.When faced with so many options, the lion chooses to freeze and wait instead of attacking the man holding the chair.
How often do you find yourself in the same position as the lion How often do you have something you want to achieve (e.g.lose weight，start a business,travel more)—only to end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress
This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best,the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information.The end result is that we feel like we can’t focus or that we’re focused on the wrong things,and so we take less action, make less progress, and stay the same when we could be improving.
It doesn’t have to be that way.Anytime you find the world waving a chair in your face, remember this：All you need to do is focus on one thing.You just need to get started.Starting before you feel ready is one of the habits of successful people.If you have somewhere you want to go, something you want to accomplish, someone you want to become...take immediate action.If you’re clear about where you want to go, the rest of the world will either help you get there or get out of the way.
1．Why does the lion tamer use a chair
A．To trick the lion.
B．To show off his skills.
C．To get ready for a fight.
D．To entertain the audience.
2．In what sense are people similar to a lion facing a chair
A．They feel puzzled over choices.
B．They hold on to the wrong things.
C．They find it hard to make changes.
D．They have to do something for show.
3．What is the author’s attitude towards the experts mentioned in Paragraph 3
A．Tolerant. B．Doubtful.
C．Respectful. D．Supportive.
4．When the world is “waving a chair in your face”, you’re advised to ________.
A．wait for a better chance
B．break your old habits
C．make a quick decision
D．ask for clear guidance
词汇积累:
课后作业：
第三课时
推 理 判 断
所谓推断就是从已知的事情中推测未知的事情。这里所说的未知是指文章或作者没有直接说明但已暗示出来的信息，或者根据作者提供的信息，可能引出的必然性结论。所以推断类题目尽管不能在文章中直接找到答案，但我们可以在文章中找到可供推论的依据。
常见问题形式:
1. It can be inferred/concluded from the
passage that ______
2.The passage suggests/implies that ____
3.By the first sentence of the second
paragraph, the author means _____
4. We can conclude that_________.
5. When the writer talks about..., what he
really means is that_____.
6. Which of the following can be inferred
from the passage
(1)正确选项特点:
◆是"弦外之音°。是立足原文推断出来的内容，不是直接叙述的具体信息；
◆没有绝对概念的字眼，如only, never, all absolutely 等。因为的推断出来的内容，略有模糊成分，留有余地,通常含有 usually. may, some, might. can，possibly 等同汇.
(2)干拢选项特点 :
◆张冠李戴。使用了原文出现的词汇或者句式。但不是本题的内容；
◆颠倒是非。选项内容涉及了原文中提及的内容，但是选项意思与之恰恰相反；
◆无中生有。这类选项往往是基本的生活常识，观点是正确的，但不是本文表示的内容；
◆扩缩范围。原文中可能出现了almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文章内容加以限制，干扰选项改变了原文范围；
◆曲解文意。根据文章某一句话或者利用了里面的字间设计出选项，看似表达了文章的意思，实际上是借题发挥，曲解了文章原意。
熟悉一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语：
【考题再现】
Passage 1(2014·新课标全国Ⅰ,D)
As more and more people speak the global languages of English, Chinese, Spanish，and Arabic, other languages are rapidly disappearing.In fact, half of the 6,000-7,000 languages spoken around the world today will likely die out by the next century, according to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)．
In an effort to prevent language loss，scholars from a number of organizations—UNESCO and National Geographic among them—have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect.
Mark Turin, a scientist at the Macmillan Center, Yale University, who specializes in the languages and oral traditions of the Himalayas, is following in that__tradition．His recently published book, A Grammar of Thangmi with an Ethnolinguistic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture, grows out of his experience living, working and raising a family in a village in Nepal.
Documenting the Thangmi language and culture is just a starting point for Turin, who seeks to include other languages and oral traditions across the Himalayan reaches of India, Nepal, Bhutan, and China.But he is not content to simply record these voices before they disappear without record.
At the University of Cambridge Turin discovered a wealth of important materials—including photographs, films, tape recordings, and field notes—which had remained unstudied and were badly in need of care and protection.
Now, through the two organizations that he has founded—the Digital Himalaya Project and the World Oral Literature Project—Turin has started a campaign to make such documents, found in libraries and stores around the world, available not just to scholars but to the younger generations of communities from whom the materials were originally collected. Thanks to digital technology and the widely available Internet, Turin notes, the endangered languages can be saved and reconnected with speech communities.
1．Many scholars are making efforts to ________．
A．promote global languages B．rescue disappearing languages
C．search for language communities D．set up language research organizations
2．What does “that tradition”in Paragraph 3 refer to
A．Having full records of the languages.
B．Writing books on language teaching.
C．Telling stories about language users.
D．Living with the native speakers.
3．What is Turin’s book based on
A．The cultural studies in India. B．The documents available at Yale.
C．His language research in Bhutan. D．His personal experience in Nepal.
4．Which of the following best describes Turin’s work
A．Write, sell and donate. B．Record, repair and reward.
C．Collect, protect and reconnect. D．Design, experiment and report.
词汇积累:
Passage 2 (2013·新课标全国Ⅱ, A)
Doctors are known to be terrible pilots.They don’t listen because they already know it all.I was lucky：I became a pilot in 1970, almost ten years before I graduated from medical school.I didn’t realize then, but becoming a pilot makes me a better surgeon.I loved flying.As I flew bigger, faster planes, and in worse weather, I learned about crew resource management(机组资源管理), or CRM，a new idea to make flying safer.It means that crew members should listen and speak up for a good result，regardless of positions.
I first read about CRM in 1980.Not long after that，an attending doctor and I were flying in bad weather.The controller had us turn too late to get our landing ready.The attending doctor was flying；I was safety pilot.He was so busy because of the bad turn，he had forgotten to put the landing gear(起落架)down.He was a better pilot—and my boss—so it felt unusual to speak up.But I had to：Our lives were in danger.I put aside my uneasiness and said，“We need to put the landing gear down now!” That was my first real lesson in the power of CRM, and I’ve used it in the operating room ever since.
CRM requires that the pilot/surgeon encourage others to speak up. It further requires that when opinions are from the opposite, the doctor doesn’t overreact, which might prevent fellow doctors from voicing opinions again.So when I’m in the operating room, I ask for ideas and help from others.Sometimes they’re not willing to speak up.But I hope that if I continue to encourage them, someday someone will keep me from “landing__gear__up”．
1．What does the author say about doctors in general
A．They like flying by themselves.
B．They are unwilling to take advice.
C．They pretend to be good pilots.
D．They are quick learners of CRM.
2．The author deepened his understanding of the power of CRM when ________．
A．he saved the plane by speaking up B．he was in charge of a flying task
C．his boss landed the plane too late D．his boss operated on a patient
3．In the last paragraph “landing gear up” probably means ________．
A．following flying requirements B．overreacting to different opinions
C．listening to what fellow doctors say D．making a mistake that may cost lives
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．CRM：A New Way to Make Flying Safe
B．Flying Makes Me a Better Doctor
C．The Making of a Good Pilot
D．A Pilot-Turned Doctor
词汇积累:
课后作业：
第四课时
熟悉一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语：
褒义词：supportive（支持的）；positive（积极的）optimistic（乐观的）enthusiastic（热情的）等。
贬义词：negative（否定的，消极的）ironic（讽刺的）critical（批评的）disgusted（厌恶的）disappointed（失望的）等。
中性词：indifferent（漠不关心的）uninterested（不感兴趣的）；objective（客观的）neutral中立的）等。
Passage 4（2013全国卷I,C）
It happened to me recently.I was telling someone how much I had enjoyed reading Barack Obama’s Dreams From My Father and how it had changed my views of our President.A friend I was talking to agreed with me that it was,in his words,“a brilliantly(精彩地)written book”.However,he then went on to talk about Mr Obama in a way which suggested he had no idea of his background at all.I sensed that I was talking to a book liar.
And it seems that my friend is not the only one.Approximately two thirds of people have lied about reading a book which they haven’t.In the World Book Day’s “Report on Guilty Secrets”,Dreams From My Father is at number 9.The report lists ten books,and various authors,which people have lied about reading,and as I’m not one to lie too often(I’d hate to be caught out),I’ll admit here and now that I haven’t read the entire top ten.But I am pleased to say that,unlike 42 percent of people,I have read the book at number one,George Orwell’s 1984.I think it’s really brilliant.
The World Book Day report also has some other interesting information in it.It says that many people lie about having read Jane Austen,Charles Dickens,Fyodor Dostoevsky(I haven’t read him,but haven’t lied about it either)and Herman Melville.
Asked why they lied,the most common reason was to“impress”someone they were speaking to.This could be tricky if the conversation became more in-depth!
But when asked which authors they actually enjoy,people named J.K.Rowling,John Grisham,Sophie Kinsella(ah,the big sellers,in other words).Forty-two percent of people asked admitted they turned to the back of the book to read the end before finishing the story(I’ll come clean:I do this and am
astonished that 58 percent said they had never done so.
1. How did the author find his friend a book liar
A.By judging his manner of speaking. B.By looking into his background.
C.By mentioning a famous name. D.By discussing the book itself.
2.Which of the following is a“guilty secret”according to the World Book Day report
A.Charles Dickens is very low on the top-ten list
B.42% of people pretended to have read 1984.
C.The author admitted having read 9 books.
D.Dreams From My Father is hardly read.
3.By lying about reading,a person hopes to .
A.control the conversation B.appear knowledgeable
C.learn about the book D.make more friends
4.What is the author’s attitude to 58% of readers
A.Favorable. B.Uncaring. C.Doubtful. D.Friendly.
词汇积累:
Passage 2 (2014·安徽, E)
You may not have heard of Ashoka, but for the past 27 years,this association, founded by Bill Drayton, has fought poverty (贫穷)and sickness, promoted education and encouraged small businesses. To support these worthy causes, Ashoka provides money for the world's most promising "changemakers" seeking to solve (解决) urgent problems and would like to create a world in which every citizen is a changemaker.
Drayton believes that anyone can become an agent for change. The important thing is to simply give yourself permission. If you see a problem that you care about, you can help solve it. The young in particular are willing to accept this concept because at heart every child wants to grow into a happy, healthy, contributing adult. In fact It is many young people's ambition to set up programmes or businesses that improve social conditions. An excellent example is an Ashoka project started in 1995 in Dhaka, which handled the rubbish problem facing the city ,helped local farmers and provided an income for poor people there .
When Masqsood and Iftekhar began to study the problem of all the uncollected rubbish that lay in Dhaka’s streets,attracting tats and disease , they discovered that 80% of it was natural waste . So they educated the poor people in the city to compost (把……制成堆粪)this waste . They knew that they would have a market for the end product because local farmers were struggling with chemical fertilisers (化肥) which were expensive and had reduced the natural minerals in the soil over the years . At first , they were refused ,but once they were able to persuade them that there was money to be made , the project took off. In 2009 sales were $14,000.
Drayton is optimistic that in ten years Ashoka will be making really serious ,practical progress in bringing about social change by changing the way we look at economic development.
1:Which of the following could be the best title for the passage？
A．changemakers B．Businessmen
C．Social Conditions D．Rubbish Problem
2:The underlined word "them" in Paragraph 3 probably refers to" "
A．the local farmers B．Masqsood and Iftekhar
C．Drayton and his team D．the poor people in Dhaka
3:It can be concluded from the passage that anyone can become a changemaker if he .
A．considers Drayton's concept B．gets permission from Ashoka
C．tries to improve social conditions D．is a young, happy and healthy adult
4:The authors attitude towards Ashoka's program can be described as
changing B．forgiving C．cautious D．Positive
词汇积累:
课后作业：
第五课时
主旨大意
主题型(topic、subject、main idea、general idea)主旨大意题的题干表现形式:
The main idea of the passage is…
The passage is mainly about…
Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage
What is the passage mainly about
目的(purpose)类主旨大意题
The passage is meant to ….
The purpose of this article is to …
标题(topic 或 title)类主旨大意题
The best title for the passage might be…
干扰项具有如下特点：
1.以偏概全。干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息。
2.断章取义。干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。
3.主题扩大。干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容。
大，小，错
技巧 1 出现文中高频词
技巧 2 逆向思维法
技巧 3 记叙文靠总结段意 其它文体看首段找主旨大意
【考题再现】
Passage1(2014·大纲版全国，)
Which boy hasn’t dreamed of being a cool secret agent(特工) The wonderful fighting abilities and the world-saving adventures are much more colourful than most people’s everyday lives.Well，Cody Banks is just like any other boy, except that he is not just dreaming.He has a big secret his friends never know about.He was trained to be a spy(间谍)by a special CIA programme, which was made to look like a summer camp.He learned high-speed driving, hand-to-hand fighting and the use of high-tech tools.
After proving he could become a young hero by saving a baby from a runaway car.Banks gets his first real task.He must make friends with a popular girl at school, Natalie Connors.Then，he must spy on her father, a scientist who has developed a dangerous technology(技术)．Banks must stop a group of bad people from forcing Natalie’s father into using the technology to endanger the world.
The CIA may have taught him first-class self-defence moves，but they didn’t show him how to talk to girls.Banks has zero ability when it comes to dealing with girls.How can he get around his problem and get an invitation to the girl’s upcoming birthday party Will he finally become Natalie’s boyfriend and find out whatever he can about her father’s work
Agent Cody Banks has everything that young people are interested in: big explosions，breath-taking performances and funny girl-dating experiences. It was listed No.2 in the American box office last week.
“This story is interesting and fun for the whole family to enjoy, and especially cool for young boys,” said Paul Perkins, a film reviewer in the US.
1．What is Bank’s first real task
A．To test a high-tech tool.
B．To save a baby from a car.
C．To study a new technology.
D．To watch a scientist secretly.
2．Banks wanted to go to Natalie’s birthday party to ________．
A．meet her father B．know more people
C．make friends with her D．steal some information
3．What is considered as a great danger in the text
A．The technology developed by Natalie’s father.
B．An explosion set off by some bad people.
C．The CIA’s training of boys for its tasks.
D．Secret agents’ spying on scientists.
4．What is the purpose of the text
A．Making known the work of the CIA.
B．Telling the story about a cool boy.
C．Showing the dark side of science.
D．Introducing a new film.
词汇积累:
Passage 2（2013全国卷I,A）
Some people will do just about anything to save money.And I am one of them.Take my family’s last vacation.It was my six-year-old son’s winter break from school,and we were heading home from Fort Lauderdale after a weeklong trip.The flight was overbooked,and Delta,the airline,offered us $400 per person in credits to give up our seats and leave the next day.I had meetings in New York,so I had to get back.But that didn’t mean my husband and my son couldn’t stay. I took my nine-month-old and took off for home.
The next day, my husband and son were offered more credits to take an even later flight.Yes,I encouraged—okay,ordered—them to wait it out at the airport to “earn”more Delta Dollars.Our total take: $1,600.Not bad, huh
Now some people may think I’m a bad mother and not such a great wife either. But as a big-time bargain hunter,I know the value of a dollar. And these days, a good deal is something few of us can afford to pass up.
I’ve made a living looking for the best deals and exposing(揭露)the worst tricks.I have been the consumer reporter of NBC’s Today show for over a decade.I have written a couple of books including one titled Tricks of the Trade:A Consumer Survival Guide.And I really do what I believe in.
I tell you this because there is no shame in getting your money’s worth.I’m also tightfisted when it comes to shoes,clothes for my children,and expensive restaurants.But I wouldn’t hesitate to spend on a good haircut.It keeps its shape longer,and it’s the first thing people notice.And I will also spend on a classic piece of furniture.Quality lasts.
1.Why did Delta give the author’s family credits
A.They took a later flight. B.They had early bookings.
C.Their flight had been delayed. D.Their flight had been cancelled.
2.What can we learn about the author
A.She rarely misses a good deal. B.She seldom makes a compromise.
C.She is very strict with her children. D.She is interested in cheap products.
3.What does the author do
A. She’s a teacher. B. She’s a housewife.
C. She’s a media person. D. She’s a businesswoman.
4.What does the author want to tell us
A. How to expose bad tricks.
B. How to reserve airline seats.
C. How to spend money wisely.
D. How to make a business deal.
词汇积累:
课后作业：
第六课时
理解文章的基本结构；
Passage 1（2012北京）
Wilderness
"In wilderness(荒野) is the preservation of the world." This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism. The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection: whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved.
As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out, there is a strong appeal in images of the wild, the untouched; more than anything else, they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly. The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong, and the danger exploitation(开发) brings to such landscapes(景观) is real. Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans need----the rainforests, for example, store carbon in vast quantities. To Mr.Sauven, these "ecosystem services" far outweigh the gains from exploitation.
Lee Lane, a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute, takes the opposing view. He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services, such as water conservation. But that is not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation. There are ever more people on the Earth, and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives, rather than merely struggle for survival. While the ways of using resources have improved, there is still a growing need for raw materials, and some wildernesses contain them in abundance. If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide, the argument goes, there is no further reason not to do so. Being untouched is not, in itself, a characteristic worth valuing above all others.
I look forwards to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants. One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly. And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm.
This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings, but also the guidance of reason. What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking.
1. John Sauven holds that_____.
A. many people value nature too much
B. exploitation of wildernesses is harmful
C. wildernesses provide humans with necessities
D. the urge to develop the ecosystem services is strong
2. What is the main idea of Para. 3
A. The exploitation is necessary for the poor people.
B. Wildernesses cannot guarantee better use of raw materials.
C. Useful services of wildernesses are not the reason for no exploitation.
D. All the characteristics concerning the exploitation should be treated equally.
3. What is the author's attitude towards this debate
A. Objective. B. Disapproving.
C. Sceptical. D. Optimistic.
4. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage
A. B.
C. D.
CP: Central PointP: PointSp: Sub-point(次要点)C: Conclusion
词汇积累:
Passage 2（2015陕西）
The production of coffee beans is a huge, profitable business, but, unfortunately, full-sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage. The change in how coffee is grown from shade-grown production to full-sun production endangers the very existence of, certain animals and birds, and even disturbs the world’s ecological balance.
On a local level, the damage of the forest required by full-sun fields affects the area’s birds and animals. The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other special(物种) that depend on the trees’ flowers and fruits. Full-sun coffee growers destroy this forest home. As a result, many species are quickly dying out.
On a more global level, the destruction of the rainforest for full-sun coffee fields also threatens(威胁)human life. Medical research often makes use of the forests' plant and animal life, and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases. In addition, new coffee-growing techniques are poisoning the water locally, and eventually the world's groundwater.
Both locally and globally, the continued spread of full-sun coffee plantations (种植园)could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology. The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world's climate, and studies show that loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming. Moreover, the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic(酸性的) soil conditions.
It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects many aspects of life, from the local environment to the global ecology. But consumers do have a choice. They can purchase shade-grown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost. The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee.
54. What can we learn about full-sun coffee production from Paragraph 4
A. It limits the spread of new growing techniques.
B. It leads to air pollution and global warming.
C. It slows down the loss of shade trees.
D. It improves local soil conditions.
55. The purpose of the text is to .
A. entertain B. advertise C. instruct D. persuade
56. Where does this text probably come from
A. An agricultural magazine.
B. A medical journal.
C. An engineering textbook.
D. A tourist guide.
57. Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text
词汇积累:
课后作业：
【考纲解读】
要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能：
（1）理解主旨要义；
（2）理解文中具体信息；
（3）根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；
（4）根据所读内容做出判断和推理；
（5）理解文章的基本结构；
（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。
第一课时
1词汇量是阅读理解的保障。再教学生翻译技巧（重点关注长难句），最后总结答题技巧。
2细节题较多，需要学生养成细致严谨认真的答题习惯，绝不能因为马虎失误丢分。
3阅读训练量要加大，题材体裁应广泛。
4题型设置
主旨大意类（main idea, title, structure）
事实细节类（which—true，not true，order）
猜测词义类（the underlined ）
推理判断类（infer，purpose，attitude，imply， where –-come from，what will be discussed in the next paragraph）
细节理解类
本类试题主要考查学生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力。问题包括询问人（who)、物(what)、时间(when)、地点(where)、原因(cause)、结果(effect)、文中的数据(data)等。新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考查这些细节。此类试题的答案一般可以在文章中直接或间接找到。
【知识体系及重点研析】
扫读是一种快速阅读方法，目的是为了获得特定信息。（即信息定位）这些信息可以是时间、名称、地点和数据等。扫读前，首先要确定代要寻找的信息，想想它们会以什么形式出现，再决定到文章的哪一部分去找。然后就快速移动目光，直到找到所需信息，仔细阅读这一部分就可以了，没有必要再往下读。
Question Form
1.According to the passage, who/ what/ which/ when/ where / why / how/ how
many/how much/ how long/ how soon/ how often, etc.
2. According to the passage, which of the following is true/ not true
3. According to the passage, which of the following is not mentioned
All of the following are true EXCEPT ___.
【考题再现】
Passage 1 （2015·天津，D)Once when I was facing a decision that involved high risk, I went to a friend.He looked at me for a moment, and then wrote a sentence containing the best advice I've ever had：Be bold and brave—and mighty(强大的) forces will come to your aid.
Those words made me see clearly that when I had fallen short in the past，it was seldom because I had tried and failed.It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all.On the other hand，whenever I had plunged into deep water, forced by courage or circumstance, I had always been able to swim until I got my feet on the ground again.
Boldness means a decision to bite off more than you are sure you can eat．And there is nothing mysterious about the mighty forces.They are potential powers we possess：energy, skill, sound judgment, creative ideas—even physical strength greater than most of us realize.
Admittedly, those mighty forces are spiritual ones.But they are more important than physical ones.A college classmate of mine，Tim, was an excellent football player, even though he weighed much less than the average player.“In one game I suddenly found myself confronting a huge player, who had nothing but me between him and our goal line,” said Tim.“I was so frightened that I closed my eyes and desperately threw myself at that guy like a bullet(子弹)—and stopped him cold.”
Boldness—a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme—is not one that can be acquired overnight. But it can be taught to children and developed in adults.Confidence builds up.Surely,there will be setbacks(挫折) and disappointments in life;boldness in itself is no guarantee of success.But the person who tries to do something and fails is a lot better off than the person who tries to do nothing and succeeds.
So, always try to live a little bit beyond your abilities—and you'll find your abilities are greater than you ever dreamed.
Task 1
1．Why was the author sometimes unable to reach his goal in the past
A．He faced huge risks. B．He lacked mighty forces.
C．Fear prevented him from trying. D．Failure blocked his way to success.
2．What is the implied meaning of the underlined part
A．Swallow more than you can digest.
B．Act slightly above your abilities.
C．Develop more mysterious powers.
D．Learn to make creative decisions.
3．What was especially important for Tim's successful defense in the football game
A．His physical strength. B．His basic skill.
C．His real fear. D．His spiritual force.
4 What can be learned from Paragraph 5
A．Confidence grows more rapidly in adults.
B．Trying without success is meaningless.
C．Repeated failure creates a better life.
D．Boldness can be gained little by little.
5．What is the author's purpose in writing this passage
A．To encourage people to be courageous.
B．To advise people to build up physical power.
C．To tell people the ways to guarantee success.
D．To recommend people to develop more abilities.
Task 2词汇积累
1．involve high risk 包含高风险
2．potential powers 潜能
3．fall short 缺乏
His behaviour falls short of accepted standards.他的行为没达到公认的标准。
4．admittedly adj.不可否认
5．plunge into 跳入
6．stop him cold 完全阻止他
7．confront vt.对抗；遭遇；面临
8．boldness n．大胆；冒失
Task 3：语法填空
Once when I was facing a decision __1__ involved high risk，I went to a friend.He looked at me __2__ a moment, and then wrote a sentence __3__ (contain)the best advice I've ever had：Be bold and brave—and mighty(强大的) forces will come to your aid.
Those words made me see __4__ (clear)that when I had fallen short in the past, it was seldom because I had tried and failed.It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me __5__ trying at all.On the other hand,whenever I had plunged into deep water,__6__ (force)by courage or circumstance, I had always been able to swim until I got my feet on the ground again.
Task 4：单句改错
1．A college classmate of me, Tim，was an excellent football player, even though he weighed much less than the average player.
2．I was such frightened that I closed my eyes and desperately threw myself at that guy like a bullet(子弹)—and stopped him cold.
3．So，always try to live a little bit beyond your abilities—and you'll find your abilities are great than you ever dreamed.
Task 5：攻克长难句(分析句子结构，尝试翻译成汉语)
Boldness—a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme—is not one that can be acquired overnight.
分析：a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme是同位语，one是替代词，“有魄力或勇敢的品格”，that则引导定语从句，先行词是one。
译文：魄力是一种挑战自我极限的意愿，不是一夜就能获得的品质。
【巩固提升】
Passage 2（2013陕西卷）B
In 1978, I was 18 and was working as a nurse in a small town about 270 km away from Sydney, Australia. I was looking forward to having five fays off from duty. Unfortunately, the only one train a day back to my home in Sydney had already left. So I thought I’d hitch a ride (搭便车).
I waited by the side of the highway for three hours but no one stopped for me. Finally, a man walked over and introduced himself as Gordon. He said that although he couldn’t give me a lift, I should come back to his house for lunch. He noticed me standing for hours in the November heat and thought I must be hungry. I was doubtful as a young girl but he assured （使…放心）me I was safe, and he also offered to help me find a lift home afterwards. When we arrived at his house, he made us sandwiches. After lunch, he helped me find a lift home.
Twenty-five years later, in 2003, while I was driving to a nearby town one day, I saw an elderly man standing in the glaring heat, trying to hitch a ride. I thought it was another chance to repay someone for the favour I’d been given decades earlier. I pulled over and picked him up. I made him comfortable on the back seat and offered him some water.
After a few moments of small talk, the man said to me, “You haven’t changed a bit, even your red hair is still the same.” I couldn’t remember where I’d met him. He then told me he was the man who had given me lunch and helped me find a lift all those years ago. It was Gordon.
1. The author had to hitch a ride one day in 1978 because .
A. her work delayed her trip to Sydney
B. she was going home for her holidays
C. the town was far away from Sydney
D. she missed the only train back home
2. Which of the following did Gordon do according to Paragraph 2
A. He helped the girl find a ride.
B. He gave the girl a ride back home.
C. He bought sandwiches for the girl.
D. He watched the girl for three hours.
3. The reason why the author offered a lift to the elderly man was that .
A. she realized he was Gordon
B. she had known him for decades
C. she was going to the nearby town
D. she wanted to repay the favour she once got
4. What does the author want to tell the readers through the story
A. Giving sometimes produces nice results.
B. Those who give rides will be rapid.
C. Good manners bring about happiness.
D. People should offer free rides to others.
词汇积累:
课后作业 ：
第二课时
推 测 词 义
(1) The word “…” in Line … means/can be best replaced by …
(2) As used in the passage, the phrase
“…” suggests…
(3) From the passage, we can infer that
the word/phrase “…” is/refers to …
(4) The word “…” is closest in meaning to …
技巧 1 根据定义，解释或同位关系猜测词义
句子中有些词在其前或其后的文字中就有该词的定义或解释，常用“to be called, to mean, refer to, that is (to say), in other words, namely”等词语来提示下文。还有一些标点符号，如：冒号、破折号、括号等都表示后文要继续解释说明前文。
技巧 2 根据对比猜测词义
一个生词的前面或后面有时会出现它的反义词或对比词语。主要有but, yet, however, while, unlike, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast with 等。有时标点符号分号也可表示对比。
技巧 3根据同类关系猜测词义同义词替换的表达方法可以为学生们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。一些常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有or, like, similar等。
技巧 4根据因果关系猜测词义
可通过对原因或结果进行逻辑推理，猜出结果或原因中的生词词义。通常由because, so that, so / such…that等词汇及结构来体现。
技巧 5根据举例猜测词义
在生词出现后，作者通常会举一个例子，用for example, for instance, such as, like等词语，从例子可理解生词的词义。
技巧 6据构词法猜测词义
英语单词的构词法以派生和合成为主，了解构词法并记住一些派生词词缀，可以扩充词汇量，也可以猜测生词词义。
技巧 7根据常识猜测词义
猜测词义时，可利用上下文语境，结合自身生活经验进行逻辑推理
【考题再现】
Passage 1 (2014·四川, D)
With around 100 students scheduled to be in that 9 am Monday morning lecture，it is no surprise that almost 20 people actually make it to the class and only 10 of them are still awake after the first 15 minutes；it is not even a surprise that most of them are still in their pyjamas(睡衣).Obviously,students are terrible at adjusting their sleep cycles to their daily schedule.
All human beings possess a body clock.Along with other alerting(警报)systems，this governs the sleep/ wake cycle and is therefore one of the main processes which govern sleep behaviour.Typically,the preferred sleep/wake cycle is delayed in adolescents,which leads to many students not feeling sleepy until much later in the evenings.This typical sleep pattern is usually referred to as the“night owl”schedule of sleep.
This is opposed to the “early bird”schedule，and is a kind of disorder where the individual tends to stay up much past midnight.Such a person has great difficulty in waking up in the mornings.Research suggests that night owls feel most alert and function best in the evenings and at night.Research findings have shown that about 20 percent of people can be classified as“night owls”and only 10 percent can be classified as“early birds”—the other 70 percent are in the middle.Although this is clearly not true for all students,for the ones who are true night owls this gives them an excellent excuse for missing their lectures which unfortunately fall before midday.
1．What does the author stress in Paragraph 1
A．Many students are absent from class.
B．Students are very tired on Monday mornings.
C．Students do not adjust their sleep patterns well.
D．Students are not well prepared for class on Mondays.
2．Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 2
A．Most students prefer to get up late in the morning.
B．Students don’t sleep well because of alerting systems.
C．One’s body clock governs the sleep/wake cycle independently.
D．Adolescents’ delayed sleep/wake cycle isn’t the preferred pattern.
3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “classified”？
A．Criticised. B．Grouped.
C．Organised. D．Named.
4．What does the text mainly talk about
A．Functions of the body clock.
B．The “night owl”phenomenon.
C．Human beings’ sleep behaviour.
D．The school schedule of “early birds”．
词汇积累:
Passage 2(2014·新课标全国Ⅰ,C)
A typical lion tamer (驯兽师) in people’s mind is an entertainer holding a whip (鞭)and a chair.The whip gets all of the attention，but it’s mostly for show.In reality，it’s the chair that does the important work.When a lion tamer holds a chair in front of the lion’s face，the lion tries to focus on all four legs of the chair at the same time.With its focus divided,the lion becomes confused and is unsure about what to do next.When faced with so many options, the lion chooses to freeze and wait instead of attacking the man holding the chair.
How often do you find yourself in the same position as the lion How often do you have something you want to achieve (e.g.lose weight，start a business,travel more)—only to end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress
This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best,the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information.The end result is that we feel like we can’t focus or that we’re focused on the wrong things,and so we take less action, make less progress, and stay the same when we could be improving.
It doesn’t have to be that way.Anytime you find the world waving a chair in your face, remember this：All you need to do is focus on one thing.You just need to get started.Starting before you feel ready is one of the habits of successful people.If you have somewhere you want to go, something you want to accomplish, someone you want to become...take immediate action.If you’re clear about where you want to go, the rest of the world will either help you get there or get out of the way.
1．Why does the lion tamer use a chair
A．To trick the lion.
B．To show off his skills.
C．To get ready for a fight.
D．To entertain the audience.
2．In what sense are people similar to a lion facing a chair
A．They feel puzzled over choices.
B．They hold on to the wrong things.
C．They find it hard to make changes.
D．They have to do something for show.
3．What is the author’s attitude towards the experts mentioned in Paragraph 3
A．Tolerant. B．Doubtful.
C．Respectful. D．Supportive.
4．When the world is “waving a chair in your face”, you’re advised to ________.
A．wait for a better chance
B．break your old habits
C．make a quick decision
D．ask for clear guidance
词汇积累:
课后作业：
第三课时
推 理 判 断
所谓推断就是从已知的事情中推测未知的事情。这里所说的未知是指文章或作者没有直接说明但已暗示出来的信息，或者根据作者提供的信息，可能引出的必然性结论。所以推断类题目尽管不能在文章中直接找到答案，但我们可以在文章中找到可供推论的依据。
常见问题形式:
1. It can be inferred/concluded from the
passage that ______
2.The passage suggests/implies that ____
3.By the first sentence of the second
paragraph, the author means _____
4. We can conclude that_________.
5. When the writer talks about..., what he
really means is that_____.
6. Which of the following can be inferred
from the passage
(1)正确选项特点:
◆是"弦外之音°。是立足原文推断出来的内容，不是直接叙述的具体信息；
◆没有绝对概念的字眼，如only, never, all absolutely 等。因为的推断出来的内容，略有模糊成分，留有余地,通常含有 usually. may, some, might. can，possibly 等同汇.
(2)干拢选项特点 :
◆张冠李戴。使用了原文出现的词汇或者句式。但不是本题的内容；
◆颠倒是非。选项内容涉及了原文中提及的内容，但是选项意思与之恰恰相反；
◆无中生有。这类选项往往是基本的生活常识，观点是正确的，但不是本文表示的内容；
◆扩缩范围。原文中可能出现了almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文章内容加以限制，干扰选项改变了原文范围；
◆曲解文意。根据文章某一句话或者利用了里面的字间设计出选项，看似表达了文章的意思，实际上是借题发挥，曲解了文章原意。
熟悉一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语：
【考题再现】
Passage 1(2014·新课标全国Ⅰ,D)
As more and more people speak the global languages of English, Chinese, Spanish，and Arabic, other languages are rapidly disappearing.In fact, half of the 6,000-7,000 languages spoken around the world today will likely die out by the next century, according to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)．
In an effort to prevent language loss，scholars from a number of organizations—UNESCO and National Geographic among them—have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect.
Mark Turin, a scientist at the Macmillan Center, Yale University, who specializes in the languages and oral traditions of the Himalayas, is following in that__tradition．His recently published book, A Grammar of Thangmi with an Ethnolinguistic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture, grows out of his experience living, working and raising a family in a village in Nepal.
Documenting the Thangmi language and culture is just a starting point for Turin, who seeks to include other languages and oral traditions across the Himalayan reaches of India, Nepal, Bhutan, and China.But he is not content to simply record these voices before they disappear without record.
At the University of Cambridge Turin discovered a wealth of important materials—including photographs, films, tape recordings, and field notes—which had remained unstudied and were badly in need of care and protection.
Now, through the two organizations that he has founded—the Digital Himalaya Project and the World Oral Literature Project—Turin has started a campaign to make such documents, found in libraries and stores around the world, available not just to scholars but to the younger generations of communities from whom the materials were originally collected. Thanks to digital technology and the widely available Internet, Turin notes, the endangered languages can be saved and reconnected with speech communities.
1．Many scholars are making efforts to ________．
A．promote global languages B．rescue disappearing languages
C．search for language communities D．set up language research organizations
2．What does “that tradition”in Paragraph 3 refer to
A．Having full records of the languages.
B．Writing books on language teaching.
C．Telling stories about language users.
D．Living with the native speakers.
3．What is Turin’s book based on
A．The cultural studies in India. B．The documents available at Yale.
C．His language research in Bhutan. D．His personal experience in Nepal.
4．Which of the following best describes Turin’s work
A．Write, sell and donate. B．Record, repair and reward.
C．Collect, protect and reconnect. D．Design, experiment and report.
词汇积累:
Passage 2 (2013·新课标全国Ⅱ, A)
Doctors are known to be terrible pilots.They don’t listen because they already know it all.I was lucky：I became a pilot in 1970, almost ten years before I graduated from medical school.I didn’t realize then, but becoming a pilot makes me a better surgeon.I loved flying.As I flew bigger, faster planes, and in worse weather, I learned about crew resource management(机组资源管理), or CRM，a new idea to make flying safer.It means that crew members should listen and speak up for a good result，regardless of positions.
I first read about CRM in 1980.Not long after that，an attending doctor and I were flying in bad weather.The controller had us turn too late to get our landing ready.The attending doctor was flying；I was safety pilot.He was so busy because of the bad turn，he had forgotten to put the landing gear(起落架)down.He was a better pilot—and my boss—so it felt unusual to speak up.But I had to：Our lives were in danger.I put aside my uneasiness and said，“We need to put the landing gear down now!” That was my first real lesson in the power of CRM, and I’ve used it in the operating room ever since.
CRM requires that the pilot/surgeon encourage others to speak up. It further requires that when opinions are from the opposite, the doctor doesn’t overreact, which might prevent fellow doctors from voicing opinions again.So when I’m in the operating room, I ask for ideas and help from others.Sometimes they’re not willing to speak up.But I hope that if I continue to encourage them, someday someone will keep me from “landing__gear__up”．
1．What does the author say about doctors in general
A．They like flying by themselves.
B．They are unwilling to take advice.
C．They pretend to be good pilots.
D．They are quick learners of CRM.
2．The author deepened his understanding of the power of CRM when ________．
A．he saved the plane by speaking up B．he was in charge of a flying task
C．his boss landed the plane too late D．his boss operated on a patient
3．In the last paragraph “landing gear up” probably means ________．
A．following flying requirements B．overreacting to different opinions
C．listening to what fellow doctors say D．making a mistake that may cost lives
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．CRM：A New Way to Make Flying Safe
B．Flying Makes Me a Better Doctor
C．The Making of a Good Pilot
D．A Pilot-Turned Doctor
词汇积累:
课后作业：
第四课时
熟悉一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语：
褒义词：supportive（支持的）；positive（积极的）optimistic（乐观的）enthusiastic（热情的）等。
贬义词：negative（否定的，消极的）ironic（讽刺的）critical（批评的）disgusted（厌恶的）disappointed（失望的）等。
中性词：indifferent（漠不关心的）uninterested（不感兴趣的）；objective（客观的）neutral中立的）等。
Passage 4（2013全国卷I,C）
It happened to me recently.I was telling someone how much I had enjoyed reading Barack Obama’s Dreams From My Father and how it had changed my views of our President.A friend I was talking to agreed with me that it was,in his words,“a brilliantly(精彩地)written book”.However,he then went on to talk about Mr Obama in a way which suggested he had no idea of his background at all.I sensed that I was talking to a book liar.
And it seems that my friend is not the only one.Approximately two thirds of people have lied about reading a book which they haven’t.In the World Book Day’s “Report on Guilty Secrets”,Dreams From My Father is at number 9.The report lists ten books,and various authors,which people have lied about reading,and as I’m not one to lie too often(I’d hate to be caught out),I’ll admit here and now that I haven’t read the entire top ten.But I am pleased to say that,unlike 42 percent of people,I have read the book at number one,George Orwell’s 1984.I think it’s really brilliant.
The World Book Day report also has some other interesting information in it.It says that many people lie about having read Jane Austen,Charles Dickens,Fyodor Dostoevsky(I haven’t read him,but haven’t lied about it either)and Herman Melville.
Asked why they lied,the most common reason was to“impress”someone they were speaking to.This could be tricky if the conversation became more in-depth!
But when asked which authors they actually enjoy,people named J.K.Rowling,John Grisham,Sophie Kinsella(ah,the big sellers,in other words).Forty-two percent of people asked admitted they turned to the back of the book to read the end before finishing the story(I’ll come clean:I do this and am
astonished that 58 percent said they had never done so.
1. How did the author find his friend a book liar
A.By judging his manner of speaking. B.By looking into his background.
C.By mentioning a famous name. D.By discussing the book itself.
2.Which of the following is a“guilty secret”according to the World Book Day report
A.Charles Dickens is very low on the top-ten list
B.42% of people pretended to have read 1984.
C.The author admitted having read 9 books.
D.Dreams From My Father is hardly read.
3.By lying about reading,a person hopes to .
A.control the conversation B.appear knowledgeable
C.learn about the book D.make more friends
4.What is the author’s attitude to 58% of readers
A.Favorable. B.Uncaring. C.Doubtful. D.Friendly.
词汇积累:
Passage 2 (2014·安徽, E)
You may not have heard of Ashoka, but for the past 27 years,this association, founded by Bill Drayton, has fought poverty (贫穷)and sickness, promoted education and encouraged small businesses. To support these worthy causes, Ashoka provides money for the world's most promising "changemakers" seeking to solve (解决) urgent problems and would like to create a world in which every citizen is a changemaker.
Drayton believes that anyone can become an agent for change. The important thing is to simply give yourself permission. If you see a problem that you care about, you can help solve it. The young in particular are willing to accept this concept because at heart every child wants to grow into a happy, healthy, contributing adult. In fact It is many young people's ambition to set up programmes or businesses that improve social conditions. An excellent example is an Ashoka project started in 1995 in Dhaka, which handled the rubbish problem facing the city ,helped local farmers and provided an income for poor people there .
When Masqsood and Iftekhar began to study the problem of all the uncollected rubbish that lay in Dhaka’s streets,attracting tats and disease , they discovered that 80% of it was natural waste . So they educated the poor people in the city to compost (把……制成堆粪)this waste . They knew that they would have a market for the end product because local farmers were struggling with chemical fertilisers (化肥) which were expensive and had reduced the natural minerals in the soil over the years . At first , they were refused ,but once they were able to persuade them that there was money to be made , the project took off. In 2009 sales were $14,000.
Drayton is optimistic that in ten years Ashoka will be making really serious ,practical progress in bringing about social change by changing the way we look at economic development.
1:Which of the following could be the best title for the passage？
A．changemakers B．Businessmen
C．Social Conditions D．Rubbish Problem
2:The underlined word "them" in Paragraph 3 probably refers to" "
A．the local farmers B．Masqsood and Iftekhar
C．Drayton and his team D．the poor people in Dhaka
3:It can be concluded from the passage that anyone can become a changemaker if he .
A．considers Drayton's concept B．gets permission from Ashoka
C．tries to improve social conditions D．is a young, happy and healthy adult
4:The authors attitude towards Ashoka's program can be described as
changing B．forgiving C．cautious D．Positive
词汇积累:
课后作业：
第五课时
主旨大意
主题型(topic、subject、main idea、general idea)主旨大意题的题干表现形式:
The main idea of the passage is…
The passage is mainly about…
Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage
What is the passage mainly about
目的(purpose)类主旨大意题
The passage is meant to ….
The purpose of this article is to …
标题(topic 或 title)类主旨大意题
The best title for the passage might be…
干扰项具有如下特点：
1.以偏概全。干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息。
2.断章取义。干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。
3.主题扩大。干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容。
大，小，错
技巧 1 出现文中高频词
技巧 2 逆向思维法
技巧 3 记叙文靠总结段意 其它文体看首段找主旨大意
【考题再现】
Passage1(2014·大纲版全国，)
Which boy hasn’t dreamed of being a cool secret agent(特工) The wonderful fighting abilities and the world-saving adventures are much more colourful than most people’s everyday lives.Well，Cody Banks is just like any other boy, except that he is not just dreaming.He has a big secret his friends never know about.He was trained to be a spy(间谍)by a special CIA programme, which was made to look like a summer camp.He learned high-speed driving, hand-to-hand fighting and the use of high-tech tools.
After proving he could become a young hero by saving a baby from a runaway car.Banks gets his first real task.He must make friends with a popular girl at school, Natalie Connors.Then，he must spy on her father, a scientist who has developed a dangerous technology(技术)．Banks must stop a group of bad people from forcing Natalie’s father into using the technology to endanger the world.
The CIA may have taught him first-class self-defence moves，but they didn’t show him how to talk to girls.Banks has zero ability when it comes to dealing with girls.How can he get around his problem and get an invitation to the girl’s upcoming birthday party Will he finally become Natalie’s boyfriend and find out whatever he can about her father’s work
Agent Cody Banks has everything that young people are interested in: big explosions，breath-taking performances and funny girl-dating experiences. It was listed No.2 in the American box office last week.
“This story is interesting and fun for the whole family to enjoy, and especially cool for young boys,” said Paul Perkins, a film reviewer in the US.
1．What is Bank’s first real task
A．To test a high-tech tool.
B．To save a baby from a car.
C．To study a new technology.
D．To watch a scientist secretly.
2．Banks wanted to go to Natalie’s birthday party to ________．
A．meet her father B．know more people
C．make friends with her D．steal some information
3．What is considered as a great danger in the text
A．The technology developed by Natalie’s father.
B．An explosion set off by some bad people.
C．The CIA’s training of boys for its tasks.
D．Secret agents’ spying on scientists.
4．What is the purpose of the text
A．Making known the work of the CIA.
B．Telling the story about a cool boy.
C．Showing the dark side of science.
D．Introducing a new film.
词汇积累:
Passage 2（2013全国卷I,A）
Some people will do just about anything to save money.And I am one of them.Take my family’s last vacation.It was my six-year-old son’s winter break from school,and we were heading home from Fort Lauderdale after a weeklong trip.The flight was overbooked,and Delta,the airline,offered us $400 per person in credits to give up our seats and leave the next day.I had meetings in New York,so I had to get back.But that didn’t mean my husband and my son couldn’t stay. I took my nine-month-old and took off for home.
The next day, my husband and son were offered more credits to take an even later flight.Yes,I encouraged—okay,ordered—them to wait it out at the airport to “earn”more Delta Dollars.Our total take: $1,600.Not bad, huh
Now some people may think I’m a bad mother and not such a great wife either. But as a big-time bargain hunter,I know the value of a dollar. And these days, a good deal is something few of us can afford to pass up.
I’ve made a living looking for the best deals and exposing(揭露)the worst tricks.I have been the consumer reporter of NBC’s Today show for over a decade.I have written a couple of books including one titled Tricks of the Trade:A Consumer Survival Guide.And I really do what I believe in.
I tell you this because there is no shame in getting your money’s worth.I’m also tightfisted when it comes to shoes,clothes for my children,and expensive restaurants.But I wouldn’t hesitate to spend on a good haircut.It keeps its shape longer,and it’s the first thing people notice.And I will also spend on a classic piece of furniture.Quality lasts.
1.Why did Delta give the author’s family credits
A.They took a later flight. B.They had early bookings.
C.Their flight had been delayed. D.Their flight had been cancelled.
2.What can we learn about the author
A.She rarely misses a good deal. B.She seldom makes a compromise.
C.She is very strict with her children. D.She is interested in cheap products.
3.What does the author do
A. She’s a teacher. B. She’s a housewife.
C. She’s a media person. D. She’s a businesswoman.
4.What does the author want to tell us
A. How to expose bad tricks.
B. How to reserve airline seats.
C. How to spend money wisely.
D. How to make a business deal.
词汇积累:
课后作业：
第六课时
理解文章的基本结构；
Passage 1（2012北京）
Wilderness
"In wilderness(荒野) is the preservation of the world." This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism. The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection: whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved.
As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out, there is a strong appeal in images of the wild, the untouched; more than anything else, they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly. The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong, and the danger exploitation(开发) brings to such landscapes(景观) is real. Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans need----the rainforests, for example, store carbon in vast quantities. To Mr.Sauven, these "ecosystem services" far outweigh the gains from exploitation.
Lee Lane, a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute, takes the opposing view. He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services, such as water conservation. But that is not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation. There are ever more people on the Earth, and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives, rather than merely struggle for survival. While the ways of using resources have improved, there is still a growing need for raw materials, and some wildernesses contain them in abundance. If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide, the argument goes, there is no further reason not to do so. Being untouched is not, in itself, a characteristic worth valuing above all others.
I look forwards to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants. One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly. And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm.
This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings, but also the guidance of reason. What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking.
1. John Sauven holds that_____.
A. many people value nature too much
B. exploitation of wildernesses is harmful
C. wildernesses provide humans with necessities
D. the urge to develop the ecosystem services is strong
2. What is the main idea of Para. 3
A. The exploitation is necessary for the poor people.
B. Wildernesses cannot guarantee better use of raw materials.
C. Useful services of wildernesses are not the reason for no exploitation.
D. All the characteristics concerning the exploitation should be treated equally.
3. What is the author's attitude towards this debate
A. Objective. B. Disapproving.
C. Sceptical. D. Optimistic.
4. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage
A. B.
C. D.
CP: Central PointP: PointSp: Sub-point(次要点)C: Conclusion
词汇积累:
Passage 2（2015陕西）
The production of coffee beans is a huge, profitable business, but, unfortunately, full-sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage. The change in how coffee is grown from shade-grown production to full-sun production endangers the very existence of, certain animals and birds, and even disturbs the world’s ecological balance.
On a local level, the damage of the forest required by full-sun fields affects the area’s birds and animals. The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other special(物种) that depend on the trees’ flowers and fruits. Full-sun coffee growers destroy this forest home. As a result, many species are quickly dying out.
On a more global level, the destruction of the rainforest for full-sun coffee fields also threatens(威胁)human life. Medical research often makes use of the forests' plant and animal life, and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases. In addition, new coffee-growing techniques are poisoning the water locally, and eventually the world's groundwater.
Both locally and globally, the continued spread of full-sun coffee plantations (种植园)could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology. The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world's climate, and studies show that loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming. Moreover, the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic(酸性的) soil conditions.
It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects many aspects of life, from the local environment to the global ecology. But consumers do have a choice. They can purchase shade-grown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost. The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee.
54. What can we learn about full-sun coffee production from Paragraph 4
A. It limits the spread of new growing techniques.
B. It leads to air pollution and global warming.
C. It slows down the loss of shade trees.
D. It improves local soil conditions.
55. The purpose of the text is to .
A. entertain B. advertise C. instruct D. persuade
56. Where does this text probably come from
A. An agricultural magazine.
B. A medical journal.
C. An engineering textbook.
D. A tourist guide.
57. Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text
词汇积累:
课后作业：