2023届高考英语二轮复习：非谓语动词(有答案）
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非谓语动词
一、非谓语动词的使用条件
一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）, 又没有连词和从句的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时，这些动词就充当了非谓语动词。
Ex. 1: 找出下列句子中的非谓语动词（含短语）。
1. The boss wanted to see me at once.
2. The news meeting, to be held in that hall, has already been crowded with reporters.
3. I heard the girl singing in the classroom.
4. The man talking with my father is Mr. Wang.
5. To live is to struggle. (生活就是斗争。)
6. Seeing from the top of the hill, we find the park is beautiful.
7. Please keep quiet in the reading room.
8. Founded in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the US.
9. We see fallen leaves on the ground.
10. Dressed in red, she looks more beautiful.
11. We plant many trees to make our city green.
案：1. to see 2. to be held 3. singing 4. talking 5. to live, to struggle 6. seeing 7.reading 8. founded 9. fallen 10. dressed 11. to make.
第一讲：动名词和不定式作主语
Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.
若主语和表语都是非谓语动词, 应保持形式上的一致。
（1）v-ing作主语：动名词做主语往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作或状态,常位于句首，并视为单数形式。
Eg: Sending e-mail is increasingly popular.
Collecting stamps is a good hobby.
句型：It is +fun/ a great pleasure/ a waste of time/ no use(good, point, sense, harm)等名词+ (in) doing something
（2）不定式作主语
To play basketball is funny.
不定式作主语，为了使句子平衡，往往用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。
Eg: It's so nice to hear your voice.
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.
It's+adj. for sb. to do sth. 和 It's+adj. of sb. to do sth.
这样的句子中，由于表语形容词性质的不同，导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。
1）for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible, important, convenient等。
Eg: It's very hard for him to study two languages.
2）of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格、品德、心智能力、主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
Eg: It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
Ex1: 课堂检测（请用所给词的适当形式填空。）
1）It is a waste of time (play) computer games.
2) (talk) is easier than doing.
3) It's no use (wait) here.
4) It is no good (write) to him; he never answers letters.
5) It is nice (play) chess after supper.
6）It is useless （telephone）him. He is not willing to come.
7)It’s worth (make) an effort. 努一下是值得的。
8）It's not easy to learn English well. ________ (read) as much as possible is necessary.
答案：1. playing 2. Talking 3. waiting 4. writing 5. playing 6. telephoning 7. making
8.Reading
备注：动名词在“It is useless/ nice/ good/ interesting/ worthwhile 等形容词 + doing”结构中作主语。
Ex2:真题感悟（Homework)
一、语法填空
[例1] Jane was walking round the department store. She remembered how difficult ___31___ was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father.
[简析]it。it作形式主语，替代真正的不定式主语“to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father”。
[例2] It took years of work __65__ (reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.
[简析] to reduce。动词不定式作主语。
[例3] Leaving the less important things until tomorrow __63__ (be) often acceptable.
[简析] is。动名词短语leaving the less important things until tomorrow作主语时，视为单数。
[例4]Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap __58__ can be to eat out.
[简析] it。宾语从句中it作形式主语，动词不定式作真正主语。
[例5] On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take __62__(get) there.
[简析] to get。It takes+时间+to do sth.意为“做某事花费多少时间”，动词不定式在句中作主语。
[例6] As is known, it’s no good __62__(cry) over spilt milk.
[简析]crying。
[例7] It takes them hundreds of years __5__ (break) down. (2020北京卷)
[简析]考查动词不定式。句意：它们用几百年的时间才分解。固定句型It takes sb./sth. +一段时间+ to do sth.(花某人/物多长时间干某事)，此处用动词不定式(to do)作真正主语，It形式主语。故填to break。
[例8] These days, it is not unusual for 10-to 12-year-olds to publish their own websites or for second and third graders __36__ (begin) computer classes. (2020新高考海南卷)
[简析]句意：如今，10到12岁的孩子发布自己的网站，二年级和三年级学生开始上计算机课，这些都很常见。本题考查“It is + adj. + for sb. to do sth.”结构，该结构it作形式主语，真正的主语为不定式。故填to begin。
[例9]It is possible __ 63 __ (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers. (2021全国甲卷)
[简析]to walk。因it is possible to do sth为固定搭配，意为“做某事是可能的”。
[例10]This is where __ 23 __ (play) the flute comes in, if you can make playing the flute
cool, you deserve all the fame and fortune in the world! (2021年1月上海春季-23)
[简析]playing 考查动名词。句意“这就是长笛的来龙去脉，如果你能让长笛变酷，你就应该名利双收！”。在where引导的表语从句中，应用动名词作主语表示一般的动作。
二、短文改错
[例1]Play football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also gives us a sense of fair play and team spirit.
[简析]Play →Playing。
[例2]I was often a little tired after a day’s work and watch TV demands very little effort.
[简析]watch →watching。
[例3]But his parents think go to college is more important than playing sports and college is the only place for a smart boy like their son. So my friend had no choice.
[简析]go→going。
[例4]Have tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner, which might not be served until 8 o’clock at night.
[简析]Have →Having。本句缺少主语，故用动名词短语作主语。
[例5]It is difficult to understanding why she barks every minute she’s outside.
[简析]understanding →understand。
第二讲：非谓语动词作宾语：动名词和不定式作宾语
Eg: I couldn’t help crying when I heard the bad news.
Do you mind giving up the job
句型: S+V+ (verb)+其他.
1）用v-ing作宾语的动词记忆口诀(请写出对应的单词或词组）
避免错过少延期
建议完成多练习
喜欢想象禁不住
承认否认还考虑
逃避冒险不介意
期待成功更值得
答案：avoid miss delay/put off
advise/suggest finish practise
enjoy imagine can’t help
admit deny consider
escape risk mind
Look forward to succeed in be worth
在表示“需要” 的need, want和require等后用v-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义, 也可用不定式的被动式。
Eg: This car needs repairing. Or: This car needs to be repaired.
2）用to do 作宾语的动词记忆口诀1
决定学会想希望
拒绝假装设法做
主动计划守承诺
答应请求帮一帮
答案：decide/determine learn want hope/wish
refuse pretend manage
offer plan promise
agree ask help
用to do 作宾语的动词记忆口诀2
三个希望两答应(hope, wish, want, agree, promise)
两个要求莫拒绝 (demand, ask, refuse)
设法学会做决定 (manage, learn, decide)
不要假装在选择 (pretend, choose)
3)接动名词作宾语的动词短语
①作介词to的宾语：apply to, be addicted to, be sentenced to, be used to/ become accustomed to, come to, devote…to, get close to, get down to, have access to, in addition to, lead to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, prefer…to…, see to, stick to等。
②ban/ keep/ prevent/ protect/ save/ stop…from doing, forgive/ thank somebody for doing, have a good/ bad/ hard time+(in) doing, have difficulty/trouble/problems/fun/pleasure+(in) doing, kill/spend/waste time+(in) doing等。
③be engaged (in) doing/ be busy (in) doing/ be occupied in doing, be interested in, be worth doing/ be worthy of being done, burst out, can’t stand, feel like, give up, how/ what about, insist on, keep on, put off, set about, succeed in等。
4）有些动词后可接动词不定式和动名词作宾语，但意义有区别
①forget to do…忘记要去做某事(此事未做)
forget doing…忘记做过某事(此事已做)
②stop to do…停下来去做另一件事
stop doing…停止正在做的事
③remember to do…记住去做某事(此事未做)
remember doing…记得做过某事(此事已做)
④regret to do…对要做的事遗憾(此事未做)
regret doing…对做过的事遗憾、后悔(此事未做)
⑤try to do…努力、试图做某事
try doing…试着做某事
⑥mean to do…打算做某事
mean doing…意味着、意思是做某事
⑦go on to do…继而去做另外一件事情
go on doing…继续做同一件事
⑧propose to do…打算(要做某事)
proposing doing…建议(做某事)
⑨be used to do… 被用来做某事
be used to doing…习惯于做某事
⑩can’t help (to) do…不能帮助做某事
can’t help doing…情不自禁做某事
Ex. 1: 随堂练习(用动词的适当形式填空)
1. They all enjoyed ________ (learn)to skate.
2. Jack has just given up ________ (smoke).
3. She didn’t mind ________ (work) overtime.
4. You need to practise ________ (speak) English to make progress.
5. Don’t try to avoid _______(make) mistakes in learning English.
6. Tom feels like _____(go) fishing, but he doesn’t like _____ (go) fishing this afternoon.
7. The boy has admitted ________(break) the window.
8. How can I trust you if you keep ________(laugh) at me
9．The classroom wants/requires ________ (clean).
10．It took the workman only two hours to finish _________ (repair) my car.
答案：1.learning 2. smoking 3. working 4. speaking 5. making 6.going, to go 7. Breaking
8. laughing 9. cleaning, to be cleaned 10. repairing
11．He considered ______ (buy) a car.
12．She is practising （play） the piano in the next room.
13． The baby can't help （laugh） when he sees a monkey.
I'm so busy that I can't help to clean the room. 我太忙不能帮助打扫房间。
14. They agree （give）it to me the next day. 他们同意第二天将它给我。
15. They hope （find）new resources for mankind. 他们希望为人类找到新资源。
16. I demand （see）your director.
17. I happened （know）the answer to your questions.
18. To my disappointment, my father doesn't agree （buy）me a new bike.
19. I want （tell）you a story. 我想给你讲个故事。
20. They begin （work）at eight every morning. 他们每天早晨8点开始工作。
答案：11. buying 12 playing 13 laughing 14 to give 15 to find 16 to see 17 to know 18 to buy 19 to tell 20 to work
21. Don’t forget （lock）the door.别忘了锁门。
22. Would you like （go）and have a picnic with us tomorrow
23. I mean （go）there at once.
24. I find it interesting （work）with him.
25. My bike needs （repair）.
26. The old man requires (look) after.
27. Remember （meet）me tonight. 记得今晚来接我（动作尚未发生）
28. I remember （visit）Beijing when I was a child. （动作已发生）
29. The light in the office is still on. I forgot (turn) it off last night.
30. I’ll never forget (see) the musical comedy in New York.
答案： 21 to lock 22 to go 23 to go 24 to work 25 repairing/to be repaired
26 looking/ to be looked 27 to meet 28 visiting 29 to turn 30 seeing
31. I regret (inform) you that you are dismissed. 我很遗憾地告诉你，你被解雇了。
32. He tried (improve) his English. 他努力地提高英语水平。
33. Let’s try (do) it some other way. 我们换别的方法试试看。
34. I’m sorry. I can’t help (clean) the windows. 对不起，我不能帮忙擦窗子了。
35. He couldn’t help (laugh) when he heard the news. 听到那个消息时，他情不自禁地笑了。laughing
36. Having washed the clothes, mother went on (sweep) the floor. 洗完衣服后，妈妈接着扫地。
37. They went on (work) in the fields after dark. 天黑后，他们仍继续在田里干活。
38. After a long walk, they stopped (have) lunch at a restaurant.
39. It’s time for class. Please stop (talk).
40. I had meant (come) earlier. 我本打算早点来。
41. Missing this train means (wait) for another hour.
答案：31 to inform 32 to improve 33 doing 34 to clean 35 laughing 36 to sweep 37 working 38 to have 39 talking 40 to come 41 waiting
Ex. 2:真题感悟
一、语法填空
[例1] I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused __66__ (stop) until we reached the next stop.
[简析] to stop。动词refuse后接不定式作宾语。
[例2] Apparently, I had difficulty __31__ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight.
[简析] adapting。have difficulty (in) doing something“做某事有困难”。
[例3] My ambassadorial duties will include __67__ (introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.
[简析] introducing。动词include后接动名词作宾语。
[例4] The hall was dark when I came in; the show was about __61__ (begin).
[简析]to begin。be about to do sth.“刚要做某事”是固定结构。
[例5] But unlike school friends,16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term __61__ (rest).
[简析] resting。此处为spend…in doing…结构，介词in可省略，故用动名词形式。
[例6]This isn't as hard as it sounds, and it is far better than any other method because you improve your vocabulary while __63__(read) an interesting piece of literature.
[简析] reading。逻辑主语you与动词read为主动关系，故用现在分词reading ... 作状语；也可视为状语从句while you are reading... 的省略形式。
[例7] You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of __63__(die) early by running.
[简析] dying。介词of后接动名词形式作宾语。
[例8] I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid __64__ (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn’t feel challenged.
[简析] looking。avoid后接动名词作宾语。
[例9]While regularly eating out seems to __61__(become) common for many young people in recent years, it’s not without a cost.
[简析] have become。由in recent years可知，此处用不定式的完成式表示这一现象从过去某时一直持续到现在，还可能持续下去。
[例10] I still remember __59__ (visit) a friend who’d lived here for five years and I was shocked when I learnt she hadn’t cooked once in all that time.
[简析] visiting。remember doing…意为“记得做过某事”。
[例11] Scientists have responded by __67__(note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are higher than they actually are.
[简析] noting。介词by后接动名词形式作宾语。
[例12] A 90-year-old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for __61__(be) Britain’s oldest full-time employee—still working 40 hours a week.
[简析] being。介词for后接动名词形式作宾语。
[例13]Minimize the impact of __ 67 __ (visit) the place. (2021全国乙卷)
[简析]visiting。在介词后应用名词或动词-ing形式，因后面有宾语the place，所以只能用动词-ing形式。
[例14]Activities there range from whale watching to hiking (远足) and accommodations aim __ 70 __ (have) a low impact on the natural environment. (2021全国乙卷)
[简析]to have。因aim to do sth为固定搭配，意为“旨在做某事”。
[例15]That approach brought Cobb’s air travel last year down by 75%, and she plans
__ 65 __ (continue) the practice. (2022年1月浙江卷-65)
[简析]to continue 考查动词不定式。谓语plans后面需接动词不定式to continue作宾语。
二、短文改错
[例1]I particularly enjoyed driving through the countryside with you and saw the changing colors of the leaves on the trees.
[简析] saw →seeing。
[例2]I dream of standing on the platform in the classroom and give lessons to lovely boys and girls.
[简析] give →giving。
[例3]When you’re on a diet you have to stop eat too much.
[简析] eat →eating。
[例4]I still remember going there early and felt anxious about the new world.
[简析] felt→feeling。
[例5]I’d like to staying there for half a month, visiting places of interest and practicing my English as well.
[简析] staying →stay。
[例6]In short, I will do my best to help making the Games a success.
[简析] making →make。
[例7]My parents have agreed to visiting me, and I will have a different vacation.
[简析] visiting →visit。
[例8]That's what I did and I also had to take exams every six months. Now, I've stopped go to lessons.
[简析] go →going。
[例9]It was a lesson to us that it was possible to give without expect anything in return.
[简析] expect →expecting。
[例10]He is not losing any time from school because he is busy study what he has missed in classes.
[简析] study →studying。
[例11]I look forward to see her again in the near future.
[简析] see →seeing。
[例12]My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish.
[简析] sell →selling。介词by后接动名词形式作宾语。
[例13]As a kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not let me.
[简析] watching →watch。动词ask后接不定式作宾语，ask to do sth意为“请求做某事”。
[例14]If I succeed in manage one, I will open more.
[简析] manage →managing。succeed in doing something“成功地做了某事
第三讲：非谓语动词作表语：v-ing作表语、v-ed作表语和不定式作表语
S +be（系动词）+P（表语） （动词）。
备注：1.如果动词+ing和动词+ed后可以转化为形容词，那么主语指人表语就用v+ed;主语指物表语就用v+ing.
Eg: The story is so moving.
Eg: She felt confused, and even frightened.
We were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning.
不定式作表语：不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。
A.表示按计划和安排将要发生的事情。
He is to marry Rose.
B.表示主语的内容，但侧重于目的性。
Her wish was to become an artist.
C. 表示情态意义(应该, 必须)。
The form is to be filled in and returned within a week.
She is to blame.
Ex. 1: 随堂练习（用括号内的词的适当形式填空。）
1 I’m _______________ (satisfy) with your answer.
2 He is not___________________ (interest) in research.
3 The book is very （interest）.
(
5
)
（北京）股份有限公司
（北京）股份有限公司
（北京）股份有限公司
4. We were ________ (excite) with joy at the victory.
5. The news was ________ (excite) to us
6. Nobody was _________ (interest) in the story that he told.
7. The problem is ________ (puzzle).
8. My work is to clean the room.
9. His dream is to be a doctor.
答案：1 satisfied 2 interested 3 interesting 4 excited 5 exciting 6 interested 7 puzzling
部分加-ed和加-ing可以转变为形容词的动词。
delighting 令人高兴的 delighted 感到高兴的
disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 感到失望的
encouraging 令人鼓舞的 encouraged 感到鼓舞的
pleasing 令人愉快的 pleased 感到愉快的
puzzling 令人费解的 puzzled 感到费解的
satisfying 令人满意的 satisfied 感到满意的
surprising 令人惊异的 surprised 感到惊异的
worrying 令人担心的 worried 感到担心的
amusing 令人高兴的 amused 开心的
encouraging 鼓舞人心的 encouraged 受鼓励的
exciting 令人激动的 excited 激动的
worrying 令人烦恼的 worried 烦恼的
tiring 引起疲劳的 tired 疲劳的
astonishing 令人惊讶的 astonished 惊讶的
动词的－ed形式与－ing形式作表语时的区别。动词-ed形式作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，含有被动的意思，而动词-ing形式作表语多表示主语具有的特征，含有主动的意思。
备注：比 较
A.要把动词-ing形式作表语和现在进行时态区别开来。
B.要把动词-ed形式作表语和被动语态区别开来。作表语的-ed形式表示状态，被动语态表示被动动作。
The problem is quite puzzling.
We are having our English class.
Peter the Great is buried here.
Peter the Great was buried here in 1725.
One of my bad habit is biting nails（指甲）
Ex. 2:真题感悟（Homework)
一、语法填空
[1] There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and __63__ (disappoint).
[简析] disappointed。过去分词disappointed“感到失望的”用作形容词，在句中作连系动词look的表语。
[2] Do you find yourself getting impatient or __38__ (annoy) with people over unimportant things
[简析] annoyed。空格处和形容词impatient并列和系动词get构成系表结构，填annoyed“恼怒的、生气的”，表示你变得生气。
[3] Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got __63__(sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, where it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.
[简析] swept。sweep与the ring之间是被动关系，故用过去分词形式。
[4] I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid __64__(look) directly into his eyes so he doesn’t feel __65__(challenge).
[简析] challenged。根据语境可知，此处表示不直视它的眼睛，它就不会感觉受到挑战。feel为系动词，challenged意为“受到挑战的”。
[5]“What we really need to do is __26__ (bring) back play for children,” says
Dr. Juana Willumsen, a WHO specialist in childhood obesity and physical activity, in a
statement about new WHO guidelines issued in April 2019.
[简析]bring。
[6]It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become
__ 61 __ (educate) about the areas—both in terms of geographical conditions and
cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the development of the local areas. (2021全国乙卷)
[简析]educated。在系动词become后应用形容词作表语，表示“受过教育的”。
[7]I was so __62__ (excite) when he wrote back to me. (2021全国新高考Ⅱ卷)
[简析]excited考查形容词。句意：当他给我回信时，我很兴奋。在系动词was之后作表语，用形容词，修饰人，用v+ed形式的形容词。
二、短文改错
[例1]After an hour or so we began to feel very frightening.
[简析] frightening→frightened。
[例2]My friend Nick told me a story about his experience back in the US, which was very interested.
[简析] interested →interesting。
[例3]The assistant was clearly as embarrassing as my sister, but I just thought it was funny!
[简析] embarrassing →embarrassed。
[4]I’m pleasing to hear it.
[简析] pleasing →pleased。
[5]I was really disappointing and about to leave when he walked out of a building. [简析] disappointing →disappointed。
[6]I am awfully tiring, but I know I’ll never fall asleep.
[简析] tiring→tired。
[7]Mom was grateful and moving.
[简析] moving →moved。联系句意“妈妈很感动”，此处应该用过去分词作表语。
[8]It was both excited and frightening to be up there!
[简析] excited →exciting。现在分词exciting“令人兴奋的”用作形容词，在句中作连系动词was的表语。
[例9]In their spare time, they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.
[简析] interesting →interested。过去分词interested“感到有兴趣的”用作形容词，在句中作连系动词are的表语。
[10]I became interesting in playing football thanks to a small accident.
[简析] interesting →interested。interest(使感兴趣)的形容词有interesting(令人感兴趣的)常修饰物；与interested(感兴趣的)常修饰人。本句的意思为：多亏一个偶然的事件，我对踢足球产生了兴趣。
[11]One was that I was amazing at the fact that a sick person could feel much better after seeing a doctor.
[简析] amazing→amazed。amaze(使惊奇、使惊愕)形容词形式有amazed(大为惊奇)与amazing(令人大为惊奇的)。本句话中主语为I，句意:病人看完医生就会感觉好很多，对此我感到惊奇。
[12] I’ve had many dreams since I was a child. Now my dream is to opens a cafe.
[简析] opens→open。不定式做表语，to后用动词原形。
第四讲：非谓语动词作定语
句型一：a/an /the (verb)+名词
my/her/his (verb)+名词
this/that (verb)+名词
adj/Lihua's(名词所有格) (verb)+名词
以上这四种形式一般考察的是非谓语动词作定语，一般只能考虑填V-ed和V-ing, 若果该动词有自己的形容词，也有可能把动词变为形容词。
句型二：S+ (verb)+其它+V+其它。
The kite flying in the sky was made by him.
The man injured in the accident is a bus driver.
句型三：S+V+O（名词/代词）+ （动词）。
v-ing作定语：与被修饰的名词之间是主谓关系，表示正在进行
Eg: China is a developing country.
位置：1）单个的动词的-ing形式做定语，常放在被修饰词前做前置定语。
如：a flying object
2）动词的-ing形式的短语做定语，常放在被修饰词后做后置定语。如: an object flying in the air
如果-ing形式与被修饰词是被动关系，又强调正在进行就用being done, 通常表示正在被做，常做后置定语。
如：The building being built will be completed next year. 正在被修建的建筑物将在明年建完。
备注：动名词作定语时,和它所修饰的名词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系,只表示被修饰名词的一般用途,必须位于名词之前。如: a reading room = a room which is used for reading 阅览室，a drawing board 画板 a sewing machine 缝纫机a walking stick 手杖
v-ed作定语:如果所给动词是及物动词，那么与被修饰的名词之间是被动关系和完成；如果所给动词是不及物动词那么就只表示完成。单个分词作定语应放在被修饰名词前面；词短语作定语应放在所修饰名词的后面
Eg: The a injured man is bus driver.
The man injured in the accident is a bus driver.
She has a pleased look on her face.
The teacher gave us a satisfied smile.
cooked food 熟食；成品 a written report 书面报告；报告书
fried eggs 煎鸡蛋；炒蛋 boiled water 开水；白开水
frozen food 速冻食品 armed forces武装部队；武装力量
required courses 必修课 fallen leaves 落叶
finished products 成品 a forced smile 苦笑
不定式作定语：
1）不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作即表示将来。
Eg: I have a lot of work to do.
There was nothing to bring home that morning.
. 序数词、形容词最高级、the last 、the only 等后或当名词或代词被以上这些词修饰，且不定式与其逻辑主语为主谓关系时，常用动词不定式作定语。
She is always the first to come and the last to leave.
当被修饰的名词是 ability、chance、 idea、attempt、plan、 way、opportunity等时，常用不定式作后置定语。
I want to have a chance to further my study.
Ex. 1: 用括号内词的适当形式填空。
1) What’s the language__________ (speak) in that country
2) They’re problems___________ (leave) over by history.
3) The play_____________ (put on) by the teachers was a big success.
4) Is there anybody_________ (injury)
5)The question __________ (discuss) at the meeting yesterday is of quite importance.
6) He was the last one (leave) school yesterday.
7) Charles Lindbergh is the first man (fly) the Atlantic alone.
8) She has a good chance (go) to college.
9) He has got lots of questions (ask).
10) There is nothing (worry) about.
11)There is a (swim) pool in our school.
12) Who is the boy (run) towards us。
答案：1 spoken 2 left 3 put on 4 injured 5 discussed 6 to leave 7 to fly 8 to go
9 to ask 10 to worry 11 swimming 12running
Ex. 2： 真题感悟（Homework)
一、语法填空
[例1] Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene declared she had no plans __65__(retire) from her 36-year-old business.
[简析] to retire。不定式作后置定语，修饰前面的名词plan，表示“……的计划”。
[例2] When we got a call __68__(say) she was short-listed, we thought it was a joke. (2019全国卷Ⅱ)
[简析] saying。say与被修饰名词a call之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作后置定语。
[例3] Earth Day, __4__(mark) on 22 April, is an annual event aiming to raise public awareness about environmental protection.
[简析] marked。mark与被修饰名词Earth Day之间是被动关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。
[例4] They represent the earth __63__ (come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings. (2020全国卷Ⅱ)
[简析] coming。非谓语动词与被修饰名词the earth之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作后置定语。
[例5] And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds __69__ (surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears. (2020全国卷Ⅲ)
[简析] surrounding。非谓语动词与被修饰名词the soft clouds之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作后置定语。
[例6]A piece of stone __8__ (find) on a Dutch beach suggests that our extinct human relatives, known as Neanderthals, were cleverer than previously thought. (2020北京卷)
[简析]考查非谓语动词。句意：在荷兰海滩上发现的一块石头表明，我们已经灭绝的人类亲戚尼安德特人比我们之前认为的更聪明。句子的谓语为suggests，设空处在句中作非谓语和逻辑主语之间是逻辑的被动关系。故答案为found。
[例7]Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure and offers a place where you can sit down to rest your __ 63 __ (ache) legs. (2021全国新高考Ⅰ卷)
[简析]aching 考查非谓语动词。修饰名词legs作定语，用aching，表示“疼痛的”。
二、短文改错
[例1]I have some records giving to me as birthday gifts.
[简析]giving →given。
[例2]He would also catch the food throwing to him from the other side of the room and sing happily.
[简析]throwing →thrown。
[例3]The air keeps the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon was coming down.
[简析]keeps →keeping。
[例4]We could hear the sound of the rain and our footsteps mixing with our laughter.
[简析]mixing →mixed
[例5]My classmate, Joseph, is at present in hospital with a breaking leg.
[简析]breaking →broken。
[例6]Last Sunday morning, when I was having a walk in the park near my home, I came across a crew make a new film with one of my favorite actors.
[简析]make →making。
[例7]He had time for a proper breakfast and was still the first reach the factory.
[简析]∧reach →to。序数词the first后跟动词不定式作定语。
[例8]Third, we should find ways to reuse the water using in washing, especially bath water which is quite a lot, and that will save much water.
[简析]using →used。过去分词短语作定语表被动，修饰名词the water。
[例9]Therefore, I told them interested stories and how I was enjoying Brazil.
[简析]interested →interesting。故事是“令人感兴趣的”，此处应该用现在分词作定语。
[例10]I also shared with my friends many photos taking in Beijing.
[简析]taking →taken。
[例11]I like eating frying tomatoes with eggs, and I thought it must to be easy to cook. (2020全国卷Ⅰ)
[简析]frying →fried，考查动词过去分词作定语。名词tomato与动词fry是逻辑上的动宾关系，所以将动词fry变为过去分词作定语，表达油炸蕃茄这种食物。
第五讲：非谓语动词作状语
句型一： （verb)+其它，S+V+其它.
句型二：S+V+其它， （verb)+其它.
1. v-ing短语在句子中作状语，和句子主语构成主动关系。
Eg: Turning around, she saw a police car driving up.
Looking out of the window, I saw some children playing football.
(When) hearing the news, he couldn’t help laughing.
Eg: Being poor, he couldn’t go to school.
Seeing nobody at home, he left them a note.
Not knowing his telephone number, I couldn’t get in touch with him.
Eg: She stood, waiting for a bus.
He sat there, reading a book.
The students ran out of the classroom, talking and laughing.
Eg: The child slipped and fell, hitting his head against the door.
Her husband died, leaving her four children.
They fired, killing many people in the street.
Eg: Using your head, you’ll find a good way.
Working hard, you’ll surely succeed.
备注：当v-ing形式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前时，应使用完成式：having done
Eg: Having finished his homework, he rushed out to play basketball.
2. v-ed（过去分词）作状语：v-ed用作状语时, 和句子主语构成被动关系。
Eg: Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.
They came in, followed by some children.
3. 不定式作状语
1）目的状语
常用结构为to do , in order to do, so as to do, so (such) … as to … (如此…以便…)。
Eg: He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.
I come here to say good-bye to you.
2）作结果状语，可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子后面。
Eg：He searched the room only to find nothing.
3）表原因: S+系动词+adj+ (verb).
Eg: I'm glad to see you.
Ex. 1: 用所给词的适当形式填空。
1) ____________ (not know) much French, they couldn’t make themselves understood when they were in Paris.
2) ________________ (finish) all work, they went home.
3) Sarah pretended to be cheerful, _____ (say) nothing about the argument.
4) ___________ (gather) around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people.
5) _______ (look) at my classmates’ faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.
6) It rained heavily in the south, _____ (cause) serious flooding in several provinces.
7) Tim sat near the fire (get) warm.
8) He went to the library (borrow) a book.
9) He hurried home only ( find) his money stolen.
10) (see) from the hill, the city looks beautiful.
11) Generally speaking, when ________(take) according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
12) If ________(take) the drug according to the directions, you will be better soon.
答案 1 Not knowing 2 Having finished 3 saying 4. Gathering 5 Looking
6 causing 7 to get 8 to borrow 9 to find 10 Seen 11taken 12 taking
真题感悟
一、语法填空
[例1]Children, when __21__ (accompany) by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium.
[简析]accompanied。动词accompany与主语children构成逻辑上的被动关系，故用过去分词accompanied，本题中省略的部分为they are。
[例2]__26__ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local café as a waiter.
[简析] To earn。
[例3] __31__ (shock), I took it from her automatically. She smiled and walked away.
[简析] Shocked。shock与逻辑主语I之间是被动关系，故用过去分词作状语表示被动。
[例4] If you find something you love doing outside of the office, you’ll be less likely __69__(bring) your work home.
[简析] to bring。be likely to do something“很可能做某事”。
[例5] Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal __63__ (create) special designs.
[简析] to create。动词不定式作目的状语。
[例6] People probably cooked their food in large pots, __64__ (use) twigs(树枝) to remove it.
[简析] using。use与逻辑主语People之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作伴随状语表示主动。
[例7] Soon after, I was on my way to the show, __60__ (carry) a fancy black handbag and a happy smile.
[简析] carrying。carry与逻辑主语I之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作伴随状语。
[例8]This isn't as hard as it sounds, and it is far better than any other method because you improve your vocabulary while __63__(read) an interesting piece of literature.
[简析] reading。逻辑主语you与动词read为主动关系，故用现在分词reading ... 作状语；也可视为状语从句while you are reading... 的省略形式。
[例9]The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice __64__ (improve) water quality.
[简析] to improve。根据语境“改善水质”是“政府鼓励农民种玉米而不种水稻”的目的，动词不定式作目的状语。
[例10] China’s approach to protecting its environment while __70__ (feed) its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide,” says the bank’s Juergen Voegele.
[简析] feeding。根据省略知识可知，while引导的时间状语从句中省略了主语China和be，而China和feed之间是主动关系，故填现在分词feeding。while +现在分词短语作状语，相当于while 引导的时间状语从句。
[例11] Modem methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive __64__(perform) consistently over a large area. [简析] to perform。在句型“主与+be+形容词+to do sth.”中，动词不定式常用作原因状语。
[例12] On the last day of our week-long stay, we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, __70__(listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
[简析] listening。“听音乐”这个动作是由句子主语we发出的，故用现在分词作伴随状语。或并列连词and连接两个分词形式作状语。
[例13] Nervously __2__(face) challenges, I know I will whisper to myself the two simple words “Be yourself”.
[简析] facing。“面对挑战”这个动作是由句子主语I发出的，故用现在分词作时间状语。
[例14] They are easy __68__ (care) for and make great presents. (2020全国卷Ⅱ)
[简析] to care。在句型“主与+be+形容词+to do sth.”中，动词不定式常用作原因状语。
[例15] The next morning he hired a boat and set out __67__ (find) the well-known painter. (2020全国卷Ⅲ)
[简析] to find。动词不定式用作目的状语。
[例16]From 2000 to 2019, there were 7,348 major natural disasters around the world, __ 19 __ (result) in USD 2, 970 billion in economic loss. (2021北京卷)
[简析]resulting，考查非谓语动词。句意：2000年至2019年，全球共发生重大自然灾害7348起，造成经济损失2.97万亿美元。7,348 major natural disasters around the world与result是逻辑主谓关系，且表示一种自然的结果，应用现在分词，作结果状语。
[例17]I was upset to learn that many sea animals eat plastic garbage, 57 (think)it is food. (2021全国新高考Ⅱ卷)
[简析]thinking考查非谓语动词。句意：当我得知许多海洋动物吃塑料垃圾，以为那是食物时，我很难过。分析句子结构， 57 (think)it is food.用作状语，think与其逻辑主语many sea animals之间是主动关系，用现在分词。
[例18]I decided to do something 58 (educate) people about this problem. (2021全国新高考Ⅱ卷)
[简析] to educate考查非谓语动词。句意：我决定做一些事情来教育人们这个问题。分析句子结构，作目的状语，用不定式。
二、短文改错
[例1]Shake her head, she said, “It isn’t a good time to do that, dear.”
[简析]Shake →Shaking。
[例2]But to his surprise, when he got home, he saw the animal waiting at the door,
still wore his jacket with the wallet in the pocket.
[简析]wore →wearing。
[例3]We all enjoyed this precious day greatly, remember the time we spent together and the people we were familiar with.
[简析]remember →remembering。
[例4]On the box was a card say: “25 cents each.”
[简析]say →saying。
[例5]“Excuse me,” she said, put her arm around the unhappy old woman.
[简析]put →putting。
[例6]I was at the Shanghai Railway Station buy a ticket to Hang Zhou.
[简析]buy →buying。
[例7]Follow this explanation, there was a rapid drop in the number of reported sightings, but the rate remained above the previous level.
[简析]Follow →Following。
[例8]The man did as told and slept really well, wake up before the alarm had even gone off.
[简析]wake →waking。
[例9]Felt hungry, we built a fire by the lake and barbecued the fish.
[简析]Felt →Feeling。现在分词作状语，表示主动的动作。
[例10]One evening at sunset, we sat by the fire, have our barbecue.
[简析]have →having。本句的谓语动词是sat，故用现在分词短语作状语，表主动和伴随状况。
[例11]Everyone was silent, wait to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud.
[简析]wait →waiting。主语Everyone与wait为主动关系，故用现在分词作状语，表示学生们等待着的状态。
[例12]Some of us were confident and eager take part in the class activity; others were nervous and anxious.
[简析]∧take→to。be eager to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“渴望做某事”。
[例13]All the football players on the playground cheered loudly, say that I had a talent for football.
[简析]say →saying。句意：操场上所有的足球运动员大声欢呼，说我有足球天赋。句中谓语动词为cheered，say在这里作伴随状语。与主语players是主动关系。
第六讲：非谓语动词作宾语补足语
1)不定式作补语：S+V+sb. +to do sth.
（1）常用不定式作宾补的动词或动短语有词：advise, allow, appeal to, ask, beg, call on, cause, depend on, expect, encourage, forbid, force, get, hate, help, intend, like, long for, order, permit, persuade, prefer, prepare, recommend, rely on, remind, request, require, teach, tell, urge, wait for, want, warn, wish等。
Eg: Father will not allow us to play on the street.
The officer ordered his men to fire.
（2）动词不定式作宾语补足语时,在使让动词（make, let, have）和感官动词see, notice, hear, watch, observe, feel, listen to等后面要省略不定式符号to。如:
I hear him play.
The teacher made him do the exercises again.
help后的动词不定式作宾语补足语时,不定式符号to可加可不加。如:
He often helps me to study English in his spare time.
当这些动词变为被动语态时,原不定式必须加上to。如:
He was seen to repair the machine.
2）V-ing作宾补
see, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to, hear , feel, have, leave, keep, find, catch等动词及with介词后可用v-ing形式作宾补。
Eg: Can you hear a girl singing an English song in the next room now
With his mother helping him, he is getting on well with his work.
3) 过去分词作宾补
1） 在感官动词后面做宾补
常用的感官动词包括：see, notice, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, find 等。
Eg: I can smell something burnt.
2）在使役动词后面做宾补
常用的使役动词有：have, get, make, leave等。
Eg: She had her eyes examined yesterday.
3） 在with/ without结构中
Eg：With so much work unfinished, I can’t leave now.
Ex. 1: 用括号里单词的适当形式填空。
1) I will have the clothes __________ (wash) tomorrow.
2) When they get back home, they found the room _________ (rob).
3) He would like the water _________ (boil) before drinking.
4) I saw a boy ___________ (knock) down by a car just now.
5) He shouted to make himself ________ (hear).
6) Without enough money __________ (leave), he can’t go on with his experiment.
答案：1) washed 2) robbed 3) boiled 4) knocked 5) heard 6) left
Ex. 2:真题感悟（Homework)
一、语法填空
[例1] While she was getting me __34__ (settle) into a tiny but clean room, the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to a small town some 20 kilometers away where there was a garage.
[简析] settled。空格处作使役动词get的宾补，联系句意“我是被她安置在房间里”，故用过去分词表示被动的动作。
[例2]I got on the bus and found a seat near the back, and then I noticed a man __18__ (sit) at the front.
[简析] sitting。做感官动词notice的宾语补足语，与notice的动作同时进行，用v-ing形式。
[例3] As I squeezed back into my car, I saw the same lady __28__ (look) in at me.
[简析] looking。空格处作感官动词see的宾补，联系句意“同一位女士看着我”，故用现在分词looking表示主动或正在进行的动作。
[例4]They are required __63__ (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.
[简析] to process。根据句意“它们(脂肪和盐)被用来加工我们吃的食物。”可知，用动词不定式作主补，be required to do sth.意为“被要求做某事”。
[例5] He was just saying: “I’m king of this forest, and here is your reminder!” Once his message was delivered, he allowed me __70__ (stay) and watch.
[简析] to stay。动词不定式作宾补，allow sb. to do sth.“允许某人做某事”是固定结构。
[例6] He was faced with the choice of sitting back to wait for something __22__ (happen), or pursuing a path into the unknown.
[答案与解析]to happen
[例7] They make great gifts and you see them many times __65__ (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune. (2020全国卷Ⅱ)
[简析] decorated。这是句型“see+宾语 +宾补”结构，非谓语动词与宾语them之间是被动关系，故用过去分词作宾补。
[例8]But that’s how nature is—always leaving us __ 60 __ (astonish). (2021全国新高考Ⅰ卷)
[简析]astonished 考查非谓语动词。此处为“leave+宾语+宾语补足语”结构，表示“感到惊讶的”，用astonished。
二、短文改错
[例1]I went back to get David and helped him to stood up.
[简析]stood →stand。
[例2]I found the game excited.
[简析]excited →exciting。游戏是“令人兴奋的”，此处应该用现在分词作宾补。
[例3]Besides, the foreign teachers here work hard and try their best to make the activities lively and interested.
[简析]interested →interesting。
[例4]In other words, they help to keep people strong and feel good.
[简析]feel →feeling。
[例5]Actually, I didn’t have to walk far before I found a small house standing in a field with a light shone from the sitting room.
[简析]shone →shining。
[例6]They wanted one child or another to come out and played.
[简析]played → play。
[例7]I just want to thank you for helping me becoming a different person.
[简析]becoming →become。
[例8]After autumn arrives, the city looks like an old man with leaves fallen from the trees.
[简析]fallen →falling。联系句意“秋天到了，树叶正在纷纷飘落”，此处应该用现在分词作宾补，表示正在进行的动作。
[例9]We could hear the sound of the rain and our footsteps mixing with our laughter.
[简析]mixing →mixed。
[例10]“Let’s got some more,” I said.
[简析]got →get。
[例11]So I helped them going to the nearest hospital.
[简析]going →go。
[例12]He was walking to school the other day when he let a bicycle ran right into him.
[简析]ran →run。
[例13]I noticed Mother looking at a nearby table occupy by an elderly woman and a young couple.
[简析]occupy →occupied。
[例14]My brother was so fond of the museums there that he begged my parents to staying another couple of days.
[简析]staying →stay。
[例15]The position of the classroom with its view made me felt like I was dreaming.
[简析]felt →feel。动词make后接动词原形作宾补，make sb. do sth.意为“使/让某人做某事”。
第七讲、独立主格结构
独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
独立主格结构的功能和用法
（1）名词/代词+现在分词
Eg: Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.
（2）名词/代词+过去分词
Eg: This done, we went home.
Homework finished, the boy went out to play.
（3）名词/代词+不定式
Eg: Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.
The two boys said goodbye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to his friend’s.
（4）名词/代词+形容词
Eg: An air accident happened to the lane, nobody alive.
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off.
（5）名词(代词)+副词
Eg: The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.
The lights off, we could not go on with the work.
（6）名词/代词+介词短语
Eg: Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door.
小结：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）两部分之间没有连接词连接。独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
非谓语动词综合练习
一、语篇练习
My sister, Paula, and her husband, Chris, had just finished 1________ (tuck) their young ones into bed one evening when they heard crying 2 ________ (come) from the children’s room. 3 ________ (rush) in, they found Tommy 4 _______ (cry) hysterically (歇斯底里地).
He had accidentally swallowed a 5p piece and was sure he was going to die. No amount of 5 _______ (talk) could change his mind. Trying to calm him, Chris palmed a 5p coin that he happened to have in his pocket and pretended 6 ________ (remove) it from Tommy’s ear. Tommy, naturally, was 7 _________ (delight). In a flash, he snatched it from his father’s hand, 8 ________ it and demanded cheerfully—“Do it again, Dad!”
二、写作运用
把普通的句子变成高级的非谓语。
1．He is standing there and he is singing.
He is standing there, ____________________.
2．Mary finished her homework and then she went out to play.
___________________________, Mary went out to play.
3．The teacher entered the classroom, and he was followed by a group of students.
The teacher entered the classroom, ____________________________________.
4．I’m afraid of being laughed at. I usually keep silent when I meet foreigners.
（请用非谓语动词的形式，把以上两个句子合并为一个句子）
非谓语动词综合练习
一、语篇练习
1. tucking 2. coming 3. Rushing 4. crying
5. talking 6. to remove 7. delighted 8. swallowed
二、写作运用
1. singing 2. Having finished her homework 3. followed by a group of students
4. Being afraid of being laughed at, I usually keep silent when meeting foreigners.12
一、非谓语动词的使用条件
一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）, 又没有连词和从句的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时，这些动词就充当了非谓语动词。
Ex. 1: 找出下列句子中的非谓语动词（含短语）。
1. The boss wanted to see me at once.
2. The news meeting, to be held in that hall, has already been crowded with reporters.
3. I heard the girl singing in the classroom.
4. The man talking with my father is Mr. Wang.
5. To live is to struggle. (生活就是斗争。)
6. Seeing from the top of the hill, we find the park is beautiful.
7. Please keep quiet in the reading room.
8. Founded in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the US.
9. We see fallen leaves on the ground.
10. Dressed in red, she looks more beautiful.
11. We plant many trees to make our city green.
案：1. to see 2. to be held 3. singing 4. talking 5. to live, to struggle 6. seeing 7.reading 8. founded 9. fallen 10. dressed 11. to make.
第一讲：动名词和不定式作主语
Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.
若主语和表语都是非谓语动词, 应保持形式上的一致。
（1）v-ing作主语：动名词做主语往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作或状态,常位于句首，并视为单数形式。
Eg: Sending e-mail is increasingly popular.
Collecting stamps is a good hobby.
句型：It is +fun/ a great pleasure/ a waste of time/ no use(good, point, sense, harm)等名词+ (in) doing something
（2）不定式作主语
To play basketball is funny.
不定式作主语，为了使句子平衡，往往用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。
Eg: It's so nice to hear your voice.
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.
It's+adj. for sb. to do sth. 和 It's+adj. of sb. to do sth.
这样的句子中，由于表语形容词性质的不同，导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。
1）for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible, important, convenient等。
Eg: It's very hard for him to study two languages.
2）of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格、品德、心智能力、主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
Eg: It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
Ex1: 课堂检测（请用所给词的适当形式填空。）
1）It is a waste of time (play) computer games.
2) (talk) is easier than doing.
3) It's no use (wait) here.
4) It is no good (write) to him; he never answers letters.
5) It is nice (play) chess after supper.
6）It is useless （telephone）him. He is not willing to come.
7)It’s worth (make) an effort. 努一下是值得的。
8）It's not easy to learn English well. ________ (read) as much as possible is necessary.
答案：1. playing 2. Talking 3. waiting 4. writing 5. playing 6. telephoning 7. making
8.Reading
备注：动名词在“It is useless/ nice/ good/ interesting/ worthwhile 等形容词 + doing”结构中作主语。
Ex2:真题感悟（Homework)
一、语法填空
[例1] Jane was walking round the department store. She remembered how difficult ___31___ was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father.
[简析]it。it作形式主语，替代真正的不定式主语“to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father”。
[例2] It took years of work __65__ (reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.
[简析] to reduce。动词不定式作主语。
[例3] Leaving the less important things until tomorrow __63__ (be) often acceptable.
[简析] is。动名词短语leaving the less important things until tomorrow作主语时，视为单数。
[例4]Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap __58__ can be to eat out.
[简析] it。宾语从句中it作形式主语，动词不定式作真正主语。
[例5] On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take __62__(get) there.
[简析] to get。It takes+时间+to do sth.意为“做某事花费多少时间”，动词不定式在句中作主语。
[例6] As is known, it’s no good __62__(cry) over spilt milk.
[简析]crying。
[例7] It takes them hundreds of years __5__ (break) down. (2020北京卷)
[简析]考查动词不定式。句意：它们用几百年的时间才分解。固定句型It takes sb./sth. +一段时间+ to do sth.(花某人/物多长时间干某事)，此处用动词不定式(to do)作真正主语，It形式主语。故填to break。
[例8] These days, it is not unusual for 10-to 12-year-olds to publish their own websites or for second and third graders __36__ (begin) computer classes. (2020新高考海南卷)
[简析]句意：如今，10到12岁的孩子发布自己的网站，二年级和三年级学生开始上计算机课，这些都很常见。本题考查“It is + adj. + for sb. to do sth.”结构，该结构it作形式主语，真正的主语为不定式。故填to begin。
[例9]It is possible __ 63 __ (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers. (2021全国甲卷)
[简析]to walk。因it is possible to do sth为固定搭配，意为“做某事是可能的”。
[例10]This is where __ 23 __ (play) the flute comes in, if you can make playing the flute
cool, you deserve all the fame and fortune in the world! (2021年1月上海春季-23)
[简析]playing 考查动名词。句意“这就是长笛的来龙去脉，如果你能让长笛变酷，你就应该名利双收！”。在where引导的表语从句中，应用动名词作主语表示一般的动作。
二、短文改错
[例1]Play football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also gives us a sense of fair play and team spirit.
[简析]Play →Playing。
[例2]I was often a little tired after a day’s work and watch TV demands very little effort.
[简析]watch →watching。
[例3]But his parents think go to college is more important than playing sports and college is the only place for a smart boy like their son. So my friend had no choice.
[简析]go→going。
[例4]Have tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner, which might not be served until 8 o’clock at night.
[简析]Have →Having。本句缺少主语，故用动名词短语作主语。
[例5]It is difficult to understanding why she barks every minute she’s outside.
[简析]understanding →understand。
第二讲：非谓语动词作宾语：动名词和不定式作宾语
Eg: I couldn’t help crying when I heard the bad news.
Do you mind giving up the job
句型: S+V+ (verb)+其他.
1）用v-ing作宾语的动词记忆口诀(请写出对应的单词或词组）
避免错过少延期
建议完成多练习
喜欢想象禁不住
承认否认还考虑
逃避冒险不介意
期待成功更值得
答案：avoid miss delay/put off
advise/suggest finish practise
enjoy imagine can’t help
admit deny consider
escape risk mind
Look forward to succeed in be worth
在表示“需要” 的need, want和require等后用v-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义, 也可用不定式的被动式。
Eg: This car needs repairing. Or: This car needs to be repaired.
2）用to do 作宾语的动词记忆口诀1
决定学会想希望
拒绝假装设法做
主动计划守承诺
答应请求帮一帮
答案：decide/determine learn want hope/wish
refuse pretend manage
offer plan promise
agree ask help
用to do 作宾语的动词记忆口诀2
三个希望两答应(hope, wish, want, agree, promise)
两个要求莫拒绝 (demand, ask, refuse)
设法学会做决定 (manage, learn, decide)
不要假装在选择 (pretend, choose)
3)接动名词作宾语的动词短语
①作介词to的宾语：apply to, be addicted to, be sentenced to, be used to/ become accustomed to, come to, devote…to, get close to, get down to, have access to, in addition to, lead to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, prefer…to…, see to, stick to等。
②ban/ keep/ prevent/ protect/ save/ stop…from doing, forgive/ thank somebody for doing, have a good/ bad/ hard time+(in) doing, have difficulty/trouble/problems/fun/pleasure+(in) doing, kill/spend/waste time+(in) doing等。
③be engaged (in) doing/ be busy (in) doing/ be occupied in doing, be interested in, be worth doing/ be worthy of being done, burst out, can’t stand, feel like, give up, how/ what about, insist on, keep on, put off, set about, succeed in等。
4）有些动词后可接动词不定式和动名词作宾语，但意义有区别
①forget to do…忘记要去做某事(此事未做)
forget doing…忘记做过某事(此事已做)
②stop to do…停下来去做另一件事
stop doing…停止正在做的事
③remember to do…记住去做某事(此事未做)
remember doing…记得做过某事(此事已做)
④regret to do…对要做的事遗憾(此事未做)
regret doing…对做过的事遗憾、后悔(此事未做)
⑤try to do…努力、试图做某事
try doing…试着做某事
⑥mean to do…打算做某事
mean doing…意味着、意思是做某事
⑦go on to do…继而去做另外一件事情
go on doing…继续做同一件事
⑧propose to do…打算(要做某事)
proposing doing…建议(做某事)
⑨be used to do… 被用来做某事
be used to doing…习惯于做某事
⑩can’t help (to) do…不能帮助做某事
can’t help doing…情不自禁做某事
Ex. 1: 随堂练习(用动词的适当形式填空)
1. They all enjoyed ________ (learn)to skate.
2. Jack has just given up ________ (smoke).
3. She didn’t mind ________ (work) overtime.
4. You need to practise ________ (speak) English to make progress.
5. Don’t try to avoid _______(make) mistakes in learning English.
6. Tom feels like _____(go) fishing, but he doesn’t like _____ (go) fishing this afternoon.
7. The boy has admitted ________(break) the window.
8. How can I trust you if you keep ________(laugh) at me
9．The classroom wants/requires ________ (clean).
10．It took the workman only two hours to finish _________ (repair) my car.
答案：1.learning 2. smoking 3. working 4. speaking 5. making 6.going, to go 7. Breaking
8. laughing 9. cleaning, to be cleaned 10. repairing
11．He considered ______ (buy) a car.
12．She is practising （play） the piano in the next room.
13． The baby can't help （laugh） when he sees a monkey.
I'm so busy that I can't help to clean the room. 我太忙不能帮助打扫房间。
14. They agree （give）it to me the next day. 他们同意第二天将它给我。
15. They hope （find）new resources for mankind. 他们希望为人类找到新资源。
16. I demand （see）your director.
17. I happened （know）the answer to your questions.
18. To my disappointment, my father doesn't agree （buy）me a new bike.
19. I want （tell）you a story. 我想给你讲个故事。
20. They begin （work）at eight every morning. 他们每天早晨8点开始工作。
答案：11. buying 12 playing 13 laughing 14 to give 15 to find 16 to see 17 to know 18 to buy 19 to tell 20 to work
21. Don’t forget （lock）the door.别忘了锁门。
22. Would you like （go）and have a picnic with us tomorrow
23. I mean （go）there at once.
24. I find it interesting （work）with him.
25. My bike needs （repair）.
26. The old man requires (look) after.
27. Remember （meet）me tonight. 记得今晚来接我（动作尚未发生）
28. I remember （visit）Beijing when I was a child. （动作已发生）
29. The light in the office is still on. I forgot (turn) it off last night.
30. I’ll never forget (see) the musical comedy in New York.
答案： 21 to lock 22 to go 23 to go 24 to work 25 repairing/to be repaired
26 looking/ to be looked 27 to meet 28 visiting 29 to turn 30 seeing
31. I regret (inform) you that you are dismissed. 我很遗憾地告诉你，你被解雇了。
32. He tried (improve) his English. 他努力地提高英语水平。
33. Let’s try (do) it some other way. 我们换别的方法试试看。
34. I’m sorry. I can’t help (clean) the windows. 对不起，我不能帮忙擦窗子了。
35. He couldn’t help (laugh) when he heard the news. 听到那个消息时，他情不自禁地笑了。laughing
36. Having washed the clothes, mother went on (sweep) the floor. 洗完衣服后，妈妈接着扫地。
37. They went on (work) in the fields after dark. 天黑后，他们仍继续在田里干活。
38. After a long walk, they stopped (have) lunch at a restaurant.
39. It’s time for class. Please stop (talk).
40. I had meant (come) earlier. 我本打算早点来。
41. Missing this train means (wait) for another hour.
答案：31 to inform 32 to improve 33 doing 34 to clean 35 laughing 36 to sweep 37 working 38 to have 39 talking 40 to come 41 waiting
Ex. 2:真题感悟
一、语法填空
[例1] I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused __66__ (stop) until we reached the next stop.
[简析] to stop。动词refuse后接不定式作宾语。
[例2] Apparently, I had difficulty __31__ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight.
[简析] adapting。have difficulty (in) doing something“做某事有困难”。
[例3] My ambassadorial duties will include __67__ (introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.
[简析] introducing。动词include后接动名词作宾语。
[例4] The hall was dark when I came in; the show was about __61__ (begin).
[简析]to begin。be about to do sth.“刚要做某事”是固定结构。
[例5] But unlike school friends,16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term __61__ (rest).
[简析] resting。此处为spend…in doing…结构，介词in可省略，故用动名词形式。
[例6]This isn't as hard as it sounds, and it is far better than any other method because you improve your vocabulary while __63__(read) an interesting piece of literature.
[简析] reading。逻辑主语you与动词read为主动关系，故用现在分词reading ... 作状语；也可视为状语从句while you are reading... 的省略形式。
[例7] You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of __63__(die) early by running.
[简析] dying。介词of后接动名词形式作宾语。
[例8] I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid __64__ (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn’t feel challenged.
[简析] looking。avoid后接动名词作宾语。
[例9]While regularly eating out seems to __61__(become) common for many young people in recent years, it’s not without a cost.
[简析] have become。由in recent years可知，此处用不定式的完成式表示这一现象从过去某时一直持续到现在，还可能持续下去。
[例10] I still remember __59__ (visit) a friend who’d lived here for five years and I was shocked when I learnt she hadn’t cooked once in all that time.
[简析] visiting。remember doing…意为“记得做过某事”。
[例11] Scientists have responded by __67__(note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are higher than they actually are.
[简析] noting。介词by后接动名词形式作宾语。
[例12] A 90-year-old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for __61__(be) Britain’s oldest full-time employee—still working 40 hours a week.
[简析] being。介词for后接动名词形式作宾语。
[例13]Minimize the impact of __ 67 __ (visit) the place. (2021全国乙卷)
[简析]visiting。在介词后应用名词或动词-ing形式，因后面有宾语the place，所以只能用动词-ing形式。
[例14]Activities there range from whale watching to hiking (远足) and accommodations aim __ 70 __ (have) a low impact on the natural environment. (2021全国乙卷)
[简析]to have。因aim to do sth为固定搭配，意为“旨在做某事”。
[例15]That approach brought Cobb’s air travel last year down by 75%, and she plans
__ 65 __ (continue) the practice. (2022年1月浙江卷-65)
[简析]to continue 考查动词不定式。谓语plans后面需接动词不定式to continue作宾语。
二、短文改错
[例1]I particularly enjoyed driving through the countryside with you and saw the changing colors of the leaves on the trees.
[简析] saw →seeing。
[例2]I dream of standing on the platform in the classroom and give lessons to lovely boys and girls.
[简析] give →giving。
[例3]When you’re on a diet you have to stop eat too much.
[简析] eat →eating。
[例4]I still remember going there early and felt anxious about the new world.
[简析] felt→feeling。
[例5]I’d like to staying there for half a month, visiting places of interest and practicing my English as well.
[简析] staying →stay。
[例6]In short, I will do my best to help making the Games a success.
[简析] making →make。
[例7]My parents have agreed to visiting me, and I will have a different vacation.
[简析] visiting →visit。
[例8]That's what I did and I also had to take exams every six months. Now, I've stopped go to lessons.
[简析] go →going。
[例9]It was a lesson to us that it was possible to give without expect anything in return.
[简析] expect →expecting。
[例10]He is not losing any time from school because he is busy study what he has missed in classes.
[简析] study →studying。
[例11]I look forward to see her again in the near future.
[简析] see →seeing。
[例12]My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish.
[简析] sell →selling。介词by后接动名词形式作宾语。
[例13]As a kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not let me.
[简析] watching →watch。动词ask后接不定式作宾语，ask to do sth意为“请求做某事”。
[例14]If I succeed in manage one, I will open more.
[简析] manage →managing。succeed in doing something“成功地做了某事
第三讲：非谓语动词作表语：v-ing作表语、v-ed作表语和不定式作表语
S +be（系动词）+P（表语） （动词）。
备注：1.如果动词+ing和动词+ed后可以转化为形容词，那么主语指人表语就用v+ed;主语指物表语就用v+ing.
Eg: The story is so moving.
Eg: She felt confused, and even frightened.
We were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning.
不定式作表语：不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。
A.表示按计划和安排将要发生的事情。
He is to marry Rose.
B.表示主语的内容，但侧重于目的性。
Her wish was to become an artist.
C. 表示情态意义(应该, 必须)。
The form is to be filled in and returned within a week.
She is to blame.
Ex. 1: 随堂练习（用括号内的词的适当形式填空。）
1 I’m _______________ (satisfy) with your answer.
2 He is not___________________ (interest) in research.
3 The book is very （interest）.
(
5
)
（北京）股份有限公司
（北京）股份有限公司
（北京）股份有限公司
4. We were ________ (excite) with joy at the victory.
5. The news was ________ (excite) to us
6. Nobody was _________ (interest) in the story that he told.
7. The problem is ________ (puzzle).
8. My work is to clean the room.
9. His dream is to be a doctor.
答案：1 satisfied 2 interested 3 interesting 4 excited 5 exciting 6 interested 7 puzzling
部分加-ed和加-ing可以转变为形容词的动词。
delighting 令人高兴的 delighted 感到高兴的
disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 感到失望的
encouraging 令人鼓舞的 encouraged 感到鼓舞的
pleasing 令人愉快的 pleased 感到愉快的
puzzling 令人费解的 puzzled 感到费解的
satisfying 令人满意的 satisfied 感到满意的
surprising 令人惊异的 surprised 感到惊异的
worrying 令人担心的 worried 感到担心的
amusing 令人高兴的 amused 开心的
encouraging 鼓舞人心的 encouraged 受鼓励的
exciting 令人激动的 excited 激动的
worrying 令人烦恼的 worried 烦恼的
tiring 引起疲劳的 tired 疲劳的
astonishing 令人惊讶的 astonished 惊讶的
动词的－ed形式与－ing形式作表语时的区别。动词-ed形式作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，含有被动的意思，而动词-ing形式作表语多表示主语具有的特征，含有主动的意思。
备注：比 较
A.要把动词-ing形式作表语和现在进行时态区别开来。
B.要把动词-ed形式作表语和被动语态区别开来。作表语的-ed形式表示状态，被动语态表示被动动作。
The problem is quite puzzling.
We are having our English class.
Peter the Great is buried here.
Peter the Great was buried here in 1725.
One of my bad habit is biting nails（指甲）
Ex. 2:真题感悟（Homework)
一、语法填空
[1] There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and __63__ (disappoint).
[简析] disappointed。过去分词disappointed“感到失望的”用作形容词，在句中作连系动词look的表语。
[2] Do you find yourself getting impatient or __38__ (annoy) with people over unimportant things
[简析] annoyed。空格处和形容词impatient并列和系动词get构成系表结构，填annoyed“恼怒的、生气的”，表示你变得生气。
[3] Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got __63__(sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, where it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.
[简析] swept。sweep与the ring之间是被动关系，故用过去分词形式。
[4] I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid __64__(look) directly into his eyes so he doesn’t feel __65__(challenge).
[简析] challenged。根据语境可知，此处表示不直视它的眼睛，它就不会感觉受到挑战。feel为系动词，challenged意为“受到挑战的”。
[5]“What we really need to do is __26__ (bring) back play for children,” says
Dr. Juana Willumsen, a WHO specialist in childhood obesity and physical activity, in a
statement about new WHO guidelines issued in April 2019.
[简析]bring。
[6]It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become
__ 61 __ (educate) about the areas—both in terms of geographical conditions and
cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the development of the local areas. (2021全国乙卷)
[简析]educated。在系动词become后应用形容词作表语，表示“受过教育的”。
[7]I was so __62__ (excite) when he wrote back to me. (2021全国新高考Ⅱ卷)
[简析]excited考查形容词。句意：当他给我回信时，我很兴奋。在系动词was之后作表语，用形容词，修饰人，用v+ed形式的形容词。
二、短文改错
[例1]After an hour or so we began to feel very frightening.
[简析] frightening→frightened。
[例2]My friend Nick told me a story about his experience back in the US, which was very interested.
[简析] interested →interesting。
[例3]The assistant was clearly as embarrassing as my sister, but I just thought it was funny!
[简析] embarrassing →embarrassed。
[4]I’m pleasing to hear it.
[简析] pleasing →pleased。
[5]I was really disappointing and about to leave when he walked out of a building. [简析] disappointing →disappointed。
[6]I am awfully tiring, but I know I’ll never fall asleep.
[简析] tiring→tired。
[7]Mom was grateful and moving.
[简析] moving →moved。联系句意“妈妈很感动”，此处应该用过去分词作表语。
[8]It was both excited and frightening to be up there!
[简析] excited →exciting。现在分词exciting“令人兴奋的”用作形容词，在句中作连系动词was的表语。
[例9]In their spare time, they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.
[简析] interesting →interested。过去分词interested“感到有兴趣的”用作形容词，在句中作连系动词are的表语。
[10]I became interesting in playing football thanks to a small accident.
[简析] interesting →interested。interest(使感兴趣)的形容词有interesting(令人感兴趣的)常修饰物；与interested(感兴趣的)常修饰人。本句的意思为：多亏一个偶然的事件，我对踢足球产生了兴趣。
[11]One was that I was amazing at the fact that a sick person could feel much better after seeing a doctor.
[简析] amazing→amazed。amaze(使惊奇、使惊愕)形容词形式有amazed(大为惊奇)与amazing(令人大为惊奇的)。本句话中主语为I，句意:病人看完医生就会感觉好很多，对此我感到惊奇。
[12] I’ve had many dreams since I was a child. Now my dream is to opens a cafe.
[简析] opens→open。不定式做表语，to后用动词原形。
第四讲：非谓语动词作定语
句型一：a/an /the (verb)+名词
my/her/his (verb)+名词
this/that (verb)+名词
adj/Lihua's(名词所有格) (verb)+名词
以上这四种形式一般考察的是非谓语动词作定语，一般只能考虑填V-ed和V-ing, 若果该动词有自己的形容词，也有可能把动词变为形容词。
句型二：S+ (verb)+其它+V+其它。
The kite flying in the sky was made by him.
The man injured in the accident is a bus driver.
句型三：S+V+O（名词/代词）+ （动词）。
v-ing作定语：与被修饰的名词之间是主谓关系，表示正在进行
Eg: China is a developing country.
位置：1）单个的动词的-ing形式做定语，常放在被修饰词前做前置定语。
如：a flying object
2）动词的-ing形式的短语做定语，常放在被修饰词后做后置定语。如: an object flying in the air
如果-ing形式与被修饰词是被动关系，又强调正在进行就用being done, 通常表示正在被做，常做后置定语。
如：The building being built will be completed next year. 正在被修建的建筑物将在明年建完。
备注：动名词作定语时,和它所修饰的名词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系,只表示被修饰名词的一般用途,必须位于名词之前。如: a reading room = a room which is used for reading 阅览室，a drawing board 画板 a sewing machine 缝纫机a walking stick 手杖
v-ed作定语:如果所给动词是及物动词，那么与被修饰的名词之间是被动关系和完成；如果所给动词是不及物动词那么就只表示完成。单个分词作定语应放在被修饰名词前面；词短语作定语应放在所修饰名词的后面
Eg: The a injured man is bus driver.
The man injured in the accident is a bus driver.
She has a pleased look on her face.
The teacher gave us a satisfied smile.
cooked food 熟食；成品 a written report 书面报告；报告书
fried eggs 煎鸡蛋；炒蛋 boiled water 开水；白开水
frozen food 速冻食品 armed forces武装部队；武装力量
required courses 必修课 fallen leaves 落叶
finished products 成品 a forced smile 苦笑
不定式作定语：
1）不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作即表示将来。
Eg: I have a lot of work to do.
There was nothing to bring home that morning.
. 序数词、形容词最高级、the last 、the only 等后或当名词或代词被以上这些词修饰，且不定式与其逻辑主语为主谓关系时，常用动词不定式作定语。
She is always the first to come and the last to leave.
当被修饰的名词是 ability、chance、 idea、attempt、plan、 way、opportunity等时，常用不定式作后置定语。
I want to have a chance to further my study.
Ex. 1: 用括号内词的适当形式填空。
1) What’s the language__________ (speak) in that country
2) They’re problems___________ (leave) over by history.
3) The play_____________ (put on) by the teachers was a big success.
4) Is there anybody_________ (injury)
5)The question __________ (discuss) at the meeting yesterday is of quite importance.
6) He was the last one (leave) school yesterday.
7) Charles Lindbergh is the first man (fly) the Atlantic alone.
8) She has a good chance (go) to college.
9) He has got lots of questions (ask).
10) There is nothing (worry) about.
11)There is a (swim) pool in our school.
12) Who is the boy (run) towards us。
答案：1 spoken 2 left 3 put on 4 injured 5 discussed 6 to leave 7 to fly 8 to go
9 to ask 10 to worry 11 swimming 12running
Ex. 2： 真题感悟（Homework)
一、语法填空
[例1] Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene declared she had no plans __65__(retire) from her 36-year-old business.
[简析] to retire。不定式作后置定语，修饰前面的名词plan，表示“……的计划”。
[例2] When we got a call __68__(say) she was short-listed, we thought it was a joke. (2019全国卷Ⅱ)
[简析] saying。say与被修饰名词a call之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作后置定语。
[例3] Earth Day, __4__(mark) on 22 April, is an annual event aiming to raise public awareness about environmental protection.
[简析] marked。mark与被修饰名词Earth Day之间是被动关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。
[例4] They represent the earth __63__ (come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings. (2020全国卷Ⅱ)
[简析] coming。非谓语动词与被修饰名词the earth之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作后置定语。
[例5] And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds __69__ (surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears. (2020全国卷Ⅲ)
[简析] surrounding。非谓语动词与被修饰名词the soft clouds之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作后置定语。
[例6]A piece of stone __8__ (find) on a Dutch beach suggests that our extinct human relatives, known as Neanderthals, were cleverer than previously thought. (2020北京卷)
[简析]考查非谓语动词。句意：在荷兰海滩上发现的一块石头表明，我们已经灭绝的人类亲戚尼安德特人比我们之前认为的更聪明。句子的谓语为suggests，设空处在句中作非谓语和逻辑主语之间是逻辑的被动关系。故答案为found。
[例7]Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure and offers a place where you can sit down to rest your __ 63 __ (ache) legs. (2021全国新高考Ⅰ卷)
[简析]aching 考查非谓语动词。修饰名词legs作定语，用aching，表示“疼痛的”。
二、短文改错
[例1]I have some records giving to me as birthday gifts.
[简析]giving →given。
[例2]He would also catch the food throwing to him from the other side of the room and sing happily.
[简析]throwing →thrown。
[例3]The air keeps the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon was coming down.
[简析]keeps →keeping。
[例4]We could hear the sound of the rain and our footsteps mixing with our laughter.
[简析]mixing →mixed
[例5]My classmate, Joseph, is at present in hospital with a breaking leg.
[简析]breaking →broken。
[例6]Last Sunday morning, when I was having a walk in the park near my home, I came across a crew make a new film with one of my favorite actors.
[简析]make →making。
[例7]He had time for a proper breakfast and was still the first reach the factory.
[简析]∧reach →to。序数词the first后跟动词不定式作定语。
[例8]Third, we should find ways to reuse the water using in washing, especially bath water which is quite a lot, and that will save much water.
[简析]using →used。过去分词短语作定语表被动，修饰名词the water。
[例9]Therefore, I told them interested stories and how I was enjoying Brazil.
[简析]interested →interesting。故事是“令人感兴趣的”，此处应该用现在分词作定语。
[例10]I also shared with my friends many photos taking in Beijing.
[简析]taking →taken。
[例11]I like eating frying tomatoes with eggs, and I thought it must to be easy to cook. (2020全国卷Ⅰ)
[简析]frying →fried，考查动词过去分词作定语。名词tomato与动词fry是逻辑上的动宾关系，所以将动词fry变为过去分词作定语，表达油炸蕃茄这种食物。
第五讲：非谓语动词作状语
句型一： （verb)+其它，S+V+其它.
句型二：S+V+其它， （verb)+其它.
1. v-ing短语在句子中作状语，和句子主语构成主动关系。
Eg: Turning around, she saw a police car driving up.
Looking out of the window, I saw some children playing football.
(When) hearing the news, he couldn’t help laughing.
Eg: Being poor, he couldn’t go to school.
Seeing nobody at home, he left them a note.
Not knowing his telephone number, I couldn’t get in touch with him.
Eg: She stood, waiting for a bus.
He sat there, reading a book.
The students ran out of the classroom, talking and laughing.
Eg: The child slipped and fell, hitting his head against the door.
Her husband died, leaving her four children.
They fired, killing many people in the street.
Eg: Using your head, you’ll find a good way.
Working hard, you’ll surely succeed.
备注：当v-ing形式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前时，应使用完成式：having done
Eg: Having finished his homework, he rushed out to play basketball.
2. v-ed（过去分词）作状语：v-ed用作状语时, 和句子主语构成被动关系。
Eg: Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.
They came in, followed by some children.
3. 不定式作状语
1）目的状语
常用结构为to do , in order to do, so as to do, so (such) … as to … (如此…以便…)。
Eg: He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.
I come here to say good-bye to you.
2）作结果状语，可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子后面。
Eg：He searched the room only to find nothing.
3）表原因: S+系动词+adj+ (verb).
Eg: I'm glad to see you.
Ex. 1: 用所给词的适当形式填空。
1) ____________ (not know) much French, they couldn’t make themselves understood when they were in Paris.
2) ________________ (finish) all work, they went home.
3) Sarah pretended to be cheerful, _____ (say) nothing about the argument.
4) ___________ (gather) around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people.
5) _______ (look) at my classmates’ faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.
6) It rained heavily in the south, _____ (cause) serious flooding in several provinces.
7) Tim sat near the fire (get) warm.
8) He went to the library (borrow) a book.
9) He hurried home only ( find) his money stolen.
10) (see) from the hill, the city looks beautiful.
11) Generally speaking, when ________(take) according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
12) If ________(take) the drug according to the directions, you will be better soon.
答案 1 Not knowing 2 Having finished 3 saying 4. Gathering 5 Looking
6 causing 7 to get 8 to borrow 9 to find 10 Seen 11taken 12 taking
真题感悟
一、语法填空
[例1]Children, when __21__ (accompany) by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium.
[简析]accompanied。动词accompany与主语children构成逻辑上的被动关系，故用过去分词accompanied，本题中省略的部分为they are。
[例2]__26__ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local café as a waiter.
[简析] To earn。
[例3] __31__ (shock), I took it from her automatically. She smiled and walked away.
[简析] Shocked。shock与逻辑主语I之间是被动关系，故用过去分词作状语表示被动。
[例4] If you find something you love doing outside of the office, you’ll be less likely __69__(bring) your work home.
[简析] to bring。be likely to do something“很可能做某事”。
[例5] Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal __63__ (create) special designs.
[简析] to create。动词不定式作目的状语。
[例6] People probably cooked their food in large pots, __64__ (use) twigs(树枝) to remove it.
[简析] using。use与逻辑主语People之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作伴随状语表示主动。
[例7] Soon after, I was on my way to the show, __60__ (carry) a fancy black handbag and a happy smile.
[简析] carrying。carry与逻辑主语I之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作伴随状语。
[例8]This isn't as hard as it sounds, and it is far better than any other method because you improve your vocabulary while __63__(read) an interesting piece of literature.
[简析] reading。逻辑主语you与动词read为主动关系，故用现在分词reading ... 作状语；也可视为状语从句while you are reading... 的省略形式。
[例9]The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice __64__ (improve) water quality.
[简析] to improve。根据语境“改善水质”是“政府鼓励农民种玉米而不种水稻”的目的，动词不定式作目的状语。
[例10] China’s approach to protecting its environment while __70__ (feed) its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide,” says the bank’s Juergen Voegele.
[简析] feeding。根据省略知识可知，while引导的时间状语从句中省略了主语China和be，而China和feed之间是主动关系，故填现在分词feeding。while +现在分词短语作状语，相当于while 引导的时间状语从句。
[例11] Modem methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive __64__(perform) consistently over a large area. [简析] to perform。在句型“主与+be+形容词+to do sth.”中，动词不定式常用作原因状语。
[例12] On the last day of our week-long stay, we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, __70__(listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
[简析] listening。“听音乐”这个动作是由句子主语we发出的，故用现在分词作伴随状语。或并列连词and连接两个分词形式作状语。
[例13] Nervously __2__(face) challenges, I know I will whisper to myself the two simple words “Be yourself”.
[简析] facing。“面对挑战”这个动作是由句子主语I发出的，故用现在分词作时间状语。
[例14] They are easy __68__ (care) for and make great presents. (2020全国卷Ⅱ)
[简析] to care。在句型“主与+be+形容词+to do sth.”中，动词不定式常用作原因状语。
[例15] The next morning he hired a boat and set out __67__ (find) the well-known painter. (2020全国卷Ⅲ)
[简析] to find。动词不定式用作目的状语。
[例16]From 2000 to 2019, there were 7,348 major natural disasters around the world, __ 19 __ (result) in USD 2, 970 billion in economic loss. (2021北京卷)
[简析]resulting，考查非谓语动词。句意：2000年至2019年，全球共发生重大自然灾害7348起，造成经济损失2.97万亿美元。7,348 major natural disasters around the world与result是逻辑主谓关系，且表示一种自然的结果，应用现在分词，作结果状语。
[例17]I was upset to learn that many sea animals eat plastic garbage, 57 (think)it is food. (2021全国新高考Ⅱ卷)
[简析]thinking考查非谓语动词。句意：当我得知许多海洋动物吃塑料垃圾，以为那是食物时，我很难过。分析句子结构， 57 (think)it is food.用作状语，think与其逻辑主语many sea animals之间是主动关系，用现在分词。
[例18]I decided to do something 58 (educate) people about this problem. (2021全国新高考Ⅱ卷)
[简析] to educate考查非谓语动词。句意：我决定做一些事情来教育人们这个问题。分析句子结构，作目的状语，用不定式。
二、短文改错
[例1]Shake her head, she said, “It isn’t a good time to do that, dear.”
[简析]Shake →Shaking。
[例2]But to his surprise, when he got home, he saw the animal waiting at the door,
still wore his jacket with the wallet in the pocket.
[简析]wore →wearing。
[例3]We all enjoyed this precious day greatly, remember the time we spent together and the people we were familiar with.
[简析]remember →remembering。
[例4]On the box was a card say: “25 cents each.”
[简析]say →saying。
[例5]“Excuse me,” she said, put her arm around the unhappy old woman.
[简析]put →putting。
[例6]I was at the Shanghai Railway Station buy a ticket to Hang Zhou.
[简析]buy →buying。
[例7]Follow this explanation, there was a rapid drop in the number of reported sightings, but the rate remained above the previous level.
[简析]Follow →Following。
[例8]The man did as told and slept really well, wake up before the alarm had even gone off.
[简析]wake →waking。
[例9]Felt hungry, we built a fire by the lake and barbecued the fish.
[简析]Felt →Feeling。现在分词作状语，表示主动的动作。
[例10]One evening at sunset, we sat by the fire, have our barbecue.
[简析]have →having。本句的谓语动词是sat，故用现在分词短语作状语，表主动和伴随状况。
[例11]Everyone was silent, wait to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud.
[简析]wait →waiting。主语Everyone与wait为主动关系，故用现在分词作状语，表示学生们等待着的状态。
[例12]Some of us were confident and eager take part in the class activity; others were nervous and anxious.
[简析]∧take→to。be eager to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“渴望做某事”。
[例13]All the football players on the playground cheered loudly, say that I had a talent for football.
[简析]say →saying。句意：操场上所有的足球运动员大声欢呼，说我有足球天赋。句中谓语动词为cheered，say在这里作伴随状语。与主语players是主动关系。
第六讲：非谓语动词作宾语补足语
1)不定式作补语：S+V+sb. +to do sth.
（1）常用不定式作宾补的动词或动短语有词：advise, allow, appeal to, ask, beg, call on, cause, depend on, expect, encourage, forbid, force, get, hate, help, intend, like, long for, order, permit, persuade, prefer, prepare, recommend, rely on, remind, request, require, teach, tell, urge, wait for, want, warn, wish等。
Eg: Father will not allow us to play on the street.
The officer ordered his men to fire.
（2）动词不定式作宾语补足语时,在使让动词（make, let, have）和感官动词see, notice, hear, watch, observe, feel, listen to等后面要省略不定式符号to。如:
I hear him play.
The teacher made him do the exercises again.
help后的动词不定式作宾语补足语时,不定式符号to可加可不加。如:
He often helps me to study English in his spare time.
当这些动词变为被动语态时,原不定式必须加上to。如:
He was seen to repair the machine.
2）V-ing作宾补
see, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to, hear , feel, have, leave, keep, find, catch等动词及with介词后可用v-ing形式作宾补。
Eg: Can you hear a girl singing an English song in the next room now
With his mother helping him, he is getting on well with his work.
3) 过去分词作宾补
1） 在感官动词后面做宾补
常用的感官动词包括：see, notice, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, find 等。
Eg: I can smell something burnt.
2）在使役动词后面做宾补
常用的使役动词有：have, get, make, leave等。
Eg: She had her eyes examined yesterday.
3） 在with/ without结构中
Eg：With so much work unfinished, I can’t leave now.
Ex. 1: 用括号里单词的适当形式填空。
1) I will have the clothes __________ (wash) tomorrow.
2) When they get back home, they found the room _________ (rob).
3) He would like the water _________ (boil) before drinking.
4) I saw a boy ___________ (knock) down by a car just now.
5) He shouted to make himself ________ (hear).
6) Without enough money __________ (leave), he can’t go on with his experiment.
答案：1) washed 2) robbed 3) boiled 4) knocked 5) heard 6) left
Ex. 2:真题感悟（Homework)
一、语法填空
[例1] While she was getting me __34__ (settle) into a tiny but clean room, the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to a small town some 20 kilometers away where there was a garage.
[简析] settled。空格处作使役动词get的宾补，联系句意“我是被她安置在房间里”，故用过去分词表示被动的动作。
[例2]I got on the bus and found a seat near the back, and then I noticed a man __18__ (sit) at the front.
[简析] sitting。做感官动词notice的宾语补足语，与notice的动作同时进行，用v-ing形式。
[例3] As I squeezed back into my car, I saw the same lady __28__ (look) in at me.
[简析] looking。空格处作感官动词see的宾补，联系句意“同一位女士看着我”，故用现在分词looking表示主动或正在进行的动作。
[例4]They are required __63__ (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.
[简析] to process。根据句意“它们(脂肪和盐)被用来加工我们吃的食物。”可知，用动词不定式作主补，be required to do sth.意为“被要求做某事”。
[例5] He was just saying: “I’m king of this forest, and here is your reminder!” Once his message was delivered, he allowed me __70__ (stay) and watch.
[简析] to stay。动词不定式作宾补，allow sb. to do sth.“允许某人做某事”是固定结构。
[例6] He was faced with the choice of sitting back to wait for something __22__ (happen), or pursuing a path into the unknown.
[答案与解析]to happen
[例7] They make great gifts and you see them many times __65__ (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune. (2020全国卷Ⅱ)
[简析] decorated。这是句型“see+宾语 +宾补”结构，非谓语动词与宾语them之间是被动关系，故用过去分词作宾补。
[例8]But that’s how nature is—always leaving us __ 60 __ (astonish). (2021全国新高考Ⅰ卷)
[简析]astonished 考查非谓语动词。此处为“leave+宾语+宾语补足语”结构，表示“感到惊讶的”，用astonished。
二、短文改错
[例1]I went back to get David and helped him to stood up.
[简析]stood →stand。
[例2]I found the game excited.
[简析]excited →exciting。游戏是“令人兴奋的”，此处应该用现在分词作宾补。
[例3]Besides, the foreign teachers here work hard and try their best to make the activities lively and interested.
[简析]interested →interesting。
[例4]In other words, they help to keep people strong and feel good.
[简析]feel →feeling。
[例5]Actually, I didn’t have to walk far before I found a small house standing in a field with a light shone from the sitting room.
[简析]shone →shining。
[例6]They wanted one child or another to come out and played.
[简析]played → play。
[例7]I just want to thank you for helping me becoming a different person.
[简析]becoming →become。
[例8]After autumn arrives, the city looks like an old man with leaves fallen from the trees.
[简析]fallen →falling。联系句意“秋天到了，树叶正在纷纷飘落”，此处应该用现在分词作宾补，表示正在进行的动作。
[例9]We could hear the sound of the rain and our footsteps mixing with our laughter.
[简析]mixing →mixed。
[例10]“Let’s got some more,” I said.
[简析]got →get。
[例11]So I helped them going to the nearest hospital.
[简析]going →go。
[例12]He was walking to school the other day when he let a bicycle ran right into him.
[简析]ran →run。
[例13]I noticed Mother looking at a nearby table occupy by an elderly woman and a young couple.
[简析]occupy →occupied。
[例14]My brother was so fond of the museums there that he begged my parents to staying another couple of days.
[简析]staying →stay。
[例15]The position of the classroom with its view made me felt like I was dreaming.
[简析]felt →feel。动词make后接动词原形作宾补，make sb. do sth.意为“使/让某人做某事”。
第七讲、独立主格结构
独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
独立主格结构的功能和用法
（1）名词/代词+现在分词
Eg: Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.
（2）名词/代词+过去分词
Eg: This done, we went home.
Homework finished, the boy went out to play.
（3）名词/代词+不定式
Eg: Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.
The two boys said goodbye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to his friend’s.
（4）名词/代词+形容词
Eg: An air accident happened to the lane, nobody alive.
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off.
（5）名词(代词)+副词
Eg: The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.
The lights off, we could not go on with the work.
（6）名词/代词+介词短语
Eg: Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door.
小结：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）两部分之间没有连接词连接。独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
非谓语动词综合练习
一、语篇练习
My sister, Paula, and her husband, Chris, had just finished 1________ (tuck) their young ones into bed one evening when they heard crying 2 ________ (come) from the children’s room. 3 ________ (rush) in, they found Tommy 4 _______ (cry) hysterically (歇斯底里地).
He had accidentally swallowed a 5p piece and was sure he was going to die. No amount of 5 _______ (talk) could change his mind. Trying to calm him, Chris palmed a 5p coin that he happened to have in his pocket and pretended 6 ________ (remove) it from Tommy’s ear. Tommy, naturally, was 7 _________ (delight). In a flash, he snatched it from his father’s hand, 8 ________ it and demanded cheerfully—“Do it again, Dad!”
二、写作运用
把普通的句子变成高级的非谓语。
1．He is standing there and he is singing.
He is standing there, ____________________.
2．Mary finished her homework and then she went out to play.
___________________________, Mary went out to play.
3．The teacher entered the classroom, and he was followed by a group of students.
The teacher entered the classroom, ____________________________________.
4．I’m afraid of being laughed at. I usually keep silent when I meet foreigners.
（请用非谓语动词的形式，把以上两个句子合并为一个句子）
非谓语动词综合练习
一、语篇练习
1. tucking 2. coming 3. Rushing 4. crying
5. talking 6. to remove 7. delighted 8. swallowed
二、写作运用
1. singing 2. Having finished her homework 3. followed by a group of students
4. Being afraid of being laughed at, I usually keep silent when meeting foreigners.12