外研版（2019)选择性必修第四册Unit 5 Into the unknown单词课堂课件(37张 )

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A word is a microcosm of human consciousness. — Vygotsky
教材版本：新外研 册别单元：选择性必修四 Unit 5
1. civilisation / civilization 构词：civil (有礼貌的) + -isation (名词后缀)
同源词：city, citizen (西方人认为，修建城市、开始城市生活是人类文明的开始)
2. bury 基本义：埋；隐喻：埋 (葬) 尸体 → “埋”物体，使其不被发现 → 遮盖 / 掩盖
词块：be buried in / bury oneself in
3. astronomy 构词：astro (star 星) + -nomy (……学) → 研究星辰的学科 → 天文学；派生词：astronomer
同根词：astronaut；同后缀词：economy
4. tropical 构词：tropic (热带) + -al (形容词后缀)
5. megadrought 构词：mega- (great 大的) + drought (旱灾)
6. downfall 合成词：down + fall
本单元词汇梳理
7. ruin 词块：lay / be in ruins, fall into ruin, financial ruin
8. abandon 一词多义，基本义“放弃”
派生词：abandoned
9. dismiss 构词：dis- (away 离开) + miss (to send 送走) → 将……送走 → 让……离开 (基本义)
意为“解雇”时日常英语中用fire，不用dismiss
词块：dismiss sb from sth, dismiss the class
10. expansion 构词法：expand (选必二 U3) — expansion
构词：ex- (out 向外) + pand (to stretch 伸展、延伸) +
-sion (名词后缀) → 向外伸展 → 扩展；扩大
11. getaway 合成词：get + away；来自短语动词 get away (离开、外出度假)
12. set out 一词多义：基本义“ (使) 出来”
13. uncharted 构词：un- (not) + chart (v 绘制地图) + -ed (形容词后缀)
14. shrink 基本义：收缩；词块：shrink from
15. investigation 构词：investigate (v 调查) + -ion (名词后缀)
词块：carry out a full / thorough investigation
16. shipwreck 合成词：ship + wreck (n 残骸)
17. arch(a)eological 构词：arch(a)eology (n 考古学) + -ical (形容词后缀)
派生词：arch(a)eologist
18. millimetre / millimeter 构词：milli- (毫) + metre / meter
millimetre 是英式英语，美式英语是 millimeter。
19. upward(s) 构词：up + -ward(s)；反义词：downward(s)
20. furthermore 构词：further (adv 进一步) + more
近义词：moreover，都是正式用语
21. notable 构词：note (v 注意) + -able
22. substance 构词：sub- (under) + stan (stand) + -ce (名词后缀) → 立于表象之下的东西 → 物质、事实基础
23. drilling 构词：drill + -ing (名词后缀)
24. vol (= volume) 词源义：卷 (古代西方人用一根卷轴把长篇幅的作品卷起来，作品篇幅越长，卷起来的体积越大。)
词块：turn down / up the volume, speak volumes about隐喻：物体空间上的 “容量”→ 交通的“ 容量”→ 交通量
重难点词
精讲
bury
熟词生义
dismiss
abandon
抽象名词
短语动词转化而来的合成名词
话语标记词
隐喻
damage, destroy,
ruin
精准的汉语释义
辨析义
一词多义
精准的汉语释义
一词多义
bury
The girl is burying herself in books.
看图猜词义
埋头读书
近义表达：put one’s heart into, focus on, concentrate on, be absorbed in
基本义为“埋”
埋葬：
We needed to bury the dead bodies as quickly as possible to stop disease spreading.
埋藏；掩藏；遮盖：
He believed he had spotted an unknown Maya city
buried deep in the jungle. 外研新选必④ - 5
He buried his face in his hands.
be buried in / bury oneself in 埋头于；专心致志于：
As you know, I’m still buried in books at the school
you are so familiar with.
bury vt
辨析damage, destroy, ruin
damage和destroy可谓是形影不离的好朋友，想表达“遭到破坏”到底用哪个词才对呢？我们先来看一篇学生习作。
[U] 损害；损坏；损失 harm or injury caused when sth is broken or spoiled：
He was hit by a car and suffered serious brain damage.
do / cause damage to：
The problem is clear: man has done great damage to his home over the years.
[C] [复数] 损害赔偿金：
He was ordered to pay damages of $30,000.
damage n
损害；损坏：(名词动化）
Don’t damage your health for a good figure.
侧重 “损”，可修复
damage vt
毁坏；摧毁；毁掉 to damage sth so badly that it can no longer be used or no longer exists：
The building was completely destroyed by fire.
destroy vt
消灭；杀死：
The dog attacked a child and had to be destroyed.
侧重 “毁”，无法修复
destroy = de- (down) + struere (build)
破坏一栋建筑的结构意味着毁掉这栋建筑
“被雨水毁了的头发”，用哪个词呢？
The rain ruined my hair.
头发还在，只是“美好的发型”被毁了。
在这里，理解英语释义也很重要。
destroy: to damage sth so badly that it can no longer be used or no longer exists
ruin: to damage sth so badly that it loses all its value, pleasure, etc.
糟蹋；（完全地）毁坏 to damage sth so badly that it loses all its value, pleasure, etc.：
Don’t let a small disagreement ruin your friendship.
使破产 to make sb lose all his / her money：
If she loses the court case it will ruin her.
n
[U] 毁灭；破产：
the ruin of civilization
financial ruin
[C]［常用复数］废墟；遗迹；残余：
the ruins of Rome
ruin vt
文化拓展
意大利的古罗马废墟 (the ruins of Rome)，位于斗兽场之旁，是昔日古罗马帝国的中心，是现存世界最大面积的古罗马废墟。
这座于公元72年由4万名战俘用8年时间建起来的巨大建筑，虽然毁坏严重，残破不堪，却是人类建筑史上的杰作。它的形状很像今天的体育场，近50米高的外围墙是用砖石砌成的三层石柱拱廊，周围有80个出入口，里面的阶梯式座位能同时容纳5.5万名观众。
fall into ruin（因无人照料而）衰落；败落 (go to ruin)：
These once-great Maya cities fell into ruin. 外研新选必④ - 5改
in ruins 成废墟；严重受损：
In fifteen terrible seconds a large city lay in ruins.
【词汇拓展】
ruined adj［只用于名词前］毁坏了的；严重受损的
小结
运用精准的汉语释义和英语释义区分damage, destroy和ruin。
damage 的名词和动词都侧重“损”，表示可修复，常和badly、seriously等副词搭配；
destroy 侧重“毁”，表示不可修复，不复存在，常和completely、entirely等副词搭配；
ruin 侧重“毁坏”，使美好的事物失去用途或优良特性，尽管此物仍然存在。
头发经常烫、染，容易损伤（damage）头发，需要做护理修复。烫坏、烫焦，头发就毁（destroy）了 ，只能剪掉。做个美美的发型出门，遇到大雨，头发还在，但发型被毁（ruin）了。
abandon
abandon的词源义及基本义为“放弃 (to give up)”。 abandon 的精准的汉语释义为“弃” 。
abandon 语义网络图
放弃
abandon
基本义
放弃做某事；放弃信念等
不顾义务、责任等放弃人或动物
不得已而放弃某地或某交通工具
放弃
遗弃
离弃
abandon vt 句中学
1. Rescuers had abandoned all hope of finding any more survivors.
2. People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. 2010 北京
3. Snow forced many drivers to abandon their vehicles.
4. Fearing further attacks, most of the population had abandoned the city.
放弃
遗弃
离弃
离弃
【词汇拓展】（分词形容词）
abandoned adj 被遗弃的；被离弃的；废弃的：
A shared bike is left abandoned at a bus stop.
dismiss
Friends 《老友记》
dismiss vt
［正式用语］让……离开；解散：
dismiss sb with a wave of the hand
The class was dismissed early today.
［常用于被动语态］解雇；开除：
He was dismissed from his job for incompetence.
消除（顾虑等）；拒绝考虑：
His theory has been dismissed by scholars. 外研新选必④ - 5
dismiss fears / doubts from one’s mind
构词: dis- (away 离开) + miss (to send 送走) → 将……送走 → 让……离开
dismiss
让人离开某地
让人离开岗位
让顾虑、建议等离开
同义异构：fire
让……离开dismiss
（基本义）
dismiss 语义网络图
让人离开某地
让人离开岗位
让……离开；解散
让顾虑、建议等离开
消除（顾虑等）；拒绝考虑
解雇；开除
合成名词
用方框中上下两行词构成合成名词，并用正确形式完成下列词块。
check, get, set, start, break, cut, take
out, away, through, up, off , back
1. 快速逃跑 make a quick _____________
2. 超市收银台 the supermarket _____________ counter
3. 新兴互联网公司 an Internet _____________
4. 软件安装 the _____________ of the software
5. 取得突破性进展 achieve a(n) _____________
6. 起飞速度 _____________ speed
7. 裁员 make _____________ in staff
8. 点外卖 order a(n) _____________
getaway
checkout
takeaway
set-up
breakthrough
takeoff
cutbacks
start-up
近代英语中有大量的合成名词，其中有一类是通过短语动词（动词 + 介 / 副词）转化而来的。这类合成名词的词义与其相对应的短语动词的词义相关，因此学习时要借助这些短语动词来帮助理解和记忆。
抽象名词
用“make + a(n) + 抽象名词”结构改写下列句子，使句意不变。
1. The thieves got away on a stolen motorcycle. →
The thieves ___________________ on a stolen motorcycle.
2. I’d like to reserve a room for July the 1st through the 4th.（2015 湖北）→
I’d like to _______________________ for July the 1st through the 4th.
3. The girl didn’t attempt to stop the bus for fear of making a fool of herself.（2012 广东改）→
The girl ________________ to stop the bus for fear of making a fool of herself.
4. I’ll arrange for someone to meet you at the airport. →
I’ll _________________________________________ for you to be met at the airport.
学会使用“make / have / take / give + a(n) + 抽象名词”结构替代动词可以使得表达更为丰富、地道。
made a getaway
make a room reservation
made no attempt
make arrangements / make an arrangement
表示举例：for example / instance, such as
表示总结：above all, generally speaking, in a word, in conclusion, in general, in short, on the whole, to sum up
表示递进：apart from, in addition (to), furthermore, moreover, besides
表示顺序：finally, originally, initially, first of all / firstly / at first, next, to begin with, in the beginning, once upon a time, secondly, thirdly, subsequently, earlier, meanwhile, later, afterwards
表示强调：especially, in particular
表示因果：contribute to, lead to, because of, due to, thanks to, therefore, thus, consequently, hence, as a result
表示转折：however, while, although, but, yet, on one hand ... on the other hand ..., instead, alternatively, in contrast
表示比较：on the contrary, less than / more than, similarly, likewise, in the same way
话语标记词
discourse markers
英语中的metaphor（隐喻）来源于希腊语 metaphora，该词由meta- (over) 和 pherein (to carry) 合成，合起来意思是 to carry over（拿过来）。因此，隐喻的本质是用一种事物来理解另一种事物，并且多是参照熟悉的、有形的、具体的事物来认识和表达无形的、抽象的事物。隐喻是一种思维方式，无处不在，它是多义词产生词义的主要理据。建立隐喻思维能更好地理解和掌握由基本义到衍生义这一思维。
隐喻 metaphor
本单元隐喻典型词
单词 基本义 比喻义（衍生义）
rise and fall 起伏 ____________
drive 驱动 / 驾驶 ____________
current 气流 ____________
window 窗户 ____________
open up 打开 ____________________
frontier 边界 ____________________
兴衰
根据所给提示完成表格。
驱使 / 迫使
趋势 / 潮流
渠道 / 窗口
开放
前沿
1. He buried his face in his hands.
2. Don’t damage your health for a good figure.
3. Don’t let a small disagreement ruin your friendship.
4. The class was dismissed early today.
本单元金句汇总
随堂检测
bury
一、在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
1. Based on this, he believed he had spotted an unknown Maya city ___________ (bury) deep in the jungle.
2. Rubbish ____________ (bury) in landfills（垃圾填埋场）is cut off from the surrounding environment.
3. Your letter __________________ (bury) under a pile of papers.
二、根据所给词块，将句子译成英语。
她自从考试不及格后，就埋头学习。(bury oneself in)
Since her failure in the exam, ____________________________________.
buried
buried
she’s buried herself in her studies
got / was buried
1. The bus was badly ______________ when it hit the wall.
2. The building was completely ______________ by fire.
3. It poured with rain and my dress got ______________.
4. This illness has _____________ my life.
5. Ninety percent of their island was _____________ and they had nothing. （2012 山东）
6. The homeless shelter was entirely _____________ in the huge earthquake.
一、选择适当的单词填空。
damaged
destroyed
ruined
ruined
destroyed
destroyed
damage, destroy, ruin
ruin damage destroy
1. The bad weather __________________（毁了我们的旅行）.
2. A large number of churches ______________________（毁坏）after the revolution. (ruin n)
3. The town ___________________（沦为废墟）after years of bombing.
二、根据所给汉语及提示完成下列句子。
fell into / went to ruin
was / lay in ruins
ruined our trip
abandon
写出下列句子中画线部分精准的汉语释义。
1. The match was abandoned because of bad weather. ___________
2. The search for the missing sailors was abandoned after two days.
___________
3. Fearing further attacks, most of the population had abandoned the city.
___________
4. The market might abandon the stock, and knock down its price.
__________
5. A shared bike is left abandoned at a bus stop. ___________
adj 被遗弃的
放弃 / 终止
离弃
清理
取消
dismiss
写出下列句子中画线部分精准的汉语释义。
1. Dismissing her fears, she climbed higher. ___________
2. Both actors dismissed any idea of a romantic relationship between them.
___________
3. He was so irresponsible that the boss decided to dismiss him.
___________
4. The teacher dismissed the class ten minutes early because she had a meeting. ___________
5. He just laughed and dismissed my proposal as unrealistic.
___________
否定 / 拒绝考虑
消除
否认
解散
解雇
谢
谢
观
赏