2023届高考英语名师讲义——名词复数
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| 更新时间 | 2022-09-28 21:21:27 | ||
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2023届高考英语名师讲义——名词复数
例1 (2021全国卷乙卷) ______ (activity) there range from whale watching to hiking (远足) and accommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment.
【错因分析】
本题易错原因：①未能根据谓语动词range判断主语的复数形式；②句子开头，忘记字母A的大写；③无法根据and的同形结构进行分析，对隐性提示词不敏感。题中there为干扰词，且range为动名同形，学生容易弄混词性，从而错误判断，将activity改成形容词形式active（较少见）。句子结构分析，主谓判断，是区分动名同形单词的有效办法。
【学霸解题】
句子结构：学会断句三成分（即介词短语、非谓语动词和从句），本句中and前成分，from...to...为介词短语，不做句子主干成分，故可删去。句子主干，谓语动词是关键，由此判定此句range为动词形式。
成分分析：判定空处所缺成分，明确该空所填词性，根据词性判定相应考点。名词题中，复数是最常见的一种考察形式。
【秒杀技巧】
掌握常见词的考向，确定句子结构，以主谓一致确定名词复数形式。
1.通常情况下，若提示词是名词，空格处填名词复数；若提示词是其他词性(如动词、形容词)，空格处填名词。
2.观察修饰语。一、若空格前有冠词、形容词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、动词、介词等词时，要考虑空格处是否填名词；二、考虑固定短语或固定搭配。
注：
1.不定冠词a，an后用名词单数形式。
2.有some，many，all，both，these，several等词修饰时名词用复数形式。
3.名词前有one of时，名词用复数形式。
4.谓语动词是复数，名词作主语时确定名词为复数。
例2 (2021全国卷甲卷) Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and _________ (watchtower) to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their daily routines.
【错因分析】
对watchtower的构词法没有十足的敏感性，词性判断错误，以至于无从下手。
【学霸纠错】
根据and提示，前后名词形式保持一致，即同名同性。另外，different作为提示词，虽然距离watchtower较远，但依旧其修饰作用。故正确答案为watchtowers。
【老师点评】
本题句子结构较为复杂，考察具体语境中的词性判断。gate和watchtower均为具象化词汇，契合文化自信的热点。
【答案】watchtowers
名词复数变化规则
No.1 一般情况下在词尾直接加s构成:
比如：book-books apple-apples bird-birds girl-girls
No.2以s, sh, ch, x结尾的单词，加es
比如：bus-buses class-classes watch-watches box-boxes
brush（刷子）-brushes
No.3以辅音字母+y 结尾的单词，变y为i 再加es
比如：baby--babies city--cities family--families country--counties
No.4以元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s
比如：boy--boys toy---toys monkey--monkeys holiday--holidays
No.5 以辅音+o结尾无生命的名词，直接加s; 以辅音+o结尾有生命(包括动植物）的名词，加es
比如：piano---pianos photo---photos
hero---heroes potato---potatoes
No.6 有些以f或fe结尾的单词，把f或fe变ve再加s
比如：leaf---leaves shelf---shelves
wife--wives knife---knives
No.7不规则变化
child---children foot--feet tooth---teeth
mouse--mice man---men woman---women
这里要特别注意一下，与man 和 woman 构成的合成词，其复数形式变化也是-men和-women. 比如;
policeman--policemen policewoman--policewomen
Englishman--Englishmen
German不是合成词，所以其复数形式为Germans.
No.8除此之外呢，还有些单词在单复数形式上一致，
比如：sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese, deer等。
一、单句填空题
(2021年新高考I卷) The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we ______ (human) are.
【答案】humans
【详解】how tiny we ______ (human) are为宾语从句，从句部分谓语动词为are，因此主语复数。本句中we和humans为同位语表达，容易出错。
(2020·北京) Now, lots of ______ (country) and regions are taking action to ban the sale of such bags to stop people using them.
【答案】countries
【详解】本句有较明显提示词lots of，后接可数名词时用复数形式，注意辅音+y结构单词复数，需将y变成i再加es。
(2020·海南) Also, technological know-how has become a requirement for most jobs in an increasingly digital world, as the computer has become a common tool in most ______ (profession).
【答案】professions
【详解】本句中注意most的含义，此处并非many或much的最高级，因此后不接形容词形式（professional）。本句中most解释为大多数，后接可数名词复数形式。可参照前半句的提示信息most jobs，两处结构相似。
(2020浙江)Later, they learned to work with the _____ (season).
【答案】seasons
【详解】本句中with the seasons是一个惯用表达，意思是随季节推移……季节season为可数，并非指某一特定春夏秋冬，因此用复数形式。
(2018全国卷I) Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all _____ (cause).
【答案】causes
【详解】本句有较明显提示词all，后接可数名词时用复数形式。注意提示词cause为动名同形，此处为名词，意思是原因、缘由。
(2017全国卷I) This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界）as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side _____ (effect) such as overweight and heart disease-the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
【答案】effects
【详解】本句有较明显提示词some，后接可数名词时用复数形式。注意提示词effect和affect在词性上的区别，前者为名词，后者为动词。学生常见错误是无法识别some的提示作用，主要受unintended side两个词的干扰。本句中side effects的意思是副作用，可进行词块积累。
(2017全国卷Ⅲ)She has turned down several _____ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.
【答案】invitations
【详解】本句有较明显提示词several，后接可数名词时用复数形式。积累词组turn down，意思是拒绝。
(2016全国卷I)The nursery team switches him every few _____ (day) with his sister
【答案】days
【详解】本句有较明显提示词few，后接可数名词时用复数形式。.注意few后加可数名词复数，little加不可数名词，但a little可加可数名词单数，意思是小，比如a little present一份小礼物；a little girl一位小姑娘。
(2016全国卷II) Recent _____ (study) show that we are far more productive at work.
【答案】studies
【详解】本题难点在于study和show均为动名同形，需要确定各自的词性。从that从句可判定，此句中show为动词，后接宾语从句。主句部分，谓语动词原形，则可判定主语应为名词复数，保持主谓一致。因此答案为studies。注意辅音+y结构单词复数，需将y变成i再加es。
(2015全国卷I) I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese _____ (painting).
【答案】paintings
【详解】本句有较明显提示词many，后接可数名词时用复数形式。本题需对painting的词性有精准的判断。相似结构的动词名词化，还包括building, finding等。
(2014全国卷I)For most of us, the _____ (change) are gradual.
【答案】changes
【详解】谓语动词原形，则可判定主语应为名词复数，保持主谓一致。本题需注意change为动名同形，此处词性为名词。
例1 (2021全国卷乙卷) ______ (activity) there range from whale watching to hiking (远足) and accommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment.
【错因分析】
本题易错原因：①未能根据谓语动词range判断主语的复数形式；②句子开头，忘记字母A的大写；③无法根据and的同形结构进行分析，对隐性提示词不敏感。题中there为干扰词，且range为动名同形，学生容易弄混词性，从而错误判断，将activity改成形容词形式active（较少见）。句子结构分析，主谓判断，是区分动名同形单词的有效办法。
【学霸解题】
句子结构：学会断句三成分（即介词短语、非谓语动词和从句），本句中and前成分，from...to...为介词短语，不做句子主干成分，故可删去。句子主干，谓语动词是关键，由此判定此句range为动词形式。
成分分析：判定空处所缺成分，明确该空所填词性，根据词性判定相应考点。名词题中，复数是最常见的一种考察形式。
【秒杀技巧】
掌握常见词的考向，确定句子结构，以主谓一致确定名词复数形式。
1.通常情况下，若提示词是名词，空格处填名词复数；若提示词是其他词性(如动词、形容词)，空格处填名词。
2.观察修饰语。一、若空格前有冠词、形容词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、动词、介词等词时，要考虑空格处是否填名词；二、考虑固定短语或固定搭配。
注：
1.不定冠词a，an后用名词单数形式。
2.有some，many，all，both，these，several等词修饰时名词用复数形式。
3.名词前有one of时，名词用复数形式。
4.谓语动词是复数，名词作主语时确定名词为复数。
例2 (2021全国卷甲卷) Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and _________ (watchtower) to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their daily routines.
【错因分析】
对watchtower的构词法没有十足的敏感性，词性判断错误，以至于无从下手。
【学霸纠错】
根据and提示，前后名词形式保持一致，即同名同性。另外，different作为提示词，虽然距离watchtower较远，但依旧其修饰作用。故正确答案为watchtowers。
【老师点评】
本题句子结构较为复杂，考察具体语境中的词性判断。gate和watchtower均为具象化词汇，契合文化自信的热点。
【答案】watchtowers
名词复数变化规则
No.1 一般情况下在词尾直接加s构成:
比如：book-books apple-apples bird-birds girl-girls
No.2以s, sh, ch, x结尾的单词，加es
比如：bus-buses class-classes watch-watches box-boxes
brush（刷子）-brushes
No.3以辅音字母+y 结尾的单词，变y为i 再加es
比如：baby--babies city--cities family--families country--counties
No.4以元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s
比如：boy--boys toy---toys monkey--monkeys holiday--holidays
No.5 以辅音+o结尾无生命的名词，直接加s; 以辅音+o结尾有生命(包括动植物）的名词，加es
比如：piano---pianos photo---photos
hero---heroes potato---potatoes
No.6 有些以f或fe结尾的单词，把f或fe变ve再加s
比如：leaf---leaves shelf---shelves
wife--wives knife---knives
No.7不规则变化
child---children foot--feet tooth---teeth
mouse--mice man---men woman---women
这里要特别注意一下，与man 和 woman 构成的合成词，其复数形式变化也是-men和-women. 比如;
policeman--policemen policewoman--policewomen
Englishman--Englishmen
German不是合成词，所以其复数形式为Germans.
No.8除此之外呢，还有些单词在单复数形式上一致，
比如：sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese, deer等。
一、单句填空题
(2021年新高考I卷) The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we ______ (human) are.
【答案】humans
【详解】how tiny we ______ (human) are为宾语从句，从句部分谓语动词为are，因此主语复数。本句中we和humans为同位语表达，容易出错。
(2020·北京) Now, lots of ______ (country) and regions are taking action to ban the sale of such bags to stop people using them.
【答案】countries
【详解】本句有较明显提示词lots of，后接可数名词时用复数形式，注意辅音+y结构单词复数，需将y变成i再加es。
(2020·海南) Also, technological know-how has become a requirement for most jobs in an increasingly digital world, as the computer has become a common tool in most ______ (profession).
【答案】professions
【详解】本句中注意most的含义，此处并非many或much的最高级，因此后不接形容词形式（professional）。本句中most解释为大多数，后接可数名词复数形式。可参照前半句的提示信息most jobs，两处结构相似。
(2020浙江)Later, they learned to work with the _____ (season).
【答案】seasons
【详解】本句中with the seasons是一个惯用表达，意思是随季节推移……季节season为可数，并非指某一特定春夏秋冬，因此用复数形式。
(2018全国卷I) Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all _____ (cause).
【答案】causes
【详解】本句有较明显提示词all，后接可数名词时用复数形式。注意提示词cause为动名同形，此处为名词，意思是原因、缘由。
(2017全国卷I) This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界）as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side _____ (effect) such as overweight and heart disease-the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
【答案】effects
【详解】本句有较明显提示词some，后接可数名词时用复数形式。注意提示词effect和affect在词性上的区别，前者为名词，后者为动词。学生常见错误是无法识别some的提示作用，主要受unintended side两个词的干扰。本句中side effects的意思是副作用，可进行词块积累。
(2017全国卷Ⅲ)She has turned down several _____ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.
【答案】invitations
【详解】本句有较明显提示词several，后接可数名词时用复数形式。积累词组turn down，意思是拒绝。
(2016全国卷I)The nursery team switches him every few _____ (day) with his sister
【答案】days
【详解】本句有较明显提示词few，后接可数名词时用复数形式。.注意few后加可数名词复数，little加不可数名词，但a little可加可数名词单数，意思是小，比如a little present一份小礼物；a little girl一位小姑娘。
(2016全国卷II) Recent _____ (study) show that we are far more productive at work.
【答案】studies
【详解】本题难点在于study和show均为动名同形，需要确定各自的词性。从that从句可判定，此句中show为动词，后接宾语从句。主句部分，谓语动词原形，则可判定主语应为名词复数，保持主谓一致。因此答案为studies。注意辅音+y结构单词复数，需将y变成i再加es。
(2015全国卷I) I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese _____ (painting).
【答案】paintings
【详解】本句有较明显提示词many，后接可数名词时用复数形式。本题需对painting的词性有精准的判断。相似结构的动词名词化，还包括building, finding等。
(2014全国卷I)For most of us, the _____ (change) are gradual.
【答案】changes
【详解】谓语动词原形，则可判定主语应为名词复数，保持主谓一致。本题需注意change为动名同形，此处词性为名词。