(共30张PPT)
第2讲 十大词类
十大词类
一句话记住十大词类
Wow! The beautiful girl gave two kisses to him and run away quickly!
口诀助记十大词:________________________________________
感叹词
冠词
形容词
名词
动词
数词
名词
介词
代词
连词
动词
副词
副词
名代动,形副数,介连冠感
词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句中的功用,可以分成十个大类。
名词 (表示人或事物名称的词)
名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词。
专有名词是具体的人名、地名、机构名、国名、月份、节日或某
一事物所特有的名称。
如:Beijing, Sunday, the United States, the Spring Festival...
普通名词是表示某一类人、事物或者抽象概念的名词。
如:book, class, water,sadness...
十大词类
普通名词又可分为下面四类:
1. 个体名词:表示个别人或事物的名词。
如: bike, person
2. 集体名词:表示若干人或事物组成的集合体。
如: family, class
3. 物质名词:表示无法分为个体的物质或材料的名词。
如: air, water
4. 抽象名词:表示某种拼字、感情、状态、动作等抽象意义的名词。
如: happiness, success
十大词类
可数名词
不可数名词
代词(代替名词的词)
代词可以分为下列九类:
1.人称代词:I you he she it we you they (主格)
me you him her it us you them (宾格)
2. 物主代词:
my your his her its our your their (形容词性物主代词)
mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs (名词性物主代词)
名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词
3. 反身代词: myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themseles
十大词类
4. 相互代词:each other/one another
5. 指示代词: this that these those
6. 不定代词:all, both, either, neither, each, every以及some-,any-,every-,no-加上body,
one,thing合成的代词。例如: everything, someone, nobody...
十大词类
7. 疑问代词:what, who, whom, whose,which在句子中构成特殊疑问句
eg. What are you doing
8. 连接代词:疑问代词都可以用作连接代词,引导名词性从句
eg. Do you know who did it
9. 关系代词: who,whom,that,which,whose,as等用作关系代词引导定语从句。
eg. I know the girl who wears a red coat.
十大词类
形容词(表示人或事物的性质,状态和特征的词)
1. 修饰名词作定语
a beautiful girl
an old man
2. 放在系动词之后作表语
She is clever.
The flower looks beautiful.
十大词类
3. 放在宾语之后作宾语补足语
keep our class clean
make me happy
4. 修饰不定代词something, anything, everthing等时, 放在这些词的后面作
定语
something interesting
5.the+形容词表示一类人,谓语动词用复数
the old the young
the rich the poor
十大词类
副词(主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或整个句子)
说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。
1. 时间副词: soon,then,today,tomorrow,now等
2. 地点副词: here,there,everywhere,ourdoors等
3. 程度副词: very,quite,rather,enough,entirely等
4. 方式副词: carefully,politely,suddenly,calmly等
5. 频度副词: often, always,never, usually等
十大词类
6. 疑问副词: how, when,where, why在句子中构成特殊疑问句
eg. Where is Lily
7. 连接副词: how,when,where,why,whether,引导名词性从句
eg. Do you know where Lily is
8. 关系副词: 由when,where,why用作关系副词来引导定语从句。
eg. There was a time when the sky was very blue.
十大词类
动词(表示动作或者是状态的词)
动词的分类:根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为行为动词(实义动词)、系动词、
助动词和情态动词四类。
1.实义动词:实义动词意思完全,能独立作谓语。
分为:及物动词与不及物动词(vt and vi.)
及物动词后面要直接接宾语。
不及物动词后面不跟宾语。
eg. I study hard. She sings well.
I study English. She sang a song.
十大词类
十大词类
延续性动词和非延续性动词
根据动作是否延续,实义动词又分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。
如:rain, live, work, learn等是延续性动词,
go, come, leave, start等是非延续性动词。
注:非延续性动词在肯定句中通常不与表示时间段连用。
如:[译]他离开这里三天了。
[误]He has left here for three days.
[正]He has been away from here for three days.
[正]He left here three days ago.
十大词类
2.系动词
系动词亦称联系动词。不能单独作谓语,后面必须跟表语,构成系表结构
说明主语的状况,性质,特征等。系动词无被动。
1) 状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be一词。
eg. He is a teacher.
2) 持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要keep, remain,
stay, lie, stand
eg. He always kept silent at meeting.
十大词类
3) 表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look
eg. He seems (to be) very sad.
4) 感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, look
eg. This kind of cloth feels very soft.
5) 变化系动词表示主语变成什么样,主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come.
eg. Our country is becoming richer and richer.
6) 结果是;证明是 prove, turn out
eg. The rumor proved false.
His plan turned out a success.
十大词类
3.助动词
常用的助动词有be,have,do
1)助动词本身没有意义,不可单独使用
2)可以表示时态
eg. I am doing my homework.
He has got married.
3)可以表示语态
eg. He was sent to Beijing.
十大词类
4)可以构成疑问句
Do you like your student
5)与否定词not连用,构成否定句
eg. I do not like you.
6)加强语气
eg. He did love you.
十大词类
4.情态动词(其后+动词原形)
本身有一定的词义,但要与动词原形一起使用,给谓语动词增添情态色彩。
表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能,应该,必要等。
主要有must, can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, need, dare...
eg. You should study hard.
He must go to college.
十大词类
动词有5种形态
动词原形 do
第三人称单数形式 does
过去式 did
过去分词 done
现在分词 doing
数词(表示数目多少或顺序多少的词)
数词分为基数词和序数词。
表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
1.基数词
one,two,three,...
2.序数词
first—1st, second—2nd, third—3rd,...
十大词类
3.数词的用法
1) 倍数表示: once, twice, three times, four times...
2) 分数表示法
基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1,分母用复数。
1/3: one-third
2/5: two-fifths
十大词类
介词 (一种用来表示词与词,词与句之间关系的虚词)
at,on,in,during,until,to,after...
英语介词不可单独使用,后面必须跟名词, 代词, 动名词或句子构成介宾结构 等。
十大词类
冠词(用在名词前,帮助说明名词的虚词)
a, an——泛指
the——特指
十大词类
连词(是一种虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。)
连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。
1. 并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。
如:and, but, or, nor, so, as well as, both…and, not only…but also,
either…or, neither…nor, (and) then,等等。
2. 从属连词经常引导一个从句, 连接主句和从句。
如: when, where, because, if , as,等
十大词类
感叹词(表示喜怒哀乐等情感的虚词)
hello, hi, wow, oh, well...
十大词类
一、十大词类
分类 名称 缩写 意义 重要考点
实词 名词 n. 命名万事万物:分为专有名词和普通名词,普通名词可分为__________和__________ 可数名词变复数、常见不可数名词、名词所有格、抽象名词的具体化,词性转换
代词 pron. 代替名词: __________、 __________、 __________、 __________、__________、__________、__________、__________、__________ 各种代词的用法;it的用法
动词 v. 表动作或状态:包括 ___________________、 __________、__________和 __________ 谓语动词的时态、语态、主谓一致及虚拟语气;非谓语动词
形容词 adj. 修饰__________或__________ 形容词与副词的转换;形容词、副词的比较级和最高级;动词、名词变形容词;易混形容词副词辨析
副词 adv. 修饰__________、__________、__________或__________
数词 num. 表数量/顺序:分为 __________和 __________ 基数词和序数词的用法
可数名词
不可数名词
人称代词
物主代词
反身代词
指示代词
行为动词(实义动词)
系动词
助动词
情态动词
名词
代词
动词
形容词
副词
整个句子
基数词
序数词
关系代词
连接代词
疑问代词
相互代词
不定代词
十大词类
分类 名称 缩写 意义 重要考点
虚词 介词 prep. 介词是一种虚词,不能单独使用,需用在__________、__________、____________和__________的前面 介词的用法及搭配
连词 conj. 分为 __________和 __________ 并列连词和从属连词的用法
冠词 art. 用于 __________前或“形容词修饰的名词”前。 冠词分为不定冠词____、____和定冠词____。 冠词的用法及搭配
感叹词 int. 表语气(hello,hi,wow,oh, well...) 了解
实词可以____________________,虚词不可以____________________
名词
代词
动名词doing
宾语从句
并列连词
从属连词
名词
单独做句子成分
单独做句子成分
a
an
the
1. Young __________(child) sat under a tree with green __________(leaf) and talked about their dreams. Some __________(student) dream was that they hoped they would became great __________(music).2. Mr. Zhang is __________(we) English teacher and he always helps__________(I) learn English patiently. He taught __________(he) when he was young. I consider him a friend of __________(I).3. The boy’s father __________(pass) away two years ago, __________(leave) him a great sum of money. 4. In the past few years, great changes __________(take) place in our hometown.
练习
children
leaves
students’
musician
our
himself
me
mine
passed
leaving
have taken
5.__________(unlucky), the old man was __________(serious) hurt in the accident. But doctors were__________ (amaze) that the man recovered much _______ (quickly) than expected..
6.__________(hundred) of guests gathered to celebrate the old man’s_______ (ninety-nine) birthday. Although the old man was in his __________(ninety), he was in good health.
7.__________a cold morning, a group __________ policemen searched the forest __________the murderer(杀人犯).
8.They searched everywhere __________still couldn’t find the murder __________ killed the woman.
9.As________ university student, I was moved by________movie My people, My country.
练习
Hundreds
of
nineties
On
for
but
a
ninety-ninth
who/that
the
Unluckily
seriouly
amazed
more quickly
THANK YOU!