课堂导学
基础巩固
一、词汇详解
1.It exploded loudly with fire and rock,which were in time to produce the water vapor,carbon dioxide,oxygen,nitrogen and other gases,...
它（地球）巨大的爆炸喷出了烈火与岩石，最终产生了水蒸气、二氧化碳、氧、氮和其他多种气体，……?
要点提示:?
in time来得及;总有一天，迟早?
典型例句:?
I was just in time for the flight.?
我刚好来得及赶上那班飞机。?
I will see him in time.
总有一天我会遇见他。?
相关链接:?
与time相关的短语?
in no time立即，立刻
at any time 在任何时候?
at one time曾经，一度
at times 有时，偶尔?
on time按时，准时
of the time现在的，当时的?
例如：
I jump into the river in no time.我立即跳入河中。?
You may use my watch at any time.?
你可以随时用我的手表。?
At one time there were not so many cars on the streets.?
从前街上没有这么多车子。?
At times I go to the playground to play football.?
我有时到操场踢足球。?
The guest reached the hall on time.客人准时到达大厅。?
I think he is the greatest musician of the time.?
我想他是当代最伟大的音乐家。
应用探究
短语填空
in time on time in no time at one time at times at any time?
(1)—Why are you in a hurry to leave here??
—Get home ______ to bathe the children.?
(2)These buses are never ______ and the passengers are always complaining.?
(3)I am away,please call me ______ if someone come to see me.?
(4)You can’t imagine this lake used to be a beautiful place in our province ______.?
(5)He rushed out of the kitchen ______ when he heard the shout.?
(6) ______ I sit silently and wonder if this kind of job is worth all the effort.?
答案：
(1)in time (2)on time (3)at any time?(4)at one time (5)in no time (6)At times
赠言
（1）True friendship lasts forever.?
（2）With a true friend,the world is but a little place after all.
2.It allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases,which had become part of the earth’s atmosphere,into the oceans and seas.?
它使地球把曾经存在于大气层中的有害气体溶解在海洋里。?
要点提示:?
allow动词有下列用法:allow sb.sth.同意给某人某物;allow sb.to do sth.允许某人做某事;allow doing sth.允许做某事，与permit在很多情况下可以通用。其他动词advise，forbid 也有类似用法。?
典型例句:?
The reading?room doesn’t allow smoking.?
阅览室不准吸烟。?
People are not allowed to spit in public.?
不许当众吐痰。?
相关链接:?
permit,allow的不同用法:?
(1)allow可以和副词连用，permit则不能。如:Mary wouldn’t allow me in.玛丽不让我进去。
(2)表示客气的请求时，主语是you应当用permit，以表示下级对上级，幼辈对长辈，低层对高层人尊敬的请求。若主语用I，则应当用allow的被动形式。如:May I be allowed to use this knife?=Will you permit me to use this knife?我可以用你的刀子吗？
翻译
(1)The girl’s parents are very strict and they don’t allow the girl to stay out beyond midnight.
__________________________________________________________________________
(2)We don’t allow making a noise in the meeting room of the school.
__________________________________________________________________________
(3)I allow the little boy a bike for his birthday present.?
__________________________________________________________________________
答案：?
(1)女孩的父母相当严厉，他们不允许她待在外面超过12点。?
（2）我们不准有人在学校的会议室里吵闹。?
（3）我答应给小男孩自行车作为生日礼物。
开心一刻
A chemist asked for marriage to his girl?friend and said,“I am oxygen atom(氧原子) ‘O’,and you are hydrogen atom(氢原子) ‘H’.So the combine between us is very steady as ‘water’.As you know,water is very beautiful.”?
The girl-friend asked,“Then where is the other ‘H’?”
3.This encouraged the development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish.?
这促进了早期贝壳类动物和各种鱼类的生长发育。?
要点提示:?
development n. 发展，发育，成长，开发?
典型例句:?
There have been many new developments in gene.?
基因方面已经有几项新的发展。?
Father watched the development of his baby with interest.?
爸爸充满兴趣地看着孩子的成长。?
相关链接:?
with the development of society 随着社会的发展?
political development政治动态?
housing development住宅区
填空
(1)As the new country ______ (develop),more and more people live a happy and easy life.?
(2)America is a ______ (develop) country,the average income is very large.?
(3)In Africa,some countries are _____ (develop) countries.They are badly need other countries aid.
(4)With the ______ (develop) of economy,our society still needs the rapid development of civilization.
答案：
(1)develops (2)developed (3)developing?(4)development?
4.They were the last group of animals and they were different because they produced their young from within their bodies.?
它们是最为进化的一类动物。从体内生产出幼仔是它们不同与以往动物的特征。?
要点提示:?
different adj.不同的，相异的，常与介词from连用。强调different时，使用very, much, quite, entirely,totally等单词。?
典型例句:?
They are quite different in their tastes.?
他们的品位差异很大。?
My opinion is different from yours.
我的意见和你的不同。?
相关链接:?
同根的词语:?
differently adv.不同地;有差别地?
difference n. 差异；差额；意见不同
完成句子
(1)My opinion is ______ from yours.
我的观点与你的观点不同。?
(2)The people coming from different places all over the world speak English ______.?
来自世界不同地方的人说英语不同。?
(3)The twin sisters went to ______ middle schools.?
这双胞胎姐妹在不同的中学就读。?
答案：
(1)different (2)differently (3)different
5.Small clever animals,now with hands and feet,appeared and spread all over the earth.?
一些小巧聪明，长着手脚的动物出现了，它们散布在地球各个?地方?。?
要点提示:?
spread(spread,spread) vt.使伸展，延伸vi.（消息等）传开，流行
典型例句:?
Mum spread a new cloth bought in the supermarket on the table when we had dinner.?
我们吃饭时妈妈在桌子上铺上一条从超市买来的新桌布。?
He spread out his arms to welcome us warmly.?
他张开双臂热情地欢迎我们。?
The exciting news spread through the school quickly.?
这激动人心的消息很快传遍了学校。?
相关链接:?
spread out 传开?
spread rumors 散布谣言?
spread like wildfire 像野火一般传开?
spread oneself 舒展身体?
spread the table 铺桌子?
spread the load 分摊(工作量)
阅读
阅读时文，体会spread含义
(1)Foot and mouth disease(口蹄疫) spread is a fast spreading disease.
Now it has begun its killing on the whole British countryside,forcing the closure of almost everything ―from country visits to sports events,with all preparing for the worst.?
(2)Fear had spread the nation,indeed the whole world.An unknown deadly virus had infected thousands quickly.There was no cure and the number of cases was rising every day.In the media,SARS seemed to be the topic of every headline.In Beijing,the streets were empty.Few had to go outside with masks covering their mouths.?
答案：略
6.They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.?
他们把过多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中，这使得地球上的热不能释放到太空中去?
要点提示:?
prevent sb./sth.(from) doing sth.阻止某人或者某事做某事?
典型例句:?
His words can’t prevent us from buying books.?
他的话不会阻止我们买书。?
The heavy rain prevented us going on,but we didn’t lose heart.?
大雨阻止我们前进，但是我们不灰心丧气。?
相关链接:?
另外，与这种结构相似的有stop sb./sth.(from) doing sth.（from可以省略） 和keep sb./sth.from doing sth.（from不可以省略）。?
Lynn’s parents tried to stop her seeing him.?
林恩的父母企图阻止她和他见面。?
You won’t keep the things from happening.?
你不能阻止事情发生。
英泽汉
(1)Nothing would prevent him from speaking out against injustice.?
______________________________________________________
答案：什么也不能阻止他鸣不平。?
(2)Please have an apple to keep you going until dinner time.?
______________________________________________________
答案：吃个苹果就能挨到吃晚饭了。
单项选择
（3）The heavy rain _____ us visiting the attractive lake,but we didn’t _____.?
A.prevented;lose the heart?
B.prevented;lose heart?
C.kept;lose the heart?
D.kept;lose the heart?
解析:第一分句的意思是:大雨使得我们不能参观那湖水，可以用prevented /kept sb. from doing sth.，第二分句意思是:我们并没有灰心丧气，用lose heart表达。选 B项。?
答案:B
7.Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.?
在未来的数百万年中，生命能否在地球上延续取决于这个问题能否得到解决。?
要点提示:?
depend on/upon意思为“依靠，依赖”，常用结构是 depend on sb./ sth.，depend on sb. to do sth.。
典型例句:?
The country depends heavily on its tourist trade.?
这个国家主要依靠旅游业。?
The poor man depends his son to earn money.?
这个穷人依靠他的儿子去赚钱。?
相关链接:?
要特别注意depend on it常用于句首或句末，意思为“请放心，没问题”;It all depends和That depends意思为“看情况而定”，二者都用于口语中。例如：?
Depend on it,he’ll turn up.?
请放心，他一定会来的。?
It depends how you tackle the problem.?
那取决于你如何解决这个问题。
完成句子
(1)—Is your father coming tomorrow??
— _______ _______ (那要看情况).He may not have the time.?
(2)—We don’t know if we can offer help.?
—_______ _______ _______ (一切看情况而定).
(3)—What is your attitude??
—_______ _______ _______ (请放心).We won’t give up.?
答案：
(1)That depends (2)It all depends?(3)Depend on it?
脑筋急转弯
(1)Why is the library the highest building??
(2)Why is the river very rich??
(3)What is the longest word in the world??
答案：?
(1)It has the most stories.（故事，楼层）?
(2)It has two banks.（岸，银行）?
(3)smiles（首尾字母相隔一英里）
8.They exist everywhere on the earth.?
他们存在于地球上各个地方。?
要点提示:?
exist v.存在;there exist表示“存在/有”，此时exist不用进行时。?
典型例句:?
Several people believe the Devil exists in the world.?
少数人认为世界上存在恶魔。?
There exists warm?hearted person everywhere.?
好人到处都有。?
Conference like the Earth Summit help people understand that there exist serious problems and that there is still time to take action.?
像地球峰会一样的会议有助于人们明白现存在的严重问题，也明白还有时间来采取行动的。?
相关链接:?
there exist表示“存在/有”，是 “there be”句型的延伸，类似的还有:
there stand,there lie,there live,there occur。
改错
(1)It is surprising that a kind of animal is existing in the dry desert.?
(2)There exist a good way to solve many difficult physics problems.?
答案：?
(1)is existing→exists
(2)exist→exists
幽默
Son:Daddy,I think I must go to see the doctor.My teacher says there is something wrong with my ears.?
Dad:What is the matter?
Son:Things always go into my left ear and out of my right ear in class.
9.Before we left,Li Yanping explained to me that the force of gravity would change three times on our journey...?
我们起飞前，李彦平向我解释说，在我们的航行中会有三次重力的改变，……
要点提示:?
force n.力，力量;（forces pl.）军队;暴力，武力 ?
典型例句:?
The force of the explosion broke all the windows in the building.?
那爆炸将该建筑物的玻璃全部震碎。?
No man would use force on another in a truly ?civilized? society.?
在真正的文明社会中，不会有人对他人实施暴力。?
相关链接:?
by force of 依据，凭借……之力
come into force（法律）实施?
labor force 劳动力
the air force空军
观察猜想
观察下面几个句子中的force意义和词性是否一样
(1)The spokesman said that it was quite wrong to solve the dispute by force instead of by peaceful talk.
(2)The force of the explosion made all the glass fall into pieces.?
(3)Every president want to use the forces of his country to strength his rule.?
(4)They forced the Qing Government to sign the paper.?
答案：?
(1)n.武力 (2)n. 力?(3)n. 军队 (4)v.迫使
10.I cheered up immediately and floated weightlessly around in our spaceship cabin watching the earth become smaller and the moon larger.?
我立刻高兴起来，由于失重我在太空舱里飘来飘去，我望着地球越来越小，而月球越来越大。?
要点提示:?
cheer up感到高兴，提起精神?
典型例句:?
I cheered up the moment I heard the news.?
一听到消息，我感到高兴。?
Cheer up! We are near the finish line.?
打起精神，我们临近终点线了。?
相关链接:?
cheer v.& n. 欢呼，喝彩，加油;cheer 作“欢呼，喝彩”讲时为不及物动词;作及物动词时，意思为“向……欢呼”；作名词时，有“欢呼，喝彩（声）”的意思；Cheers！干杯！
翻译
(1)The singer was cheered by the fans.?
__________________________________________________________________
(2)She heard the cheers of the children,and she knew the performance started.
__________________________________________________________________
(3)The people waiting on the playground cheered when the leader appeared.
__________________________________________________________________
答案：
(1)歌迷欢呼歌星。?
(2)她听到了孩子们的欢呼声，她知道演出开始了。?
(3)当领导出现时，在操场上等待的人们发出欢呼声。
11.If you are right,my mass will be less than on the earth because the moon is smaller and I will be able to move more freely.?
要是你对了，我的质量就会比地球上小，因为月亮比地球小，而我就能更加自由活动了。
要点提示:?
mass n.块，堆;多数，大量（常与of连用）;大小，体积，质量
典型例句:?
She has a mass of things to do.
他有一大堆事要干。?
Your mass doesn’t change if you are in this room.?
在这个屋子里你的质量不会发生改变。?
相关链接:?
mass communication大众媒体?
mass meeting群众大会?
mass production大量生产?
the mass media大众传媒?
the masses大众?
in the mass总体上，大体上
完成句子
(1)The talented actor played an part in the film which is popular with ______ ______.?
这位多才多艺的演员在这部受大众欢迎的电影中担任角色。
(2)Large ______ ______ black clouds appeared in the blue sky.
一大块一大块的黑云出现在蓝色的天空中。?
(3) ______ ______ ______,we all need a great deal of information about the economy.
大体上，我们都需要大量的有关经济方面的情报。?
答案：?
(1)the masses (2)masses of (3)In the mass
12.But I step forward I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.?
而当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出好远，步子的跨度竟是地球上的两倍。?
要点提示:?
在本句中，用twice as far as表示倍数，符合“倍数+原级”。?
典型例句:?
The road is twice as wide as that road.?
这条路是那条路的两倍宽。?
相关链接:?
此类相似结构还有:倍数+比较级;倍数+what;倍数+抽象名词等。例如:?
What I get is twice more than Mr Wang.?
我所得比王先生多两倍。?
The room is twice the size of my brother’s room.?
这屋子是我哥哥屋子的两倍大。?
His income is ten times what I get in this area.?
他的收入是我在这地区收入的10倍。?
Your shirt is twice the size of mine.?
你的衬衫是我的衬衫两倍大。
选择填空
(1)—How are you getting on with your project??
—______ your speed.?
A.Twice faster than?
B.Twice as faster as?
C.Double?
D.As twice as
解析:单从用于第二句的选项看，B、D两项比较级的表达形式就不对;A项形式虽然对，却不能用来回答问题。其问句意思是:你最近工程进展如何？答:加倍进行。double是动词，意思是“使速度加倍增进”。故选C项。?
答案:C
(2)The house rent is expensive.I have got about half the space I had at home and I am paying ______ here.
A.as 3 times much?
B.as much three times?
C.much as 3 times?
D.3 times as much?
解析:本题考查形容词的同级比较，倍数放在比较级之前，3 times as much之后省去了 as I paid at home。故选D项。?
答案:D
13.We watched amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earth’s gravity increased.?
我们惊奇地看着，随着地球的引力增加，宇宙飞船的外层燃烧起火。?
要点提示:?
break out 战争（火灾等不愉快事情）发生?
典型例句:?
Several scuffles broke out in the crowd.
人群中发生了几场混战。?
When the fire broke out,many workers had escaped.?
火灾发生时，很多工人早已逃走了。?
相关链接:?
break in 打断，侵入，打岔?
break up 拆散，打碎?
break down 分解，不成功，毁坏?
break into 闯入;破门而入?
break through 突破（障碍），显现?
break away from 逃走，从……中脱离
选词填空
break in break through break out break into break away from?
(1)They kissed,then she _____ him and ran out of the room.?
(2)When they reached the room,they found the room had been _____.
(3)Mother and I had a discussion about how to visit Beijing and my elder brother would sometimes _____ with a suggestion.?
(4)We are very sorry to see the civil war _____ at last.?
(5)At 10 o’clock in the morning 300 tanks prepared to _____ the enemy lines.?
答案：
(1)broke away from (2)broken into (3)break in (4)break out (5)break through
二、句型必背 ?
1. What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began to slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun.?
随后它会变成什么曾经是一个迷，直到最后这团尘埃开始慢慢地合成一个环绕太阳运转的球状物。?
要点提示:?
“be+动词不定式”结构在本句中表示“计划，打算”。?
典型例句:?
The line is to be opened to traffic on National Day.?
这条铁路将在国庆节通车。
The Queen is to visit Japan next year.?
女王将于明年访问日本。??
相关链接:?
“be+动词不定式”的常见用法还有:?
(1)表示命令，意为“必须，不得不”(=must,have to)。如：?
You are to do your homework before you watch TV.?
你得做完了作业才能看电视。?
(2)表示可能性，相当于can，主要用于疑问句和否定句。如：?
How am I to know what has become of him??
我怎么知道他的遭遇如何呢？?
Not a sound was to be heard.
一点声音也不可能听到。
(3)表示假设。如：
Certain skills must be learned if one is to use ?English? well.?
如果想要用好英语，某些技巧是必须得学的。?
(4)表示目的。如：
This house is to be let or sold.?
这房子要出租或出售。?
(5)表示“命运注定……”，通常用于过去时。
选择填空
(1)In dry weather the flowers will have to be watered if they _____.
A.have survived
B.are to survive?
C.would survive
D.will survive?
解析:本题考查真实条件句，如果花要活下去的话，就必须浇水。A、C、D三项时态不对，are to survive 并不是真正的将来时态，而是要表示预期、期望。故选B项。
答案:B
(2)It was the boy,rather than his teachers _____ for what the boy had done.?
A.are to blame
B.are to blamed?
C.is to blame
D.is to be blamed?
解析:rather than his teachers可以看作插入成分，和the boy相对应的应用is to blame，is to be blamed是错误的。答案是C项。?
答案:C
猜测句意
(3)If we are to develop the world successfully,we must make sure that everyone is able to take part in the new world we create.?
(4)She came to power,but she was to pay dearly for it;soon she was killed.?
答案:?
(3)如果我们想成功地推动世界的发展，我们必须确保每个人都能加入到我们创造的新世界里来。?
(4)她得到了权力，但是却也为此付出了昂贵的代价；不久她就被杀了。
2.Last month I was lucky enough to have a chance to make a trip into space with my friend Li Yanping,an ?astronomer?.?
我的朋友李彦平是一位宇航员。上个月我有幸得到一个机会同他一道去太空旅行。?
要点提示:?
本句中出现“be+adj.+enough+to do”结构。?
典型例句:?
It is well known that it is good enough to get enough food before you start.?
都知道出发前带足食物则是太好了。?
It is young enough for the boy of five years old to ?attend? school.?
五岁的孩子就上学，这太早了。?
相关链接:?
enough作副词时可以修饰形容词或副词，放在被修饰的形容词、副词之后，再加动词不定式或介词for短语构成句型:be+adj.+enough+to do sth./for sth.意思为“……足够干……”，也可和形容词一起修饰名词。如：
The room is big enough to hold the people who attend church.
屋子足够大了，足以容下做礼拜的人们。?
The text is long enough for reading.?
课文太耐读了。??
完成句子
(1)A:We had enough food to last a whole month. So you needn’t worry about the food supply.?
B:There was _____ food for us _____ _____ a whole month. So you needn’t worry about the food supply.?
(2)A:This house is big enough for them to live in.?
B:This house is _____ big _____ they can live in it.?
(3)A:The girl is too young to go to school.?
B:The girl is not _____ _____ to go to school.?
答案:?
(1)enough;to last?
(2)so;that?
(3)old enough
3.Walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.?
既然引力改变了，走路也的确需要练一练了。?
要点提示:?
now that 的意思为“既然，由于”，从属连词，引导原因状语从句或者时间状语从句，在口语中可以省略that。?
典型例句:?
Now that you have mentioned it,I keep it in mind.?
既然你提到了，我要装在心里。?
相关链接:?
与now that意思相近的有seeing that，since等。?
Since the professor’s lecture is very instructive,why not go and attend it.?
既然教授的报告很有教育意义，为什么不去听呢？?
Since you have finished doing homework,you can go out for a rest.?
既然你已经完成了作业，你可以出去休息一下。?
Seeing that you have enough money,you lend me a lot.?
鉴于你有足够的钱，你借给我一些。?
选择填空
（1）_____ your father have bought a new bike for you,it’s no use going to the shop to buy another one.
A.Now that
B.Although?
C.After all
D.Because of
解析:本句的意思是:既然你父亲已经为你买了一辆新自行车，就没有必要再买一辆。now that的意思是since。答案是A项。?
答案:A
谜语
（2）What is it that Adam has none,Eve has two and everyone has three??
（3）What is it that the dead eat and the living would die if they ate??
答案:（2）the letter “e”?
（3）nothing
三、语法解读?
主语从句
在复合句中充当主语的句子叫主语从句。主语从句主要由that,和wh-词引导。?
1.that引导的主语从句?
要点提示:?
（1）that引导的主语从句既可以放在句首，也可以放在句后。但为了保持句子的平衡，常用it作形式主语，把真正的主语放在句子的后面。?
（2）用it作形式主语的that从句有的已形成固定用法和译法。常见的如下句型:It +be+形容词（过去分词、名词、不及物动词等）+that从句。?
典型例句:?
That he survived the accident is a miracle.?
=It is a miracle that he survived the accident.?
他在这场事故中幸免于难，真是奇迹。?
It is natural that she should cry.?
她大哭是人之常情。?
It is a great pity that you can’t help us.?
你不能帮助我们真是非常的遗憾。?
It is reported that the number of wild animals in ?Africa? is decreasing.?
据报道非洲野生动物的数量正在减少。?
It occurred to me that I would travel to Europe.?
我突然感到想要去欧洲旅行。?
相关链接:?
that主语从句不可以提前的几种情况。?
(1)在“It is said/reported/estimated”结构中的主语从句不可以提前。如：?
It is said that they are a happy pair.?
据说他们是幸福的一对。?
(2)在“It occurred/happened”结构中的主语从句不可以提前。如：?
It occurred to me that I had a good idea.?
我突然想到了一个好主意。?
(3)含有主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不能提前。如：?
Is it true that he would take the risk??
他冒这个险是真的吗？
2.wh-引导的主语从句?
要点提示:?
(1)wh-引导的主语从句既可以直接放在主语的位置，也可以用it作形式主语。?
(2)在wh-引导的主语从句中不能用it作形式主语。这里指的是what，whatever，whoever等引导的主语从句通常不能用it作形式主语?
（3）在wh-引导的主语从句只能用it作形式主语的情况:如果主语从句是一个疑问句，要用it作形式主语。在“It doesn’t matter +how/whether +if...”结构中要用it作形式主语。?
典型例句:?
What is most important in life isn’t money.?
人生最重要的并不是金钱。（作主语）?
How he escaped still puzzles us.?
他究竟是如何逃脱的至今仍然令我们百思不得其解。（how引导主语从句，并在句中作方式状语）?
Who was responsible for the accident is not yet clear.?
还不清楚谁对此事负责任。（作主语）?
When he will come has not been clear.?
他何时来还不清楚。（when引导主语从句，并在句中作时间状语）?
Whether she comes or not doesn’t concern me.?
她来不来不关我的事。（这里whether不能if用替换）?
Whoever wants to see the film may get a ticket free?.?
凡是想看这部电影的人都可以免费得到一张票。?
It doesn’t matter to me whether she is pleased or not.?
他满意与否对我而言并不重要。?
相关链接:?
whether 与if引导的主语从句之间的区别。?
whether 引导的主语从句既可以放在句首，也可以放在句后，if引导的主语从句只能放在句后。如：?
Whether she comes or not makes no difference.?
她来不来都没有关系。（不能用if）
It is doubtful whether the President knew the details of the plan.?
总统是否知道这个计划的细节这一点颇有疑问。（也可以用if）
4选择填空
(1)______ has helped to save the drowning girl is well worth praising.?
A.Who
B.The one?
C.Anyone
D.Whoever?
解析:本句的意思是:任何一个救了那个溺水的姑娘的人都应该受到表扬。选项中的词引导主语从句又作从句的主语，只有whoever能满足这一条件，它可以解释为:the one who或anyone who，故选D项。?
答案:D
(2) ______ made the school proud was ______ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to the key universities.?
A.What;because
B.What;that?
C.That;what
D.That;because?
解析:was 之前的部分是主语从句，由what引导，并作主语;was之后的部分是表语从句，由that引导来说明原因，但它不作句子成分。?
答案:B
(3) ______ my dear teacher couldn’t understand was ______ fewer and fewer middle school students showed interest in her lessons.?
A.What;why
B.That;what?
C.What;because
D.Why;that?
解析:整个句子的意思是“老师不明白为什么越来越少的学生对他的课感兴趣”。was 之前的部分是主语从句，由what引导，并作主语;was之后的部分是表语从句，由why引导。答案是A项。?
答案:A
(4)My uncle lost his job and was short of money,so ______ his flat and move in with his friend.
A.that he did was to sell?
B.what he did sell?
C.what he did sold?
D.what he did was to sell?
解析:从题意知“失业缺钱，他要做的就是卖房子投靠朋友”，what he did作主语从句，不定式to sell his flat and move in with his friend作表语。答案为D。?
答案:D
(5)—Does it matter much ______ the manager won’t attend the meeting here tomorrow??
—I have no idea.?
A.where
B.what
C.when
D.that?
解析:本句的意思是“销售部经理不参加会议有关系吗？”，it是形式主语，真正的主语是由that引起的从句，它并不充当句子成分。故选D项。?
答案:D
(6) ______ is Britain now used to be three different countries and over many years the three countries became one.?
A.It
B.What?
C.Where
D.When?
解析:这是一个由and连接的并列句。第一部分的意思是“现在是大不列颠的地方曾经是三个不同的国家”。主语是由what引起的主语从句，what意思相当于the place that。所以答案为B项。?
答案:B
判断
哪些句子是主语从句?
(1)It is certain that Miss Smith will do well in the final exam.?
(2)We thought it strange that Tim’s father did not come here yesterday.?
(3)The problem is that no one can replace him in teaching English.
(4)They were all very much worried over the fact that you lost heart when you failed in the exam.?
(5)Has it been decided where the players will perform the experiment？?
(6)I don’t believe they have finished their work yet.?
答案:(1)(5)是主语从句
四、课文浓缩?
下面的一段文章为原文的缩写，仔细阅读，根据原文内容将其补充完整，并尽量背诵。
The earth was just a cloud of ? 1 ? dust after the “Big Bang”,then the dust began to combine into a ball moving around the sun.The earth ? 2 ? loudly with fire and rock,to be ? 3 ? to produce many things,which make the earth’s atmosphere,water stayed on the earth and people think it is important for the beginning of life.It allowed the earth to dissolve ? 4 ? gases.Then life began to develop.?
Nobody understood plants were the start of changes.They ? 5 ? and filled the first ocean and seas with oxygen.This encouraged the ? 6 ? of early shellfish and fish.Land animals such as insects,reptiles and dinosaurs and so on appeared after the first green plants appeared.Small clever animals ? 7 ? all over the earth.They developed new ? 8 ? of growing,hunting and moving.Too much carbon dioxide was put into the atmosphere,which ? 9 ? heat from the earth into space.Whether life continues ? 10 ? whether this problem can be solved.?
答案:1.energetic 2.exploded 3.in time 4.harmful 5.multiplied 6.development 7.spread?8.methods ?9.prevents 10.depends on???
Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars
Period 4 Learning about language--Grammar :The Subject Clause
Teaching plan & design
Teaching analysis：
This is the fourth teaching period of this unit.
This teaching period mainly deals with the following: 1. Reviewing noun clauses as the object and as the predicative; 2. Learning the new grammar items: noun clauses as the subject. Students often feel noun clauses abstract and difficult to learn, so it is necessary to make the lesson interesting and lively, and connect it with their daily life in order to let it easy to accept and understand. Firstly, the teacher can ask students to read the passage HOW LIFE BEGAN ON THE EARTH again, tick out all the sentences from the passage where noun clauses are used as the subject, and then translate them into Chinese. Secondly, compare and discover the uses of each noun clause by giving a lot of example sentences. Thirdly, do the exercises in Discovering useful structures on Page 29 and more exercises for students to master the related noun clauses. Finally, summarize the use of noun clauses as the subject and let students make it clear how each noun clause is being used in the situations.
At the end of the class, ask students to do the exercises in Using structures on Page 64 (the workbook exercises) and more additional exercises for consolidation.
Teaching important points：
Get students to understand and use noun clauses as the subject.
Teaching difficult points：
Enable students to learn how to use noun clauses as the subject correctly.
Teaching goals：
Knowledge aims：
1. Get students to know more about noun clauses.
2. Let students learn noun clauses as the subject.
What it was to become was a mystery. . .
. . . it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not.
Ability aim：
Enable students to use noun clauses as the subject correctly and properly according to the context.
Emotional aims：
1. Get students to become interested in grammar learning.
2. Develop students’ sense of group cooperation.
Teaching methods：
Task-based teaching and learning
Cooperative learning and practice
Discovering and Summarizing
Teaching aids：
A tiny blackboard and other normal teaching tools.
Teaching procedures & ways：
→Step 1 Greeting & Lead-in 2’
Good afternoon,everyone
This class，let’s deal with the grammar part：The Subject Clause.
→Step 2 Warming up 5’
Show some sentences on the blackboard. Ask students to read each of them and then find out its subject.
1.A tree has fallen across the road.
2.You are a student.
3.To find your way can be a problem.
4.Smoking is bad for you.
5.“How do you do? ” is a greeting.
6.What she said is not yet known.
7.That we shall be late is certain.
8.It’s certain that we shall be late.
→Step 3 Grammar learning 23’
1. Listening and discovering 5’
Ask students to turn back to Page 25 to listen through the reading passage and find all the sentences where noun clauses are used as the subject and underline them. Then translate them into Chinese.
Suggested answers:
1) What it was to become was uncertain until between 4. 5 and 3. 8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.
地球会变成什么（样子）, 直到45亿至38亿年前这个云团变成一个固体的球状物, 才确定下来。
2) The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.
地球变得激烈动荡, 不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。
3) What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.
更重要的是, 随着地球的冷却, 地球的表面就开始出现了水。
4) It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life.
水对于生命的发展会起关键作用, 这一点在当时并不明显。
5) What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.
很多科学家相信, 由于地球上长期有水存在, 使地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。
6) Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.
为什么他们突然消失了, 至今还是个谜。
7) So whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.
所以, 在未来的数百万年中, 生命能否在地球上延续取决于这个问题能否得到解决。
2. Thinking and discussing 3’
Let students read the sentences they picked out, think over and discuss with a partner how each of these noun clauses is being used in the situations. If students have some difficulty, give them a hand.
Questions ：(what are the connectors (连接词)? How do we use them correctly ?)
3. Summing up: noun clauses as the subject. 15’
主语从句
作主语用的名词性从句, 因其在复合句中作主语, 又称主语从句。
（1）连接词:
1)连词 that, whether等。
that 引导主语从句只起引导作用, 本身无实际意义, 在主语从句中不充当任何成分, 但不能省略。
That she left him cut him to the heart.
她的离开使他很伤心。
由whether引导的主语从句放在句首、句末都可。
Whether it will please them is not easy to say. /It is not easy to say whether it will please them.
很难说这会不会使他们高兴。
2) 连接代词 who, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever等。
What seems easy to some people seems difficult to others.
对某些人看来很容易的事, 对另外一些人可能很困难。
3) 连接副词 when, where, how, why等。
Why he did it remains a mystery.
他为什么做那件事依然是个谜。
（2）位置
主语从句可以前置, 也可以后置。用it作形式主语, 而把主语从句放在句末, 常用下面几种句型:
1) It+be+表语+主语从句
It is still uncertain whether he is coming or not.
他是不是来还没有确定。
2) It+不及物动词+主语从句
It happens that they were absent.
他们碰巧缺席了。
3) It+及物动词（被动语态）+主语从句
It has been decided that the exhibition will not open on Sundays.
现经决定展览会星期日不开放。
注意:
1) 主语从句在句首时, 必须由连接词引导, 不能省略这些连接词; 但是如果用it作形式主语, 而把主语从句放在句末时, 从属连词that可以省略。
他们相互喜爱是很自然的。
误: They should like each other is natural.
正: That they should like each other is natural.
正: It is natural (that) they should like each other.
2) 如果主语从句放在句首, 不能用if引导; 但是如果用it 作形式主语, 而把主语从句放在句末时, 也可以用if引导。
玛丽是不是真听见他了, 很值得怀疑。
误: If Mary really heard him is really doubtful.
正: Whether Mary really heard him is really doubtful.
正: It was doubtful whether/if Mary really heard him.
→Step 4 Grammar practice 15’
1. Turn to Page 29. Ask students to do Exercise 2 and Exercise 3 in Discovering useful structures. First let them finish them individually. Then check the answers with the whole class. Give some explanations if necessary. 10’
2. Ask students to finish the following exercises within 5 minutes. Then check the answers with the whole class. Take out the English Weekly paper, 3rd edition of 25th issue，do the exercise III of part 2. (optional（可选的）, if time limited, let them do it as homework) 5’
PS: English Weekly exercises：Fill in the blanks with proper connectors (连接词).
1._____he got the first prize in the English Contest surprised all of us.
2._____we will go to visit Hong Kong in this winter vocation remains unknown.
3._____will take the place of Mr Liu as our new headmaster hasn’t been decided.
4._____caused the accident to happen has’t been made clear yet.
5.It’s a pity __ he can’t take part in the outing with us because of his sick mother.
6.It doesn’t matter _____ she has been to America or not. _______really matters is how fluently she can speak English.
7. It so happened ______ he arrived home when I went out to pick him up at the station.
8. _______ he found the way home after he lost his way in the deep forest is not clear to us.
(1That 2Whether /How /When 3Who 4What 5that 6whether,What 7that 8How)
→Step 5 Discussion （optional）
Let students have a discussion in groups. The topic is “My problem”. One talks about the problems in his study or life. The others should give some advice or suggestions. Remind students to use the following structures:
(Show the following on the blackboard to help students. )
The fact is/It is a fact that. . .
The difficulty is. . . /What I find difficult is. . .
The trouble is. . . /What worries me is. . .
My suggestion is. . . /What I would suggest is. . .
My advice is. . . /What I would advise is. . .
I think that. . . /What I think is. . .
I want to tell you that. . . /What I want to say is. . .
→Step 6 Homework 1’
1. Finish off the workbook exercises (in Using structures on Page 64).
2. Preview the reading passage A VISIT TO THE MOON on Page 30, find the sentences in which noun clauses are used, and see if you can understand them.
Blackboard design（板书设计）
Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars
Period 4 Learning about language--Grammar :The Subject Clause
连接词
例句
连词: that, whether (if )
That she left him cut him to the heart.
Whether it will please them is not easy to say.
连接代词: who, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
What seems easy to some people seems difficult to others.
连接副词: when, where, how, why
Why he did it remains a mystery.
it作形式主语
It+be+表语+主语从句
It is still uncertain whether he is coming or not.
It+不及物动词+主语从句
It happens that they were absent.
It+及物动词（被动语态）+主语从句
It has been decided that the exhibition will not open on Sundays.
Unit 4 Astronomy：The science of the stars
1. spread
vt.&vi. 展开,铺开;散布;扩大;延伸
The bird spread its wings. 那只鸟展开了翅膀。
Flies spread disease. 苍蝇传播疾病。
常用结构:
spread sth. with sth. 用……抹/涂/铺……
spread ...on ...把……抹/涂/铺在……
be spread for摆好（桌子）准备
spread oneself[口]舒展四肢(躺下)
spread out张开，伸开，铺开，展开，伸长
高手过招
单项填空
Paper making began in China and to Europe.
(2009·12·河南郑州检测)
A. Spread B. grew
C. Carried D. developed
解析:选A。句意为：造纸术起源于中国，又传播到了欧洲。spread传播。
2. method
n. 方法
He has introduced a new method of teaching.
他引进了一种新的教学方法。
What is the most effective method of birth control?
控制出生率的最有效的方法是什么？
联想拓展
by this means=in this way=with this method
用这种方法
易混辨析
method/means
method侧重“理论方法”，指做某事的具体步骤或程序。
a new teaching method一种新的教学方法
means（单复数同形）侧重“通过手段”或“利用工具”去达到某种目的。
高手过招
选词填空(method/means)（原创）
①The quickest of travel is by plane.
②She has a very scientific of dealing with political problems.
答案：①means②method
3. harmful
adj. 有害的
常用结构:
do sb. harm/do harm to sb. 对某人有害
mean no harm 无意伤害别人;没有恶意
harm one’s image/reputation 损害某人的形象/名声
do more harm than good 弊大于利
There is no harm in (sb.?s) doing sth.
=It does no harm (for sb.) to do sth. (某人) 做某事无害处
be harmful to 对……有害
harm n.&v. 损害，伤害
Smoking is harmful to your health. 吸烟有害健康。
高手过招
单项填空
He is a nice dog. He won’t do you any .（原创）
ill B. bite C. hurt D. harm
解析:选D。考查固定搭配。do sb. harm/do harm to sb. 表示
“对某人有害”。句意为：这是一条温顺的狗，它不会伤害你。
故选D。
4. mass
n. 质量；团；块；大量；(前加the) 群众
A liter of gas has less mass than a liter of water.
1公升气体的质量少于1公升水的质量。
She has a mass of things to do.
她有一大堆的事情要做。
The masses have boundless creative power.
人民群众有无限的创造力。
常用结构:
be a mass of 遍体是……; 充满了……
in mass 全部, 全体; 整个地
in the mass 总体上;总的说来
the (great) mass of 大多数, 大部分
masses of sth.大量的东西
高手过招
单项填空
The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took pictures of them.
(2009·12·安徽合肥检测)
A. many of B. masses of
C. the number of D. a large amount of
解析:选B。句意为：年轻的舞蹈家们穿着美丽的衣服看起来很迷人，因此我们给他们拍了许多照片。masses of=lots of，后跟复数名词。
5. pull
v. 拉，拖，拔；移动
n.拉，拖；牵(引)力
You push and I?ll pull.
你来推，我来拉。
I felt a pull at my sleeve and turned round.
我觉得有人扯我的袖子，便转过身来。
常用结构:
pull ahead (of sb./sth.) 领先于（某人/物）
pull (sb.) back（使某人）退却；撤回（某人）
pull off (sth.)（指机动车辆）驶离（道路至路侧停车处停下）pull out (sth.) 拉掉；使分离；掏出；驶离（车站）
pull on 穿，戴上（袜子、手套等）
pull together 同心协力；通力合作
高手过招
用pull相关短语的适当形式填空（原创）
①I arrived as the last train was .
②He a gun and aimed at the criminal.
③So long as we , there’s no mountain top we can’t conquer.
答案：①pulling out②pulled out③pull together
6. cheer
vt. & vi. (使)高兴、振奋；(对)欢呼
The crowd cheered loudly as the Queen appeared.
女王出现时群众高声欢呼。
He was greatly cheered by the news.
他听到这个消息非常高兴。
常用结构:
cheer sb. on为某人加油
cheer (sb.) up（使某人）更高兴；（使）振奋起来
联想拓展
cheerful adj.高兴的
cheerless adj.不高兴的；阴冷的高手过招
用cheer相关短语的适当形式填空（原创）
①Your visit has greatly him up.
②The crowd the runners as they started the last lap.
③You look as though you need up.
答案：①cheered②cheered; on③cheering
7. puzzle
vt.&vi.（使）迷惑；（使）苦思
n.迷；难题
puzzled adj. 无法了解的；困惑的
puzzling adj. 令人费解的
Her reply puzzled me.
她的回答把我弄糊涂了。
Their reason for doing it is still a puzzle to me.
他们为什么要那样做此事我仍感到莫名其妙。
常用结构：
sb. be puzzled by sth.某人对……感到迷惑
puzzle about/over sth.对某事感到迷惑
puzzle one’s brain冥思苦想；绞尽脑汁
solve a puzzle解决一个难题
高手过招
用puzzle的适当形式填空
①To explain the findings, he offers two theories.
②I that I haven’t heard from Liz for so long.
③She listened with a expression on her face.
④No one has yet succeeded in explaining the of how life began.
答案：①puzzling②am puzzled③puzzled④puzzle
8. exist
vi. 存在，生存
existence n. 存在
Does life exist on Mars?
火星上有生命吗？
I can hardly exist on the wage I’m getting.
我靠自己挣的工资简直难以糊口。
常用结构：
exist+prep. 存在于某地方
exist on sth. 靠某物生存
高手过招
用exist相关短语的适当形式填空
①This plant only Australia.
②Can you such a low salary?
③I doubt the of alien.
答案：①exists; in②exist on③existence
重点短语
9. in time意为“及时”时相当于early enough, soon enough;意为“终于，早晚”时相当于sooner or later。
We got to the station just in time to catch the bus.
=We got to the station just in time for the bus.
我们到达车站时，刚好赶上了那班汽车。
The doctor came in time to save her life.
医生及时赶来救了她的命。
You?ll succeed in time if you keep on working hard.
假若坚持努力下去，你迟早会成功的。
联想拓展
be in time for sth./be in time to do sth.
对于某事是及时的/及时做某事
ahead of time提前；提早
all the time一直；始终
at one time曾经；一度
at a time一次
at times 有时
at the same time同时；然而；可是
from time to time不时；偶尔
in no time立刻；马上
take one?s time不急，慢慢来
time and time again一次又一次；一再
高手过招
单项填空
—I was disappointed in time when I didn’t pass the examinations.
—Don’t be so discouraged. You’ll be successful in
time. (2009·12·河南平顶山检测)
A./; / B. a; a C./; a D. a; /
解析:选D。句意为：——我没通过考试那段时间我很失望。——别灰心。你迟早会成功的。第一个空考查的是when 引导的定语从句，表示在某段时间里，故应用in a time。而第二个空表示“迟早”，故用in time。
10. prevent ...from
阻止；制止
The heavy rain prevented us from going there.
这场大雨使我们没能到那里去。
易混辨析
prevent/stop/keep/protect
prevent, stop, keep与protect四者的常见结构为：
prevent ...(from) doing sth.；stop ...(from) doing sth.；keep ...from doing sth.; 均表示“阻止……做某事”。
上述三个结构中，在主动语态中stop 与prevent后可省去from，但在被动语态中不可省略; 而keep ...from ...中的from在任何情况下都不能省略。另外，
protect ...from ...表示“保护……不受……侵袭；阻挡；防御”。from后接能带来伤害或损害的事物。
This plan will be kept from being carried out.
这个计划将被阻止实施。
高手过招
单项填空
Some policemen should be sent to them the trees.
（原创）
A. prevent; to cut down B. stop; cutting down
C. keep; to cut down D. keep; cutting down
解析:选B。句意为：应该派一些警察去阻止他们砍伐树木。keep/prevent/stop ... from doing sth.阻止……做某事,其中keep ...from doing sth. 中的from不可省略。故选B。
11. break out
突发；爆发（无被动语态）
Trouble may break out at any moment.
灾难在任何时候都可能突然发生。
When did the war break out? 战争什么时候爆发的？
It was at midnight that a fire broke out.
在午夜时分发生了一起大火。
联想拓展
break away from 脱离（政党等）；打破（陈规等）
break down 出故障；（计划等）失败；（身体、精神等）垮掉
break in 破门而入，闯入；打断（话语）等
break into 破门而入；突然……起来
break off 折断；突然中止；断绝；结束
break through 突破
break up 敲碎；放假；散会
易混辨析
come about/happen/take place/break out/occur
come about 发生，相当于happen, take place。后面不可以接宾语，也不可以使用被动语态。
happen 强调偶然发生。
take place 指按计划、安排发生；举行
break out 多用于指战争、火灾、疾病、疫情的突然爆发。
occur 常用于句式： sth. occurs to sb. 某事发生在某人身上。
高手过招
用break相关短语的适当形式填空 （原创）
①A terrible tsunami in the southeastern countries of Asia at Christmas, 2004.
②When do you for Christmas?
③Negotiations between the two sides have .
④His house was last week.
答案：①broke out②break up③broken down④broken into
12. block out
挡住（光线）
That wall blocks out all the light.那堵墙把光线都遮住了。
联想拓展
burst out 大声喊叫;突然……起来
go out 外出；过时；熄(灯)
put out 关(灯)；扑灭；生产
come out 出现，显露；出版;结果是
help out 帮助解决难题(或摆脱困境)
look out留神；注意
watch out 注意；提防；向外看
find out 找出，查明，发现
pick out挑出;辨认出，分辨出
speak out 大声地说;大胆地说
think out仔细思考(某事)；想出（主意等）
hang out 挂出;闲逛
knock out (拳)击中，击倒，打昏
sell out 售完(某种货物)，脱销
turn out 结果证明是
run out (of) 用完，耗尽
check out 结账离去，办妥手续离去
give out 分发（试卷等）；发出（光、热等）；用尽；耗完；筋疲力尽
高手过招
用out相关短语的适当形式填空（原创）
①At the end of the race his legs and he collapsed on the ground.
②It’ s easy to him in a crowd because he is very tall.
③His new book will next month.
④We thought it was going to rain; it to be a fine day.
⑤We of/from our hotel at 5 a.m. to catch a 7 a.m. flight.
答案：①gave out②pick; out③come out ④turned out⑤checked out
13. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.
随后它会变成什么没人能知道，直到38~45 亿年前，这团尘埃才慢慢地形成一个固体的球状物。
What it was to become ...是what 引导的主语从句，what 在从句中作become 的宾语。
What surprised everybody was that he didn’t come to the meeting.
使大家惊奇的是他竟没有参加会议。
What he did added to our difficulty.
他所做的增加了我们的困难。
“be+动词不定式”在本句中表示按照计划、安排将要发生的动作。
When are they to hand in their plan?
他们的计划什么时候交上来？
You are to do your homework before you watch TV.
你得做完了作业才能看电视。
联想拓展
“be+to”还可以表示以下含义：
表示可能性，相当于can,主要用于疑问句和否定句。表示命令，意为“必须，不得不”，意思等同于must, have to，表示假设。表示“命运注定……”，通常用于过去时。
How am I to know what has become of him?
我怎么知道他的遭遇如何呢？
Certain skills must be learned if one is to use English well.
如果想要用好英语，某些技巧是必须学的。
He was never to see his wife again.
他注定再也见不到他妻子了。
Were we to offer you more money, would you stay?
如果我们给你加钱，你愿意留下吗？
高手过招
单项填空
In dry weather the flowers will have to be watered if they . （原创）
A. have survived B. are to survive
C. would survive D. will survive
解析:选B。考查真实条件句。are to survive在此处并不表示将来，而表示“期望”。
14. But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.
而当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。
twice as ...as ... 是……的两倍
联想拓展
英语中的倍数表达法：
倍数+as +adj./adv.+as 是……的几倍
倍数+adj./adv.的比较级+ than 比……(多/大)几倍
倍数+ the +表示长度/高度/宽度等的名词+ of是……长度/高度/宽度的几倍，此结构中常用的名词有：size, height, weight, length, width, depth等。
This ruler is three times as long as that one.
=This ruler is twice longer than that one.
=This ruler is three times the length of that one.
这把尺子是那把的三倍长。
There are four times as many students as we expected.
到的学生是我们预计的五倍。
高手过招
(1)翻译句子 （原创）
这个房子是那个的三倍大。
(2)完成句子
到的客人是我们预计的两倍。
There are we expected .
答案：(1)This house is three times as big as that one./This house is twice bigger than that one./This house is three times the size of that one.
(2)twice as many guests as
Unit 4 new words and expressions
1. theory
in theory 理论上 in practice 实际上
Your plan is good in theory, but it doesn’t work in practice.
2．in time
1) The storm was in time to stop before the sports meeting. 终于
2) You’d better return it in time. 及时
3) You’ll learn how to do it in time. 迟早，总有一天
on time
3. unlike dislike
Unlike John, Tom dislikes playing football.
4. harmful
be harmful to 对……有害
The sun can be harmful to your skin.
Smoking is harmful to your health.
harm n & v 损害，伤害 do harm to对……有害
harmless adj. 无害的
5. in one’s turn
When it’s in my turn, I’m too excited to speak.
He cooked the meal in his turn this week.
by turns 轮流
We drove the car by turns.
in turn 依次，反之
They gave their names in turn.
take turns to do sth 轮流做某事
6. prevent sb (from) doing sth
stop sb (from) doing sth
keep sb from doing sth
在被动语态中，from都不可省。
The rain prevented us (from) going there.
We were prevented by the rain from going there.
We should take measures to prevent the river from being polluted.
7. puzzle n.&v.
It’s quite a puzzle to us why he did that.
The question puzzled them.
puzzled adj. She listened with a puzzled expression.
puzzling adj. We felt puzzled at these puzzling questions.
8. pull n.& v.
Give the rope a good pull. 用力拉一下绳子。
Help me move the piano, you push and I’ll pull.
pull down 拆毁 pull away 驶离，开走 pull in （火车等）到站，进站
pull through 度过难关/危机 pull up停下 pull apart 拉开
9．cheer up
I wrote that song just to cheer myself up.
He cheered up at the news.
Cheer up! The result isn’t too bad.
10. now that
now that相当于since,引导原因状语从句，that可省去。另外不可和so连用。
Now that everyone is here, let’s begin our meeting.
Now (that) you have grown up, you must stop this childish behavior.
Now (that) you are ready, we can go now.
11. watch out (for sth)
= look out (for sth)
Watch out! There is a car coming.
Watch out for thieves.
Warming up
1. circle 1) v. 画圆圈；盘旋
The teacher circled the mistakes in red ink.
The plane circled the airport before landing.
2) n. 圆, 圆形的东西,循环
2. match 1) v. a..找相似或相配之物 match…with… 使…和…相配
b.(物与物)相配 (suit, fit), 相等,比得上
Her shoes match her dress, they look very well together.
The hotel can’t be matched for good service and food.
2) n. 火柴, 对手
Reading
1. What it was to become was uncertain until … when the dust settled into a solid globe.
be to do sth. 1) 表示”应当 / 必须做某事” ,通常用于通知或说明书里.
The books you borrowed are to be returned before July 5.
2) 表示“按计划或安排将要做某事”，其完成式则表示“本来打算做某事”。
We are to meet at the school gate.
We were to have gone to Beijing last week.
3) 表示“将来不可避免要发生的事”
All questions are to be answered later.
4) 用于与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句。
If it were to rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.
2. This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.
it 做形式宾语 make it + adj. / n. +( for sb.) to do / -clause
We make it a rule to get up at 6 o’clock every morning.
以it做形式宾语的动词还有：find, think, consider, feel, believe, take, imagine, suppose, regard等。
I found it interesting to study French.
We consider it a pity that you didn’t come to the party.
He didn’t make it clear when and where the meeting would be held.
3. as well as 意为“不但…而且…”；“和…一样好”
She is clever as well as beautiful.
My family as well as I are glad to see you.
4. for the first / second …time “第一/二…次”，在句中作状语。
the first time “第一次…时”，在句中作连词，引导时间状语从句。
It was ten years ago that I met Mary for the first time, and I knew we would be good friends the first time I met her.
另外句型It / This is/was the first time that … 表示“这是…第几次做…”, 从句中用完成时态。
This is the first time that I have seen him.
Using language
1. Then we were off.
Be off 出发，离开，食品变质，不供应
This milk is off.
The fish is off today, sorry sir.
2. get close to 接近，靠近
close adj. 近的, 紧密的，亲密的，关系近的
close adv. 不远地，近地
close v. 关闭
closely adv. 紧密地，密切地，严密地
She stood close to her mother.
She is a close friend of mine.
His house is close to the factory.
The prisoners were closely guarded.
high / highly deep/ deeply wide/ widely
3. twice as far as 倍数表达法
… times as + 原级 as
Asia is four times as large as Europe.
…times +比较级+than
Asia is four times larger than Europe.
… times + the size/ height / length / width / depth + of …
Asia is four times the size of Europe.
… times + what从句
The production now is three times what it was ten years ago.
Unit4
一、根据句意填入单词或短语的正确形式
1. The professor has brought in a good （系统）of teaching language from abroad.
2. There are many t about the origin of life.
3. Children should not be allowed to watch v movies.
4. I believe the affair is h to the company.
5. The old lady e only on coffee and bread.
6. She listened with a p expression on her face.
7. The moon’s p on the sea causes the waves.
8. I had intended to catch the early train, but I didn’t get up (及时)
9. Why do you want to kill the hens that （下蛋）every day?
10. Many women plan to g babies this year.
11. Doctors say many diseases can be p spreading by washing our hands.
12. I stayed up last night, so today I can’t c .
13. N you have grown up, you should not depend on your parents.
14. Do you know when the Second World War b ?
15. W for the cars when you cross the street.
二、Unit4 词汇串记
Our geography teacher says the earth is only one of the planets of the giant . other planets, life on the earth, but life’s origin is still a . Different and cultures have separate ideas. The teacher says it may be divided into four stages.
The first stage is about how the universe began. A widely accepted can explain it. After the “Big Bang” , began to form and combine to create stars and other bodies. The second stage is how the earth formed. Between 4.5 and 3.8 years ago, clouds and dust in space settled into a solid . The earth became that it often exploded. The and water appeared. Water is a matter for life to exist on the earth. It also dissolves gases and acids. The third stage is about plants’ and animals’ appearance. At first, plants in the water appeared and . They produced , which encourages animals in the water to exist. Later, green plants on the land caused animals on the land to appear. They first and became babies. Later, mammals babies directly. The last stage is that humans became the most important animals on the earth. We put too much carbon dioxide in the to cause global warming. We must
how things will go and make laws to the earth becoming too hot. we have taken measures, we will succeed . So let’s and work together.
三、单项选择
1. In a room above the store, where a party , some workers were busily setting the table.
A. was to be held B. has been held C. will be held D. is being held
2. It we had stayed together for a couple of weeks I found we had a lot in common.
A. was until; when B. was until; that
C. wasn’t until; when D. wasn’t until; that
3. we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where
4. The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks in a friendly .
A. state B. situation C. atmosphere D. air
5. As the busiest woman in Norton, she made her duty to look after all the other people’s affairs in that town.
A. this B. that C. one D. it
6. ---How long are you staying?
---I don’t know. .
A. That’s OK B. Never mind C. It depends D. It doesn’t matter
7. It was raining heavily. Little Mary felt cold, so she stood to her mother.
A. close B. closely C. closed D. closing
8. Will you be home to see the children before they go to bed?
A. on time B. in time C. at a time D. at one time
9. The festival has been a great success, last year when it rained nonstop.
A. like B. alike C. unlike D. dislike
10. Measures have been taken to prevent the river from .
A. having polluted B. being polluting
C. being polluted D. to polluted
11. What are the differences between the American and Britain of government.
A. systems B. religions C. barbers D. theories
12. It is generally accepted that smoking is to our health.
A. harmless B. harmful C. harm D. harmfully
13. Try and a bit; life isn’t that bad!
A. cheer up B. come up C. look up D. put up
14. he said at the meeting surprised everybody present.
A. That B. Which C. What D. How
15. Please these warning signs.
A. take out B. bring out C. come out D. watch out
参考答案：一、system; theories; violent; harmful; existed; puzzled; gravity; in time; lays eggs; give birth to; prevented from; cheer up; Now that; broke out;
Watch out
二、solar systems; Unlike; exists; puzzle; religions; theory; broke out; Atoms; billion; existed; globe; violent; oxygen; fundamental; harmful; multiplied; oxygen; laid eggs; gave birth to; atmosphere; watch out; prevent from; Now that; in time; cheer up
三、ADBCD CABCC ABABD
(必修三·Unit 4)
Ⅰ.单项填空
1．What a strange man！He loves his wife，but ________ he often beats her.
A．at a time B．at one time
C．in time D．at the same time
答案与解析：D 句意为：他这个人很奇怪。他爱他的妻子但同时又经常打她。at the same time“同时”；at a time“一次”；at one time“曾经；一度”；in time“及时”。由句意可知D项正确。
2．You must think of a way ________ into the dangerous areas.
A．stopping people getting
B．to stop people to get
C．to keep people getting
D．to prevent people from getting
答案与解析：D “一种做……的方法”为“a way to do sth./a way of doing sth.”；“阻止某人干某事”应为“stop sb.(from)doing sth./keep sb.from doing sth./prevent sb.(from)doing sth.”。
3．The young actors looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took ________ pictures of them.
A．many of B．masses of
C．plenty D．a large amount of
答案与解析：B A、C两项表达错误，D项后只可跟不可数名词，只有B项后可跟可数名词复数或不可数名词。
4．Earth is a rocky planet where there is liquid water，which is necessary for life to ________.
A．come B．exist
C．stand D．happen
答案与解析：B 后半句句意为：水的存在是生命存在的必要条件。exist vi.“存在；生存”，符合题意。
5．She made ________ her task to take care of these children.
A．this B．that
C．one D．it
答案与解析：D it在此处作形式宾语，代替真正的宾语动词不定式。
6．We must ________ the act of cheating ________ a fair competition system.
A．prevent; creating B．stop; to create
C．keep; from creating D．stop; creating
答案与解析：B 根据句意“我们必须阻止这种作弊行为来创造一个公平的竞争体制”可知第二个空格缺少目的状语，故选B项。受思维定势影响，易把此题看成是prevent/stop/keep sb./sth.from doing...句式。
7．________ Mr.Smith is well again，he can go on with his work.
A．Now and then B．Now that
C．The other day D．Now just
答案与解析：B 本句意思为“既然史密斯先生的身体好了，他就可以继续工作了”。now that“既然”。
8．Kate worked late in the evening to finish her report ________ her boss could read it the next morning.
A．so that B．because
C．before D．or else
答案：A 句意是：凯特工作到深夜写完报道，这样她的老板第二天早晨就可以读到它了。so that用来引导目的状语从句。
9．In a modern society full of fierce competitions，________ a person does is not always the same as ________ he says.
A．what; what B．what; that
C．that; that D．that; what
答案：A 这是一个由what引导的主语从句和宾语从句构成的复合句。what分别在这两个从句中作does和says的宾语。that引导名词性从句只起引导句子的作用，在所引导的名词性从句中不作任何成分。
10．We're trying to create a(n)________ of trust between management and staff.
A．scene B．view
C．atmosphere D．sight
答案与解析：C 句意是：我们正努力创造管理方与员工之间的信任氛围。atmosphere 气氛，氛围；scene 情景，场景；view 景色；sight 景象。
11．He ________ rumours here and there that the price would go up.
A．spread B．scattered
C．expanded D．extended
答案与解析：A 题意：他四处散布谣言说物价要上涨。spread“传播；散布”。
12．________，dear！Things won't be as bad as you think.There certainly will be chances for you.
A．Hurry up B．Look up
C．Cheer up D．Make up
答案与解析：C cheer up“振作起来”，常用于鼓励对方。
13．I had no idea when World War Ⅱ________，so I turned to my teacher for help.
A．broke down B．broke out
C．broke in D．broke away
答案与解析：B break down“(化合物)分解，出故障，(健康、精神等)垮下来”；break out“(战争、火灾、疾病、战争等)突然爆发”；break in“闯入，打断”；break away“脱离，脱逃”。
14．While in university，we were offered a number of after-school activities to ________ our social skills.
A．create B．grow
C．develop D．settle
答案：C
15．It's just ________ among countries to host the Olympics as to win an Olympic medal.
A．much as a competition
B．as a much competition
C．as much a competition
D．a competition as much
答案与解析：C as much...as 与……相同。
Ⅱ.阅读理解
Rising above the names
I was shopping in the supermarket when I heard a young voice.
“Mom，come here！There's this lady here my size！”
The mother rushed to her son；then she turned to me to apologize.
I smiled and told her，“It's okay.”Then I talked to the boy，“Hi，I'm Darryl Kramer.How are you？”
He studied me from head to toe，and asked，“Are you a little mommy？”
“Yes，I have a son，”I answered.
“Why are you so little？”he asked.
“It's the way I was born，”I said.“Some people are little.Some are tall.I'm just not going to grow any bigger.”After I answered his other questions，I shook the boy's hand and left.
My life as a little person is filled with stories like that.I enjoy talking to children and explaining why I look different from their parents.
It takes only one glance to see my uniqueness.I stand three feet nine inches tall.I was born an achondroplasia dwarf(侏儒)．Despite this，I did all the things other kids did when I was growing up.
I didn't realize how short I was until I started school.Some kids picked on me，calling me names.Then I knew.I began to hate the first day of school each year.New students would always stare at me as I struggled to climb the school bus stairs.
But I learned to smile and accept the fact that I was going to be noticed my whole life.I decided to make my uniqueness an advantage rather than a disadvantage.What I lacked in height，I made up for in personality.
I'm 47 now，and the stares have not diminished as I've grown older.People are amazed when they see me driving.I try to keep a good attitude.When people are rude，I remind myself，“Look what else I have－a great family，nice friends.”
It's the children's questions that make my life special.I enjoy answering their questions.My hope is that I will encourage them to accept their peers(a person of the same age，class，position，etc.)，whatever size and shape they come in，and treat them with respect.
1．Why did the mother apologize to the author?
A．Because the boy ran into the author.
B．Because the boy laughed at the author.
C．Because the boy said the author was fatter than him.
D．Because the mother thought the boy's words had hurt the author.
答案与解析：D 小孩跟妈妈说这个女士跟我一样高，他妈妈怕这话会伤害到“我”因此而道歉。
2．When did the author realize that she was too short?
A．When she grew up.
B．When she was 47 years old.
C．When she began to go to school.
D．When she met the boy in the supermarket.
答案与解析：C 从文章倒数第四段第一句可知，我直到上学才意识到自己矮。
3．Which of the following word can best replace the underlined word“diminished”？
A．Dismissed. B．Increased.
C．Decreased. D．Discriminated.
答案与解析：C 我现在47岁了，这种对我的注视并没有因为我的长大而减少。dismiss 解散，increase 增加，decrease 减少，discriminate 区别、辨认。
4．How does the author feel about people's stares?
A．Angry. B．Calm.
C．Painful. D．Discouraged.
答案与解析：B 文章倒数第二段可知，我努力保持一种好的态度，可以看出很镇静。
Ⅲ.篇章结构
Members of the working class have blue-collar jobs.__1__ What makes this class differ from the lower class is？First of all，longer periods of employment－and therefore，more fixed incomes.__2__
Most people in the working class have at least high school education.__3__ Unionization has helped the working class，but a rapidly changing economy and frequent periods of high unemployment make it difficult for most of its members to be able to increase their savings greatly.__4__
A greater number of the members of the working class take relatively little satisfaction in their jobs.__5__ As a result，many seek their main satisfaction in recreational(娱乐的)activities.Many members of this class would like to earn enough money to leave their jobs and start their own businesses，though few make it.Many place their expectations on their children，hoping that they at least will rise in the ladder of success，American style.
A．And besides，employment in skilled or semiskilled(半熟练的)occupations，not unskilled ones.
B．Purchasing a house for people in this class is extremely difficult，although a certain percentage may receive houses from their parents.
C．But all of them have something in common.
D．They are construction workers，truck drivers，mechanics，steel workers，electricians，and the like.
E．Many have some experience of college(especially community college)，though few are college graduates.
F．They learned of the impact working people were having on their children.
G．It is because much of their work is ordinary and boring.
答案：1.D 2.A 3.E 4.B 5.G
Ⅳ.短文改错
As new students at an university in Boston，many of us were unfamiliar with the campus but consequently late for class.One professor，however，was particular intolerant of being late，making clear that no excuse would be acceptable.So when a girl student came in his class one morning late，we expected the worst results.Then the professor demand the reason for her coming late.“I was being waiting online to buy your new book，”she replied very nervously.Looked at the rest of the class，the professor asked，“Well，why were the rest of you late？”
答案：
As new students at university in Boston，many of us were unfamiliar with the campus consequently late for class.One professor，however，was intolerant of being late，making clear that no excuse would be acceptable.So when a girl student came his class one morning late，we expected the worst .Then the professor the reason for her coming late.“I was being/ waiting on line to buy your new book，”she replied very nervously. at the rest of the class，the professor asked，“Well，why were the rest of you late？”
