2023届高考备考策略之高考备考与命题研究课件(58张ppt)
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| 名称 | 2023届高考备考策略之高考备考与命题研究课件(58张ppt) |  | |
| 格式 | pptx | ||
| 文件大小 | 10.6MB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2022-10-05 16:38:14 | ||
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文档简介
(共58张PPT)
高考备考与命题研究
中国高考评价体系解读
博览群书是为智
高考命题与评价发展
博览群书是为智
命题时需要考虑哪些因素
话题语境，微技能，题目难度。
创新试题形式，加强情境设计，注重联系社会生活实际，增加综合性、开放性、应用性、探究性试题。
考查学生运用所学知识分析问题和解决问题的能力，阅读文章的能力。
文章的脉落，文章的写作风格，文章的主题意义。
高考英语科考查内容
学科素养
学科素养是即将进人高等学校的学习者在面 对生活实践或学习探索问题情境时,能够在正确的 思想价值观念指导下,合理运用科学的思维方式与 方法,有效地整合学科相关知识,运用学科相关能 力,高质量地认识问题、分析问题、解决问题的综合 品质。高考英语科的学科素养包括交际、学习和思 辨3项指标。
关键能力
关键能力是即将进人高等学校的学习者在面 对与学科相关的生活实践或学习探索问题情境时， 有效地认识问题、分析问题、解决问题所必须具备 的能力。高考英语科的关键能力包括听力理解、阅 读理解、书面表达和口语表达4种能力。
必备知识
必备知识是即将进人高等学校的学习者在面对与学科相关的生活实践或学习题情境时,有效地 认识问题、分析问题、解决问题所必须具备的知识。 英语科的必备知识包括语言知识和文化知识。考生应掌握《英语课程标准》中英语语音、词汇、语法、 语篇、语用知识内容要求以及文化知识内容要求所 列的相关项目,还应掌握《英语课程标准》所列的相关词汇和语法项目。
高考英语科命题依据
体现立德树人时代特征，促进德智体美劳全面发展
2020年高考英语全国卷试题，选材围绕人与自然、人与社会、人与自我三大主题全面考查英语综合运用能力，体现立德树人时代特征，引导体美劳教育，促进德智体美劳全面发展。
一是融入中国元素，切实增强“四个自信”。
二是关注体育运动，倡导健康运动理念。
三是渗透美育知识，引导审美情趣养成。
四是树立劳动观念，宣传践行劳动精神。
体现高考评价体系要求，深入强化关键能力考查
2020年高考英语全国卷试题以学科素养为导向，突出对听力、阅读、写作等关键能力的考查；改变相对固化的考查形式，促进学生发展学科素养，提高综合语言运用能力。
一是以学科素养为导向，加强关键能力考查。
二是深化考试内容改革，防止试题形式固化。
稳定试卷结构和试题难度，体现时代性和公平性
充分考虑不同地区考生群体的能力水平和实际情况，2020年高考英语全国卷试题合理控制难度与区分度，关注试题的公平性。
一是维持试卷结构稳定，全面考查综合语言运用能力。
二是合理控制试卷难度，稳步提升试题命制质量。
三是体现时代性，确保公平性。
与君弹做天籁曲
心理学知识
博览群书是为智
安德森认知理论
知识的功能角度分为陈述性知识与程序性知识。"陈述性知识"也称"描述性知识"，主要是解决是什么的问题。"陈述性知识"也称"操作性知识"，主要解决做什么与如何做的问题。
博览群书是为智
皮亚杰认知发展阶段论
瑞士儿童心理学家皮亚杰提出的关于儿童认知发展可以分为四个阶段的理论。这四个前后相继而又有质的差异的阶段
(1)感知运动阶段（出生-2岁）。相当于婴儿期。这是语言和表象产生前的阶段。本阶段主要特点是：儿童只是依靠感知动作适应外部世界，构筑动作格式。本阶段儿童在认知上的主要成就是：主体和客体分化和因果联系的形成。
(2)前运算阶段（2-7岁）。较之前一阶段其质的飞跃表现在：由于信号功能或象征功能的出现，这一阶段的儿童开始从具体动作中摆脱出来，可以凭借象征性格式而在头脑里进行表象性思维。这一阶段还可再分为前概念或象征思维阶段（2-4岁）与直觉思维阶段（4-7岁）这样两个小阶段。
(3)具体运算阶段（7、8-11、12岁）。这一阶段的儿童认知和思想有两个特点，一是思维开始具有较大的变易性，出现了可逆性（“运算”概念在皮亚杰理论中本身就意味着一种可逆的动作），能解决守恒问题，能凭借具体事物或形象进行分类和理解逻辑关系；另一是能对具体事物进行群集运算，包括组合性、逆向性、结合性、同一性、重复性或多余性等运算。但由于这一阶段的运算仍脱离不了具体事物或形象的支持，所以，其运算还是零散的、孤立的，难以组成完整的系统。
(4)形式运算阶段。亦称命题运算阶段。本阶段的最大特点在于：儿童思维已能摆脱具体事物的束缚，不受具体事物的内容的局限，能把形式与内容分开，进行抽象的逻辑思维，即能运用符号进行命题演算，能根据假设进行逻辑推理。在这一阶段里，尽管儿童少年并未意识到某些形式运算结构的存在，但能运用这些结构去解决实际问题。
博览群书是为智
博览群书是为智
博览群书是为智
博览群书是为智
命题流程
整体计划→内容界定→细目蓝图→编制试题
↓
阅卷评分←测验实施←测验制作←设计与组合
↓
划定分数线→结果报告→题库储备→技术报告
博览群书是为智
命题要求：
测试考点（每小题只考一个点）
题型选择（主观题、客观题）
分值和步骤（完成题目的时间）
测验长度：框架下各维度一级领域中试题不少于6题，二级领域中试题不少于3题.
题目呈现：各类题型由易到难分布，尽可能平缓。
阅读理解哪篇最难？
ABDC
与君弹做天籁曲
命题的特点
听力素材
1.要符合语境，合理
2.题目出现要按顺序
3.选项要具体，不能用笼统的词“wonderful”
4.听力中不能用paraphrase
5.题目选项之间不能相互关联，出现“穿帮”
阅读理解
1.语篇的主旨大意
2.词语讲解要融入语篇中
3.语篇结构、层次的分析
4.语篇的文体、体裁特点
Suddenly, a player and I crashed into each other. Pain raced through my body. My knee hurt badly. The team gathered around, looking worried. The last quarter was about to begin, and my team was behind by 10 points.
“I don’t think I can play anymore, coach,” I said quietly as the doctor put an ice pack on my knee.
“No way,” the coach replied sharply. “We’ve got no more players!”
“What about Paul ” someone suggested.
“Paul ” said the coach. “He can’t play!”
“Give him a shot, coach!” I said. “What have we got to lose ”
“That’s right,” another player said. “We’re losing anyway. Let Paul play!”
记叙文
Suddenly, a player and I crashed into each other. Pain raced through my body. My knee hurt badly. The team gathered around, looking worried. The last quarter was about to begin, and my team was behind by 10 points.
“I don’t think I can play anymore, coach,” I said quietly as the doctor put an ice pack on my knee.
“No way,” the coach replied sharply. “We’ve got no more players!”
“What about Paul ” someone suggested.
“Paul ” said the coach. “He can’t play!”
“Let me try, coach! I won’t let you down!” Paul said.
“OK, OK!” the coach finally agreed. “Don’t let us down, Paul. It’s your time to shine.”
Paul jumped up and rushed onto the court. And clearly, all the extra hours that he’d spent practising alone paid off. The other team just couldn’t keep up with his energy and speed. He made shot after shot, and the crowd couldn’t stop clapping and cheering.
When the game ended, our team had won by two points.
“Well,” said the coach as he hit Paul on the shoulder, “you’ve just earned your place on the team, big guy!”
Suddenly, a player and I crashed into each other. Pain raced through my body. My knee hurt badly. The team gathered around, looking worried. The last quarter was about to begin, and my team was behind by 10 points.
“I don’t think I can play anymore, coach,” I said quietly as the doctor put an ice pack on my knee.
“No way,” the coach replied sharply. “We’ve got no more players!”
“What about Paul ” someone suggested.
“Paul ” said the coach. “He can’t play!”
“Give him a shot, coach!” I said. “What have we got to lose ”
“That’s right,” another player said. “We’re losing anyway. Let Paul play!”
Suddenly, a player and I crashed into each other. Pain raced through my body. My knee hurt badly. The team gathered around, looking worried. The last quarter was about to begin, and my team was behind by 10 points.
“I don’t think I can play anymore, coach,” I said quietly as the doctor put an ice pack on my knee.
“No way,” the coach replied sharply. “We’ve got no more players!”
“What about Paul ” someone suggested.
“Paul ” said the coach. “He can’t play!”
“Let me try, coach! I won’t let you down!” Paul said.
“OK, OK!” the coach finally agreed. “Don’t let us down, Paul. It’s your time to shine.”
Paul jumped up and rushed onto the court. And clearly, all the extra hours that he’d spent practising alone paid off. The other team just couldn’t keep up with his energy and speed. He made shot after shot, and the crowd couldn’t stop clapping and cheering.
When the game ended, our team had won by two points.
“Well,” said the coach as he hit Paul on the shoulder, “you’ve just earned your place on the team, big guy!”
突然，我和一名球员撞到了一起，疼痛在我身上迅速蔓延。我的膝盖受伤严重。球队围在我身边，看起来很担心。最后一节即将开始，我们队已经落后10分。
我平静地说，“我可能不能继续上场了，教练。”医生把冰袋放在我的膝盖上。
“不行，”教练斩钉截铁地回答，“我们没有别的球员了！”
“保罗怎么样？”有人建议。
“保罗？”教练说，“他不行！”
“给他个机会吧，教练！”我说，“我们还能损失什么呢？”
“没错，”另一名球员说，“不管怎样我们都要输了，让保罗上场吧！”
“让我试试，教练！我不会让你失望的！”保罗说。
“好吧，好吧！”教练最终同意了。“别让我们失望，保罗。你发光发亮的时刻到了。”
保罗跳起来冲上球场。显然，他所有独自练习的额外时间都得到了回报。对手队跟不上他的力量和速度。他的进球一个接一个，人群不停地鼓掌欢呼。
比赛结束时，我们队以两分的优势赢得了比赛。
“嗯，”教练一边拍着保罗的肩膀一边说，“你已经为自己赢得了球队中的位置，‘大个子’！”
I work with Volunteers for Wildlife, a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in LocustValley. Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain. However, when it works, it is simply beautiful.
I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. She had found a young owl(猫头鹰) on the ground. When I arrived, I saw a 2-to 3-week-old owl. It had already been placed in a carrier for safety.
I examined the chick(雏鸟) and it seemed fine. If I could locate the nest, I might have been able to put it back, but no luck. My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree.
The homeowner was very helpful. A wire basket was found. I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable. I placed the chick in the nest, and it quickly calmed down.
Now all that was needed were the parents, but they were absent. I gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger screams of owl chicks. These advertise the presence of chicks to adults; they might also encourage our chick to start calling as well. I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home to see what news the night might bring.
A nervous night to be sure, but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all! The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings. I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active. And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all — LUNCH！The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.
记叙文
24. What is unavoidable in the author’s rescue work according to paragraph 1
A. Efforts made in vain. B. Getting injured in his work.
C. Feeling uncertain about his future. D. Creatures forced out of their homes.
25. Why was the author called to Mutton town
A. To rescue a woman. B. To take care of a woman.
C. To look at a baby owl. D. To cure a young owl.
26. What made the chick calm down
A. A new nest. B. Some food. C. A recording. D. Its parents.
27. How would the author feel about the outcome of the event
A. It’s unexpected. B. It’s beautiful.
C. It’s humorous. D. It’s discouraging
24.【答案】A【解析】该题属于推断题。通过审题，提取主要信息是在问作者在营救过程中不可避免的事情。在第一段中的第二句话“Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking : survival is never certain.”结合选项，A项是它的同义句的一种表述。
25.【答案】C【解析】该题属于原因细节题。利用因果关系把握设题点的位置。通过题干中关键词call和Muttontown可以定位到第二段。经过分析“I saw a 2-to 3-week old owl”和“I examined the chick(雏鸟)”得知我被叫去该地方的原因是查看幼小的猫头鹰。故答案选C项。
26.【答案】A【解析】该题属于细节题。通过题干中的关键词the chick和calm down定位到第四段，“I placed the chick in the nest, and it quickly calmed down.”故可知答案A项正确。
27.【答案】B【解析】该题属于推断题，对于作者的态度进行揣测。文章最后一段中第一句后半句“but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us!”还有与第一段呼应，最后一句中“When it works, it is simply beautiful.”可得知作者的感受是美好的，故选择B项。
英语记叙文的特点记叙文是记人叙事的文章,它主要是用于说明事件的时间、背景、起因、过程及结果,即我们通常所说的五个“ W ”( what, who, when, where, why )和一个“ H ”（how）。文章中因果关系也是设题点的位置。
记叙文
应用文
Pacific Science Center Guide
Visit Pacific Science Center's Store
Don't forget to stop by Pacific Science Center's Store while you are here to pick up a wonderful science activity or souvenir to remember your visit. The store is located(位于) upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome.
Hungry
Our exhibits will feed your mind, but what about your body Our café offers a complete menu of lunch and snack options, in addition to seasonal specials. The café is located upstairs in Building 1 and is open daily until one hour before Pacific Science Center closes.
Rental Information
Lockers are available to store any belongings during your visit. The lockers are located in Building 1 near the Information Desk and in Building 3. Pushchairs and wheelchairs are available to rent at the Information Desk and Denny Way entrance. ID required.
Support Pacific Science Center
Since 1962, Pacific Science Center has been inspiring a passion(热情) for discovery and lifelong learning in science, math and technology. Today, Pacific Science Center serves more than 1.3 million people a year and brings inquiry-based science education to classrooms and community events all over Washington State. It's an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organizations. Visit pacificsciencecenter.org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center.
应用文
(1)
Where can you buy a souvenir at Pacific Science Center
A.In Building 1. B.In Building 3.
C.At the Laser Dome. D.At the Denny Way entrance.
(2)
What does Pacific Science Center do for schools
A.Train science teachers. B.Distribute science books.
C.Inspire scientific research. D.Take science to the classroom.
(3)
What is the purpose of the last part of the text
A.To encourage donations. B.To advertise coming events.
C.To introduce special exhibits.D.To tell about the Center's history.
广告等应用文特点：
1、选材特点：
信息量大，文句精炼，形式灵活，用最少的篇幅表达最大量的信息。
2、内容特点：
生活化，实用化，多样化，如产品宣传、服务介绍、通知、海报、启示、招生招聘等。
3、形式特点：
标题醒目，重点突出，条理清晰，常用粗体字或各类项目符号使文章结构更鲜明。
4、语言特点：
人名、地名、专有名词多；生词多；缩略词、祈使句、省略句多；结构不完整。
5、命题特点：
主要考察考生提取信息和处理信息的能力，既注重特定细节的筛选、类比、综合，又注重推理判断题的考查，题目设置相对较容易。
命题时要考虑语篇中最精华的部分
新闻报道
Some of the world’s most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures.
Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that. As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.
“Jazz seems like it’s not really a part of the American appetite,” Moran tells National Public Radio’s reporter Neal Conan. “What I’m hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and write anymore. It’s actually color, and it’s actually digital.”
Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost. “The music can’t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same,” says Moran.
Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Waller’s music for a dance party, “just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music,” says Moran. “For me, it’s the recontextualization. In music, where does the emotion(情感) lie
Are we, as humans, gaining any insight(感悟) on how talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context,” says Moran, “so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster.”
新闻报道
28. Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day
A. To remember the birth of jazz. B. To protect cultural diversity.
C. To encourage people to study music.D. To recognize the value of jazz.
29. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Jazz becoming more accessible. B. The production of jazz growing faster.
C. Jazz being less popular with the young.D. The jazz audience becoming larger.
30. What can we infer about Moran’s opinion on jazz
A. It will disappear gradually. B. It remains black and white.
C. It should keep up with the times. D. It changes every 50 years.
31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Exploring the Future of Jazz B. The Rise and Fall of Jazz
C. The Story of a Jazz Musician D. Celebrating the Jazz Day
新闻报道
新闻类特点：
1.具有极强的时效性，简洁性和趣味性的特点。
2.语言清晰，既不能晦涩难懂，也不能模棱两可。
3.用词简洁具体，新词层出不穷。
4.为了强调突出新闻事实本身或动作的承受者比发出者更为重要，特别是报道灾难，战争，冲突中的伤亡人数和人员情况时，常常使用被动语态。
5.若用引语，引语部分会出题。
新闻报道
西方文章 倒金字塔型
国内文章 “ T”字形（新华体）
说明文
说明文的特点
1.说明文用平实的语言客观地解释或探讨各种问题，如机器的制造过程、自然或社会现象产生的原因、工程项目的规划或问题的解决方案等等，介绍自然科学、社会科学领域的最新成果，社会经济发展过程中出现的新生事物等等。
2.说明顺序：时间顺序，空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认识顺序。
3.说明方法：例如举例、分类法或类比、对比法，给事物下定义或分析事物产生的原因以及后果。
4.说明文呈现出条理清晰、逻辑严谨的特点，说明文的语言准确、科学。
5.多引用权威性的话语。
Why Do People Blink Their Eyes
People blink(眨眼) their eyes tens of thousands of times every day. Scientists have long believed blinking was an involuntary movement and served mainly to keep the eyeballs wet. But a new study suggests it has a more important purpose.
An international team of scientists from the University of California at Berkeley studied the blinking of human eyelids. The journal Current Biology published their findings. The team said they found that blinking “repositions our eyeballs so we can stay focused” on what we are seeing. They said that when we blink our eyelids, the eyes roll back into their sockets—the bony area that surrounds and protects the eyes. However, the researchers found the eyes don’t always return to the same position. They said this causes the brain to tell the eye muscles to reorganize our eyesight.
Gerrit Maus is the lead writer of the report. He serves as an assistant professor of psychology at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. Maus said, “Our eye muscles are quite sluggish(迟缓的) and imprecise, so the brain needs to constantly adapt its motor signals to make
sure our eyes are pointing where they’re supposed to. Our findings suggested that the brain measures the difference in what we see before and after a blink, and commands the eye muscles to make the needed corrections.” The researchers said that without such corrections our surroundings
would appear unclear and even jumpy. They said the movement acts “like a Steadicam(摄影稳定器) of the mind.”
The researchers said they asked volunteers to sit in a dark room while staring at a small dot on a flat surface. They used special cameras to follow the volunteer’s blinks and eye movements. After each blink, the dot was moved one centimeter to the right. The volunteers did not notice this, but the brain did. It followed the movement and directed the eye muscles to refocus on the dot. After the dot was moved in this way 30 times, the volunteers’ eyes changed their focus to the place where they predicted it would be.
Professor Maus said, “Even though participants did not consciously register that the dot had moved, their brains did, and adjusted with the corrective eye movements. These findings add to our understanding of how the brain constantly adapts to changes, commanding our eye muscles to correct for errors in our bodies’ own hardware.”
说明文
1.According to the new study, blinking eyes can .
A. serve to keep the eyeballs wet B. reposition eyeballs to stay focused
C. consciously correct eye movements D. make our eyes adapt to motor signals
2.From the experiment, we can learn that .
A. volunteers could see the moving dot with special cameras
B. the eyeballs could stay in the place as they were predicted
C. participants were aware of the dot’s movements to the right
D. the brain commanded the eye muscles to refocus on the dot
3.The underlined word “register” in Paragraph 5 probably means .
A. realize B. refocus
C. reserve D. reason
4.This passage shows that .
A. eye muscles are quite inactive and imprecise
B. the research is of great value in the eye movement
C. the brain plays an important role in seeing things clearly
D. volunteers control their blinks to follow the changes of the dots
说明文出题特点：
1 信息对应查找；
2 标题判断题；
3.生词词义判断题；
4.代词指代判断题；
5 读者对象判断
近来考查，说明文占据近三分之二
语篇分析，走意义连接这条线
怎麽把大象放进冰箱里
总结
1.不同的文章有不同的阅读方法，阅读的内容是不一样的。
2.语篇结构，内容逻辑是语篇解读的重点。
3.我们教师的讲题不只是翻译文章，而是语篇教学。帮助学生理清文章思路，句子间的逻辑关系。
高考备考与命题研究
中国高考评价体系解读
博览群书是为智
高考命题与评价发展
博览群书是为智
命题时需要考虑哪些因素
话题语境，微技能，题目难度。
创新试题形式，加强情境设计，注重联系社会生活实际，增加综合性、开放性、应用性、探究性试题。
考查学生运用所学知识分析问题和解决问题的能力，阅读文章的能力。
文章的脉落，文章的写作风格，文章的主题意义。
高考英语科考查内容
学科素养
学科素养是即将进人高等学校的学习者在面 对生活实践或学习探索问题情境时,能够在正确的 思想价值观念指导下,合理运用科学的思维方式与 方法,有效地整合学科相关知识,运用学科相关能 力,高质量地认识问题、分析问题、解决问题的综合 品质。高考英语科的学科素养包括交际、学习和思 辨3项指标。
关键能力
关键能力是即将进人高等学校的学习者在面 对与学科相关的生活实践或学习探索问题情境时， 有效地认识问题、分析问题、解决问题所必须具备 的能力。高考英语科的关键能力包括听力理解、阅 读理解、书面表达和口语表达4种能力。
必备知识
必备知识是即将进人高等学校的学习者在面对与学科相关的生活实践或学习题情境时,有效地 认识问题、分析问题、解决问题所必须具备的知识。 英语科的必备知识包括语言知识和文化知识。考生应掌握《英语课程标准》中英语语音、词汇、语法、 语篇、语用知识内容要求以及文化知识内容要求所 列的相关项目,还应掌握《英语课程标准》所列的相关词汇和语法项目。
高考英语科命题依据
体现立德树人时代特征，促进德智体美劳全面发展
2020年高考英语全国卷试题，选材围绕人与自然、人与社会、人与自我三大主题全面考查英语综合运用能力，体现立德树人时代特征，引导体美劳教育，促进德智体美劳全面发展。
一是融入中国元素，切实增强“四个自信”。
二是关注体育运动，倡导健康运动理念。
三是渗透美育知识，引导审美情趣养成。
四是树立劳动观念，宣传践行劳动精神。
体现高考评价体系要求，深入强化关键能力考查
2020年高考英语全国卷试题以学科素养为导向，突出对听力、阅读、写作等关键能力的考查；改变相对固化的考查形式，促进学生发展学科素养，提高综合语言运用能力。
一是以学科素养为导向，加强关键能力考查。
二是深化考试内容改革，防止试题形式固化。
稳定试卷结构和试题难度，体现时代性和公平性
充分考虑不同地区考生群体的能力水平和实际情况，2020年高考英语全国卷试题合理控制难度与区分度，关注试题的公平性。
一是维持试卷结构稳定，全面考查综合语言运用能力。
二是合理控制试卷难度，稳步提升试题命制质量。
三是体现时代性，确保公平性。
与君弹做天籁曲
心理学知识
博览群书是为智
安德森认知理论
知识的功能角度分为陈述性知识与程序性知识。"陈述性知识"也称"描述性知识"，主要是解决是什么的问题。"陈述性知识"也称"操作性知识"，主要解决做什么与如何做的问题。
博览群书是为智
皮亚杰认知发展阶段论
瑞士儿童心理学家皮亚杰提出的关于儿童认知发展可以分为四个阶段的理论。这四个前后相继而又有质的差异的阶段
(1)感知运动阶段（出生-2岁）。相当于婴儿期。这是语言和表象产生前的阶段。本阶段主要特点是：儿童只是依靠感知动作适应外部世界，构筑动作格式。本阶段儿童在认知上的主要成就是：主体和客体分化和因果联系的形成。
(2)前运算阶段（2-7岁）。较之前一阶段其质的飞跃表现在：由于信号功能或象征功能的出现，这一阶段的儿童开始从具体动作中摆脱出来，可以凭借象征性格式而在头脑里进行表象性思维。这一阶段还可再分为前概念或象征思维阶段（2-4岁）与直觉思维阶段（4-7岁）这样两个小阶段。
(3)具体运算阶段（7、8-11、12岁）。这一阶段的儿童认知和思想有两个特点，一是思维开始具有较大的变易性，出现了可逆性（“运算”概念在皮亚杰理论中本身就意味着一种可逆的动作），能解决守恒问题，能凭借具体事物或形象进行分类和理解逻辑关系；另一是能对具体事物进行群集运算，包括组合性、逆向性、结合性、同一性、重复性或多余性等运算。但由于这一阶段的运算仍脱离不了具体事物或形象的支持，所以，其运算还是零散的、孤立的，难以组成完整的系统。
(4)形式运算阶段。亦称命题运算阶段。本阶段的最大特点在于：儿童思维已能摆脱具体事物的束缚，不受具体事物的内容的局限，能把形式与内容分开，进行抽象的逻辑思维，即能运用符号进行命题演算，能根据假设进行逻辑推理。在这一阶段里，尽管儿童少年并未意识到某些形式运算结构的存在，但能运用这些结构去解决实际问题。
博览群书是为智
博览群书是为智
博览群书是为智
博览群书是为智
命题流程
整体计划→内容界定→细目蓝图→编制试题
↓
阅卷评分←测验实施←测验制作←设计与组合
↓
划定分数线→结果报告→题库储备→技术报告
博览群书是为智
命题要求：
测试考点（每小题只考一个点）
题型选择（主观题、客观题）
分值和步骤（完成题目的时间）
测验长度：框架下各维度一级领域中试题不少于6题，二级领域中试题不少于3题.
题目呈现：各类题型由易到难分布，尽可能平缓。
阅读理解哪篇最难？
ABDC
与君弹做天籁曲
命题的特点
听力素材
1.要符合语境，合理
2.题目出现要按顺序
3.选项要具体，不能用笼统的词“wonderful”
4.听力中不能用paraphrase
5.题目选项之间不能相互关联，出现“穿帮”
阅读理解
1.语篇的主旨大意
2.词语讲解要融入语篇中
3.语篇结构、层次的分析
4.语篇的文体、体裁特点
Suddenly, a player and I crashed into each other. Pain raced through my body. My knee hurt badly. The team gathered around, looking worried. The last quarter was about to begin, and my team was behind by 10 points.
“I don’t think I can play anymore, coach,” I said quietly as the doctor put an ice pack on my knee.
“No way,” the coach replied sharply. “We’ve got no more players!”
“What about Paul ” someone suggested.
“Paul ” said the coach. “He can’t play!”
“Give him a shot, coach!” I said. “What have we got to lose ”
“That’s right,” another player said. “We’re losing anyway. Let Paul play!”
记叙文
Suddenly, a player and I crashed into each other. Pain raced through my body. My knee hurt badly. The team gathered around, looking worried. The last quarter was about to begin, and my team was behind by 10 points.
“I don’t think I can play anymore, coach,” I said quietly as the doctor put an ice pack on my knee.
“No way,” the coach replied sharply. “We’ve got no more players!”
“What about Paul ” someone suggested.
“Paul ” said the coach. “He can’t play!”
“Let me try, coach! I won’t let you down!” Paul said.
“OK, OK!” the coach finally agreed. “Don’t let us down, Paul. It’s your time to shine.”
Paul jumped up and rushed onto the court. And clearly, all the extra hours that he’d spent practising alone paid off. The other team just couldn’t keep up with his energy and speed. He made shot after shot, and the crowd couldn’t stop clapping and cheering.
When the game ended, our team had won by two points.
“Well,” said the coach as he hit Paul on the shoulder, “you’ve just earned your place on the team, big guy!”
Suddenly, a player and I crashed into each other. Pain raced through my body. My knee hurt badly. The team gathered around, looking worried. The last quarter was about to begin, and my team was behind by 10 points.
“I don’t think I can play anymore, coach,” I said quietly as the doctor put an ice pack on my knee.
“No way,” the coach replied sharply. “We’ve got no more players!”
“What about Paul ” someone suggested.
“Paul ” said the coach. “He can’t play!”
“Give him a shot, coach!” I said. “What have we got to lose ”
“That’s right,” another player said. “We’re losing anyway. Let Paul play!”
Suddenly, a player and I crashed into each other. Pain raced through my body. My knee hurt badly. The team gathered around, looking worried. The last quarter was about to begin, and my team was behind by 10 points.
“I don’t think I can play anymore, coach,” I said quietly as the doctor put an ice pack on my knee.
“No way,” the coach replied sharply. “We’ve got no more players!”
“What about Paul ” someone suggested.
“Paul ” said the coach. “He can’t play!”
“Let me try, coach! I won’t let you down!” Paul said.
“OK, OK!” the coach finally agreed. “Don’t let us down, Paul. It’s your time to shine.”
Paul jumped up and rushed onto the court. And clearly, all the extra hours that he’d spent practising alone paid off. The other team just couldn’t keep up with his energy and speed. He made shot after shot, and the crowd couldn’t stop clapping and cheering.
When the game ended, our team had won by two points.
“Well,” said the coach as he hit Paul on the shoulder, “you’ve just earned your place on the team, big guy!”
突然，我和一名球员撞到了一起，疼痛在我身上迅速蔓延。我的膝盖受伤严重。球队围在我身边，看起来很担心。最后一节即将开始，我们队已经落后10分。
我平静地说，“我可能不能继续上场了，教练。”医生把冰袋放在我的膝盖上。
“不行，”教练斩钉截铁地回答，“我们没有别的球员了！”
“保罗怎么样？”有人建议。
“保罗？”教练说，“他不行！”
“给他个机会吧，教练！”我说，“我们还能损失什么呢？”
“没错，”另一名球员说，“不管怎样我们都要输了，让保罗上场吧！”
“让我试试，教练！我不会让你失望的！”保罗说。
“好吧，好吧！”教练最终同意了。“别让我们失望，保罗。你发光发亮的时刻到了。”
保罗跳起来冲上球场。显然，他所有独自练习的额外时间都得到了回报。对手队跟不上他的力量和速度。他的进球一个接一个，人群不停地鼓掌欢呼。
比赛结束时，我们队以两分的优势赢得了比赛。
“嗯，”教练一边拍着保罗的肩膀一边说，“你已经为自己赢得了球队中的位置，‘大个子’！”
I work with Volunteers for Wildlife, a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in LocustValley. Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain. However, when it works, it is simply beautiful.
I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. She had found a young owl(猫头鹰) on the ground. When I arrived, I saw a 2-to 3-week-old owl. It had already been placed in a carrier for safety.
I examined the chick(雏鸟) and it seemed fine. If I could locate the nest, I might have been able to put it back, but no luck. My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree.
The homeowner was very helpful. A wire basket was found. I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable. I placed the chick in the nest, and it quickly calmed down.
Now all that was needed were the parents, but they were absent. I gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger screams of owl chicks. These advertise the presence of chicks to adults; they might also encourage our chick to start calling as well. I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home to see what news the night might bring.
A nervous night to be sure, but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all! The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings. I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active. And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all — LUNCH！The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.
记叙文
24. What is unavoidable in the author’s rescue work according to paragraph 1
A. Efforts made in vain. B. Getting injured in his work.
C. Feeling uncertain about his future. D. Creatures forced out of their homes.
25. Why was the author called to Mutton town
A. To rescue a woman. B. To take care of a woman.
C. To look at a baby owl. D. To cure a young owl.
26. What made the chick calm down
A. A new nest. B. Some food. C. A recording. D. Its parents.
27. How would the author feel about the outcome of the event
A. It’s unexpected. B. It’s beautiful.
C. It’s humorous. D. It’s discouraging
24.【答案】A【解析】该题属于推断题。通过审题，提取主要信息是在问作者在营救过程中不可避免的事情。在第一段中的第二句话“Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking : survival is never certain.”结合选项，A项是它的同义句的一种表述。
25.【答案】C【解析】该题属于原因细节题。利用因果关系把握设题点的位置。通过题干中关键词call和Muttontown可以定位到第二段。经过分析“I saw a 2-to 3-week old owl”和“I examined the chick(雏鸟)”得知我被叫去该地方的原因是查看幼小的猫头鹰。故答案选C项。
26.【答案】A【解析】该题属于细节题。通过题干中的关键词the chick和calm down定位到第四段，“I placed the chick in the nest, and it quickly calmed down.”故可知答案A项正确。
27.【答案】B【解析】该题属于推断题，对于作者的态度进行揣测。文章最后一段中第一句后半句“but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us!”还有与第一段呼应，最后一句中“When it works, it is simply beautiful.”可得知作者的感受是美好的，故选择B项。
英语记叙文的特点记叙文是记人叙事的文章,它主要是用于说明事件的时间、背景、起因、过程及结果,即我们通常所说的五个“ W ”( what, who, when, where, why )和一个“ H ”（how）。文章中因果关系也是设题点的位置。
记叙文
应用文
Pacific Science Center Guide
Visit Pacific Science Center's Store
Don't forget to stop by Pacific Science Center's Store while you are here to pick up a wonderful science activity or souvenir to remember your visit. The store is located(位于) upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome.
Hungry
Our exhibits will feed your mind, but what about your body Our café offers a complete menu of lunch and snack options, in addition to seasonal specials. The café is located upstairs in Building 1 and is open daily until one hour before Pacific Science Center closes.
Rental Information
Lockers are available to store any belongings during your visit. The lockers are located in Building 1 near the Information Desk and in Building 3. Pushchairs and wheelchairs are available to rent at the Information Desk and Denny Way entrance. ID required.
Support Pacific Science Center
Since 1962, Pacific Science Center has been inspiring a passion(热情) for discovery and lifelong learning in science, math and technology. Today, Pacific Science Center serves more than 1.3 million people a year and brings inquiry-based science education to classrooms and community events all over Washington State. It's an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organizations. Visit pacificsciencecenter.org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center.
应用文
(1)
Where can you buy a souvenir at Pacific Science Center
A.In Building 1. B.In Building 3.
C.At the Laser Dome. D.At the Denny Way entrance.
(2)
What does Pacific Science Center do for schools
A.Train science teachers. B.Distribute science books.
C.Inspire scientific research. D.Take science to the classroom.
(3)
What is the purpose of the last part of the text
A.To encourage donations. B.To advertise coming events.
C.To introduce special exhibits.D.To tell about the Center's history.
广告等应用文特点：
1、选材特点：
信息量大，文句精炼，形式灵活，用最少的篇幅表达最大量的信息。
2、内容特点：
生活化，实用化，多样化，如产品宣传、服务介绍、通知、海报、启示、招生招聘等。
3、形式特点：
标题醒目，重点突出，条理清晰，常用粗体字或各类项目符号使文章结构更鲜明。
4、语言特点：
人名、地名、专有名词多；生词多；缩略词、祈使句、省略句多；结构不完整。
5、命题特点：
主要考察考生提取信息和处理信息的能力，既注重特定细节的筛选、类比、综合，又注重推理判断题的考查，题目设置相对较容易。
命题时要考虑语篇中最精华的部分
新闻报道
Some of the world’s most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures.
Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that. As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.
“Jazz seems like it’s not really a part of the American appetite,” Moran tells National Public Radio’s reporter Neal Conan. “What I’m hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and write anymore. It’s actually color, and it’s actually digital.”
Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost. “The music can’t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same,” says Moran.
Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Waller’s music for a dance party, “just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music,” says Moran. “For me, it’s the recontextualization. In music, where does the emotion(情感) lie
Are we, as humans, gaining any insight(感悟) on how talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context,” says Moran, “so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster.”
新闻报道
28. Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day
A. To remember the birth of jazz. B. To protect cultural diversity.
C. To encourage people to study music.D. To recognize the value of jazz.
29. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Jazz becoming more accessible. B. The production of jazz growing faster.
C. Jazz being less popular with the young.D. The jazz audience becoming larger.
30. What can we infer about Moran’s opinion on jazz
A. It will disappear gradually. B. It remains black and white.
C. It should keep up with the times. D. It changes every 50 years.
31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Exploring the Future of Jazz B. The Rise and Fall of Jazz
C. The Story of a Jazz Musician D. Celebrating the Jazz Day
新闻报道
新闻类特点：
1.具有极强的时效性，简洁性和趣味性的特点。
2.语言清晰，既不能晦涩难懂，也不能模棱两可。
3.用词简洁具体，新词层出不穷。
4.为了强调突出新闻事实本身或动作的承受者比发出者更为重要，特别是报道灾难，战争，冲突中的伤亡人数和人员情况时，常常使用被动语态。
5.若用引语，引语部分会出题。
新闻报道
西方文章 倒金字塔型
国内文章 “ T”字形（新华体）
说明文
说明文的特点
1.说明文用平实的语言客观地解释或探讨各种问题，如机器的制造过程、自然或社会现象产生的原因、工程项目的规划或问题的解决方案等等，介绍自然科学、社会科学领域的最新成果，社会经济发展过程中出现的新生事物等等。
2.说明顺序：时间顺序，空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认识顺序。
3.说明方法：例如举例、分类法或类比、对比法，给事物下定义或分析事物产生的原因以及后果。
4.说明文呈现出条理清晰、逻辑严谨的特点，说明文的语言准确、科学。
5.多引用权威性的话语。
Why Do People Blink Their Eyes
People blink(眨眼) their eyes tens of thousands of times every day. Scientists have long believed blinking was an involuntary movement and served mainly to keep the eyeballs wet. But a new study suggests it has a more important purpose.
An international team of scientists from the University of California at Berkeley studied the blinking of human eyelids. The journal Current Biology published their findings. The team said they found that blinking “repositions our eyeballs so we can stay focused” on what we are seeing. They said that when we blink our eyelids, the eyes roll back into their sockets—the bony area that surrounds and protects the eyes. However, the researchers found the eyes don’t always return to the same position. They said this causes the brain to tell the eye muscles to reorganize our eyesight.
Gerrit Maus is the lead writer of the report. He serves as an assistant professor of psychology at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. Maus said, “Our eye muscles are quite sluggish(迟缓的) and imprecise, so the brain needs to constantly adapt its motor signals to make
sure our eyes are pointing where they’re supposed to. Our findings suggested that the brain measures the difference in what we see before and after a blink, and commands the eye muscles to make the needed corrections.” The researchers said that without such corrections our surroundings
would appear unclear and even jumpy. They said the movement acts “like a Steadicam(摄影稳定器) of the mind.”
The researchers said they asked volunteers to sit in a dark room while staring at a small dot on a flat surface. They used special cameras to follow the volunteer’s blinks and eye movements. After each blink, the dot was moved one centimeter to the right. The volunteers did not notice this, but the brain did. It followed the movement and directed the eye muscles to refocus on the dot. After the dot was moved in this way 30 times, the volunteers’ eyes changed their focus to the place where they predicted it would be.
Professor Maus said, “Even though participants did not consciously register that the dot had moved, their brains did, and adjusted with the corrective eye movements. These findings add to our understanding of how the brain constantly adapts to changes, commanding our eye muscles to correct for errors in our bodies’ own hardware.”
说明文
1.According to the new study, blinking eyes can .
A. serve to keep the eyeballs wet B. reposition eyeballs to stay focused
C. consciously correct eye movements D. make our eyes adapt to motor signals
2.From the experiment, we can learn that .
A. volunteers could see the moving dot with special cameras
B. the eyeballs could stay in the place as they were predicted
C. participants were aware of the dot’s movements to the right
D. the brain commanded the eye muscles to refocus on the dot
3.The underlined word “register” in Paragraph 5 probably means .
A. realize B. refocus
C. reserve D. reason
4.This passage shows that .
A. eye muscles are quite inactive and imprecise
B. the research is of great value in the eye movement
C. the brain plays an important role in seeing things clearly
D. volunteers control their blinks to follow the changes of the dots
说明文出题特点：
1 信息对应查找；
2 标题判断题；
3.生词词义判断题；
4.代词指代判断题；
5 读者对象判断
近来考查，说明文占据近三分之二
语篇分析，走意义连接这条线
怎麽把大象放进冰箱里
总结
1.不同的文章有不同的阅读方法，阅读的内容是不一样的。
2.语篇结构，内容逻辑是语篇解读的重点。
3.我们教师的讲题不只是翻译文章，而是语篇教学。帮助学生理清文章思路，句子间的逻辑关系。