2022-2023学年高三英语核心语法复习重点讲义记录
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2022-2023学年高三英语核心语法复习重点讲义记录
英语核心语法讲座记录（一）
学习英语的障碍就是语法。语言是世界上最美的东西，语言的精华就是语法。
一 词类:
adj .形容词，表述名词形态颜色 adv .副词
1、大分类:
I. 开放式n(名) v(动) adj(形容) adv (副词)
II．封闭式pron(代词) num(数词) prep(介词) conj(连词) art interj
其中n (名词)占所有词汇的70% 而v (动词)重要性占70%，主要用来表述名词的动作.
2、英文数字读法
（1） 首先,数位置,自后向前3位打一逗号如:5,869,584,568
（2） 会读三位数
（3）按三位数从前到后顺序冠以 thousand million billion trillion
（4） 一个标准数字只有一个and在最后在百位与十位中间.
二、动词时态(16种)
1、动词五种基本形式
v (原形) vs（第三人称） ving（进行式） ved（过去式） ven（完成式）
do does doing did done
have has having had had
eat eats eating ate eaten
动词be八种形式：be am is are being was were been
情态动词只有现在时和过去时：can / could will /would
2、（1）一般时态
现在 V/Vs
过去 Ved
将来 will V
过去将来 would V
（2）进行时
现在 am/is/are + Ving
过去 was/were +Ving
将来 will be + Ving
过去将来 would be + Ving
（3）完成时
现在 have/has + Ven
过去 had +Ven
将来 will have +Ven
过去将来 would have +Ven
（4）完成进行时
现在 have/has + been Ving
过去 had + been Ving
将来 will have + been Ving
过去将来 would have + been Ving
S (主语) V（谓语） O (宾语)
We write a letter “他写信”
He writes a letter
We wrote a letter
We will write a letter
We would write a letter
谈英语学习
一: 大学生与高中生和研究生的区别
1 我国教育制度本身存在缺陷
国内：大学生的惰性教育 取得学位 易
国外：大学毕业生—技工 取得学位 难
2、高中生 本科生 硕士生 博士生
自学能力 研究能力 洞察能力
解决问题 发现问题 提出问题
本科生教育中在培养自学能力。它建立在自身基础和好的导师两点之上。
记忆曲线
1）1小时内重复 95%
6小时内重复 82%
6天内重复 28%
启示一：及时复习
2）单独记忆 ：结合记忆 = 1 ：6
启示二：通过联想记忆
例：1) port=carry 引申而来的
port n. 港口
import 进口
export 出口
transport 交通
portable 便携式的
porter 搬运工
Two trans-Atlantic liners collided in a thick fog last night. There were no rescuers in the accident.”昨晚由于大雾两艘.横渡大西洋的航线相撞,,整个事故没有救援人员.
2) En- 使….更..
enlarge 放大 enlarge photo 扩印照片
enrich 丰富 enrich our life 丰富我们的生活
endanger危害
3) –en 也有使程度更深的意思
deepen 加深
widen拓宽
long length lengthen增长
strong strength strengthen加强
启发三：记忆个性化
作业：1、课下分组练习数字的读法
2、练习16种时态，造句
3、不规则动词表
英语核心语法讲座记录（二）
1、v + ing —〉n
1）动词ing形式不仅可以做现在分词，也可作名词
greet v. eg. I greet you . 我向你问候.
greeting n. Good morning is a very useful greeting. 早上好是个很有用的问候语
read v. I am reading a book..”我正在读书”
reading n. Reading is an important thing.”阅读是很重要的一件事”
teach v. The teacher is teaching us.”老师正在教我们”
teaching n A good teaching method is very important.
“一个好的教学方法是很重要的”
（在此需熟记的单词 greeting 、useful）
穿插复习前面学习过的动词变名词三种形式：
一般动词加ing greeting 问候
去e加ing using 使用
双写加ing beginning 开端
2）某些单词动词变名词方法比较特殊：
如：use [z] v / [s] n
advise [z] v / 给…建议 advice [s] n 建议
breath [] n / 呼吸呼吸, 气息, 气味,
breathe [] v 呼吸, 使喘息, 发散, 低声说
2 be +v-ing表示正在进行时
Eg:I use English. “我使用英语”
I am using English.(use+ing=using)
I was using English.(过去进行时)
I will be using English.（将来进行时）
I would be using English.（表示将来的一种状态）
***在此穿插动词的过去时构成：
have/ has +v-ed构成动词的完成时，表示该动作已经完成，（在此have/ has是助动词，无实际意义）
Eg: I write a letter. “我写一封信”一般现在时说明现在的状态。
I have written a letter.“我写完了一封信”指到目前为止写信的动作已经完成。在此用have。
I had written a letter.“我写完了一封信”但在此这个动作完成在现在之前，比如一小时前或者一天前之类。所以用had。
I will have written a letter.“我将要完成一封信”信还没完成，但有完成的可能性。
I would have written a letter. “我应该可以完成一封信的”，信虽然没有完成，但是截至过去某个时间应该会完成的。
***穿插have当实意动词 v. 意为“有、吃、上”
Eg: I have lunch.“我吃饭”
I have had lunch.“我已经吃过饭了”
I had had lunch.“我（当时）已经吃过饭了”这个时间在现在之前所以用过去完成时。
I will have had lunch. “我将要吃完饭
I would have had lunch. “（到过去的某时）我将吃完饭了”
二、被动语态
1 基本构成形式： O+ V + by +S
英语中有16种时态，理论上应该都有被动语态，但实际上只有12种时态存在被动语态（一般时态、进行时态、完成时态）其中需注意的是：
过去分词v+ed的作用 ：a 表完成 have/ has +v+ed
b表被动 be +v+ed
1) 一般时态的被动语态 am/is/are +v+ed
Eg: I eat lunch.“我吃饭”
Lunch is eaten by me. “饭被我吃”
2) 一般过去时被动was/were + v+ed
Lunch was eaten by me. “饭已经被我吃了”
3) 一般将来时被动will be + v+ed
Lunch will be eaten by me.“饭将要被我吃”
4) 过去将来时被动would be + v+ed
Lunch would be eaten by me .站在过去的角度上，“饭将要被我吃”
5）进行时态被动语态 （O+ be being +V+ed by S）
I am drinking coffee.“我喝咖啡”
Coffee is being drunk by me.“咖啡正在被我喝”
Coffee was being drunk by me. 站在过去某时刻立场上“我正在喝咖啡”
Coffee will be being drunk .咖啡将要被我喝。
Coffee would be being drunk.“咖啡将要被我喝掉”
***穿插主动语态变被动语态的五个步骤：
1）找出句子的主语谓语宾语。即（SVO）
2）写出句中谓语动词过去分词。
3）加上be动词构成be+v+ed
4）判断句子时态，被动与主动时态保持一致。
5）连接成句子O+ V + by +S
三、句子的扩展的几种类型
1、直接引语变间接引语
坚持三个原则：1）人称要一致 2）时态要一致 3）时间要一致
Eg: He said : “I am a teacher this year.”
He said he was a teacher that year.由以上两句可以看出直接引语要转换成间接引语的话，时态要跟随说话者的时态变化而变化，间接引语变换成直接引语时时间的一致体现在this换成 that。意思为过去说“今年”现在说就是“那年”。同样如下边几组，请注意表示时间概念词语的转换：
A He said : “I am happy today.”“他说，我今天很高兴”
He said he was happy that day. 他说他那天很高兴。
B He said: “my brother will fly to USA tomorrow.”
他说“我的哥哥明天就要去美国了”
He said his brother would fly to USA the next day.
他说他的哥哥第二天就要去美国了。
C He said: “my brother will fly to USA this week.”
他说“我哥哥这周将要去美国。”
He said his brother would fly to USA the next week.
他说他的哥哥第二周就要去美国了。
D He said: “my brother is reading newspapers now.”
他说“我哥哥现在正在读报纸”
He said his brother was reading newspapers then.
他说他哥哥当时正在读报纸。
2、句子的合并
1）并列法
S V O + and/but/or/ + S V O
Eg: I am teaching and you are studying。“我在教而你在学。”
He is in China but he is not Chinese.“他现在在中国但他不是中国人。”
I will ask you questions or you will ask me questions.
“我可以问你问题或者你问我问题。”
2）主从法
conj +SVO+从句 （从句不可单独使用）例如：
Why I eat lunch is clear. （主语从句）因为这个句子在句中充当主语。
Please tell me when I have lunch. 同理（宾语从句）这个句子做的是宾语。
省略原则：在正规书面英语中，尽量不省略连词
He told me : “ You are a teacher.”
他告诉我：“你是老师”
He told me that I was a teacher.
他告诉我我是老师。
He said: “ Tom, you are a student now but you will be a
teacher next year.”他说“汤姆，现在你是个学生但是明年你就是老师了。”
He said that Tom was a student then but he would be a teacher the next year.
他说汤姆今年是个学生但是明年就是老师了。”
从句只能用陈述句语气，不能用疑问句语气。大家要牢记这一点，在改错或其他题型中经常出现。
例如：Please tell me what your name is.而不是Please tell me what is your name。请告诉我你的名字。
四、时态类型小结 (I eat lunch.) 我吃饭。
I am eating lunch.（现在进行时）
I was eating lunch.（过去进行时）
I will be eating lunch.（将来进行时）
I would be eating lunch.（过去将来进行时）
I have eaten lunch. （现在完成时）
I had eaten lunch. （过去完成时）
I will have eaten lunch.（将来完成时）
I would have eaten lunch.(过去将来完成时)
I have been eating lunch.（现在完成进行时）
I had been eating lunch.（过去完成进行时）
I will have been eating lunch.（将来完成进行时）
I would have been eating lunch.(过去将来进行时)
16种时态中，有14种时态变否定和疑问句是简单形式，即在句中某词后加not,或把某词提前，只有两种时态需加助动词do，即一般现在时和一般过去时
I（do not）eat lunch. Do I eat lunch
I (did not eat) ate lunch. Did I eat lunch
I will eat lunch.
I would eat lunch.
作业：1、看笔记
2、写三句话 16种时态 12种语态 肯定句 否定句
3、复习不规则动词表
英语核心语法讲座记录（三）
虚拟语气
一 何时采用虚拟语气
当我们在写作或者言语时遇到无话可说或者需要充实所说或所写内容时我们大可采用虚拟语气,意旨反说从另一个角度来论述同样的问题,以达到同样的语义效果.
二 什么叫做虚拟语气 （定义）
简言之,即我们要表达以下两个方面时:
(一) 与事实相反
(二) 强烈的愿望
均可用到虚拟语气.
三 虚拟语气在第一个层次上(与事实相反)的多种体现形式:
这多种形式的共同一个思路就是:主句的时态在从句的时态基础上往前推一格.我们以最简单的例子来诠释最基本的原则.
1 基本形式(三个公式)
1) 对现在
If I were you,I would stay. 说话人站在现在的立场上“如果我是你，我就会留下来”
(前面从句用一般过去时,后边主句用一般现在时,而主语是I时，后面统统用Were而不能用Was，在此没有任何概念性原因，退一步，可以这样理解，我们在此用虚拟语气的目的就是表示与事实相反，因此用Were不用Was使其更加远离事实)
2) 对过去
If I had been you,I would have stayed. 说话人站在过去的立场上，“如果我是你，我就留下来了”很可能是指现在之前比如昨晚，上周之类。
（前面从句用过去完成时,后边主句用现在完成时）
3）对将来
从句用Were to/should ， 主句 would+v(原形)
If I were to/should go to US tomorrow,I would take you.
*** 延伸至一般动词
对现在
If I knew the answer, I would tell you.“如果我现在知道答案，我将会告诉你”言外之意，我现在不知道答案也不可能告诉你。
If the door were open, I would go out.（同上）
If the door were closed, it would not be cold. （同上）
If the light were not on, I would not see clearly. “如果灯没有开的话，我将会看不清楚的”是其否定形式，直接在谓语后加NOT）
对过去
If I had known the answer, I would have told you.“如果我知道答案的话，我就会告诉你的”这个时间可能是昨天，前天，甚至更早。
If I had been busy yesterday, I would not have come.“如果我昨天忙的话，我就不会来了”言外之意，我昨天不忙，而且我来了。
If I had not been busy yesterday, I would have seen you.“如果我昨天不忙的话，我就会见到你的”言外之意是我昨天忙， 所以没有见到你。
对将来
If Mr Wu were to come tomorrow,I would pay you 100$.“如果吴老师明天来的话，我将付给你100美元。”言外之意是吴老师明天不可能会来，在此体现了与事实相反。
*^^^* 在此插入我们之前学习过的数字的读法：
Trillion,billion,million,thousand,
交叉形式（在07年CET4中出现）
If you had come yesterday, you would know the answer.“如果你昨天来了的话，你就会知道答案了”言外之意，昨天没有来，所以你现在不知道答案。交叉体现在“昨天”没来，所以“现在”不知道。这样的情况下，时态也会相应的交叉，前面从句用过去完成，后面主句用一般现在时。
If I had not gone home last month, I would not be so happy。“如果我上个月没有回家的话，我将不会这么高兴”交叉关系同上。
倒装形式（去掉其前的If，动词提前，后面主句不变）使用倒装往往能使整个表达虚拟的语气更加强烈。
Were I you,I would go. “如果我是你，我就会去”
（将从句中Were提前，其主句不变）
Had I been you,I would have stayed. “如果我是你，我就留下来了”（将从句中Had提前，其后主句不变）
Were I to go to US,I would take you.（同样将从句中Were提前，主句依然不变）
真假形式
If I had not been busy yesterday, I would have helped you.“如果我昨天不忙的话，我就会帮助你了”言外之意，我昨天确实忙是真的，而我帮助你了是假的。
上一句话我们也可以变换成以下句型，以下两种句型多用在完型填空或者改错之类，请大家注意！
I was busy yesterday, otherwise I would have helped you.
I would have helped you, but I was busy yesterday.
精简形式
If you had not helped me yesterday, I would have failed in the test.“如果你昨天没有帮助我的话，我就不会通过考试。”可以精简成以下两种形式：以Without或But for开头的单句。
Without your helped yesterday, I would have failed in the test.
But for your help yesterday, I would have failed in the test.
浓缩形式
If you had driven your car more carefully yesterday, you would have avoided the accident.“如果你昨天开车再小心一点的话，你就不会车祸了。”以下一句不仅表达同样的意思，而且更为简练，称其为上一句的浓缩形式。不仅更精悍，而且更地道。
A more careful driver would have avoided the accident.
四 虚拟语气在第二个层次上(表达强烈愿望)的形式:
1 wish 引导的从句基本形式为
I Wish that SVO “我希望什么….”
Eg: I wish that I were you.“我希望我是你”实际上，我不是你。
I wish that I had taught you last term.“我希望我上学期教了你”，实际上，我并没有教你。
I wish that I would go to US tomorrow.“我希望我明天能够去美国”，实际上，我明天去不了美国。
I wish that I had not been busy yesterday.“我希望我昨天没有那么忙”，实际上，我昨天是忙了。
I wish that you I would help you this afternoon.“我希望我下午可以帮助你”，实际上，我不能帮助你。
2 I would rather that SVO “我宁愿什么….”
Eg: I would rather that you wrote on the blackboard.“我更想你在黑板上写字。”
I would rather that that you stayed here.“我宁愿你留在这里”
I would rather that you had stayed here last night.“我宁愿你昨天晚上留在这儿”
I would rather that you would stay here .“我更希望你留在这里”
3 I suggest that SVO “我建议什么….”
Eg: I suggest that he go.“我建议他去”
I suggest that he not go.“我建议他不去”
I suggest that the government make laws and regulations.“我建议政府要立法”
I suggest that laws and regulations be made by the government. “我建议政府要立法”为其被动形式。
*^^^* 在此插入regulation一词，表示制约人们行为的“法”有以下几个词：constitution, law, regulation, rule，其制约性按照以上顺序递减。 其动词形式为regulate v. 意为“规范…”如短语regulate price 句子Our government is regulating the market price. 其形容词形式为regular，意为“常规的，经常的”如：We are regular customers. “我们是老顾客”。
4 If only SVO “如果什么…就好了”
Eg: If only the light were off!“如果灯灭了就好了”实际上，灯不可能灭。
If only the door were open! 如果门是开的多好了！
5 Could/should/might/need之类的词能使虚拟语气的表达更加准确。例如：If I had not been busy last night, I would/could/should have come to see you.“将会/可能会/应该会”
本次讲座涉及的口语及其他部分
1 我们汉语中若问“孩子，我不在的几天里你乖不乖？”乍一看，按照我们汉语的习惯不好翻，所以地道的英语则译为“Have you been a good girl for Mom ”
2 再如孩子在一旁捣乱时我们可以说“Tom, you are being a bad boy!”
3 《Time》 著名的英文杂志这样评价克林顿：
He is far from a has been.
这句的意思是说克林顿虽然已经不任总统职务，但他的影响仍然还很大，远远没有过时。
4 用两种方法翻译下面的话
He found Mary a good daily help.（提示 SVOO SVOC）
可以由以下句子启发而来：
I will buy you a book.
I will buy a book for you.
I will buy a book from you.
5 Make the most out of …“使什么…发挥更大的作用”
6 “这个房间能上网吗？”地道的说法应为“Does this room have Internet access ”
作业: 1复习
2 找出与suggest同类的词如Demand,insist之类能用到以上或者以下形式的。
My suggestion is that he go.
It is suggested that he go.
It is necessary that he go.
It is imperative that he go.
运用在作题中可以通过从句中强烈的愿望推测句中蓝色词语的大致意义。
英语核心语法讲座记录（四）
第一部分:前面所学内容的复习
(一)我们前边所进行的三次讲座是针对英语词汇中比重最大的动词的三个方面进行的,
即时态(tense),语态(vioce),语气(mood),动词借助be /have /do构成了以上三大方面。
而我们今的讲座针对动词的第四个大方面非谓语动词进行。
（二） 对虚拟语气的补充
前面我们学习的虚拟语气占95%，剩下的5%是虚拟语气中的固定搭配。即idiomatic
ways of saying things(地道的说法)。
It is high time that SVO….“早该干什么什么了…”在此注意动词一定要用一般过
去时。
Eg: It is high time that we ate lunch.“我们早该吃午饭了”
第二部分：动词的非谓语形式
一 什么叫做动词的非谓语形式？
简言之动词不当谓语的形式就叫做动词的非谓语形式。而我们前边所学三种都是动词的谓语形式。
二 非谓语动词的几种形式
动名词 Ving
现在分词 Ving
过去分词 Ven
不定式 to V
(一)动名词与现在分词的区别：动名词实质上为名词，所以它既可以做主语又可以做宾语。而现在分词做的是谓语动词。
Eg: Reading is easy.“阅读很简单的事”在此Reading做的便是主语
I enjoy reading.“我喜欢阅读” 在此Reading做的便是宾语。
I am reading a book。而在此Reading做的便是谓语。
（二）动名词Ving的一般形式
1) 一般形式：Ving
如：read reading having read
play playing having played
动名词短语：动名词加上其本身的状语或宾语构成动名词短语。 动名词短语可以做主语或宾语。
如： Reading is easy.
Reading English is easy.“读英语是简单的”在此“reading English”就是动名词短语。做整个句子的主语。
Reading English with the help of a teacher is easy.“在老师的帮助下读英语是简单的”在此“Reading English with the help of a teacher ”整个就是一个动名词短语做主语。
I like reading English novels with the help of an English dictionary.“我喜欢在英语字典的帮助下读英文小说。”在此整个“reading English novels with the help of an English dictionary”是个动名词短语做动词的宾语。
3） 动名词的复合结构：动名词或者动名词短语加上其逻辑主语就构成了动名词的复合结构。同样它既可以做主语又可以做宾语。
如：Reading is easy.“阅读很简单”加上其逻辑主语后将变为
Mary’s Reading is easy.“对玛丽来说阅读是很简单的事情。”所以“Mary’s Reading ”就是动名词reading的复合结构。在此做句子的主语。
再如：Writing is necessary .“写作很有必要”
Students’ writing compositions is necessary.“对所有学生们来说写作文是很有必要的”在此“Students’ writing compositions”是动名词writing的动名词复合结构。由动名词短语writing compositions加上其逻辑主语Students’构成。在句子中做主语。
****在此穿插 名词复数所有格：Teachers’ day(教师节)
childern’s day（儿童节）
又如：I like my students’ getting up early and reading English texts aloud in the classroom every morning.“我喜欢我的学生每天早早起床在教师里大声朗读英语课文”
在此my students’ getting up early and reading English texts aloud in the classroom every morning 整个做句子的宾语。“getting up early and reading English texts”是两个并列的动名词短语，aloud ，in the classroom 以及every morning 是他们的状语。加上其逻辑主语my students’构成了整个复合结构，在句子中做宾语。
（三）Ving 完成时态：Having Ven
从形式上： reading having read
playing having played
从意义上： 已经读过了/已经玩完了
如：invite having invited
Inviting Mary to my birthday party is a good thing. “能邀请玛丽去我的生日宴会是件好事”“Inviting Mary to my birthday party”是个动名词短语做整个句子的主语。这个句子的意思是还没有邀请到玛丽，是我的一种愿望。
Having invited Mary to my birthday party is a good thing.“能邀请到玛丽来我的生日宴会是件好事。”用完成式“Having invited”表示已经邀请并且玛丽也答应了。
（四）Ving 的被动形式
一般形式的被动形式：Being Ven
完成时态的被动形式：Having been Ven
如：Writing Reading
Being written Being read
Having been written Having been read
如：Inviting a friend is a good thing.“能邀请朋友是一件好事” “Inviting a friend”是Inviting的动名词短语形式在句子中做 主语。此为主动形式。
Being invited by a friend is a good thing.“能被朋友邀请是一件好事”“Being invited”是动名词一般形式的被动，能够被邀请是一个整体，只是陈述被邀请这个事情是一件好事，但不一定被邀请。
Having been invited by a friend is a good thing.“能够被朋友邀请是一件好事” “Having been invited”是动名词短语的被动完成形式。说明已经被邀请了。
再如：Kill killed being killed
Soldiers’ being killed in the war is an unfortunate thing. “士兵们在战争中牺牲是一件很不幸的事.”在此Soldiers’ being killed in the war是动名词的复合结构,做整个句子的主语.
动词不定式 一般形式 to V
被动形式 to be Ven
一般形式的完成式 To have Ven
被动形式的完成式to have been Ven
1）如: 一般形式 to V
Reading is easy.
To read is easy. “阅读是简单的事” 同样To read和前面Reading一样都是做了整个句子的主语.但To read是不定式形式,同样也是非谓语的一种.
2） To read books is easy. 同上To read books 是不定式的短语做句子的主语.
****穿插: 为什么前面是read books而谓语用is？因为在这里books不是主语，主语是read books 是读书这件事情，作为一个整体的事情，所以后面谓语用单数。
再如：Reading is easy.“阅读很简单”
Writing is easy. “写作很简单”
这两个我们都知道要用单数
而根据上面的原则： Reading books is easy.
Writing compositions is easy.
而如果这样的话，Reading books and writing compositions is/are easy.这个既可以用单数又可以用复数。既可以把读书写作当做一件事，也可以把读书写作分开成为两件事可以用复数。
再如： 100￥ is enongh. 在这里100￥是一个整体一个概念，所以用单数。
3）动词不定式的复合结构：不定式加上其逻辑主语。
如： To read is easy. 没有逻辑主语时，表示对所有人，任何事物都适应。
那我们加上逻辑主语应该是什么样子的呢？
For Mary to read is easy.“对玛丽来说阅读是很容易的”
For …..(逻辑主语)
For Mary to read English novels with the help of a
dictionary is easy.”对玛丽来说，有一本字典的帮助读英文小说的话很简单。For Mary to read English novels with the help of a dictionary整个是不定式to read 的复合结构。
三 英文句子要符合的原则
（一）一致性原则：主要是主谓一致，指代一致。如Mary/ her.
如：Everyone should do our best to help him. 这个句子从汉语角度看的话，“我们每个人都应该尽力去帮他。”很正确，无可挑剔的。但是它没有符合一致性原则，前面主语是Everyone，而后面的代词是our，这样是前面单数后面复数，造成了指代不一致。所以正确的应该是：
Everyone should do his/her best to help him.
（二）稳定性原则：句子的主语和宾语都不能太长，一般用it 代替。
如：For Mary to read English novels with the help of a dictionary is easy.“对玛丽来说，有一本字典的帮助读英文小说的话很简单”
这个句子的主语是整个不定式复合结构 For Mary
to read English novels with the help of a dictionary 由于主语显得很长造成句子不稳定，所以用it代替后句子变为：It is easy For Mary to read English novels with the help of a dictionary. 就变成了It is Adj. for Sb. to do …也就是我们以前知道的一个句型，这样这个句型的由来我们就很清楚了。以后用起来就更清楚了。
***但宾语太长的话，也会失去句子的稳定性。
再如：I find to read an English novel with the help of a dictionary in the library after breakfast is easy.“我发现早饭后在图书馆借助字典的帮助读英语小说是很简单的”整个不定式复合结构 to read an English novel with the help of a dictionary in the library after breakfast是宾语，这样的话造成句子不稳定用it代替后句子变为：
I find it easy to read an English novel with the help of a dictionary in the library after breakfast. 由此我们得到这个句型 I find it adj to do ….这个句型可以用在我们写作中得高分。此句型还可以演变为：I find/think/regard/consider “我发现/认为/考虑/”
it important/possible/difficult/ for sb to do ….“重要的/可能的/困难的，”这样又繁衍出很多新的句子。我们的词汇也能得到扩充。另外我们可以在后面形容词之前加上副词，而英语中的长句子就是这样形成的。
如：I find it absolutely/extremely essential/significant to plant more trees and cut down fewer trees to protect our environment.“我认为少伐多种树木对保护环境是极其/特别重要的”
（三）多样性原则：（殊途同归）一个句子我可以同时用主动被动，真实的虚拟的，主语从句宾语从句。
如：主动被动：I have written two letters. / Two letters have been written by me.“我写了两封信”
真实的虚拟的
Professor Wu helped me to pass CET4. 吴老师帮助我通过了四级考试
If it had not been for Professor Wu’s help,I would not have passed CET4.“要不是吴老师的帮助我就不会通过四级考试”
主语从句宾语从句：
What he said is true.“他说的都是事实”为主语从句
All that he said is true.“所有他说的都是事实”为宾语从句。
四 各种形式的复合结构：
VingP 现在分词短语
To V
To VP 不定式短语
Ven
VenP 过去分词短语
形容词good
形容词短语good at; interested in
副词hard, carefully
副词短语very hard, very relatively/considerably carefully
介词 in
介词短语 in 2007, with your help
五 名词之后可以跟几大成分，使我们写出的句子变得长而且有意思。
N+PP（名词加介词短语）
The cup is good .这个杯子很好
The cup on the desk is good. 桌子上那个杯子很好
The cup on the desk in the corner of the room on the second floor in the middle of the school in the south of Zhengzhou in the middle China is good. 我们可以无限制的加上介词短语。
N+ADJP（名词加形容词短语）
The teacher is Wu.“那是吴老师”
The teacher good at sports and famous for singing songs is Wu.“那个擅长运动和唱歌的老师是吴老师”
N+VingP 名词加现在分词短语
The boy swimming in the river is my brother.“正在河里游泳的那个男孩是我的哥哥”
N+VenP 名词加过去分词短语
The boy praised by our teacher is my brother.“那个被我们老师表扬的男孩是我哥哥”
N+to VP 名词加不定式短语
The teacher to go to USA next year is Wu.“那个明年要去美国的老师是吴老师。”
N+to be Ven P 加不定式短语的被动
The teacher to be given the first prize is Wu.“将要被授予一等奖的老师是吴老师。”
The cup to be thrown away after class at 12:00 is paper.“这个即将在12点下课后被仍掉的杯子是纸做的。
再如：综合上面的几项可以有这样的句子
The exercise book in front of us, bought by me last week, to be taken away after class at 12:00 is important.“我上周买的，放在我面前的，12点下课后将会被带走的笔记本非常重要”。
以后我们都可以采用这样的方式来完整和充实我们的句子，不管是运用在作文或其他，都将是我们英语水平提高的一个表现。
英语核心语法讲座记录（五）
一 形容词的级
（一）形容词的原级
1） 横向比：是指本事物与其他事物在某一方面的比较
如：He is as tall as YaoMing “他和姚明一样高”
China is not as strong as the US. “中国没有美国强大”注意在此not 表示否定的“不如….怎么样”注意是放在前一个as之前，同时在这里前一个as也可以用so替换。即China is not so strong as the US.
2） 纵向比：本事物的某一方面在与其本身的过去现在将来进行对比
如：He is as tall as he was last year. “他和去年一样高”
He is as tall as he used to be. “他和过去一样高”
3） 与标准比：本事物在与一个固定标准比较
如：He is not as/so tall as I expected. “他没有我想象的高”在此他的身高与作为一个标准的 I expected 的身高相比。
这一句话同样可以这样说
He is not as/so tall as he was expected.
He is not as/so tall as was expected.
He is not as/so tall as expected.其中的he和was都可以省略,是上面说法的被动形式.
(二) 形容词的比较级
1)横向比: 同样是指本事物与其他事物在某一方面的比较起来更….
如: He is taller than YaoMing. “他比姚明高” 将他与姚明的身高做比较。
His home is more comfortable than a palace. “他的家比宫殿还要舒服”是将他的家与宫殿在舒服程度上进行比较。
2）纵向比： 本事物的某一方面在与其本身的过去现在将来进行对比
如：He is taller than he was. “他比过去高”将他身高与过去相比。
He is taller than he used to be. 同上句。
He is taller than he was last year. “他比去年高”
3）与标准比：本事物某方面在与一个固定标准比较
He is taller than I expect.“他比我想像的要高”将他的身高与我想像的标准相比。
He is taller than he was expected.
He is taller than was expected.
He is taller than expected. 其中的he和was都可以省略,是上面说法的被动形式.
4）比较级前加具体数字
如：This desk is half a meter taller than that desk.“这个桌子比那个长半米。”数字加在比较级前，更精确的表示两事物之间的差异。同样如果是一米，一米半分别表达为：a meter ;one and a half meters;
再如：This room is five square meters than that one.“这个房间比那个大五平方米”
同样也可以用其他词来修饰比较级，如：
He is a little /a bit/much taller than YaoMing.“他比姚明高一点/高很多”
He is two times as tall as YaoMing .
The room is 3 times larger than that one. “这个房间比那个大三倍”转换为形容词的原级为：This room is 4 times as large as that one. 这个体现了倍数在原级和比较级之间的转换。
（三） 形容词的最高级
我们先看一个句子： He is tallest. 乍看起来可能大家都以为它是最高级，但其实他没有构成完整的最高级。没有上下文的时候，限定词the和比较的范围，在最高级句子中是少不了。
所以这句话正确说法应为：
He is the tallest in our class.“他是我们班最高的”既有了限定词the又有了范围in our class。这样才构成了完整的最高级形式。
（四） 三个级之间的转换
He is the tallest in the class. 转换成比较级则为：
He is taller than any one else in the class.
No one else is taller than he in the class.
No one else/no other one is as tall as he in the class.
（五）例外的形容词
1）没有级的形容词：
如：This cup is round.“杯子是圆的”其中的round即为没有级的形容词。
再如：The chair is red.“椅子是红的”其中的red也为没有级的形容词。是红的就是红的。
2）本身就是一个级的形容词
如： Favourite 最喜欢的 这个词本身就是最喜欢的意思，已经表达了最高级的意义。
It is my favourite book.“这是我最喜欢的书”
再如：Unique 独一无二的
Superior优于
Inferior 劣于
This book is superior to that one. “这本书比那本好”
This book is inferior to that one. “这本书没有那本好”
以上两个词语经常出现在CET-4，CET-6中请大家多加注意。
（六）多个形容词同时修饰时的排列情况，
1）我们基本上遵循一个规则即谁与名词的关系最密切，就放在离名词最近的地方。
如：A tall strong American handsome boy
Adj1 Adj2 Adj3 Adj4 N
2）一般来说，以表示颜色的形容词为准，表示外观的形容词
放其前面，表示本质的形容词放其后面。当然也要参考我们要强调的重点。
A big white paper cup 一个白色的大纸杯子。White 为表示颜色的形容词的词，其前面的big在外观上描述了杯子，后面的paper在实质上对杯子做了描述。
不过我们一般在考试中最多出现的也就是三个形容词，所以大家大可不必担心更多的排序。只要掌握以上的基本规则将能应付了。
二 副词的级
我们对比形容词的级就可以追寻到副词的级的规律与用法。
（一）副词的级
He works hard. “他工作努力“
He works harder than Yao. “他比姚明工作努力”（横向比）
I work much/ a lot harder than I used to do last term. “我比上学期努力”（纵向比）
used to be 与used to do的区别在于，当前面BE动词时，用used to be，而当前面是一般动词时用used to do。如：
I am taller than I used to be.“我比过去高”
He works harder than I expected. 他比我期望的更努力。（与标准比）
He works harder than he was expected. 被动形式
He works harder than was expected/thought. 省略he
He works harder than expected. 省略he was
He works as hard as last year.（原级）
（二）本身就是一个级的副词
This book is comparatively/relatively simple. “这本书相对比较简单” comparatively/relatively 本身就表示了比较的意思。
Compared with text in December, the text in June is relatively easy.
Compared with ......与比较，这个短语可以用在句子中直接表达了比较的意思。
（三） 不需要使用形容词或副词的表达
Prefer A to B 喜欢A胜过B，在此A与B成分要对等。
I prefer tea to coffee. 我喜欢茶胜过咖啡。
三 代词：避免句子中对同一名词的重复使用，但是代词的总数数目不多。代词可指代的有主语 宾语 定语 形容词短语。
如：This is my book. “这是我的书”
That is her book. (可以用hers来替代her book) 即That is hers.
These are ours. 这些是我们的。
Those are theirs.那些是他们的。
在此我们要注意同一句子中指代要一致，
如：This desk is higher than that one.“这个桌子比那个高”
These desks are higher than those ones. “这些桌子比那些高”
Everyone should do his/her best to help him. “每个人都要尽自己最大的力量去帮助他”前面用Everyone后面要用his/her表达一致。
英语核心语法讲座记录（六）
一 怎么样提高口语水平
How to improve oral ability effectively and efficiently;
Reading aloud: paying attention to pronunciation and intonation;
大声阅读，注意发音和语调。
Reciting: word for word reproduction
逐字逐句的进行背诵
Retelling: bridging the gap between reciting and real communicating; changing words in a natural way;
复述：把背诵的内容与真正的口语交际进行融会，能够很自然地进行变换词语。
to be continued 后续
Constant practice of about 30 texts, those stories from New Concept English Book Two, will enable you to speak freely and communicate successfully. So act quickly! “如果我们能对新概念第二册中30篇文章进行反复的阅读练习，你将会成功自如的用英语交流了。”
二 如何分析长句，如何学习长句？我们从例子着手：
如：If there is a characteristic that distinguishes the scientist from the others, it is perhaps his independence of mind, which demands demonstrable evidence to enable him to form his own judgment, and his unwillingness to accept uncritically the views of authorities on matters within his speciality.
1） 句子中from一词的各种用法，from一词在各种考试或者口语中用处极广，如： Tell A from B “把A从B中区分出来”
Distinguish A from B; “把A从B中区分过来”同样的一个意思我们也可以换个词表达，用Distinguish可能更书面化，同时我们的词汇量也得以扩充，避免了单独重复的使用最简单的最基本的词语形式。
再如：Protect our environment from pollution “保护我们的环境远离污染” 当我们的词汇量扩充到一定程度时，可以换另一个词语表达同样的意思。即：Shield/shelter … from …
Free slaves from slavery “把奴隶从奴隶制中解救出来”
Ban students from smoking “禁止学生吸烟”
Bar … from …及Forbid sb. to do …均表示禁止的意思
但是用Forbid 要注意后面用to 而不是from
如：Forbid students to smoke
Idiomatic
automatic
2）句子中judgment一词在此意为“判断”我们来看一下它的动词形式judge “判断,断定” 这种名词变动词的方法属于规则变法,但也有一些名词的动词变位属于不规则的,如:
Pure water “纯净的水” Purify “使….纯净”
Just “刚刚” justify “证明”
How can you justify your deeds!”
Justice is done! “正义得到了申张”
3) uncritically 不严厉地；不加批判的；
Critical eye 带着批判眼光的；
Criticism 批判注意；
Criticize V 批评；
Praise V 表扬；
4）Will n. 意愿
Be unwilling to 乐意.....
Where there is a will, there is a way.“有志者，事竟成”
5）Authority 权威
If no action is taken by the end of this week, I will bring up the matter with concerning authorities. “如果这周末之前还没有采取任何措施的话，我将把这个问题提交给相关的权威部门。”
6）Evidence“证据”
Proof “证据”
Prove “证明”
Show “表明”
Demonstrate “指出”
Demonstration “证据”
Since industry and commerce are the largest users of electrical energy, using less electricity would mean a reduced industrial capacity and fewer jobs in the affected industries and therefore an unfavorable change in our economic structure.
Few phenomena in history are more puzzling than this one: that men and women with goals so vague, with knowledge so uncertain, with hopes so foggy, still would have risked dangers so certain and tasks so great.
By voting against mass transportation, voters have chosen to continue on a road to ruin. Our interstate highways, those much praised golden avenues built to whisk suburban travelers in and out of downtown, have turned into the world’s most expensive parking lots. These highways have created great walls separating neighborhood from neighborhood, disrupting the complex social connections that help make a city livable.
With twenty-seven acts of Parliament governing the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.
The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.
The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain.
The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large number of professional elements and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.
Much of the language used to describe monetary policy such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" or "a touch on the brakes" makes it sound like a precise science but nothing could be further from the truth.
英语核心语法讲座记录（七）
写作 (writing)
一 英语写作
（一）Broadly speaking, we can divide English into listening, reading, speaking and writing. “广义上说我们可以把英语分为听说读写。”为了使这个句子更简短可以参照句子的多样性原则，将主动变成被动，如下：
English is broadly divided into listening, reading, speaking and writing. 还有如下进行精简的形式：
All the remarks that Professor Wu said is true.“吴老师所说的都是真的”可以精简成以下形式：
All that Professor Wu said is true. 进一步可以说：
What he said is true.
****在此复习英语句子的三个原则：
Agreement 一致性原则
Stability 稳定性原则
Variety 多样性原则
（二） In broad sense; broadly speaking; verbal（语言角度）We can further divided writing into pratical writing ,essay writing.
“从广义上我们又可以把写作分成两类实用写作和文章写作。”
**** 穿插 副词+ speaking; 从什么角度上讲
如：总的来说，大体上的：Generally speaking;
从实用角度上来讲：Practically speaking;
从理论角度上来讲：Theoretically speaking;
从理想状态上讲： Ideally speaking;
1 pratical writing 实用写作
a note/email/a letter/a certificate/ IOU
便条/电子邮件/信件/证明/欠条
1） 以下为一个欠条范例：
2007 Apil 19th
IOU
This is to certify that I borrowed $20 from Mary Smith and promised to pay back by Friday.
Tom Brown
欠条
兹证明我从玛丽史密斯处借20美元，并承诺星期五之前还清。
汤姆布朗
2007-4-19
2） 以下则为便条范例：
Note writing
To: Mary
From: Tom
Message: Called you at 9:00, but you were out. Please ring back at lunch time.
便条
写给：玛丽
留言者：汤姆
信息：9点时打电话给你，你不在，请在午饭时候回电话。
3） Again we divide letter writing into 我们又可以把写信分为
a Letter of complaint 抱怨信
b Letter of inquiry 咨询信
c Letter of compliment/gratitude 赞扬信
d Letter of recommendation 推荐信
以上几种信的格式大体上均为3-paragraph 即：Beginning（开头）
Body （信主体内容） Concluding（结尾）
3．1 以下为抱怨信范例：
complain
I am writing to complain that the quality of service at your hotel is far from being satisfactory. “我写信的目的是抱怨你宾馆的服务差强人意.”
I strongly suggest that action be taken to deal with the problem at once/ as soon as possible/ in the shortest possible time. “我强烈建议你饭店尽快采取措施解决此问题.”
There are two points that I would like to bring to your notice/attention. First, … “有两点我想提出的,第一….”
It is high time that such things were discovered in time and solved immediately. “这些问题早该被发现并解决的.”
If no action is taken by the end of next week, I will bring up the matter with the concerning authorities. “如果到下周末之前还没有采取任何措施的话,我将会把此问题提交给相关部门处理的.”
3. 2 其他几种形式的信件也是同样的格式
如：咨询信
Inquiry
I am writing to inquire about the book that you advertised in yesterday’s newspaper. “我写信为了咨询关于昨天报纸上登的那本书.”
I sincerely hope that you would send me a reply as soon as possible.
“真诚希望你能尽快给我一个回复”
感谢信
Gratitude
I am writing to express my hearty gratitude to the doctors and nurses for their care and treatment during my stay in the hospital. “我写此信的目的是为了表达我衷心的感谢,感谢在我住院期间医生和护士们的精心照顾和治疗.”
推荐信
Recommendation
I am writing to recommend Tom Brown, a former student of mine, in his application for his master program of international trade at your university. “我写此信为了推荐我以前的一个学生汤姆布朗,他正在申请您校的国际贸易专业硕士项目.”
****穿插 英语句子或内容的扩展与缩减
(一) 句子的扩展
1) 用短语代替单词
2) 用并列结构
3) 用修饰成分
(二) 句子的缩减 Cl --- Phrase (从句变短语)
1 As he is afraid of snakes, he does not like go camping. “由于他十分怕蛇,他不喜欢去露营.” 可以被缩减为AdjP /VingP /VenP, SVO.
Afraid of snakes, he does not like go camping. (野营的另一种说法Smell the flowers) ( AdjP+ SVO)
2 When he listens to music, he likes to dance. “他听音乐的时候,喜欢一边跳舞” 可以缩减为:
Listening to music, he likes to dance. (VingP +SVO)
3 When the car was badly damaged, it was sent to be repaired. “汽车被严重损坏后，送去修理了.” 可以缩减为:
Badly damaged, the car was sent to be repaired. (VenP+ SVO)
(三) 内容的扩展
内容本身造成的原因及影响；
内容本身的细节；
我们可以从以上两个方面对内容进行扩充,对我们的写作有很大的帮助.
公函的写法
公函中最重要的是称呼和落款
当我们不知对方姓名和身份时用
To whom it may concern,(该交接的人)
Dear Sir/Madam, (尊敬的先生/女士)
Yours faithfully
Yours faithfully
Faithfully yours
若知道对方姓名时用
Dear Mr. Brown, (尊敬的布朗先生)
Yours sincerely
Sincerely yours
若是更熟悉的人则用:
Dear Tom, (亲爱的汤姆)
Yours
若是家人或爱人则用:
Dear, (亲爱的)
My dear,
With love/ Lots of love
二 总结前面我们所学的三个Pattern
1 Pattern 1: SVO, which …
1) which 代表前面的O
如：We are seated in the auditorium, which is the only one at our university. “我们现在所在的这个大厅,是我们大学里唯一的一个”
2) which 代表前面整个的SVO
如: The drain is blocked, which brought about inconvenience. “下水管道被堵了,带来了极大的不便” which 是指下水管道被堵这件事.
****穿插 形容词的反义词变化方式
Un- unhappy; unnecessary; （以下几种形式之外的一般形式）不高兴的；不必要的；
Dis - dishonest （以h开头的形容词）不诚实的；
In- incomplete （以c开头的形容词） 不完整的；
Im- impossible （以p开头的形容词）不可能的；
Il- illegal （以l开头的形容词） 不合法的；
Ir- irregular （以r开头的形容词） 不规则的；
3) which 代表O的一部分
I have ten books, five/half/two-thirds/none of which are English.“我有十本书，其中五本/一半/三分之二/没有一本是英语书。”
I have much water, some/little/nothing of which …
4）which 前可以有其他修饰词语
There is a cup, near which … “有一个杯子，在他的附近……”
5）which 可以替换为其他特殊疑问词
I met Tom, who … “我遇见了汤姆，他…..”
I met Tom, whose father I worked with. “我遇见了汤姆，我和他的父亲一块儿工作。”
2 Pattern 2: It is … that … 前面空上为表达观点或事实的名词或形容词，后面空上是产生观点的内容。
3 Pattern 3:_____________, SVO. （参考上面句子的缩减）
practice
2）从狭义上讲：In narrow sense; narrowly speaking
英语核心语法讲座记录（一）
学习英语的障碍就是语法。语言是世界上最美的东西，语言的精华就是语法。
一 词类:
adj .形容词，表述名词形态颜色 adv .副词
1、大分类:
I. 开放式n(名) v(动) adj(形容) adv (副词)
II．封闭式pron(代词) num(数词) prep(介词) conj(连词) art interj
其中n (名词)占所有词汇的70% 而v (动词)重要性占70%，主要用来表述名词的动作.
2、英文数字读法
（1） 首先,数位置,自后向前3位打一逗号如:5,869,584,568
（2） 会读三位数
（3）按三位数从前到后顺序冠以 thousand million billion trillion
（4） 一个标准数字只有一个and在最后在百位与十位中间.
二、动词时态(16种)
1、动词五种基本形式
v (原形) vs（第三人称） ving（进行式） ved（过去式） ven（完成式）
do does doing did done
have has having had had
eat eats eating ate eaten
动词be八种形式：be am is are being was were been
情态动词只有现在时和过去时：can / could will /would
2、（1）一般时态
现在 V/Vs
过去 Ved
将来 will V
过去将来 would V
（2）进行时
现在 am/is/are + Ving
过去 was/were +Ving
将来 will be + Ving
过去将来 would be + Ving
（3）完成时
现在 have/has + Ven
过去 had +Ven
将来 will have +Ven
过去将来 would have +Ven
（4）完成进行时
现在 have/has + been Ving
过去 had + been Ving
将来 will have + been Ving
过去将来 would have + been Ving
S (主语) V（谓语） O (宾语)
We write a letter “他写信”
He writes a letter
We wrote a letter
We will write a letter
We would write a letter
谈英语学习
一: 大学生与高中生和研究生的区别
1 我国教育制度本身存在缺陷
国内：大学生的惰性教育 取得学位 易
国外：大学毕业生—技工 取得学位 难
2、高中生 本科生 硕士生 博士生
自学能力 研究能力 洞察能力
解决问题 发现问题 提出问题
本科生教育中在培养自学能力。它建立在自身基础和好的导师两点之上。
记忆曲线
1）1小时内重复 95%
6小时内重复 82%
6天内重复 28%
启示一：及时复习
2）单独记忆 ：结合记忆 = 1 ：6
启示二：通过联想记忆
例：1) port=carry 引申而来的
port n. 港口
import 进口
export 出口
transport 交通
portable 便携式的
porter 搬运工
Two trans-Atlantic liners collided in a thick fog last night. There were no rescuers in the accident.”昨晚由于大雾两艘.横渡大西洋的航线相撞,,整个事故没有救援人员.
2) En- 使….更..
enlarge 放大 enlarge photo 扩印照片
enrich 丰富 enrich our life 丰富我们的生活
endanger危害
3) –en 也有使程度更深的意思
deepen 加深
widen拓宽
long length lengthen增长
strong strength strengthen加强
启发三：记忆个性化
作业：1、课下分组练习数字的读法
2、练习16种时态，造句
3、不规则动词表
英语核心语法讲座记录（二）
1、v + ing —〉n
1）动词ing形式不仅可以做现在分词，也可作名词
greet v. eg. I greet you . 我向你问候.
greeting n. Good morning is a very useful greeting. 早上好是个很有用的问候语
read v. I am reading a book..”我正在读书”
reading n. Reading is an important thing.”阅读是很重要的一件事”
teach v. The teacher is teaching us.”老师正在教我们”
teaching n A good teaching method is very important.
“一个好的教学方法是很重要的”
（在此需熟记的单词 greeting 、useful）
穿插复习前面学习过的动词变名词三种形式：
一般动词加ing greeting 问候
去e加ing using 使用
双写加ing beginning 开端
2）某些单词动词变名词方法比较特殊：
如：use [z] v / [s] n
advise [z] v / 给…建议 advice [s] n 建议
breath [] n / 呼吸呼吸, 气息, 气味,
breathe [] v 呼吸, 使喘息, 发散, 低声说
2 be +v-ing表示正在进行时
Eg:I use English. “我使用英语”
I am using English.(use+ing=using)
I was using English.(过去进行时)
I will be using English.（将来进行时）
I would be using English.（表示将来的一种状态）
***在此穿插动词的过去时构成：
have/ has +v-ed构成动词的完成时，表示该动作已经完成，（在此have/ has是助动词，无实际意义）
Eg: I write a letter. “我写一封信”一般现在时说明现在的状态。
I have written a letter.“我写完了一封信”指到目前为止写信的动作已经完成。在此用have。
I had written a letter.“我写完了一封信”但在此这个动作完成在现在之前，比如一小时前或者一天前之类。所以用had。
I will have written a letter.“我将要完成一封信”信还没完成，但有完成的可能性。
I would have written a letter. “我应该可以完成一封信的”，信虽然没有完成，但是截至过去某个时间应该会完成的。
***穿插have当实意动词 v. 意为“有、吃、上”
Eg: I have lunch.“我吃饭”
I have had lunch.“我已经吃过饭了”
I had had lunch.“我（当时）已经吃过饭了”这个时间在现在之前所以用过去完成时。
I will have had lunch. “我将要吃完饭
I would have had lunch. “（到过去的某时）我将吃完饭了”
二、被动语态
1 基本构成形式： O+ V + by +S
英语中有16种时态，理论上应该都有被动语态，但实际上只有12种时态存在被动语态（一般时态、进行时态、完成时态）其中需注意的是：
过去分词v+ed的作用 ：a 表完成 have/ has +v+ed
b表被动 be +v+ed
1) 一般时态的被动语态 am/is/are +v+ed
Eg: I eat lunch.“我吃饭”
Lunch is eaten by me. “饭被我吃”
2) 一般过去时被动was/were + v+ed
Lunch was eaten by me. “饭已经被我吃了”
3) 一般将来时被动will be + v+ed
Lunch will be eaten by me.“饭将要被我吃”
4) 过去将来时被动would be + v+ed
Lunch would be eaten by me .站在过去的角度上，“饭将要被我吃”
5）进行时态被动语态 （O+ be being +V+ed by S）
I am drinking coffee.“我喝咖啡”
Coffee is being drunk by me.“咖啡正在被我喝”
Coffee was being drunk by me. 站在过去某时刻立场上“我正在喝咖啡”
Coffee will be being drunk .咖啡将要被我喝。
Coffee would be being drunk.“咖啡将要被我喝掉”
***穿插主动语态变被动语态的五个步骤：
1）找出句子的主语谓语宾语。即（SVO）
2）写出句中谓语动词过去分词。
3）加上be动词构成be+v+ed
4）判断句子时态，被动与主动时态保持一致。
5）连接成句子O+ V + by +S
三、句子的扩展的几种类型
1、直接引语变间接引语
坚持三个原则：1）人称要一致 2）时态要一致 3）时间要一致
Eg: He said : “I am a teacher this year.”
He said he was a teacher that year.由以上两句可以看出直接引语要转换成间接引语的话，时态要跟随说话者的时态变化而变化，间接引语变换成直接引语时时间的一致体现在this换成 that。意思为过去说“今年”现在说就是“那年”。同样如下边几组，请注意表示时间概念词语的转换：
A He said : “I am happy today.”“他说，我今天很高兴”
He said he was happy that day. 他说他那天很高兴。
B He said: “my brother will fly to USA tomorrow.”
他说“我的哥哥明天就要去美国了”
He said his brother would fly to USA the next day.
他说他的哥哥第二天就要去美国了。
C He said: “my brother will fly to USA this week.”
他说“我哥哥这周将要去美国。”
He said his brother would fly to USA the next week.
他说他的哥哥第二周就要去美国了。
D He said: “my brother is reading newspapers now.”
他说“我哥哥现在正在读报纸”
He said his brother was reading newspapers then.
他说他哥哥当时正在读报纸。
2、句子的合并
1）并列法
S V O + and/but/or/ + S V O
Eg: I am teaching and you are studying。“我在教而你在学。”
He is in China but he is not Chinese.“他现在在中国但他不是中国人。”
I will ask you questions or you will ask me questions.
“我可以问你问题或者你问我问题。”
2）主从法
conj +SVO+从句 （从句不可单独使用）例如：
Why I eat lunch is clear. （主语从句）因为这个句子在句中充当主语。
Please tell me when I have lunch. 同理（宾语从句）这个句子做的是宾语。
省略原则：在正规书面英语中，尽量不省略连词
He told me : “ You are a teacher.”
他告诉我：“你是老师”
He told me that I was a teacher.
他告诉我我是老师。
He said: “ Tom, you are a student now but you will be a
teacher next year.”他说“汤姆，现在你是个学生但是明年你就是老师了。”
He said that Tom was a student then but he would be a teacher the next year.
他说汤姆今年是个学生但是明年就是老师了。”
从句只能用陈述句语气，不能用疑问句语气。大家要牢记这一点，在改错或其他题型中经常出现。
例如：Please tell me what your name is.而不是Please tell me what is your name。请告诉我你的名字。
四、时态类型小结 (I eat lunch.) 我吃饭。
I am eating lunch.（现在进行时）
I was eating lunch.（过去进行时）
I will be eating lunch.（将来进行时）
I would be eating lunch.（过去将来进行时）
I have eaten lunch. （现在完成时）
I had eaten lunch. （过去完成时）
I will have eaten lunch.（将来完成时）
I would have eaten lunch.(过去将来完成时)
I have been eating lunch.（现在完成进行时）
I had been eating lunch.（过去完成进行时）
I will have been eating lunch.（将来完成进行时）
I would have been eating lunch.(过去将来进行时)
16种时态中，有14种时态变否定和疑问句是简单形式，即在句中某词后加not,或把某词提前，只有两种时态需加助动词do，即一般现在时和一般过去时
I（do not）eat lunch. Do I eat lunch
I (did not eat) ate lunch. Did I eat lunch
I will eat lunch.
I would eat lunch.
作业：1、看笔记
2、写三句话 16种时态 12种语态 肯定句 否定句
3、复习不规则动词表
英语核心语法讲座记录（三）
虚拟语气
一 何时采用虚拟语气
当我们在写作或者言语时遇到无话可说或者需要充实所说或所写内容时我们大可采用虚拟语气,意旨反说从另一个角度来论述同样的问题,以达到同样的语义效果.
二 什么叫做虚拟语气 （定义）
简言之,即我们要表达以下两个方面时:
(一) 与事实相反
(二) 强烈的愿望
均可用到虚拟语气.
三 虚拟语气在第一个层次上(与事实相反)的多种体现形式:
这多种形式的共同一个思路就是:主句的时态在从句的时态基础上往前推一格.我们以最简单的例子来诠释最基本的原则.
1 基本形式(三个公式)
1) 对现在
If I were you,I would stay. 说话人站在现在的立场上“如果我是你，我就会留下来”
(前面从句用一般过去时,后边主句用一般现在时,而主语是I时，后面统统用Were而不能用Was，在此没有任何概念性原因，退一步，可以这样理解，我们在此用虚拟语气的目的就是表示与事实相反，因此用Were不用Was使其更加远离事实)
2) 对过去
If I had been you,I would have stayed. 说话人站在过去的立场上，“如果我是你，我就留下来了”很可能是指现在之前比如昨晚，上周之类。
（前面从句用过去完成时,后边主句用现在完成时）
3）对将来
从句用Were to/should ， 主句 would+v(原形)
If I were to/should go to US tomorrow,I would take you.
*** 延伸至一般动词
对现在
If I knew the answer, I would tell you.“如果我现在知道答案，我将会告诉你”言外之意，我现在不知道答案也不可能告诉你。
If the door were open, I would go out.（同上）
If the door were closed, it would not be cold. （同上）
If the light were not on, I would not see clearly. “如果灯没有开的话，我将会看不清楚的”是其否定形式，直接在谓语后加NOT）
对过去
If I had known the answer, I would have told you.“如果我知道答案的话，我就会告诉你的”这个时间可能是昨天，前天，甚至更早。
If I had been busy yesterday, I would not have come.“如果我昨天忙的话，我就不会来了”言外之意，我昨天不忙，而且我来了。
If I had not been busy yesterday, I would have seen you.“如果我昨天不忙的话，我就会见到你的”言外之意是我昨天忙， 所以没有见到你。
对将来
If Mr Wu were to come tomorrow,I would pay you 100$.“如果吴老师明天来的话，我将付给你100美元。”言外之意是吴老师明天不可能会来，在此体现了与事实相反。
*^^^* 在此插入我们之前学习过的数字的读法：
Trillion,billion,million,thousand,
交叉形式（在07年CET4中出现）
If you had come yesterday, you would know the answer.“如果你昨天来了的话，你就会知道答案了”言外之意，昨天没有来，所以你现在不知道答案。交叉体现在“昨天”没来，所以“现在”不知道。这样的情况下，时态也会相应的交叉，前面从句用过去完成，后面主句用一般现在时。
If I had not gone home last month, I would not be so happy。“如果我上个月没有回家的话，我将不会这么高兴”交叉关系同上。
倒装形式（去掉其前的If，动词提前，后面主句不变）使用倒装往往能使整个表达虚拟的语气更加强烈。
Were I you,I would go. “如果我是你，我就会去”
（将从句中Were提前，其主句不变）
Had I been you,I would have stayed. “如果我是你，我就留下来了”（将从句中Had提前，其后主句不变）
Were I to go to US,I would take you.（同样将从句中Were提前，主句依然不变）
真假形式
If I had not been busy yesterday, I would have helped you.“如果我昨天不忙的话，我就会帮助你了”言外之意，我昨天确实忙是真的，而我帮助你了是假的。
上一句话我们也可以变换成以下句型，以下两种句型多用在完型填空或者改错之类，请大家注意！
I was busy yesterday, otherwise I would have helped you.
I would have helped you, but I was busy yesterday.
精简形式
If you had not helped me yesterday, I would have failed in the test.“如果你昨天没有帮助我的话，我就不会通过考试。”可以精简成以下两种形式：以Without或But for开头的单句。
Without your helped yesterday, I would have failed in the test.
But for your help yesterday, I would have failed in the test.
浓缩形式
If you had driven your car more carefully yesterday, you would have avoided the accident.“如果你昨天开车再小心一点的话，你就不会车祸了。”以下一句不仅表达同样的意思，而且更为简练，称其为上一句的浓缩形式。不仅更精悍，而且更地道。
A more careful driver would have avoided the accident.
四 虚拟语气在第二个层次上(表达强烈愿望)的形式:
1 wish 引导的从句基本形式为
I Wish that SVO “我希望什么….”
Eg: I wish that I were you.“我希望我是你”实际上，我不是你。
I wish that I had taught you last term.“我希望我上学期教了你”，实际上，我并没有教你。
I wish that I would go to US tomorrow.“我希望我明天能够去美国”，实际上，我明天去不了美国。
I wish that I had not been busy yesterday.“我希望我昨天没有那么忙”，实际上，我昨天是忙了。
I wish that you I would help you this afternoon.“我希望我下午可以帮助你”，实际上，我不能帮助你。
2 I would rather that SVO “我宁愿什么….”
Eg: I would rather that you wrote on the blackboard.“我更想你在黑板上写字。”
I would rather that that you stayed here.“我宁愿你留在这里”
I would rather that you had stayed here last night.“我宁愿你昨天晚上留在这儿”
I would rather that you would stay here .“我更希望你留在这里”
3 I suggest that SVO “我建议什么….”
Eg: I suggest that he go.“我建议他去”
I suggest that he not go.“我建议他不去”
I suggest that the government make laws and regulations.“我建议政府要立法”
I suggest that laws and regulations be made by the government. “我建议政府要立法”为其被动形式。
*^^^* 在此插入regulation一词，表示制约人们行为的“法”有以下几个词：constitution, law, regulation, rule，其制约性按照以上顺序递减。 其动词形式为regulate v. 意为“规范…”如短语regulate price 句子Our government is regulating the market price. 其形容词形式为regular，意为“常规的，经常的”如：We are regular customers. “我们是老顾客”。
4 If only SVO “如果什么…就好了”
Eg: If only the light were off!“如果灯灭了就好了”实际上，灯不可能灭。
If only the door were open! 如果门是开的多好了！
5 Could/should/might/need之类的词能使虚拟语气的表达更加准确。例如：If I had not been busy last night, I would/could/should have come to see you.“将会/可能会/应该会”
本次讲座涉及的口语及其他部分
1 我们汉语中若问“孩子，我不在的几天里你乖不乖？”乍一看，按照我们汉语的习惯不好翻，所以地道的英语则译为“Have you been a good girl for Mom ”
2 再如孩子在一旁捣乱时我们可以说“Tom, you are being a bad boy!”
3 《Time》 著名的英文杂志这样评价克林顿：
He is far from a has been.
这句的意思是说克林顿虽然已经不任总统职务，但他的影响仍然还很大，远远没有过时。
4 用两种方法翻译下面的话
He found Mary a good daily help.（提示 SVOO SVOC）
可以由以下句子启发而来：
I will buy you a book.
I will buy a book for you.
I will buy a book from you.
5 Make the most out of …“使什么…发挥更大的作用”
6 “这个房间能上网吗？”地道的说法应为“Does this room have Internet access ”
作业: 1复习
2 找出与suggest同类的词如Demand,insist之类能用到以上或者以下形式的。
My suggestion is that he go.
It is suggested that he go.
It is necessary that he go.
It is imperative that he go.
运用在作题中可以通过从句中强烈的愿望推测句中蓝色词语的大致意义。
英语核心语法讲座记录（四）
第一部分:前面所学内容的复习
(一)我们前边所进行的三次讲座是针对英语词汇中比重最大的动词的三个方面进行的,
即时态(tense),语态(vioce),语气(mood),动词借助be /have /do构成了以上三大方面。
而我们今的讲座针对动词的第四个大方面非谓语动词进行。
（二） 对虚拟语气的补充
前面我们学习的虚拟语气占95%，剩下的5%是虚拟语气中的固定搭配。即idiomatic
ways of saying things(地道的说法)。
It is high time that SVO….“早该干什么什么了…”在此注意动词一定要用一般过
去时。
Eg: It is high time that we ate lunch.“我们早该吃午饭了”
第二部分：动词的非谓语形式
一 什么叫做动词的非谓语形式？
简言之动词不当谓语的形式就叫做动词的非谓语形式。而我们前边所学三种都是动词的谓语形式。
二 非谓语动词的几种形式
动名词 Ving
现在分词 Ving
过去分词 Ven
不定式 to V
(一)动名词与现在分词的区别：动名词实质上为名词，所以它既可以做主语又可以做宾语。而现在分词做的是谓语动词。
Eg: Reading is easy.“阅读很简单的事”在此Reading做的便是主语
I enjoy reading.“我喜欢阅读” 在此Reading做的便是宾语。
I am reading a book。而在此Reading做的便是谓语。
（二）动名词Ving的一般形式
1) 一般形式：Ving
如：read reading having read
play playing having played
动名词短语：动名词加上其本身的状语或宾语构成动名词短语。 动名词短语可以做主语或宾语。
如： Reading is easy.
Reading English is easy.“读英语是简单的”在此“reading English”就是动名词短语。做整个句子的主语。
Reading English with the help of a teacher is easy.“在老师的帮助下读英语是简单的”在此“Reading English with the help of a teacher ”整个就是一个动名词短语做主语。
I like reading English novels with the help of an English dictionary.“我喜欢在英语字典的帮助下读英文小说。”在此整个“reading English novels with the help of an English dictionary”是个动名词短语做动词的宾语。
3） 动名词的复合结构：动名词或者动名词短语加上其逻辑主语就构成了动名词的复合结构。同样它既可以做主语又可以做宾语。
如：Reading is easy.“阅读很简单”加上其逻辑主语后将变为
Mary’s Reading is easy.“对玛丽来说阅读是很简单的事情。”所以“Mary’s Reading ”就是动名词reading的复合结构。在此做句子的主语。
再如：Writing is necessary .“写作很有必要”
Students’ writing compositions is necessary.“对所有学生们来说写作文是很有必要的”在此“Students’ writing compositions”是动名词writing的动名词复合结构。由动名词短语writing compositions加上其逻辑主语Students’构成。在句子中做主语。
****在此穿插 名词复数所有格：Teachers’ day(教师节)
childern’s day（儿童节）
又如：I like my students’ getting up early and reading English texts aloud in the classroom every morning.“我喜欢我的学生每天早早起床在教师里大声朗读英语课文”
在此my students’ getting up early and reading English texts aloud in the classroom every morning 整个做句子的宾语。“getting up early and reading English texts”是两个并列的动名词短语，aloud ，in the classroom 以及every morning 是他们的状语。加上其逻辑主语my students’构成了整个复合结构，在句子中做宾语。
（三）Ving 完成时态：Having Ven
从形式上： reading having read
playing having played
从意义上： 已经读过了/已经玩完了
如：invite having invited
Inviting Mary to my birthday party is a good thing. “能邀请玛丽去我的生日宴会是件好事”“Inviting Mary to my birthday party”是个动名词短语做整个句子的主语。这个句子的意思是还没有邀请到玛丽，是我的一种愿望。
Having invited Mary to my birthday party is a good thing.“能邀请到玛丽来我的生日宴会是件好事。”用完成式“Having invited”表示已经邀请并且玛丽也答应了。
（四）Ving 的被动形式
一般形式的被动形式：Being Ven
完成时态的被动形式：Having been Ven
如：Writing Reading
Being written Being read
Having been written Having been read
如：Inviting a friend is a good thing.“能邀请朋友是一件好事” “Inviting a friend”是Inviting的动名词短语形式在句子中做 主语。此为主动形式。
Being invited by a friend is a good thing.“能被朋友邀请是一件好事”“Being invited”是动名词一般形式的被动，能够被邀请是一个整体，只是陈述被邀请这个事情是一件好事，但不一定被邀请。
Having been invited by a friend is a good thing.“能够被朋友邀请是一件好事” “Having been invited”是动名词短语的被动完成形式。说明已经被邀请了。
再如：Kill killed being killed
Soldiers’ being killed in the war is an unfortunate thing. “士兵们在战争中牺牲是一件很不幸的事.”在此Soldiers’ being killed in the war是动名词的复合结构,做整个句子的主语.
动词不定式 一般形式 to V
被动形式 to be Ven
一般形式的完成式 To have Ven
被动形式的完成式to have been Ven
1）如: 一般形式 to V
Reading is easy.
To read is easy. “阅读是简单的事” 同样To read和前面Reading一样都是做了整个句子的主语.但To read是不定式形式,同样也是非谓语的一种.
2） To read books is easy. 同上To read books 是不定式的短语做句子的主语.
****穿插: 为什么前面是read books而谓语用is？因为在这里books不是主语，主语是read books 是读书这件事情，作为一个整体的事情，所以后面谓语用单数。
再如：Reading is easy.“阅读很简单”
Writing is easy. “写作很简单”
这两个我们都知道要用单数
而根据上面的原则： Reading books is easy.
Writing compositions is easy.
而如果这样的话，Reading books and writing compositions is/are easy.这个既可以用单数又可以用复数。既可以把读书写作当做一件事，也可以把读书写作分开成为两件事可以用复数。
再如： 100￥ is enongh. 在这里100￥是一个整体一个概念，所以用单数。
3）动词不定式的复合结构：不定式加上其逻辑主语。
如： To read is easy. 没有逻辑主语时，表示对所有人，任何事物都适应。
那我们加上逻辑主语应该是什么样子的呢？
For Mary to read is easy.“对玛丽来说阅读是很容易的”
For …..(逻辑主语)
For Mary to read English novels with the help of a
dictionary is easy.”对玛丽来说，有一本字典的帮助读英文小说的话很简单。For Mary to read English novels with the help of a dictionary整个是不定式to read 的复合结构。
三 英文句子要符合的原则
（一）一致性原则：主要是主谓一致，指代一致。如Mary/ her.
如：Everyone should do our best to help him. 这个句子从汉语角度看的话，“我们每个人都应该尽力去帮他。”很正确，无可挑剔的。但是它没有符合一致性原则，前面主语是Everyone，而后面的代词是our，这样是前面单数后面复数，造成了指代不一致。所以正确的应该是：
Everyone should do his/her best to help him.
（二）稳定性原则：句子的主语和宾语都不能太长，一般用it 代替。
如：For Mary to read English novels with the help of a dictionary is easy.“对玛丽来说，有一本字典的帮助读英文小说的话很简单”
这个句子的主语是整个不定式复合结构 For Mary
to read English novels with the help of a dictionary 由于主语显得很长造成句子不稳定，所以用it代替后句子变为：It is easy For Mary to read English novels with the help of a dictionary. 就变成了It is Adj. for Sb. to do …也就是我们以前知道的一个句型，这样这个句型的由来我们就很清楚了。以后用起来就更清楚了。
***但宾语太长的话，也会失去句子的稳定性。
再如：I find to read an English novel with the help of a dictionary in the library after breakfast is easy.“我发现早饭后在图书馆借助字典的帮助读英语小说是很简单的”整个不定式复合结构 to read an English novel with the help of a dictionary in the library after breakfast是宾语，这样的话造成句子不稳定用it代替后句子变为：
I find it easy to read an English novel with the help of a dictionary in the library after breakfast. 由此我们得到这个句型 I find it adj to do ….这个句型可以用在我们写作中得高分。此句型还可以演变为：I find/think/regard/consider “我发现/认为/考虑/”
it important/possible/difficult/ for sb to do ….“重要的/可能的/困难的，”这样又繁衍出很多新的句子。我们的词汇也能得到扩充。另外我们可以在后面形容词之前加上副词，而英语中的长句子就是这样形成的。
如：I find it absolutely/extremely essential/significant to plant more trees and cut down fewer trees to protect our environment.“我认为少伐多种树木对保护环境是极其/特别重要的”
（三）多样性原则：（殊途同归）一个句子我可以同时用主动被动，真实的虚拟的，主语从句宾语从句。
如：主动被动：I have written two letters. / Two letters have been written by me.“我写了两封信”
真实的虚拟的
Professor Wu helped me to pass CET4. 吴老师帮助我通过了四级考试
If it had not been for Professor Wu’s help,I would not have passed CET4.“要不是吴老师的帮助我就不会通过四级考试”
主语从句宾语从句：
What he said is true.“他说的都是事实”为主语从句
All that he said is true.“所有他说的都是事实”为宾语从句。
四 各种形式的复合结构：
VingP 现在分词短语
To V
To VP 不定式短语
Ven
VenP 过去分词短语
形容词good
形容词短语good at; interested in
副词hard, carefully
副词短语very hard, very relatively/considerably carefully
介词 in
介词短语 in 2007, with your help
五 名词之后可以跟几大成分，使我们写出的句子变得长而且有意思。
N+PP（名词加介词短语）
The cup is good .这个杯子很好
The cup on the desk is good. 桌子上那个杯子很好
The cup on the desk in the corner of the room on the second floor in the middle of the school in the south of Zhengzhou in the middle China is good. 我们可以无限制的加上介词短语。
N+ADJP（名词加形容词短语）
The teacher is Wu.“那是吴老师”
The teacher good at sports and famous for singing songs is Wu.“那个擅长运动和唱歌的老师是吴老师”
N+VingP 名词加现在分词短语
The boy swimming in the river is my brother.“正在河里游泳的那个男孩是我的哥哥”
N+VenP 名词加过去分词短语
The boy praised by our teacher is my brother.“那个被我们老师表扬的男孩是我哥哥”
N+to VP 名词加不定式短语
The teacher to go to USA next year is Wu.“那个明年要去美国的老师是吴老师。”
N+to be Ven P 加不定式短语的被动
The teacher to be given the first prize is Wu.“将要被授予一等奖的老师是吴老师。”
The cup to be thrown away after class at 12:00 is paper.“这个即将在12点下课后被仍掉的杯子是纸做的。
再如：综合上面的几项可以有这样的句子
The exercise book in front of us, bought by me last week, to be taken away after class at 12:00 is important.“我上周买的，放在我面前的，12点下课后将会被带走的笔记本非常重要”。
以后我们都可以采用这样的方式来完整和充实我们的句子，不管是运用在作文或其他，都将是我们英语水平提高的一个表现。
英语核心语法讲座记录（五）
一 形容词的级
（一）形容词的原级
1） 横向比：是指本事物与其他事物在某一方面的比较
如：He is as tall as YaoMing “他和姚明一样高”
China is not as strong as the US. “中国没有美国强大”注意在此not 表示否定的“不如….怎么样”注意是放在前一个as之前，同时在这里前一个as也可以用so替换。即China is not so strong as the US.
2） 纵向比：本事物的某一方面在与其本身的过去现在将来进行对比
如：He is as tall as he was last year. “他和去年一样高”
He is as tall as he used to be. “他和过去一样高”
3） 与标准比：本事物在与一个固定标准比较
如：He is not as/so tall as I expected. “他没有我想象的高”在此他的身高与作为一个标准的 I expected 的身高相比。
这一句话同样可以这样说
He is not as/so tall as he was expected.
He is not as/so tall as was expected.
He is not as/so tall as expected.其中的he和was都可以省略,是上面说法的被动形式.
(二) 形容词的比较级
1)横向比: 同样是指本事物与其他事物在某一方面的比较起来更….
如: He is taller than YaoMing. “他比姚明高” 将他与姚明的身高做比较。
His home is more comfortable than a palace. “他的家比宫殿还要舒服”是将他的家与宫殿在舒服程度上进行比较。
2）纵向比： 本事物的某一方面在与其本身的过去现在将来进行对比
如：He is taller than he was. “他比过去高”将他身高与过去相比。
He is taller than he used to be. 同上句。
He is taller than he was last year. “他比去年高”
3）与标准比：本事物某方面在与一个固定标准比较
He is taller than I expect.“他比我想像的要高”将他的身高与我想像的标准相比。
He is taller than he was expected.
He is taller than was expected.
He is taller than expected. 其中的he和was都可以省略,是上面说法的被动形式.
4）比较级前加具体数字
如：This desk is half a meter taller than that desk.“这个桌子比那个长半米。”数字加在比较级前，更精确的表示两事物之间的差异。同样如果是一米，一米半分别表达为：a meter ;one and a half meters;
再如：This room is five square meters than that one.“这个房间比那个大五平方米”
同样也可以用其他词来修饰比较级，如：
He is a little /a bit/much taller than YaoMing.“他比姚明高一点/高很多”
He is two times as tall as YaoMing .
The room is 3 times larger than that one. “这个房间比那个大三倍”转换为形容词的原级为：This room is 4 times as large as that one. 这个体现了倍数在原级和比较级之间的转换。
（三） 形容词的最高级
我们先看一个句子： He is tallest. 乍看起来可能大家都以为它是最高级，但其实他没有构成完整的最高级。没有上下文的时候，限定词the和比较的范围，在最高级句子中是少不了。
所以这句话正确说法应为：
He is the tallest in our class.“他是我们班最高的”既有了限定词the又有了范围in our class。这样才构成了完整的最高级形式。
（四） 三个级之间的转换
He is the tallest in the class. 转换成比较级则为：
He is taller than any one else in the class.
No one else is taller than he in the class.
No one else/no other one is as tall as he in the class.
（五）例外的形容词
1）没有级的形容词：
如：This cup is round.“杯子是圆的”其中的round即为没有级的形容词。
再如：The chair is red.“椅子是红的”其中的red也为没有级的形容词。是红的就是红的。
2）本身就是一个级的形容词
如： Favourite 最喜欢的 这个词本身就是最喜欢的意思，已经表达了最高级的意义。
It is my favourite book.“这是我最喜欢的书”
再如：Unique 独一无二的
Superior优于
Inferior 劣于
This book is superior to that one. “这本书比那本好”
This book is inferior to that one. “这本书没有那本好”
以上两个词语经常出现在CET-4，CET-6中请大家多加注意。
（六）多个形容词同时修饰时的排列情况，
1）我们基本上遵循一个规则即谁与名词的关系最密切，就放在离名词最近的地方。
如：A tall strong American handsome boy
Adj1 Adj2 Adj3 Adj4 N
2）一般来说，以表示颜色的形容词为准，表示外观的形容词
放其前面，表示本质的形容词放其后面。当然也要参考我们要强调的重点。
A big white paper cup 一个白色的大纸杯子。White 为表示颜色的形容词的词，其前面的big在外观上描述了杯子，后面的paper在实质上对杯子做了描述。
不过我们一般在考试中最多出现的也就是三个形容词，所以大家大可不必担心更多的排序。只要掌握以上的基本规则将能应付了。
二 副词的级
我们对比形容词的级就可以追寻到副词的级的规律与用法。
（一）副词的级
He works hard. “他工作努力“
He works harder than Yao. “他比姚明工作努力”（横向比）
I work much/ a lot harder than I used to do last term. “我比上学期努力”（纵向比）
used to be 与used to do的区别在于，当前面BE动词时，用used to be，而当前面是一般动词时用used to do。如：
I am taller than I used to be.“我比过去高”
He works harder than I expected. 他比我期望的更努力。（与标准比）
He works harder than he was expected. 被动形式
He works harder than was expected/thought. 省略he
He works harder than expected. 省略he was
He works as hard as last year.（原级）
（二）本身就是一个级的副词
This book is comparatively/relatively simple. “这本书相对比较简单” comparatively/relatively 本身就表示了比较的意思。
Compared with text in December, the text in June is relatively easy.
Compared with ......与比较，这个短语可以用在句子中直接表达了比较的意思。
（三） 不需要使用形容词或副词的表达
Prefer A to B 喜欢A胜过B，在此A与B成分要对等。
I prefer tea to coffee. 我喜欢茶胜过咖啡。
三 代词：避免句子中对同一名词的重复使用，但是代词的总数数目不多。代词可指代的有主语 宾语 定语 形容词短语。
如：This is my book. “这是我的书”
That is her book. (可以用hers来替代her book) 即That is hers.
These are ours. 这些是我们的。
Those are theirs.那些是他们的。
在此我们要注意同一句子中指代要一致，
如：This desk is higher than that one.“这个桌子比那个高”
These desks are higher than those ones. “这些桌子比那些高”
Everyone should do his/her best to help him. “每个人都要尽自己最大的力量去帮助他”前面用Everyone后面要用his/her表达一致。
英语核心语法讲座记录（六）
一 怎么样提高口语水平
How to improve oral ability effectively and efficiently;
Reading aloud: paying attention to pronunciation and intonation;
大声阅读，注意发音和语调。
Reciting: word for word reproduction
逐字逐句的进行背诵
Retelling: bridging the gap between reciting and real communicating; changing words in a natural way;
复述：把背诵的内容与真正的口语交际进行融会，能够很自然地进行变换词语。
to be continued 后续
Constant practice of about 30 texts, those stories from New Concept English Book Two, will enable you to speak freely and communicate successfully. So act quickly! “如果我们能对新概念第二册中30篇文章进行反复的阅读练习，你将会成功自如的用英语交流了。”
二 如何分析长句，如何学习长句？我们从例子着手：
如：If there is a characteristic that distinguishes the scientist from the others, it is perhaps his independence of mind, which demands demonstrable evidence to enable him to form his own judgment, and his unwillingness to accept uncritically the views of authorities on matters within his speciality.
1） 句子中from一词的各种用法，from一词在各种考试或者口语中用处极广，如： Tell A from B “把A从B中区分出来”
Distinguish A from B; “把A从B中区分过来”同样的一个意思我们也可以换个词表达，用Distinguish可能更书面化，同时我们的词汇量也得以扩充，避免了单独重复的使用最简单的最基本的词语形式。
再如：Protect our environment from pollution “保护我们的环境远离污染” 当我们的词汇量扩充到一定程度时，可以换另一个词语表达同样的意思。即：Shield/shelter … from …
Free slaves from slavery “把奴隶从奴隶制中解救出来”
Ban students from smoking “禁止学生吸烟”
Bar … from …及Forbid sb. to do …均表示禁止的意思
但是用Forbid 要注意后面用to 而不是from
如：Forbid students to smoke
Idiomatic
automatic
2）句子中judgment一词在此意为“判断”我们来看一下它的动词形式judge “判断,断定” 这种名词变动词的方法属于规则变法,但也有一些名词的动词变位属于不规则的,如:
Pure water “纯净的水” Purify “使….纯净”
Just “刚刚” justify “证明”
How can you justify your deeds!”
Justice is done! “正义得到了申张”
3) uncritically 不严厉地；不加批判的；
Critical eye 带着批判眼光的；
Criticism 批判注意；
Criticize V 批评；
Praise V 表扬；
4）Will n. 意愿
Be unwilling to 乐意.....
Where there is a will, there is a way.“有志者，事竟成”
5）Authority 权威
If no action is taken by the end of this week, I will bring up the matter with concerning authorities. “如果这周末之前还没有采取任何措施的话，我将把这个问题提交给相关的权威部门。”
6）Evidence“证据”
Proof “证据”
Prove “证明”
Show “表明”
Demonstrate “指出”
Demonstration “证据”
Since industry and commerce are the largest users of electrical energy, using less electricity would mean a reduced industrial capacity and fewer jobs in the affected industries and therefore an unfavorable change in our economic structure.
Few phenomena in history are more puzzling than this one: that men and women with goals so vague, with knowledge so uncertain, with hopes so foggy, still would have risked dangers so certain and tasks so great.
By voting against mass transportation, voters have chosen to continue on a road to ruin. Our interstate highways, those much praised golden avenues built to whisk suburban travelers in and out of downtown, have turned into the world’s most expensive parking lots. These highways have created great walls separating neighborhood from neighborhood, disrupting the complex social connections that help make a city livable.
With twenty-seven acts of Parliament governing the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.
The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.
The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain.
The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large number of professional elements and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.
Much of the language used to describe monetary policy such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" or "a touch on the brakes" makes it sound like a precise science but nothing could be further from the truth.
英语核心语法讲座记录（七）
写作 (writing)
一 英语写作
（一）Broadly speaking, we can divide English into listening, reading, speaking and writing. “广义上说我们可以把英语分为听说读写。”为了使这个句子更简短可以参照句子的多样性原则，将主动变成被动，如下：
English is broadly divided into listening, reading, speaking and writing. 还有如下进行精简的形式：
All the remarks that Professor Wu said is true.“吴老师所说的都是真的”可以精简成以下形式：
All that Professor Wu said is true. 进一步可以说：
What he said is true.
****在此复习英语句子的三个原则：
Agreement 一致性原则
Stability 稳定性原则
Variety 多样性原则
（二） In broad sense; broadly speaking; verbal（语言角度）We can further divided writing into pratical writing ,essay writing.
“从广义上我们又可以把写作分成两类实用写作和文章写作。”
**** 穿插 副词+ speaking; 从什么角度上讲
如：总的来说，大体上的：Generally speaking;
从实用角度上来讲：Practically speaking;
从理论角度上来讲：Theoretically speaking;
从理想状态上讲： Ideally speaking;
1 pratical writing 实用写作
a note/email/a letter/a certificate/ IOU
便条/电子邮件/信件/证明/欠条
1） 以下为一个欠条范例：
2007 Apil 19th
IOU
This is to certify that I borrowed $20 from Mary Smith and promised to pay back by Friday.
Tom Brown
欠条
兹证明我从玛丽史密斯处借20美元，并承诺星期五之前还清。
汤姆布朗
2007-4-19
2） 以下则为便条范例：
Note writing
To: Mary
From: Tom
Message: Called you at 9:00, but you were out. Please ring back at lunch time.
便条
写给：玛丽
留言者：汤姆
信息：9点时打电话给你，你不在，请在午饭时候回电话。
3） Again we divide letter writing into 我们又可以把写信分为
a Letter of complaint 抱怨信
b Letter of inquiry 咨询信
c Letter of compliment/gratitude 赞扬信
d Letter of recommendation 推荐信
以上几种信的格式大体上均为3-paragraph 即：Beginning（开头）
Body （信主体内容） Concluding（结尾）
3．1 以下为抱怨信范例：
complain
I am writing to complain that the quality of service at your hotel is far from being satisfactory. “我写信的目的是抱怨你宾馆的服务差强人意.”
I strongly suggest that action be taken to deal with the problem at once/ as soon as possible/ in the shortest possible time. “我强烈建议你饭店尽快采取措施解决此问题.”
There are two points that I would like to bring to your notice/attention. First, … “有两点我想提出的,第一….”
It is high time that such things were discovered in time and solved immediately. “这些问题早该被发现并解决的.”
If no action is taken by the end of next week, I will bring up the matter with the concerning authorities. “如果到下周末之前还没有采取任何措施的话,我将会把此问题提交给相关部门处理的.”
3. 2 其他几种形式的信件也是同样的格式
如：咨询信
Inquiry
I am writing to inquire about the book that you advertised in yesterday’s newspaper. “我写信为了咨询关于昨天报纸上登的那本书.”
I sincerely hope that you would send me a reply as soon as possible.
“真诚希望你能尽快给我一个回复”
感谢信
Gratitude
I am writing to express my hearty gratitude to the doctors and nurses for their care and treatment during my stay in the hospital. “我写此信的目的是为了表达我衷心的感谢,感谢在我住院期间医生和护士们的精心照顾和治疗.”
推荐信
Recommendation
I am writing to recommend Tom Brown, a former student of mine, in his application for his master program of international trade at your university. “我写此信为了推荐我以前的一个学生汤姆布朗,他正在申请您校的国际贸易专业硕士项目.”
****穿插 英语句子或内容的扩展与缩减
(一) 句子的扩展
1) 用短语代替单词
2) 用并列结构
3) 用修饰成分
(二) 句子的缩减 Cl --- Phrase (从句变短语)
1 As he is afraid of snakes, he does not like go camping. “由于他十分怕蛇,他不喜欢去露营.” 可以被缩减为AdjP /VingP /VenP, SVO.
Afraid of snakes, he does not like go camping. (野营的另一种说法Smell the flowers) ( AdjP+ SVO)
2 When he listens to music, he likes to dance. “他听音乐的时候,喜欢一边跳舞” 可以缩减为:
Listening to music, he likes to dance. (VingP +SVO)
3 When the car was badly damaged, it was sent to be repaired. “汽车被严重损坏后，送去修理了.” 可以缩减为:
Badly damaged, the car was sent to be repaired. (VenP+ SVO)
(三) 内容的扩展
内容本身造成的原因及影响；
内容本身的细节；
我们可以从以上两个方面对内容进行扩充,对我们的写作有很大的帮助.
公函的写法
公函中最重要的是称呼和落款
当我们不知对方姓名和身份时用
To whom it may concern,(该交接的人)
Dear Sir/Madam, (尊敬的先生/女士)
Yours faithfully
Yours faithfully
Faithfully yours
若知道对方姓名时用
Dear Mr. Brown, (尊敬的布朗先生)
Yours sincerely
Sincerely yours
若是更熟悉的人则用:
Dear Tom, (亲爱的汤姆)
Yours
若是家人或爱人则用:
Dear, (亲爱的)
My dear,
With love/ Lots of love
二 总结前面我们所学的三个Pattern
1 Pattern 1: SVO, which …
1) which 代表前面的O
如：We are seated in the auditorium, which is the only one at our university. “我们现在所在的这个大厅,是我们大学里唯一的一个”
2) which 代表前面整个的SVO
如: The drain is blocked, which brought about inconvenience. “下水管道被堵了,带来了极大的不便” which 是指下水管道被堵这件事.
****穿插 形容词的反义词变化方式
Un- unhappy; unnecessary; （以下几种形式之外的一般形式）不高兴的；不必要的；
Dis - dishonest （以h开头的形容词）不诚实的；
In- incomplete （以c开头的形容词） 不完整的；
Im- impossible （以p开头的形容词）不可能的；
Il- illegal （以l开头的形容词） 不合法的；
Ir- irregular （以r开头的形容词） 不规则的；
3) which 代表O的一部分
I have ten books, five/half/two-thirds/none of which are English.“我有十本书，其中五本/一半/三分之二/没有一本是英语书。”
I have much water, some/little/nothing of which …
4）which 前可以有其他修饰词语
There is a cup, near which … “有一个杯子，在他的附近……”
5）which 可以替换为其他特殊疑问词
I met Tom, who … “我遇见了汤姆，他…..”
I met Tom, whose father I worked with. “我遇见了汤姆，我和他的父亲一块儿工作。”
2 Pattern 2: It is … that … 前面空上为表达观点或事实的名词或形容词，后面空上是产生观点的内容。
3 Pattern 3:_____________, SVO. （参考上面句子的缩减）
practice
2）从狭义上讲：In narrow sense; narrowly speaking