(共19张PPT)
UNIT 5 Education
Lesson 1 Enlightening a Mind
Lesson 1
单词
●enlighten / n la tn/ vt. 启迪；指导，教导
●enlightenment n. 启迪，指导，教导；启蒙运动
●exceptionally / k se p n li/ adv. 极其，非常
●except prep.除……外，不包括
●exception n.例外，除外
●exceptional adj.卓越的，杰出的
●severe /s v / adj. 很严重的
●severe weather condition 恶劣的天气情况
●severe winter 严冬
●severely adv. 严重地；严厉地
●restriction /r s tr k n/ n. 限制，规定，约束
●restrict vt 限制， 束缚
●unbearable / n be r b l/ adj. 难以忍受的；承受不住的
●bear n.熊；v.经得起；承受，容忍
●bearable adj.可忍受的；支持得住的
●unbearably adv. 不堪忍受地；无法容忍地
●troublesome / tr bl s m/ adj. 引起麻烦的；令人烦恼的
近义：
●Annoying adj 使烦恼的，使生气的，使恼怒的
●-some 形容词后缀，常用于名词等后构成形容词，表示”引起（或易于......的）”如：fearsome quarrelsome
●tendency / ten d n si/ n. 倾向
●tend vi 往往会，趋向
●superb /sju p b/ adj. 极好的，卓越的
●superb player 杰出的运动员
●eyesight / a sa t/ n. 视力
●have a good /bad / poor eyesight视力好/不好/差
●technique /te k ni k/ n. 技巧，手法
●technology n.科技，技术
●straightforward / s tre t f w d/ adj. 简单的，易懂的；诚实的，坦率的
●straightforwardly adv 直截了当地， 坦率地
●*doll /d l/ n. 玩偶
●initially / n li/ adv. 起初
●initial adj.开始的，最初的
●excitement / k sa t m n t/ n. 兴奋，激动
●excite v.使兴奋，使激动
●excited adj. 激动的，兴奋的
●exciting adj. 令人兴奋的，令人激动的
●in excitement 兴奋地
●*imitation / m te n/ n. 模仿，仿效
●imitate v. 模仿，仿效
●stream /s tri m/ n. 水流
●liquid / l kw d/ n. 液体
●liquid / l kw d/ n. 液体
●precious / p re s/ adj. 宝贵的
●grasp /ɡ rɑ s p/ vt. 理解，领会
●grasp an opportunity 毫不犹豫地抓住机会
●gradual / ɡ r d u l/ adj. 逐渐的，逐步的
●反义： sudden 突然的，骤然的
●gradually adv.逐渐地，逐步地
●painful / pe n f l/ adj. 令人痛苦的；困难的；疼痛的
●painful experience / memory 痛苦的经历/回忆
●pain n.疼痛，伤痛
●enthusiastic / n θju zi s t k/ adj. 热心的，热衷的
●vocabulary /v k bju l ri/ n. 词汇量
●large / wide / extensive vocabulary 大的/ 丰富的/ 广博的词汇量
●expand / k s p n d/ vi.& vt. (使)扩大；增加
●complex / k m p le k s/ adj. 复杂的；难以理解的
●*violet / va l t/ n. 紫罗兰
●gently / d en t li/ adv. 轻柔地；温和地；平缓地
●gentle adj.文静的，温柔的
●gentleman n.绅士，有教养的人
●puzzle / p z l/ vt. 使困惑，使迷惑
●apparent / p r n t/ adj. 显而易见的；明白的
●近义： obvious adj 明显的，
●ray /re / n. (太阳或月亮的)光线
●the sun’s rays 太阳的光线
●disappointed / d s p n t d/ adj. 失望的，沮丧的
●abstract / b s tr k t/ adj. 抽象的
●concept / k n se p t/ n. 概念；想法
●abstract concept 抽象的概念
●breakthrough / b re k θ ru / n. 突破；重大进展
●make / achieve a breakthrough 作出/ 取得突破性进展
●*necklace / ne k l s/ n. 项链
●forehead / f he d/ n. 额，前额
●vivid / v v d/ adj. 生动的，逼真的
●vividly adv 清晰地，生动地(共58张PPT)
UNIT 5 Education
Lesson 1 Enlightening a Mind
Lesson 1
课文
1 Think of some possible ways to teach someone [who is blind] to read and write.
想一些可能的方法来教[盲]人读书写字。
Then think of ways to teach someone [who is both blind and deaf] to read and write.
然后想办法教[既盲又聋的]人读书写字。
2 Pair Work Read paragraphs 1-2 of the story.
阅读故事的1-2段。
Discuss Helen Keller and her teacher's characteristics and personalities.
讨论海伦·凯勒和她老师的特点和性格。
Enlightening a Mind
启迪心灵
Helen Keller was an exceptionally special girl.
海伦·凯勒是一个非常特殊的女孩。
By the time she was seven years old, she still couldn’t speak, read or write and needed to have everything done for her.
她到了七岁时，仍不会说话，
不能读书也不会写字，一切都需要别人照顾。
This was because she couldn’t see or hear.
这是因为她看不见也听不见。
have sth done
表示：需要别人为自己做某事
With these severe restrictions to her communication, Helen’s behaviour was often unbearable.
这些严重的障碍限制了海伦的正常交流，也让她的行为常常令人难以忍受。restricted adj. 受限制的；保密的
restrict vt. 限制；约束；限定
She was sometimes troublesome, stubborn and angry, and had a tendency to break things [when no one understood her].
海伦有时很烦人、很固执，而且很易怒。[当没人理解她的时候]，她就有破坏东西的倾向。
This is a troublesome zone（地区） at present because a severe disease is being spreading(spread) here.
Helen’s parents got a superb teacher recommended to them, a woman named Anne Sullivan.
经人推荐，海伦的父母得到了一位极好的老师，一位名叫安妮·沙利文的女士。
Anne was a teacher and former student at a school for the blind in Boston. She’d had eyesight problems early in life as well so she could relate to Helen’s difficulties.
安妮曾是波士顿一所盲人学校的老师，也曾在那儿上过学。她小时候也视力有障碍，所以更能理解海伦所面临的困境。
relate vi. 理解；相联系eg Laurie finds it difficult to relate to children.
劳里觉得很难理解小孩子的想法。
got sth done
表示：需要别人为自己做某事
Anne’s technique to teach Helen language was simple and straightforward.
安妮教海伦学习语言的方法简单明了。
Anne spelt words by writing on Helen’s hand so that Helen could get a mental picture of the words.
她先在海伦手上拼写单词，以便使海伦联想到单词的画面。
She started with the word “doll”.
她从“doll”这个词开始。
She would let Helen play with the doll, and then spell the letters “D-O-L-L” on her hand.
她先让海伦和洋娃娃玩耍，然后在海伦的手上拼写“D-O-L-L”。
When they initially did this, Helen thought it was a game.
刚开始海伦以为这是在玩游戏。
She wrote about her excitement later in her book, The Story of My Life:
后来在《我的人生故事》一书中，海伦描述了自己的兴奋之情
文化采风：《我的生活》(The Story of My Life)是海伦·凯勒的自传，这本书记录了她心理与智力成长的精彩过程。作品一经发表，立即在美国引起了轰动被称为”世界文学史上无与伦比的杰作”，产生
了巨大的影响，出版版本超百种。
“Running downstairs to my mother, I held up my hand and made the letters for ‘doll’.
“我跑下楼去见我母亲，举起手来，也给她拼写字母组成‘doll’。
I did not know that [I was spelling a word or even that words existed]; I was simply making my fingers go in monkey-like imitation.”
可我那时并不知道[自己在拼写单词，甚至压根不知道词汇的存在]。我只是像猴子一样用手指模仿。 ”
held是hold的过去式
When they were at the well one day, Anne put one of Helen’s hands under the stream of water. (stream: 烟，气，液体的流，股）一天，她们在井边，安妮把海伦的一只手放在水流下。
As the water flowed over Helen’s hand, Anne spelt out “W-A-T-E-R” into Helen’s other hand.
水缓缓流过海伦的手掌，安妮在她的另一只手上拼写“W-A-T-E-R”。
well一词多义：
adj.健康的；n.水井
As Anne wrote on Helen’s hand, Helen suddenly realised [that the movement of the fingers meant the cool liquid flowing over her hand].
安妮在海伦手上写的时候，海伦突然意识到[手指的动作代表的是流过自己手掌的清凉的液体]。
This precious knowledge gave her hope and joy. Finally, she got the world of words opened up to her.
这宝贵的知识给她带来希望和快乐。终于，她打开了语言世界的大门。
flowing over her hand是现在分词做后置定语，
形容正在流动的水
got sth done
表示：需要别人为自己做某事
Now that Helen grasped the key to language, she was very eager to learn more and use it as much as she could.
由于海伦理解了语言的关键，她非常渴望学习更多语言，并且尽可能地多运用它。
Children [who can see and hear] learn language easily, but for Helen, it was a gradual and sometimes painful process.
[能听、能看的]孩子学起语言来很容易。但对海伦来说，学习语言是个渐进的过程，有时会很痛苦。
be eager to do sth 渴望做某事
However, because Helen was so enthusiastic about learning, the results were amazing.
然而，因为海伦对学习极高的热情，学习成果令人吃惊。
As Helen’s knowledge and vocabulary expanded, she asked more and more questions.
随着海伦知识和词汇量的不断扩大，她提出的问题也越来越多。This soon led her to discover more complex words and changed her thinking process.
这使她学会了更复杂的单词，从而改变了思维的过程。
led是lead的过去式
lead sb. to do sth. 引导某人做某事
Trying to learn the word “love” was an experience [that she remembered well].
努力学习“love”这个词是她[记忆犹新的]经历。
This is how she described it in her book:
在书中她这样描述道：
动名词词组做主语，谓语动词用单数
“I remember the morning [that I first asked the meaning of the word ‘love’].
“我记得[我第一次问‘love’这个词的含义]的那个早上。
This was before I knew many words.
那时我的词汇量还很有限。
I had found a few early violets in the garden and brought them to my teacher ...
我在花园里发现了早开的紫罗兰，摘下一些带给老师……
Miss Sullivan put her arm gently round me and wrote on my hand, ‘I love Helen.’ ‘What is love ’ I asked.
莎莉文老师温柔地搂着我，在我的手上写着：‘我爱海伦。’‘什么是爱？’我问道。
She drew me closer to her and said, ‘It is here,’ pointing to my heart ...
她把我拉到身边，指着我的心脏说，‘爱在这里。’
Her words puzzled me very much because I did not then understand anything unless I touched it.”
她的话使我非常困惑，因为我什么事物都不了解，除非我摸到它。”
现在分词作状语，表伴随
表示她“拉”的同时也“指着”
Although the meaning of love was still not apparent to Helen, she kept on trying to understand it.
尽管对海伦来说，爱的意义还不明确，但她一直尝试努力去理解。
“I smelt the violets in her hand and asked, half in words, half in signs, a question which meant, ‘Is love the sweetness of flowers ’
“我闻了闻她手里的紫罗兰，半拼写半比划地问了个问题，意思大概是‘爱是花朵的香味吗？’
‘No,’ said my teacher.’
‘不，’我的老师回答道。
When Helen and Anne were outside one day, Helen felt the warmth of the sun’s rays.
一天和老师在室外，海伦感受到了阳光的温暖。
She pointed up and asked [if that was love].
她指了指太阳，问[那是不是爱]。
When her teacher said [that it wasn’t], she was confused and disappointed.
当她的老师说[不是的]时候，她感到困惑和失望。
“I thought [it strange that my teacher could not show me love].”
“我觉得很奇怪，因为我的老师不能给我表示什么是爱。”
it是形式宾语
真正的宾语是my teacher could not show me love
The word “think” was also a difficult one for Helen because it is such an abstract concept.
“think”这个词对海伦来说也是一个困难的词，因为它是一个非常抽象的概念。
However, one day as she was working on a simple task, she had a breakthrough.
然而有一天，在做一项简单的任务时，她取得了突破。
She was making necklaces with the help of Anne when she noticed [that she had made some mistakes].
她正在安妮的帮助下做项链，这时[她发现自己犯了一些错]。
Because she was uncertain [how to fix them], she stopped to think carefully.
海伦不确定[该如何解决]，便停下来认真思考。
As she did this, Anne touched Helen’s forehead and wrote the word “think” on her hand.
在她思考的时候，安妮点了点海伦的额头并在她的手上写下“think”。
“In a flash I knew {that the word was the name of the process [that was going on in my head]}.”
“瞬间,我知道{这个词就是[我脑子里正在发生的]那个过程的名称。} ”
It was the first time Helen had understood such a complex word—a word for something [she couldn’t touch].
那是海伦第一次明白复杂词语的意思，她[触摸不到的]抽象词语。
At that moment, her mind returned to the word “love”.
这时，海伦又想起了“love”。
As she thought about its meaning again, the sun came out.
她再次思考“love”是什么意思，恰巧这时太阳出来了。
She pointed to the sun and asked her teacher again [if that was love].
海伦指着太阳又问老师[那是不是爱]。
Anne answered Helen by explaining [that love was like the sun and clouds in a way].
安妮解释道，爱在某种程度上就像太阳和云彩。
“You cannot touch the clouds, you know; but you feel the rain...
“你知道，你摸不到云彩，但是你能感觉到雨……
You cannot touch love either; but you feel the sweetness [that it pours into everything].
你也触摸不到爱，但是你能感觉到[爱给万物带来的]甜蜜。
Without love you would not be happy or want to play.”
没有爱，你就不会快乐，也不会想玩耍。”
In that vivid moment, Helen finally understood the beautiful truth of the word “love”.
就在那个动人的时刻，海伦终于明白了“love”这个词语蕴含的美丽的真谛。
3 Read the rest of the story. Answer the questions.
读故事的其余部分。回答问题。
1 How many words were taught to Helen What were they
有多少单词教给了海伦
是哪些
Four words were taught to Helen in the story:
"doll", "water", "love" and "think".
在这个故事中，海伦学会了四个单词:
"doll", "water", "love" 和"think".
2 Which words were easier to learn Which were more difficult Explain why.
哪些单词更容易学 哪个更难 解释为什么。
"doll" and "water" were easier to learn, because Helen could touch them.
“洋娃娃”和“水”这两个词更容易学会，因为海伦可以触摸它们。
"love" and "think" were more difficult, because they were complex and abstract concept and couldn't be touched.
“爱”和“想”这两个词更难，因为它们是复杂而抽象的概念，无法触及。
4 Complete the diagram.
填写图表。
How Anne taught Helen the Four words
安妮是如何教海伦这四个字的
For the word "doll"
Anne ________________________________________________
_________________________________________
安妮让海伦玩娃娃，然后在她手上拼出“D-O-L-L”。
let Helen play with the doll,
and then spelt the letters "D-O-L-L" on her hand.
For the word "water"
Anne ___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
安妮把海伦的一只手放到水下。
当水流过海伦的手时，
安妮在海伦的另一只手上拼写出“W-A-T-E-R”。
put one of Helen's hands under the water.
As the water flowed over Helen's hand,
Anne spelt out "W-A-T-E-R" into Helen's other hand.
For the word "think"
When Helen was trying to solve a difficult problem, Anne ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________.
In a flash, Helen _______________________________________
__________________________________________________________.
当海伦试图解决一个难题时，安妮摸着海伦的额头，在她的手上写下了“思考”这个词。
一瞬间，海伦明白了这个词就是她脑子里正在发生的事情的名称。
touched Helen's forehead and wrote the word
"think" on her hand
knew that the word was the name of
the process that was going on in her head
For the word "love"
Helen thought at first it was the sweetness of flowers but later _________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
"You cannot touch love ____________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________"
海伦一开始以为是花儿的芬芳，但后来她把我拉近，指着我的心说:“就在这里。”
“你无法触摸到爱，但你能感受到它注入万物的甜蜜。
没有爱，你不会快乐，也不会想玩耍。”
she drew me closer to her and said, "It is here",
pointing to my heart
but you feel the sweetness that
it pours into everything.
Without love you would not be happy or want to play.
5 Complete the diagram about how the learning process affected Helen by choosing from the expressions.
从短语中选择，完成关于学习过程如何影响海伦的图表。
a felt hope and joy
a 感到了希望和喜悦
b felt puzzled
b 感到困惑
c had a breakthrough
c 有突破
d thought it was a game
d 认为这是一场游戏
e got the world of wards opened up to her
e 给她打开了单词的大门f understood the beautiful truth of the word
f 明白这个词的美丽真谛g knew the meaning of the word in a flash
g 一瞬间就明白了这个词的意思h felt it was monkey-like imitation
h 觉得这是猴子似的模仿
doll
water
love
think
d thought it was a game
d 认为这是一场游戏
h felt it was monkey-like imitation
h 觉得这是猴子似的模仿
a felt hope and joya 感到了希望和喜悦e got the world of wards opened up to here 给她打开了单词的大门
b felt puzzledb 感到困惑f understood the beautiful truth of the wordf 明白这个词的美丽真谛
c had a breakthroughc 有突破g knew the meaning of the word in a flashg 一下子就明白了这个词的意思
6 Group Work Each member chooses one word. Tell the rest of the group [how Anne taught the word] and [what impact the learning process had on Helen].
每个成员选择一个词。告诉小组的其他成员[安妮是如何教这个单词的]，以及[这个学习过程对海伦有什么影响]。
7 How many parts can the story be divided into What is each part mainly about
这个故事可以分成多少部分 每一部分的主要内容是什么
Underline the signal expressions [that connect the description of Helen's learning processes].
在[连接海伦学习过程描述的]信号表达式下面画线。
8 Group Work What qualities do you think Helen and Anne showed in the story
你认为海伦和安妮在故事中表现出了什么品质
Choose from the list below. Find evidence to support your opinion.
从下面的列表中选择。找到证据来支持你的观点。
坚定的
锲而不舍的
体贴的
有耐心的
勤奋的
积极肯干的
有创造力的
determined
perseverant
kind
patient
diligent
willing
creative
9 Fill in the blanks with the words from the story.
用故事中的单词填空。
When Helen was young she lost her sight and hearing.
海伦很小的时候就失去了视力和听力。
With these 1 ____________________ to her communication, Helen's behaviour was often 2 _______________ and sometimes she was 3 ______________ , stubborn and angry with a 4 ______________ to break things [when she was not understood].
这些严重的障碍限制了她的交流，海伦的行为常常令人难以忍受，有时她很麻烦，固执，生气，[当她不被理解时]，她就会有打破东西的倾向。
severe restrictions
unbearable
troublesome
tendency
Anne Sullivan was a 5 ___________ teacher.
安妮·沙利文是一位杰出的教师。
Anne's technique was simple and 6 _________________.
安妮的技巧简单明了。
She put an object into Helen's hand and spelt out the word on her other hand.
她把一个东西放到海伦的手里，用另一只手拼出那个词。
The 7 _____________ knowledge she taught Helen gave her hope and joy.
她教给海伦的宝贵知识给了她希望和快乐。
superb
straightforward
precious
From "doll" and "water", Helen's knowledge and 8 _______________ expanded and this changed her 9 _______________ process.
从“娃娃”和“水”，海伦的知识和词汇量得到了扩展，这改变了她的思维过程。
As Helen grasped the key to language, she discovered more 10 ____________ words. Helen now understood the beautiful truth of the word "love".
随着海伦掌握了语言的钥匙，她发现了更复杂的单词。海伦现在明白了“爱”这个词的美丽真谛。
vocabulary
thinking
complex
12 Pair Work Write down questions [that you would want to ask Anne Sullivan].
写下[你想问安妮·沙利文的]问题。
Then act out a role-play of the interview between you and Anne.
然后扮演一下你和安妮的采访。
课本46页1.The class is having a meeting to share views of education. Help Chen Xi complete his summary of Helen's story with the correct form of the words below.
restriction exceptional stream concept
troublesome abstract superb vocabulary
expand breakthrough disappointed
Helen Keller was a(n) 1 _____________girl. When she was a child, she couldn’t communicate because she couldn't see or hear. As a result of these 2_____________ she was often3____________and badly behaved. Fortunately, Anne Sullivan, who was a(n)4______________teacher, was brought in to help Helen.
exceptional
restrictions
troublesome
superb
Anne had a simple technique for teaching Helen 5 ________________Anne would, for example, let Helen play with a doll, and then spell "D-O-L-L"on her hand. In this way, Helen builtea mental picture of the word. Anne used this technique for other words as well. For example, she put Helen's hand in a 6 ____________of liquid to teach "water".
vocabulary
stream
As Helen's knowledge 7 _______________Anne started to teach more complex words. However, it
was still hard for Helen to learn 8____________ like "think' because she couldn't touch them,
and Helen was often 9_____________ . Luckily, one day, she had a(n) 10______________
expanded
concepts
disappointed
breakthrough
She was making neckaces when she made some mistakes. She didn't know how to fix them,so she
stopped to think. When she did this, Anne touched Helen's head and wrote 'think" on her hand. It was the firsttime Helen had understood such a(n) 11.______________ word!
abstract
课本83页1. ① Lesson 1 Complete the text using the words below.
initially gently eyesight disappointed troublesome vocabulary severe apparent breakthrough precious
l am a teacher of a special education school. Some students have physical disabilities like
problems with their 1___________- or hearing. Others have learning difficulties, which means that they have
2_____________disorders in reading and socialisation.
eyesight
apparent
3______________ their behaviours are sometimes
4_______________but the reality is that these children cannot control what they are daing. It's important not to discipline them too 5_____________. as it is not their fault. Instead, I 6__________explain what I would likethem to do and help them.
initially
troublesome
severe
gently
Some of my students have large 7 ___________and can
spell words well, while others struggle. Every time
my students have a(n) 8 _____________,for example, they learn anewskill or overcame a challenge, I feel so happy. But of course,if a student cannot make progress I'm never 9____________- everything happens in its own time. All children are 10_____________. and deserve love, care and education.
vocabulary
breakthrough
disappointed
precious(共12张PPT)
UNIT 5 Education
Lesson 1 Enlightening a Mind
5.1 课本练习题
课本46页1.The class is having a meeting to share views of education. Help Chen Xi complete his summary of Helen's story with the correct form of the words below.
restriction exceptional stream concept
troublesome abstract superb vocabulary
expand breakthrough disappointed
Helen Keller was a(n) 1 _____________girl. When she was a child, she couldn’t communicate because she couldn't see or hear. As a result of these 2_____________ she was often3____________and badly behaved. Fortunately, Anne Sullivan, who was a(n)4______________teacher, was brought in to help Helen.
exceptional
restrictions
troublesome
superb
Anne had a simple technique for teaching Helen 5 ________________Anne would, for example, let Helen play with a doll, and then spell "D-O-L-L"on her hand. In this way, Helen builtea mental picture of the word. Anne used this technique for other words as well. For example, she put Helen's hand in a 6 ____________of liquid to teach "water".
vocabulary
stream
As Helen's knowledge 7 _______________Anne started to teach more complex words. However, it
was still hard for Helen to learn 8____________ like "think' because she couldn't touch them,
and Helen was often 9_____________ . Luckily, one day, she had a(n) 10______________
expanded
concepts
disappointed
breakthrough
She was making neckaces when she made some mistakes. She didn't know how to fix them,so she
stopped to think. When she did this, Anne touched Helen's head and wrote 'think" on her hand. It was the firsttime Helen had understood such a(n) 11.______________ word!
abstract
课本83页1. ① Lesson 1 Complete the text using the words below.
initially gently eyesight disappointed troublesome vocabulary severe apparent breakthrough precious
l am a teacher of a special education school. Some students have physical disabilities like
problems with their 1___________- or hearing. Others have learning difficulties, which means that they have
2_____________disorders in reading and socialisation.
eyesight
apparent
3______________ their behaviours are sometimes
4_______________but the reality is that these children cannot control what they are daing. It's important not to discipline them too 5_____________. as it is not their fault. Instead, I 6__________explain what I would likethem to do and help them.
initially
troublesome
severe
gently
Some of my students have large 7 ___________and can
spell words well, while others struggle. Every time
my students have a(n) 8 _____________,for example, they learn anewskill or overcame a challenge, I feel so happy. But of course,if a student cannot make progress I'm never 9____________- everything happens in its own time. All children are 10_____________. and deserve love, care and education.
vocabulary
breakthrough
disappointed
precious(共11张PPT)
UNIT 5 Education
Lesson 1 Enlightening a Mind
Lesson 1
重点词汇
restriction /r s tr k n/ n. 限制，规定，约束
Truck drivers at large don't like the new speed restriction on the highway.
大多数卡车司机不喜欢高速公路上新的限速规定。
restrict to 仅限于，限制在……
eg Use of the pool is restricted to club members.
游泳池的使用仅限于俱乐部成员。
restriction of ……的制约The restriction of law and morals is needed. 法律与道德的限制是不可避免的。restrict v. 限制，控制restrictive adj.限制（性）的，约束（性）的
grasp /ɡ rɑ s p/ vt. 理解，领会
grasp of 把握
In order to have a good grasp of a culture, learning its language is the best way.想要掌握一种文化，最好的办法是学习其语言。
beyond one's grasp 某人力量达不到But I know that I cannot reach for what is beyond his grasp. 但是我知道，不能好高骛远。
grasp /ɡ rɑ s p/ vt. 理解，领会
grasp of 把握
In order to have a good grasp of a culture, learning its language is the best way.想要掌握一种文化，最好的办法是学习其语言。
beyond one's grasp 某人力量达不到But I know that I cannot reach for what is beyond his grasp. 但是我知道，不能好高骛远。
relate /r le t/ vi. 理解；相联系
relative n. 亲戚，亲属； adj. 比较的；相对的
related adj. 相关的，有联系的be related with 与……有关系My education is directly related with my family.我所受的教育跟我的家庭直接相关。
relation n.（人或物间的）联系in relation to 关于；涉及How did Gazans see themselves in relation to everybody else 加沙人怎样看待他们与他们自己有关的其他人？
enthusiastic / n θju zi s t k/ adj. 热心的，热衷的
enthusiastic about 对……热心He's always been very enthusiastic about sports. 他对体育运动一直很有热情。enthusiasm n. 热情，热忱enthusiasm for 热爱…… She never lost her enthusiasm for teaching.她从未失去过教书的热忱。with enthusiasm热情洋溢I think I have prepared well with enthusiasm.
我想我已经充满热情地准备好了。
expand / k s p n d/ vi.& vt. (使)扩大；增加
expand into 扩大为By fall, however, drought conditions began to expand into the South.但是，到了秋天干旱开始延伸到南方。expand on 详述Could you expand on that point, please 请你把这一点详细说明一下好吗？
expansion n.扩大，扩张；扩充
expansive adj.广阔的；广泛的
disappointed / d s p n t d/ adj. 失望的，沮丧的
disappoint v.使失望；使破灭disappointment n.失望，沮丧
be disappointed with 对……感到失望My parents will be disappointed with me if I fail to get into college.如果我考不上大学，我的父母会对我失望的。
breakthrough / b re k θ ru / n. 突破；重大进展
make a breakthrough 有重大发展或突破They announced that they had made a breakthrough.他们宣布，他们取得突破性的进展。
breakthrough point 突破点
breakthrough technology 突破性技术
