北京高考英语阅读理解专项训练题（含答案）
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| 名称 | 北京高考英语阅读理解专项训练题（含答案） |  | |
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| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2022-10-10 16:53:26 | ||
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The new radio programme from Self-help expert Glennon Doyle unexpectedly disturbed me. In a session of We Can Do Hard Things, she focuses on boundaries and their importance to our mental happiness. I heartily agree with her, because saying a polite but firm “no” is one of the basics for a happy life. I was, however, interested when she raised the idea that perhaps, as well as learning when to confirm our boundaries, we also need to stretch them. When does a boundary become a cage that locks us away
Isn’t it always the case that just as you think you’ve got an area of life nailed; somebody comes along to show you that that’s not the case As I listened, I started to see boundaries that might cause more problems than they were solving.
There was the work boundary that said that unless a project fell exactly into my topics, I wouldn’t take it-which meant that I turned down work that was otherwise interesting and rewarding.
There was the boundary that said I wasn’t to buy anything until I’d reached my savings goal-which resulted in me having to restart my laptop 20 times a day.
And then there was a boundary around relationships that set out exactly how I should be treated and what I wanted in them. Helpful to some extent, it blocked me from allowing someone to express their love for me, even if it wasn’t quite what I had predicted.
Had I been doing boundaries wrong all the time Did I need to figure them all out again I’ve spent the past few weeks looking at the boundaries I’ve secretly put in place, and I’ve let myself lower some that have been my protection over the years. Then I’ve come to the conclusion that, when it comes to boundaries, I’m a beginner again, and that’s fine. In fact, being back at the beginning is a blessing because it means there are still lessons to be learned and adventures to be had and that is something for which I can only be grateful.
1．What has really interested the author in Glennon Doyle’s programme
A．The importance of confirming our boundaries.
B．The benefits of boundaries to our happiness.
C．The urgency of maintaining our boundaries.
D．The necessity of reassessing our boundaries.
2．Which statement on boundaries will the author agree with
A．We should favour savings goals over boundaries.
B．Boundaries tend to keep us from potential friends
C．Boundaries are very likely to relieve boredom at work.
D．We should stick to boundaries despite inconvenience.
3．How did the author feel about boundaries after the
A．Relaxed. B．Depressed. C．Pressured. D．Amused.
4．What is probably the best tittle for the passage
A．Just when you think you’ve got things sorted. B．Just where you believe there’s no way out
C．How can we live a life without boundaries D．How do we become victims of boundaries
For several decades, there has been an extensive and organized campaign intended to generate distrust in science, funded by those whose interests and ideologies are threatened by the findings of modern science. In response, scientists have tended to stress the success of science. After all, scientists have been right about most things.
Stressing successes isn’t wrong, but for many people it’s not persuasive. An alternative answer to the question “Why trust science ” is that scientists use the so-called scientific method. If you’ve got a high school science textbook lying around, you’ll probably find that answer in it. But what is typically thought to be the scientific method — develop a hypothesis (假设), then design an experiment to test it — isn’t what scientists actually do. Science is dynamic: new methods get invented; old ones get abandoned; and sometimes, scientists can be found doing many different things.
If there is no identifiable scientific method, then what is the reason for trust in science The answer is how those claims are evaluated. The common element in modern science, regardless of the specific field or the particular methods being used, is the strict scrutiny (审查) of claims. It’s this tough, sustained process that works to make sure faulty claims are rejected. A scientific claim is never accepted as true until it has gone through a lengthy “peer review” because the reviewers are experts in the same field who have both the right and the obligation (责任) to find faults.
A key aspect of scientific judgment is that it is done collectively. No claim gets accepted until it has been vetted by dozens, if not hundreds, of heads. In areas that have been contested, like climate science and vaccine safety, it’s thousands. This is why we are generally justified in not worrying too much if a single scientist, even a very famous one, disagrees with the claim. And this is why diversity in science — the more people looking at a claim from different angles — is important.
Does this process ever go wrong Of course. Scientists are humans. There is always the possibility of revising a claim on the basis of new evidence. Some people argue that we should not trust science because scientists are “always changing their minds.” While examples of truly settled science being overturned are far fewer than is sometimes claimed, they do exist. But the beauty of this scientific process is that it explains what might otherwise appear paradoxical (矛盾的): that science produces both novelty and stability. Scientists do change their minds in the face of new evidence, but this is a strength of science, not a weakness.
5．How does the author think of the scientific method
A．Stable. B．Persuasive.
C．Unreliable. D．Unrealistic.
6．What does the underlined word “vetted” in Paragraph 4 probably mean
A．Explained. B．Examined.
C．Repeated. D．Released.
7．According to the passage, the author may agree that ______.
A．it is not persuasive to reject those faulty claims
B．settled science tends to be collectively overturned
C．a leading expert cannot play a decisive role in a scrutiny
D．diversity in knowledge is the common element in science
8．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A．Put Your Faith in Science B．Defend the Truth in Science
C．Apply Your Mind to Science D．Explore A Dynamic Way to Science
If you start a sentence with, “If I were you...” or find yourself scratching your head over a decision when the answer is crystal-clear, there’s a scientific reason behind it. Our own decision-making abilities can become exhausted over the course of the day causing indecision or poor choices, but choosing on behalf of someone else is an enjoyable task that doesn’t suffer the same difficulties.
“The problem is decision fatigue, a psychological phenomenon that causes harm to the quality of your choices after a long day of decision making,” says Evan Polman, a leading psychologist.
Physicians on the job for several hours, for example, are more likely to prescribe antibiotics (抗生素) to patients when it’s unwise to do so. “Presumably it’s because it’s simple and easy to write a prescription and consider a patient case closed rather than investigate further,” Polman says.
But decision fatigue goes away when you are making the decision for someone else. When people imagine themselves as advisers, they feel less tired and rely less on decision shortcuts. “By taking upon the role of adviser rather than decision maker, one does not suffer the consequences of decision fatigue,” he says. “It is as if there is something fun about making someone else’s choice.”
“Getting input from others not only offers a fresh perspective and thought process, it often also includes riskier choices. While this sounds undesirable, it can be quite good. When people experience decision fatigue, when they are tired of making choices, they have a tendency to choose to go with status quo,” says Polman. “But it can be problematic since a change in the course of action can be important and lead to a positive outcome.”
To achieve a successful outcome or reward, some level of risk is almost always essential. “People who are susceptible to decision fatigue will likely choose to do nothing over something,” he says. “That’s not to say risk is always good, but it is related to taking action, whereas decision fatigue assuredly leads to inaction and the possible chagrin (懊恼) of a decision maker who might otherwise prefer a new course but is unfortunately hindered.”
“Just because you can make good choices for others doesn’t mean you’ll do the same for yourself,” Polman cautions. “Research has found that women negotiate higher salaries for others than they do for themselves,” he says, adding that people slip in and out of decision roles.
9．What does the author say about people making decisions
A．They tend to make decisions the way they think advantageous to them.
B．They may become exhausted making too many decisions for themselves.
C．They show considerable differences in their decision-making abilities.
D．They are more cautious in making decisions for others than for themselves.
10．When do people feel less decision fatigue
A．When they take decision shortcuts.
B．When they have advisers to turn to.
C．When they have major decisions to make.
D．When they help others to make decisions.
11．What are people likely to do when decision fatigue sets in
A．They avoid trying anything new.
B．They turn to physicians for advice.
C．They tend to make risky decisions.
D．They adopt a totally new perspective.
12．What does the passage say about taking some risk in decision making
A．It will enable people to be more creative.
B．It will more often than not end in regret.
C．It is vital for one to reach the goal desired.
D．It is likely to bring about serious consequences.
It is a general belief among academics that the humanities are in crisis. According to Harvard historian James Hankins, part of the problem is the dominance of “critical” reading over “primary” reading. Primary reading takes a text at face value and simply tries to understand what the author intended to say. Critical reading assumes an author’s statements can never be taken at face value. Instead, they must be “seen through” to expose the text’s real meaning, which is determined in accord with this or that fashionable theory.
Mr. Hankins says primary reading “must be recovered” for higher education in the humanities to be effective. I would go further. Primary reading isn’t important only for the humanities, or even for education more generally. The restoration of primary reading could be a crucial weapon in fighting the “idle talk” that troubles American society.
Idle talk was philosopher Martin Heidegger’s term for inauthentic discourse(不可信的言辞). It involves adopting and circulating others’ opinions about something without ever personally engaging that thing for yourself. People engaged in idle talk speak in accord with expectations for their particular identity or role. They hold and express the opinions a person in their role is expected to hold.
Idle talk can be harmless. Each year my mother forms strong opinions about which films should win Academy Awards without seeing any of them, after reading articles by critics she favors. But idle talk can also be dangerous. Consider journalism. The norm nowadays is for one reporter to break a story, followed by dozens or hundreds of journalists recycling that content. They may add a little spin of their own but rarely look into the issue for themselves—even when this would require but a few clicks and a couple of minutes to read a legislative(法律的) text. Some journalists even just search social media for the story of the day and rewrite it in their own words.
The Covid pandemic highlighted the problem, from exclusion of those daring to discuss the tradeoffs of lockdowns to the promotion of masks as a political identity marker completely disconnected from medical or scientific justification. Not to mention the misleading statement that arose over “the science” and the social trend to “follow” it.
Social media has contributed to the spread of idle talk. Authentic discourse requires time, effort and good-faith engagement, but social media tends to encourage the opposite. As journalists comment on every topic, however small or traditionally unnewsworthy, the all-knowing chorus of global gossip becomes a roaring crowd. Social media raises this voice, pushing it into user feeds 24/7. We hear about everything, and we can’t hear about anything without also being told what opinion we should have about it. Opinions before facts; know what to think about something before actually looking into it for yourself. And really, why even bother with that
Primary reading isn’t only something the humanities need. Our entire culture needs its value to be recognized and restored.
13．What do we know from the first two paragraphs
A．Primary reading focuses on the deep meaning.
B．Critical reading leads to the crisis in humanities.
C．Critical reading is generally preferred nowadays.
D．Primary reading once dominated higher education.
14．What does the underlined word “spin” in paragraph 4 probably mean
A．Practice. B．Priority. C．Investigation. D．Interpretation.
15．What does the author think of idle talk
A．It broadens people’s understanding.
B．It affects independent thinking ability.
C．It shakes people’s trust in news report.
D．It promotes the advance of social media.
16．What message does the author convey
A．Readers should stay away from idle talk.
B．Readers should read original texts carefully.
C．Readers should limit the impact of social media.
D．Readers should take a balanced view on reading.
Blind imitation is self-destruction. To those who do not recognize their unique worth, imitation appears attractive; to those who know their strength, imitation is unacceptable.
In the early stages of skill or character development, imitation is helpful. When I first learned to cook, I used recipes and turned out some tasty dishes. But soon I grew bored. Why follow someone else’s way of cooking when I could create my own Imitating role modelsis like using training wheels on a child’s bicycle; they help you get going, but once you find your own balance, you fly faster and farther without relying on them.
In daily life, imitation can hurt us if we subconsciously (下意识地) hold poor role models. If, as a child, you observed people whose lives were bad, you may have accepted their fear and pain as normal and gone on to follow what they did. If you do not make strong choices for yourself, you will get the results of the weak choices of others.
In the field of entertainment, our culture glorifies celebrities. Those stars look great on screen. But when they step off screen, their personal lives may be disastrous. If you are going to follow someone, focus on their talent, not their bad character or unacceptable behaviors.
Blessed is the person willing to act on their sudden desire to create something unique. Think of the movies, books, teachers, and friends that have affected you most deeply. They touched you because their creations were motivated by inspiration, not desperation. The world is changed not by those who do what has been done before them, but by those who do what has been done inside them. Creative people have an endless resource of ideas. The problem a creator faces is not running out of material; it is what to do with the material knocking at the door of imagination.
Study your role models, accept the gifts they have given, and leave behind what does not serve. Then you can say, “I stand on the shoulders of my ancestors’ tragedies and declare victory, and know that they are cheering on.”
17．Imitation proves useful when you________.
A．know you are unique
B．lose the balance of life
C．begin to learn something new
D．get tired of routine practice
18．According to the author, the world moves on because of those who are________.
A．desperate to influence others with their knowledge
B．ready to turn their original ideas into reality
C．eager to discover what their ancestors did
D．willing to accept others’ ideas
19．The trouble a creator faces is________.
A．the lack of strong motivation
B．the absence of practical ideas
C．how to search for more materials
D．how to use imagination creatively
20．What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage
A．To highlight the importance of creativity.
B．To criticize the characters of role models.
C．To compare imitation with creation.
D．To explain the meaning of success.
参考答案：
1．D
2．B
3．A
4．A
【解析】
【导语】
本文是议论文。文章主要围绕人不能只做自己喜欢的习惯的事情，我们要突破局限，找到新的自我。
1．
细节理解题。根据第一段“I was, however, interested when she raised the idea that perhaps, as well as learning when to confirm our boundaries, we also need to stretch them.(然而，我感兴趣是当她提出那个观点的时候，她说也许，当我们学习确认我们的界限的时候，我们也需要延展它们)”可知，作者对GlennonDoyle的节目感兴趣的地方是要重新评估我们的界限。故选D。
2．
推理判断题。根据第五段“Helpful to some extent, it blocked me from allowing someone to express their love for me, even if it wasn’t quite what I had predicted.(这在一定程度上是有帮助的，它阻止了我让别人向我表达他们的爱，即使这不是我所预料的。)”可知在作者看来，设置界限会阻止我们交到可能的朋友。故选B。
3．
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Then I’ve come to the conclusion that, when it comes to boundaries, I’m a beginner again, and that’s fine.(然后我得出结论，当涉及到界限的时候，我又变成了一个初学者，这很好。)”可知，在调整了之后，作者觉得很放松。故选A。
4．
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“I was, however, interested when she raised the idea that perhaps, as well as learning when to confirm our boundaries, we also need to stretch them.(然而，当她提出这样一个想法时，我很感兴趣:也许，除了学习何时确定我们的界限之外，我们还需要拓展它们。)”可知，作者是想通过一个节目引出话题：我们不能局限在一定的界限之内，我们要突破局限找到新的自我。A选项“就在你以为一切都搞定的时候”，让读者反思，是否要按照界定好的去做，是否要突破，符合文章意思，可作为最好的题目，故选A。
5．C
6．B
7．C
8．A
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了为什么科学值得我们信任。
5．推理判断题。由第二段中的But what is typically thought to be the scientific method — develop a hypothesis (假设), then design an experiment to test it — isn’t what scientists actually do. Science is dynamic: new methods get invented; old ones get abandoned; and sometimes, scientists can be found doing many different things.可知，但是通常被认为是科学方法的方法——提出一个假设，然后设计一个实验来验证它——并不是科学家们真正在做的。科学是动态的：新方法被发明；旧的被遗弃；有时，科学家们会做很多不同的事情。由此可知，作者认为科学不是一成不变的，是新的方法不断发明，取代旧的方法。即科学方法不是固定的，不可信赖的，我们不能一成不变地依赖一种方法。故选C项。
6．词义猜测题。由划线词所在句的前文A key aspect of scientific judgment is that it is done collectively.可知，科学判断的一个关键方面是集体判断。由此推知，划线词所在句No claim gets accepted until it has been vetted by dozens, if not hundreds, of heads.意为“只有经过几十个（如果不是几百个）负责人的审查，观点才会被接受。”由此可知，划线词意为“审查，仔细检查”。故选B项。
7．推理判断题。由第四段中的A key aspect of scientific judgment is that it is done collectively. No claim gets accepted until it has been vetted by dozens, if not hundreds, of heads.(科学判断的一个关键方面是集体判断。只有经过几十个（如果不是几百个）负责人的审查，观点才会被接受)及This is why we are generally justified in not worrying too much if a single scientist, even a very famous one, disagrees with the claim.(这就是为什么当一个科学家，即使是一个非常著名的科学家，不同意这种观点时，我们通常没有理由过分担心)可知，科学观点是经过多人审查的，而某一个人，即使是非常著名的科学家也不能在审查中起决定性作用。故选C项。
8．主旨大意题。由第一段For several decades, there has been an extensive and organized campaign intended to generate distrust in science, funded by those whose interests and ideologies are threatened by the findings of modern science. In response, scientists have tended to stress the success of science. After all, scientists have been right about most things. (几十年来，一直存在着一场广泛的、有组织的运动，旨在引起人们对科学的不信任，其资助者是那些其利益和意识形态受到现代科学发现威胁的人。作为回应，科学家们倾向于强调科学的成功。毕竟，科学家在大多数事情上都是正确的)及最后一段中的Scientists do change their minds in the face of new evidence, but this is a strength of science, not a weakness.(面对新的证据，科学家的确会改变主意，但这是科学的强项，而不是弱点)可知，文章主要论述了我们为什么要相信科学。由此可知，A. Put Your Faith in Science(相信科学)适合做本文最佳标题。故选A项。
9．B
10．D
11．A
12．C
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍决策疲劳的概念、行为表现及后果，还说明了在决策中承担一定风险的重要性。
9．
细节理解题。根据第一段的最后一句“Our own decision-making abilities can become exhausted over the course of the day causing indecision or poor choices, but choosing on behalf of someone else is an enjoyable task that doesn’t suffer the same difficulties.（我们自己的决策能力可能会经历一整天后耗尽，导致我们犹豫不决或做出糟糕的选择，但为他人做选择是一项令人愉快的任务，此时不会遇到这种困难。）”可知，为他人做决策的时候不会觉得疲劳，而为自己做决定时，尤其是过了一整天，做了太多的决定后，就会变得十分疲劳。故选B项。
10．
细节理解题。根据第四段的第一句“But decision fatigue goes away when you are making the decision for someone else.（但是当你在为他人做决定时，你就不会轻易产生决策疲劳。）”可知，当我们帮助他人做决定的时候，我们就没有感到决策疲劳。故选D项。
11．
细节理解题。根据第五段的第三句“When people experience decision fatigue, when they are tired of making choices, they have a tendency to choose to go with status quo.（人们变得决策疲劳时——当他们厌倦了做决定时——他们往往会选择维持现状。）”可知，人们变得决策疲劳时，他们往往会选择维持现状，也就是避免尝试新的事物。故选A项。
12．
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的第一句“To achieve a successful outcome or reward, some level of risk is almost always essential.（为了获得成功的结果或回报，一定程度的风险几乎总是必不可少的。）”可知，要想实现既定目标，在决策过程中冒一定的风险是十分重要的。故选C项。
13．C
14．D
15．C
16．D
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇议论文。文章作者认为有必要恢复初级阅读，不仅仅是因为人文学科的需要，也是我们文化的需要。
13．
细节理解题。根据第一段“According to Harvard historian James Hankins, part of the problem is the dominance of “critical” reading over “primary” reading.(哈佛大学历史学家James Hankins认为，部分问题在于“批判性”阅读压倒了“初级”阅读。)”可知，人们现在偏向于选择批判性阅读。故选C。
14．
词句猜测题。根据第四段划线词前一句“The norm nowadays is for one reporter to break a story, followed by dozens or hundreds of journalists recycling that content.(如今的惯例是，一个记者报道一个新闻，随后几十或数百名记者重复报道该内容。)”可知，现在的记者只会重复其他记者报道的内容，而不会自己去实地调查。而记者在自己写报道的时候，会增加的只有自己的解读。所以spin为“解读”之意。选项A“Practice (练习)”；选项B“Priority (优先权)”；选项C“Investigation (调查)”；选项D“Interpretation (解读)”。故选D。
15．
推理判断题。根据第五段“The Covid pandemic highlighted the problem, from exclusion of those daring to discuss the tradeoffs of lockdowns to the promotion of masks as a political identity marker completely disconnected from medical or scientific justification. Not to mention the misleading statement that arose over “the science” and the social trend to “follow” it.(新冠肺炎大流行凸显了这一问题，从排斥那些敢于讨论封锁利弊的人，到宣传将口罩作为与医学或科学理由完全无关的政治身份标志。更不用说出现的关于“科学”的误导性陈述和“追随”它的社会趋势。)”可推断，作者认为记者的闲聊只会导致他们报道不科学的言论，所以会动摇人们对它的信任。故选C。
16．
推理判断题。根据第六段“We hear about everything, and we can’t hear about anything without also being told what opinion we should have about it.(我们听到了所有的事情，而如果没有人告诉我们应该对此有什么看法，我们就什么都听不到。)”可知，人们习惯先看到观点再去了解事实。而作者并不这样认为，作者认为“Primary reading isn’t only something the humanities need. Our entire culture needs its value to be recognized and restored.(初级阅读不仅仅是人文学科需要的。我们的整个文化需要它的价值被承认和恢复。)”，由此可知，作者认为人们应该对阅读抱有一种平衡的观点。故选D。
17．C
18．B
19．D
20．A
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇议论文，文章讨论了要创新，不要盲目模仿。
17．
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“In the early stages of skill or character development, imitation is helpful. (在技能或性格发展的早期阶段，模仿是有帮助的)”以及所举的例子可知，当你开始学习新东西时，模仿被证明是有用的。故选C。
18．
推理判断题。根据第五段中的“Blessed is the person willing to act on their sudden desire to create something unique. Think of the movies, books, teachers, and friends that have affected you most deeply. They touched you because their creations were motivated by inspiration, not desperation. (愿意按照他们突然的渴望去创造一些独特的东西的人是幸运的。想想那些对你影响最深的电影、书籍、老师和朋友。他们之所以能够打动你是因为他们的创作是基于灵感而不是绝望)”可知，根据作者的观点，世界因为那些准备把他们的原始想法变成现实的人而前进。故选B。
19．
细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Creative people have an endless resource of ideas. The problem a creator faces is not running out of material; it is what to do with the material knocking at the door of imagination. (有创造力的人有无穷无尽的想法。创作者面临的问题不是没有素材；而是关于如何处理敲响想象之门的材料)”可知，创造者面临的问题是如何创造性地运用想象力。故选D。
20．
推理判断题。根据第一段“Blind imitation is self-destruction. To those who do not recognize their unique worth, imitation appears attractive; to those who know their strength, imitation is unacceptable. (盲目模仿是自我毁灭。对于那些认不出自己独特价值的人来说，模仿显得很有吸引力；对于那些知道自己实力的人来说，模仿是不可接受的)”及下文的论述可知，文章的主要目的是强调要创新，不要盲目模仿。故选A。
The new radio programme from Self-help expert Glennon Doyle unexpectedly disturbed me. In a session of We Can Do Hard Things, she focuses on boundaries and their importance to our mental happiness. I heartily agree with her, because saying a polite but firm “no” is one of the basics for a happy life. I was, however, interested when she raised the idea that perhaps, as well as learning when to confirm our boundaries, we also need to stretch them. When does a boundary become a cage that locks us away
Isn’t it always the case that just as you think you’ve got an area of life nailed; somebody comes along to show you that that’s not the case As I listened, I started to see boundaries that might cause more problems than they were solving.
There was the work boundary that said that unless a project fell exactly into my topics, I wouldn’t take it-which meant that I turned down work that was otherwise interesting and rewarding.
There was the boundary that said I wasn’t to buy anything until I’d reached my savings goal-which resulted in me having to restart my laptop 20 times a day.
And then there was a boundary around relationships that set out exactly how I should be treated and what I wanted in them. Helpful to some extent, it blocked me from allowing someone to express their love for me, even if it wasn’t quite what I had predicted.
Had I been doing boundaries wrong all the time Did I need to figure them all out again I’ve spent the past few weeks looking at the boundaries I’ve secretly put in place, and I’ve let myself lower some that have been my protection over the years. Then I’ve come to the conclusion that, when it comes to boundaries, I’m a beginner again, and that’s fine. In fact, being back at the beginning is a blessing because it means there are still lessons to be learned and adventures to be had and that is something for which I can only be grateful.
1．What has really interested the author in Glennon Doyle’s programme
A．The importance of confirming our boundaries.
B．The benefits of boundaries to our happiness.
C．The urgency of maintaining our boundaries.
D．The necessity of reassessing our boundaries.
2．Which statement on boundaries will the author agree with
A．We should favour savings goals over boundaries.
B．Boundaries tend to keep us from potential friends
C．Boundaries are very likely to relieve boredom at work.
D．We should stick to boundaries despite inconvenience.
3．How did the author feel about boundaries after the
A．Relaxed. B．Depressed. C．Pressured. D．Amused.
4．What is probably the best tittle for the passage
A．Just when you think you’ve got things sorted. B．Just where you believe there’s no way out
C．How can we live a life without boundaries D．How do we become victims of boundaries
For several decades, there has been an extensive and organized campaign intended to generate distrust in science, funded by those whose interests and ideologies are threatened by the findings of modern science. In response, scientists have tended to stress the success of science. After all, scientists have been right about most things.
Stressing successes isn’t wrong, but for many people it’s not persuasive. An alternative answer to the question “Why trust science ” is that scientists use the so-called scientific method. If you’ve got a high school science textbook lying around, you’ll probably find that answer in it. But what is typically thought to be the scientific method — develop a hypothesis (假设), then design an experiment to test it — isn’t what scientists actually do. Science is dynamic: new methods get invented; old ones get abandoned; and sometimes, scientists can be found doing many different things.
If there is no identifiable scientific method, then what is the reason for trust in science The answer is how those claims are evaluated. The common element in modern science, regardless of the specific field or the particular methods being used, is the strict scrutiny (审查) of claims. It’s this tough, sustained process that works to make sure faulty claims are rejected. A scientific claim is never accepted as true until it has gone through a lengthy “peer review” because the reviewers are experts in the same field who have both the right and the obligation (责任) to find faults.
A key aspect of scientific judgment is that it is done collectively. No claim gets accepted until it has been vetted by dozens, if not hundreds, of heads. In areas that have been contested, like climate science and vaccine safety, it’s thousands. This is why we are generally justified in not worrying too much if a single scientist, even a very famous one, disagrees with the claim. And this is why diversity in science — the more people looking at a claim from different angles — is important.
Does this process ever go wrong Of course. Scientists are humans. There is always the possibility of revising a claim on the basis of new evidence. Some people argue that we should not trust science because scientists are “always changing their minds.” While examples of truly settled science being overturned are far fewer than is sometimes claimed, they do exist. But the beauty of this scientific process is that it explains what might otherwise appear paradoxical (矛盾的): that science produces both novelty and stability. Scientists do change their minds in the face of new evidence, but this is a strength of science, not a weakness.
5．How does the author think of the scientific method
A．Stable. B．Persuasive.
C．Unreliable. D．Unrealistic.
6．What does the underlined word “vetted” in Paragraph 4 probably mean
A．Explained. B．Examined.
C．Repeated. D．Released.
7．According to the passage, the author may agree that ______.
A．it is not persuasive to reject those faulty claims
B．settled science tends to be collectively overturned
C．a leading expert cannot play a decisive role in a scrutiny
D．diversity in knowledge is the common element in science
8．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A．Put Your Faith in Science B．Defend the Truth in Science
C．Apply Your Mind to Science D．Explore A Dynamic Way to Science
If you start a sentence with, “If I were you...” or find yourself scratching your head over a decision when the answer is crystal-clear, there’s a scientific reason behind it. Our own decision-making abilities can become exhausted over the course of the day causing indecision or poor choices, but choosing on behalf of someone else is an enjoyable task that doesn’t suffer the same difficulties.
“The problem is decision fatigue, a psychological phenomenon that causes harm to the quality of your choices after a long day of decision making,” says Evan Polman, a leading psychologist.
Physicians on the job for several hours, for example, are more likely to prescribe antibiotics (抗生素) to patients when it’s unwise to do so. “Presumably it’s because it’s simple and easy to write a prescription and consider a patient case closed rather than investigate further,” Polman says.
But decision fatigue goes away when you are making the decision for someone else. When people imagine themselves as advisers, they feel less tired and rely less on decision shortcuts. “By taking upon the role of adviser rather than decision maker, one does not suffer the consequences of decision fatigue,” he says. “It is as if there is something fun about making someone else’s choice.”
“Getting input from others not only offers a fresh perspective and thought process, it often also includes riskier choices. While this sounds undesirable, it can be quite good. When people experience decision fatigue, when they are tired of making choices, they have a tendency to choose to go with status quo,” says Polman. “But it can be problematic since a change in the course of action can be important and lead to a positive outcome.”
To achieve a successful outcome or reward, some level of risk is almost always essential. “People who are susceptible to decision fatigue will likely choose to do nothing over something,” he says. “That’s not to say risk is always good, but it is related to taking action, whereas decision fatigue assuredly leads to inaction and the possible chagrin (懊恼) of a decision maker who might otherwise prefer a new course but is unfortunately hindered.”
“Just because you can make good choices for others doesn’t mean you’ll do the same for yourself,” Polman cautions. “Research has found that women negotiate higher salaries for others than they do for themselves,” he says, adding that people slip in and out of decision roles.
9．What does the author say about people making decisions
A．They tend to make decisions the way they think advantageous to them.
B．They may become exhausted making too many decisions for themselves.
C．They show considerable differences in their decision-making abilities.
D．They are more cautious in making decisions for others than for themselves.
10．When do people feel less decision fatigue
A．When they take decision shortcuts.
B．When they have advisers to turn to.
C．When they have major decisions to make.
D．When they help others to make decisions.
11．What are people likely to do when decision fatigue sets in
A．They avoid trying anything new.
B．They turn to physicians for advice.
C．They tend to make risky decisions.
D．They adopt a totally new perspective.
12．What does the passage say about taking some risk in decision making
A．It will enable people to be more creative.
B．It will more often than not end in regret.
C．It is vital for one to reach the goal desired.
D．It is likely to bring about serious consequences.
It is a general belief among academics that the humanities are in crisis. According to Harvard historian James Hankins, part of the problem is the dominance of “critical” reading over “primary” reading. Primary reading takes a text at face value and simply tries to understand what the author intended to say. Critical reading assumes an author’s statements can never be taken at face value. Instead, they must be “seen through” to expose the text’s real meaning, which is determined in accord with this or that fashionable theory.
Mr. Hankins says primary reading “must be recovered” for higher education in the humanities to be effective. I would go further. Primary reading isn’t important only for the humanities, or even for education more generally. The restoration of primary reading could be a crucial weapon in fighting the “idle talk” that troubles American society.
Idle talk was philosopher Martin Heidegger’s term for inauthentic discourse(不可信的言辞). It involves adopting and circulating others’ opinions about something without ever personally engaging that thing for yourself. People engaged in idle talk speak in accord with expectations for their particular identity or role. They hold and express the opinions a person in their role is expected to hold.
Idle talk can be harmless. Each year my mother forms strong opinions about which films should win Academy Awards without seeing any of them, after reading articles by critics she favors. But idle talk can also be dangerous. Consider journalism. The norm nowadays is for one reporter to break a story, followed by dozens or hundreds of journalists recycling that content. They may add a little spin of their own but rarely look into the issue for themselves—even when this would require but a few clicks and a couple of minutes to read a legislative(法律的) text. Some journalists even just search social media for the story of the day and rewrite it in their own words.
The Covid pandemic highlighted the problem, from exclusion of those daring to discuss the tradeoffs of lockdowns to the promotion of masks as a political identity marker completely disconnected from medical or scientific justification. Not to mention the misleading statement that arose over “the science” and the social trend to “follow” it.
Social media has contributed to the spread of idle talk. Authentic discourse requires time, effort and good-faith engagement, but social media tends to encourage the opposite. As journalists comment on every topic, however small or traditionally unnewsworthy, the all-knowing chorus of global gossip becomes a roaring crowd. Social media raises this voice, pushing it into user feeds 24/7. We hear about everything, and we can’t hear about anything without also being told what opinion we should have about it. Opinions before facts; know what to think about something before actually looking into it for yourself. And really, why even bother with that
Primary reading isn’t only something the humanities need. Our entire culture needs its value to be recognized and restored.
13．What do we know from the first two paragraphs
A．Primary reading focuses on the deep meaning.
B．Critical reading leads to the crisis in humanities.
C．Critical reading is generally preferred nowadays.
D．Primary reading once dominated higher education.
14．What does the underlined word “spin” in paragraph 4 probably mean
A．Practice. B．Priority. C．Investigation. D．Interpretation.
15．What does the author think of idle talk
A．It broadens people’s understanding.
B．It affects independent thinking ability.
C．It shakes people’s trust in news report.
D．It promotes the advance of social media.
16．What message does the author convey
A．Readers should stay away from idle talk.
B．Readers should read original texts carefully.
C．Readers should limit the impact of social media.
D．Readers should take a balanced view on reading.
Blind imitation is self-destruction. To those who do not recognize their unique worth, imitation appears attractive; to those who know their strength, imitation is unacceptable.
In the early stages of skill or character development, imitation is helpful. When I first learned to cook, I used recipes and turned out some tasty dishes. But soon I grew bored. Why follow someone else’s way of cooking when I could create my own Imitating role modelsis like using training wheels on a child’s bicycle; they help you get going, but once you find your own balance, you fly faster and farther without relying on them.
In daily life, imitation can hurt us if we subconsciously (下意识地) hold poor role models. If, as a child, you observed people whose lives were bad, you may have accepted their fear and pain as normal and gone on to follow what they did. If you do not make strong choices for yourself, you will get the results of the weak choices of others.
In the field of entertainment, our culture glorifies celebrities. Those stars look great on screen. But when they step off screen, their personal lives may be disastrous. If you are going to follow someone, focus on their talent, not their bad character or unacceptable behaviors.
Blessed is the person willing to act on their sudden desire to create something unique. Think of the movies, books, teachers, and friends that have affected you most deeply. They touched you because their creations were motivated by inspiration, not desperation. The world is changed not by those who do what has been done before them, but by those who do what has been done inside them. Creative people have an endless resource of ideas. The problem a creator faces is not running out of material; it is what to do with the material knocking at the door of imagination.
Study your role models, accept the gifts they have given, and leave behind what does not serve. Then you can say, “I stand on the shoulders of my ancestors’ tragedies and declare victory, and know that they are cheering on.”
17．Imitation proves useful when you________.
A．know you are unique
B．lose the balance of life
C．begin to learn something new
D．get tired of routine practice
18．According to the author, the world moves on because of those who are________.
A．desperate to influence others with their knowledge
B．ready to turn their original ideas into reality
C．eager to discover what their ancestors did
D．willing to accept others’ ideas
19．The trouble a creator faces is________.
A．the lack of strong motivation
B．the absence of practical ideas
C．how to search for more materials
D．how to use imagination creatively
20．What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage
A．To highlight the importance of creativity.
B．To criticize the characters of role models.
C．To compare imitation with creation.
D．To explain the meaning of success.
参考答案：
1．D
2．B
3．A
4．A
【解析】
【导语】
本文是议论文。文章主要围绕人不能只做自己喜欢的习惯的事情，我们要突破局限，找到新的自我。
1．
细节理解题。根据第一段“I was, however, interested when she raised the idea that perhaps, as well as learning when to confirm our boundaries, we also need to stretch them.(然而，我感兴趣是当她提出那个观点的时候，她说也许，当我们学习确认我们的界限的时候，我们也需要延展它们)”可知，作者对GlennonDoyle的节目感兴趣的地方是要重新评估我们的界限。故选D。
2．
推理判断题。根据第五段“Helpful to some extent, it blocked me from allowing someone to express their love for me, even if it wasn’t quite what I had predicted.(这在一定程度上是有帮助的，它阻止了我让别人向我表达他们的爱，即使这不是我所预料的。)”可知在作者看来，设置界限会阻止我们交到可能的朋友。故选B。
3．
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Then I’ve come to the conclusion that, when it comes to boundaries, I’m a beginner again, and that’s fine.(然后我得出结论，当涉及到界限的时候，我又变成了一个初学者，这很好。)”可知，在调整了之后，作者觉得很放松。故选A。
4．
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“I was, however, interested when she raised the idea that perhaps, as well as learning when to confirm our boundaries, we also need to stretch them.(然而，当她提出这样一个想法时，我很感兴趣:也许，除了学习何时确定我们的界限之外，我们还需要拓展它们。)”可知，作者是想通过一个节目引出话题：我们不能局限在一定的界限之内，我们要突破局限找到新的自我。A选项“就在你以为一切都搞定的时候”，让读者反思，是否要按照界定好的去做，是否要突破，符合文章意思，可作为最好的题目，故选A。
5．C
6．B
7．C
8．A
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了为什么科学值得我们信任。
5．推理判断题。由第二段中的But what is typically thought to be the scientific method — develop a hypothesis (假设), then design an experiment to test it — isn’t what scientists actually do. Science is dynamic: new methods get invented; old ones get abandoned; and sometimes, scientists can be found doing many different things.可知，但是通常被认为是科学方法的方法——提出一个假设，然后设计一个实验来验证它——并不是科学家们真正在做的。科学是动态的：新方法被发明；旧的被遗弃；有时，科学家们会做很多不同的事情。由此可知，作者认为科学不是一成不变的，是新的方法不断发明，取代旧的方法。即科学方法不是固定的，不可信赖的，我们不能一成不变地依赖一种方法。故选C项。
6．词义猜测题。由划线词所在句的前文A key aspect of scientific judgment is that it is done collectively.可知，科学判断的一个关键方面是集体判断。由此推知，划线词所在句No claim gets accepted until it has been vetted by dozens, if not hundreds, of heads.意为“只有经过几十个（如果不是几百个）负责人的审查，观点才会被接受。”由此可知，划线词意为“审查，仔细检查”。故选B项。
7．推理判断题。由第四段中的A key aspect of scientific judgment is that it is done collectively. No claim gets accepted until it has been vetted by dozens, if not hundreds, of heads.(科学判断的一个关键方面是集体判断。只有经过几十个（如果不是几百个）负责人的审查，观点才会被接受)及This is why we are generally justified in not worrying too much if a single scientist, even a very famous one, disagrees with the claim.(这就是为什么当一个科学家，即使是一个非常著名的科学家，不同意这种观点时，我们通常没有理由过分担心)可知，科学观点是经过多人审查的，而某一个人，即使是非常著名的科学家也不能在审查中起决定性作用。故选C项。
8．主旨大意题。由第一段For several decades, there has been an extensive and organized campaign intended to generate distrust in science, funded by those whose interests and ideologies are threatened by the findings of modern science. In response, scientists have tended to stress the success of science. After all, scientists have been right about most things. (几十年来，一直存在着一场广泛的、有组织的运动，旨在引起人们对科学的不信任，其资助者是那些其利益和意识形态受到现代科学发现威胁的人。作为回应，科学家们倾向于强调科学的成功。毕竟，科学家在大多数事情上都是正确的)及最后一段中的Scientists do change their minds in the face of new evidence, but this is a strength of science, not a weakness.(面对新的证据，科学家的确会改变主意，但这是科学的强项，而不是弱点)可知，文章主要论述了我们为什么要相信科学。由此可知，A. Put Your Faith in Science(相信科学)适合做本文最佳标题。故选A项。
9．B
10．D
11．A
12．C
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍决策疲劳的概念、行为表现及后果，还说明了在决策中承担一定风险的重要性。
9．
细节理解题。根据第一段的最后一句“Our own decision-making abilities can become exhausted over the course of the day causing indecision or poor choices, but choosing on behalf of someone else is an enjoyable task that doesn’t suffer the same difficulties.（我们自己的决策能力可能会经历一整天后耗尽，导致我们犹豫不决或做出糟糕的选择，但为他人做选择是一项令人愉快的任务，此时不会遇到这种困难。）”可知，为他人做决策的时候不会觉得疲劳，而为自己做决定时，尤其是过了一整天，做了太多的决定后，就会变得十分疲劳。故选B项。
10．
细节理解题。根据第四段的第一句“But decision fatigue goes away when you are making the decision for someone else.（但是当你在为他人做决定时，你就不会轻易产生决策疲劳。）”可知，当我们帮助他人做决定的时候，我们就没有感到决策疲劳。故选D项。
11．
细节理解题。根据第五段的第三句“When people experience decision fatigue, when they are tired of making choices, they have a tendency to choose to go with status quo.（人们变得决策疲劳时——当他们厌倦了做决定时——他们往往会选择维持现状。）”可知，人们变得决策疲劳时，他们往往会选择维持现状，也就是避免尝试新的事物。故选A项。
12．
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的第一句“To achieve a successful outcome or reward, some level of risk is almost always essential.（为了获得成功的结果或回报，一定程度的风险几乎总是必不可少的。）”可知，要想实现既定目标，在决策过程中冒一定的风险是十分重要的。故选C项。
13．C
14．D
15．C
16．D
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇议论文。文章作者认为有必要恢复初级阅读，不仅仅是因为人文学科的需要，也是我们文化的需要。
13．
细节理解题。根据第一段“According to Harvard historian James Hankins, part of the problem is the dominance of “critical” reading over “primary” reading.(哈佛大学历史学家James Hankins认为，部分问题在于“批判性”阅读压倒了“初级”阅读。)”可知，人们现在偏向于选择批判性阅读。故选C。
14．
词句猜测题。根据第四段划线词前一句“The norm nowadays is for one reporter to break a story, followed by dozens or hundreds of journalists recycling that content.(如今的惯例是，一个记者报道一个新闻，随后几十或数百名记者重复报道该内容。)”可知，现在的记者只会重复其他记者报道的内容，而不会自己去实地调查。而记者在自己写报道的时候，会增加的只有自己的解读。所以spin为“解读”之意。选项A“Practice (练习)”；选项B“Priority (优先权)”；选项C“Investigation (调查)”；选项D“Interpretation (解读)”。故选D。
15．
推理判断题。根据第五段“The Covid pandemic highlighted the problem, from exclusion of those daring to discuss the tradeoffs of lockdowns to the promotion of masks as a political identity marker completely disconnected from medical or scientific justification. Not to mention the misleading statement that arose over “the science” and the social trend to “follow” it.(新冠肺炎大流行凸显了这一问题，从排斥那些敢于讨论封锁利弊的人，到宣传将口罩作为与医学或科学理由完全无关的政治身份标志。更不用说出现的关于“科学”的误导性陈述和“追随”它的社会趋势。)”可推断，作者认为记者的闲聊只会导致他们报道不科学的言论，所以会动摇人们对它的信任。故选C。
16．
推理判断题。根据第六段“We hear about everything, and we can’t hear about anything without also being told what opinion we should have about it.(我们听到了所有的事情，而如果没有人告诉我们应该对此有什么看法，我们就什么都听不到。)”可知，人们习惯先看到观点再去了解事实。而作者并不这样认为，作者认为“Primary reading isn’t only something the humanities need. Our entire culture needs its value to be recognized and restored.(初级阅读不仅仅是人文学科需要的。我们的整个文化需要它的价值被承认和恢复。)”，由此可知，作者认为人们应该对阅读抱有一种平衡的观点。故选D。
17．C
18．B
19．D
20．A
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇议论文，文章讨论了要创新，不要盲目模仿。
17．
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“In the early stages of skill or character development, imitation is helpful. (在技能或性格发展的早期阶段，模仿是有帮助的)”以及所举的例子可知，当你开始学习新东西时，模仿被证明是有用的。故选C。
18．
推理判断题。根据第五段中的“Blessed is the person willing to act on their sudden desire to create something unique. Think of the movies, books, teachers, and friends that have affected you most deeply. They touched you because their creations were motivated by inspiration, not desperation. (愿意按照他们突然的渴望去创造一些独特的东西的人是幸运的。想想那些对你影响最深的电影、书籍、老师和朋友。他们之所以能够打动你是因为他们的创作是基于灵感而不是绝望)”可知，根据作者的观点，世界因为那些准备把他们的原始想法变成现实的人而前进。故选B。
19．
细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Creative people have an endless resource of ideas. The problem a creator faces is not running out of material; it is what to do with the material knocking at the door of imagination. (有创造力的人有无穷无尽的想法。创作者面临的问题不是没有素材；而是关于如何处理敲响想象之门的材料)”可知，创造者面临的问题是如何创造性地运用想象力。故选D。
20．
推理判断题。根据第一段“Blind imitation is self-destruction. To those who do not recognize their unique worth, imitation appears attractive; to those who know their strength, imitation is unacceptable. (盲目模仿是自我毁灭。对于那些认不出自己独特价值的人来说，模仿显得很有吸引力；对于那些知道自己实力的人来说，模仿是不可接受的)”及下文的论述可知，文章的主要目的是强调要创新，不要盲目模仿。故选A。