牛津译林版（2019）选择性必修第四册Unit 3 Careers and skills Section B Grammar and usage 学案（含答案）

Section B Grammar and usage
学习目标
1、学会本节单词、短语。
2、掌握本节句型表达与运用。
知识运用
1. weigh up
意思_____________
weigh vi.& vt.有……重，重；vt.称重量；认真考虑，权衡
weight n.重量，分量
lose weight 减肥
put on/gain weight 增加体重
watch one's weight 控制体重
练习：Parisians are different from you and me. They never look lazy or untidy. As someone noted in this paper a couple of weeks ago, they eat great food and never gain _________ (weigh).
语法解析
复习名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的各种从句统称为名词性从句。根据它们在句中的语法作用，又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、主语从句
在复合句中用作主语的从句叫主语从句。其引导词用法如下：
连接词 用法
that 在从句中不充当句子成分，也没有含义，只起连接作用，但通常不能省略。
为避免头重脚轻，使句子平衡，常用it作形式主语，而将that引导的主语从句后置，that不能省略。
whether/if 在从句中不充当句子成分，仅起连接作用，意为“是否”。whether引导的主语从句可置于句首，也可置于句末；而if引导的主语从句不能置于句首，只能置于句末。
连接代词 what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever 连接代词引导主语从句时，既起连接作用，同时在从句中又充当主语、宾语或表语等成分。
连接副词 when, where, why, how 连接副词引导主语从句时，在句中既是连接词，又作状语。连接副词引导的主语从句中也常用it作形式主语。
That you should have a clear goal in life is a way to success.
在生活中，你应该有明确的目标，这是成功的一个方法。
Whether the party will be held on time is still a question because of the typhoon.
由于台风的影响，这次的聚会能否按时举行还是个问题。
It is still under discussion whether/if we should stay or go.
我们是留是走仍在讨论中。
Who was the last one to leave yesterday is still not clear.
昨天是谁最后一个走的还不清楚。
What I really need at present is your understanding and support.
我现在真正需要的是你的理解和支持。
Which road you will choose makes no difference. 你选择走哪条路没有什么区别。
Whoever works hard should be praised.任何努力工作的人都应受到称赞。
Whatever was said here must be kept secret.这里所说的一切都必须保密。
Whichever of you gets here first will get the prize. 你们谁第一个到达这里谁就获奖。
When we will hold the English speech contest has not been decided yet.
我们什么时候举行英语演讲比赛还没定下来。
How life began on earth is one of the biggest puzzles to scientists.
对科学家们来说，生命在地球上是如何开始的是最大的困惑之一。
It doesn't matter to me where we shall have the dinner, for what matters is the chance to renew acquaintance with old friends.
我们在哪里吃饭对我来说无关紧要，因为重要的是与老朋友叙旧的好机会。
注意：
（1）it作形式主语代替that从句的常见句型：
It +be+形容词（obvious，true，natural，likely，possible，certain，etc.）+ that从句.
It +be +名词短语（no wonder，an honor，a pity，a good thing，no surprise，a fact，a shame，etc.）+ that从句.
It +be+过去分词（said，believed，reported，thought，expected，decided， ordered，suggested，etc.）+ that 从句.
其他：
It doesn't matter that… ……是无关紧要的。
It strikes/hits sb. that… 某人突然想到……
It appears/seems/happens that… 似乎/碰巧……
（2）在“It is necessary/important/strange/natural +that从句”中，从句常用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“should+动词原形”的形式，should可以省略。
（3）当过去分词是suggested，advised，ordered，requested，required等表示建议、要求、命令等的词语时，从句要用虚拟语气，即从句的谓语用"should+动词原形"的形式，should可以省略。
It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.
有人建议会议延期举行。
It was ordered that we (should) arrive there in half an hour.
命令我们半小时之后到达那里。
（4）从句的语序：在任何情况下，主语从句都用陈述语序。
（5）主谓一致：单个从句作主语以及两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句时，主句谓语动词用单数形式；并列的从句作主语时，主句谓语动词用复数形式。what从句作主语时，若表示单数意义，则主句谓语动词用单数形式，若表示复数意义，则主句谓语动词用复数形式。
二、宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中起宾语作用的从句。
连接词：
从属连词：that，if，whether
连接代词：who(ever)，whom(ever)，whose，what(ever)，which(ever)
连接副词：when(ever)，where(ver)，why，how(ever)
1.基本用法
连接词 功能及用法
that 不充当任何成分，也没有含义，且通常可以省略。
whether/if 意为"是否"，常放在（短语）动词ask，care，wonder，know和find out等后面。一般情况下，两者可换用，在口语中多用if。
连接代词：who(ever)，whom(ever)，whose，what(ever)，which(ever) 既起连接作用，又在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分。
连接副词：when(ever)，where(ver)，why，how(ever) 既起连接作用，又在从句中作状语。
He told me (that) he would go to college the next year.
他告诉我下一年他会去上大学。
We all agree that it would be very convenient to go there by bus.
我们都认为坐公共汽车去那儿会很方便。
Nobody knows whether/if it will rain tomorrow.
没有人知道明天是否会下雨。
Tom asked whether/if I had read the book.
汤姆问我是否读过这本书。
Do you ever discover who sent you the flowers
你弄清是谁给你送的花了吗？
The book will show you what the best writers should know.
这本书会告诉你最好的作家该了解些什么。
He didn't tell me when we would meet again.
他没有告诉我我们什么时候会再见面。
None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
我们都不知道在哪里能买到这些新零件。
注意：
（1）不能省略that的情况
①当主句的谓语动词与宾语从句之间有插入语时，引导词that通常不可省略。
Everyone could see, I believe, that Mike was very terrified.
我相信人人都能看出迈克很害怕。
②如果动词后面带有两个或两个以上并列的宾语从句，第一个宾语从句的引导词that可以省略，其余从句的引导词that不能省略。
I believe (that) you have done your best and that everything will go well.
我相信你已经尽力了，而且一切都会顺利的。
（2）只能用 whether而不用if引导宾语从句的情况
①直接与or not连用时。
I don't know whether or not they could pass the exam.
我不知道他们是否能通过考试。
②从句位于介词之后时。
I am not interested in whether they believe in me or not.
我对他们是否信任我不感兴趣。
2.（短语）动词后的宾语从句
情况 例句
在一些表示坚持、命令、建议、要求等意义的动词后，that引导的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“（should+）动词原形” 一坚持（insist），二命令（order, command），三建议（suggest, Propose，advise)，四要求（ask，demand，require, request）
it作形式宾语 动词后面有宾语补足语的时候，需要用it作形式宾语，而将that引导的宾语从句后置 find, feel, consider, make, believe
一些短语动词后跟宾语从句时要先在从句前加形式宾语it owe to, see to, rely on, depend on
有些表示喜好、憎恶的动词后接从句作宾语时要用it作形式宾语 hate, like
She insisted that she (should) organize the trip perfectly.
她坚持要把这次旅行安排得尽善尽美。
He commanded that all the gates (should) be shut.
他命令关闭所有的大门。
I suggested that he (should) study harder.
我建议他应该更加努力学习。
The teacher requests that we (should) get along well with each other.
老师要求我们彼此和睦相处。
We find it necessary that we practise spoken English every day.
我们发现每天练习英语口语是有必要的。
I have made it a rule that I keep a diary every day.
每天写日记已成了我的一个习惯。
Please see to it that the children go to bed by 9 o'clock.
请务必让孩子们9点前上床睡觉。
You may depend on it that they will support you.
你放心好了，他们会支持你的。
I hate it when they talk with their mouths full of food.
我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话。
3.介词后的宾语从句
一般情况下，（短语）介词后常接wh-类连接词引导的宾语从句。而except，but等少数介词后可接that引导的宾语从句。
We are talking about whether we should admit students into our club.
我们正在讨论是否应该让学生加入我们的俱乐部。
I was curious as to what we would do next.
我很想知道下一步我们将做什么。
4.注意事项
（1）宾语从句的时态和语序
主句 从句
时态 谓语动词表示现在或将来概念时 可根据需要选用合适的时态。
过去时态 一般要用与过去时态相关的某种事态
当表达客观事实、真理、自然现象等时，通常用一般现在时
语序 宾语从句一律要用陈述语序，且连接词位于句首。
The teacher told ns that Tom had left ns for America.
老师告诉我们汤姆已经离开我们去美国了。
The teacher said that the earth runs around the sun.
老师说地球绕着太阳转。
（2）否定转移：think，believe，suppose，imagine等动词后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，通常要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。存在否定转移现象的主从复合句变反意疑问句时应注意的问题：
①若主句的主语是第一人称，反意疑问句的主语和谓语应分别与宾语从句的主语和谓语保持一致；
②若主句的主语不是第一人称，反意疑问句的主语和谓语应分别与主句的主语和谓语保持一致。
I don't think he can remember the 100 words within two hours, can he
我想他不能在两小时内记住这100个单词，是吗？
You don't think he passed the exam, do you
你认为他没有通过考试，是吗？
3.doubt用于否定句或疑问句时，其后用that引导宾语从句；用于肯定句时，其后用 whether 或if引导宾语从句。
I never doubted that she would come.
我从未怀疑过她会来。
I doubt whether/if the new one will be much better.
我不敢肯定这个新的是否会好很多。
三、表语从句
在句中充当表语的从句称为表语从句。这种从句往往是进一步对主句的主语进行解释说明。引导表语从句的连接词有连接代词（what，who，whom，whose，which等），连接副词(when，where，how，why等)以及 that，whether，as if/as though，because等。
连接词 功能及用法
that 仅起连接作用，无任何意义，在从句中不作任何成分，通常不可省略。
whether/if 起连接作用，意为“是否”，但在从句中不作任何成分。注意：if不能引导表语从句。
连接代词 what，who，whom，whose，which等 除了在句中起连接作用外，在从句中还可充当主语、表语、宾语等成分。
连接副词 when，where，why，how等 除在句中起连接作用外，在从句中还分别充当时间、地点、原因、方式状语。
as if/as though/because等 as if/as though引导的表语从句常置于系动词look，seem，sound，be，become等后面。because引导的表语从句常见于"This/That/It is/was because…"句型中。
The reason why some time-honoured brands have survived fierce competition is that they are willing to take on challenges.
一些老字号之所以能够在激烈的竞争中存活下来是因为它们愿意接受挑战。
No children make no mistakes while they are growing up and the most important thing is whether they can learn from the mistakes.
没有一个孩子在成长过程中不犯错误，关键在于他们能否从中吸取教训。
"Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea." This is what my mother used to tell me."
“每次吃甜点时要喝绿茶。”这是我妈妈过去常常告诉我的。
The problem is who is really fit for the hard job.
问题是谁才真正适合做这份艰苦的工作。
On the plain in front of us, we can just make out some graceful animals. This is why we are here—to observe Tibetan antelopes.
在我们面前的平原上，我们只能隐约看到一些优雅的动物。这就是我们来到此地的原因——观察藏羚羊。
The last time we had great fun was when we were visiting the Water Park.
我们上一次玩得很开心是我们参观水上公园的时候。
Sara was caught in a traffic jam this morning. That is why she was late for class.
萨拉今天早上遇到了交通堵塞，那就是她上课迟到的原因。
四、同位语从句
在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。同位语从句常位于fact，doubt，hope，wish，idea，promise，opinion，suggestion，truth，conclusion等名词后面，对该名词的具体内容作进一步的说明。
引导同位语从句的连词主要有三类：
1.连接词that只起连接作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。连接词whether含有“是否”的意思，whether引导同位语从句时不可以用if来替换。
There is no doubt that the protection of folk music is of great significance.
毫无疑问，保护民间音乐意义非常重大。
Most medical experts have the same opinion that the most effective way to prevent the spread of the disease is to wash hands with soap and water.
大多数医学专家都认为，防止这种疾病传播最有效的方法是用肥皂和水洗手。
He hasn't made the decision whether he will join us.
他还未决定是否加入我们。
2.连接代词what，who，which等，引导同位语从句时保留自己的疑问含义，起连接作用，且在从句中充当成分。
The question who should be in charge of the key project has been unanswered.
由谁负责那项重点工程的问题还没有答案。
3.连接副词when，where，how，why等，在从句中作状语。
I have no idea when he will be back.我不知道他将什么时候回来。
注意：
在suggestion，order，request等表示建议、命令或要求的名词后面的同位语从句中，其谓语要用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。
The manager put forward a suggestion that we (should) have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
经理建议我们找一个助手。有太多的工作要做了。
练习：
1. The poignancy (酸楚) of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and ________ had pushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise.
2. You've heard _________ plastic is polluting the oceans—between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year.
3. With that in mind, Moore asked her dad ________ she could start her own candy company.
4. I'd appreciate it if you could let me know in advance __________ or not you will come.
5. Over thousands of years, they began to depend less on ________ could be hunted or gathered from the wild, and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
6. What students do at college seems to matter much more than _________ they go.
7. We must find out ________ Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.
8. We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $ 20, half of _______ it used to charge.
9. Another unique human characteristic is ________ we walk upright.
10. The question, however, is _________ this is what the developing countries need the most.
11. This is _________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.
12. By boat is the only way to get here, which is _________ we arrived.
13. What puzzles Lily's friends is __________ she always has so many crazy ideas.
14. From space, the earth looks blue. This is ________ about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.
15. Scientists have obtained more evidence _________ plastic is finding its way into the human body.
答案
知识运用
1. weight
语法解析
1. what 2. that 3. if/whether 4. whether 5. what 6. where 7.when 8.what 9. that 10. whether 11. what 12. how 13. why 14. because 15. that
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