情态动词和虚拟语气 讲义
情态动词
一 、can & could
1.表示能力,但could主要指过去的能力。表示“过去有能力做成某事”时通常用was/were able to。
The little boy can speak two foreign languages.
这个小男孩会讲两种外语。
Could the girl read before she went to school
这个女孩上学前识字吗
Everyone was able to escape when the fire broke out.
起火的时候大家都能逃生。
2.表示可能(理论上或是逻辑判断上,并不涉及此事真的发生),常译为“往往会,有时候可能会”,常用于肯定句中。
Although you can find bargains in London, it’s not generally a cheap place to shop.
虽然你有可能在伦敦买到便宜的东西,但通常而言这不是个买便宜东西的地方。
3.表示请求和允许。在问句中could语气比can要委婉。
Could I have a word with you It won't take long.
我能和你说句话吗 不会占用你很长时间。
You can go back home now.
你现在可以回家了。
4.表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。
How can you be so careless
你怎么能这么粗心
5.表示推测,常用于否定句和疑问句中,语气较强。
He can’t be in the classroom; the light is not on.
他不可能在教室里;灯没亮。
Why are your eyes so red You can't have slept well last night.
你的眼睛为什么红红的 你昨天晚上一定没有睡好。
My favourite book is missing. Who could have taken it
我最喜欢的书丢了,谁会把它拿走呢
6.cannot/can never...too/enough...表示“再……也不为过”。
You can never be too careful when driving a car.
开车的时候你再怎么小心都不为过。
7. cannot but do sth./cannot help but do sth./cannot choose but do sth.表示“不得不/只好做某事”。
You cannot choose but go with me.
你只能跟我走。
练习:
1. As long as we are united, there is no difficulty we can ________(overcome).
2. It was really annoying; I ________ get access to the data bank you had recommended.
3. When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he ________ find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and pointed down the river.
4. I can’t find my purse. I ________ have left it in the supermarket yesterday, but I’m not sure.
答案:
1. not overcome
解析:考查情态动词加动词的否定。句意:只要我们团结一致,就没有克服不了的困难。根据句意“没有克服不了的困难”以及上文的情态动词can可知,此处应填not overcome。故填not overcome。
2. couldn't
解析:考查情态动词和时态。句意:这真的很烦人;我无法进入你推荐的数据库。结合句意和语境时态可知,本处表示的是“不能做某事”,由was可知,句子时态是一般过去时,因此空格处是过去式couldn't,故填couldn't。
3. could
解析:考查情态动词。句意:当他问河边的村民在哪里可以找到这位传奇艺术家时,他们笑着指着河的下游。分析句意可知,设空处表达的是能够做某事,用can,时态为一般过去时,因此空格处是could。故填could。
4. could/might
解析:句意:我找不到我的钱包了。我可能昨天把它落在超市了,但我不确定。根据题干的时间状语yesterday,以及but I'm not sure可知,空格处表示对于过去的事情的猜测,应用could/might have done表示“过去可能做过某事”。故填could/might。
二、 may & might
1.表示请求、允许、许可,might比may语气委婉。
You may use my bike.
你可以用我的自行车。
2.表示推测,常用于陈述句中,语气比较弱,把握性不大。might语气比may还要弱。
We might be going to Spain on holiday this year.
今年我们或许会去西班牙度假。
3.may/might as well+动词原形,意为“最好,倒不如……”。
You may/might as well do it at once.
你最好立刻开始做。
4.may well+动词原形,意为“完全能,很可能”。
He may well be late for class.
他上课很可能迟到。
5.may用于祈使句中,表示祝愿。
May you return in safety.祝你安全归来。
练习:用单词的适当形式完成句子
1. If you leave within 15 minutes, you ________ park your car at the roadside temporarily.
2. Your opinion may ______ (different) from others', but we value what you think of your plan.
3. I can't find my purse. I might ________ (leave) it in the supermarket yesterday, but I'm not sure.
4. I'm not sure of the reason for the dog's illness, but it ________ (cause) by eating too much.
答案:
1. can/may
解析:考查情态动词。句意:如果你在15分钟内离开,你可以暂时把车停在路边。根据语境可知,此处是真实条件句,表示许可,可用can/may。故填can/may。
2. differ
解析:考查动词。句意:你的观点可能不同与其他人的,但我们重视你对你的计划的看法。may后 接动词原形作谓语,故填differ。
3. have left
解析:考查情态动词表推测。句意:我找不到我的钱包了。我昨天可能把它忘在超市了,但我不确定。根据句型分析可知,这里考查对过去发生的事情不确定的推测,应用might have done。故填have left。
4. may have been caused
解析:考查情态动词和被动。句意:我不能肯定狗生病的原因,但它也许是因为吃得太多了。根据前句“I'm not sure of the reason for the dog's illness”可知,这里为不肯定的推测,“cause”这一动作发生在过去,对过去发生的事情的推测,故用may have done “可能做过某事”;由于dog's illness与cause之间为被动关系,故填may have been caused。
三、 must
1.表示主观上的“必须,应该”,其否定形式mustn't表示禁止。对比:have to表示客观上的“不得不”,可用于各种时态。
以must开头的问句,其否定回答用needn't或don't have to。
—Must I clean the dining room at once
—No, you needn't. / No, you don't have to.
——我必须马上打扫餐厅吗
——不,你不必。
Students mustn't play with mobile phones in class.
学生课上不准玩手机。
I had lost my key, so I had to wait outdoors.
我丢了钥匙,所以不得不在门外等。
2.表示“非要,偏要”做某事,表达出说话者的一种不满情绪。
—Can I smoke here
—No. Go to the smoking section, if you must.
——我能在这里抽烟吗
——不能,如果你非要抽烟的话,就去吸烟区吧。
Why must you be talking so loudly when others are sleeping
别人都在睡觉,为什么你偏要这么大声说话
3.表示对具体事情的推测,意为 “一定,肯定”,语气较强,只用于肯定句中。
Since nobody gave him any help, he must have done the research on his own.
既然没有人给他任何帮助,那他一定是独自完成的这项研究。
练习:用单词的适当形式完成句子
1. Passengers ________ talk to the driver while the bus is moving, because it will take his focus off the road.
2. Since nobody gave him any help, he must__________ (fix) the door on his own. It looks good though.
3.Do you want to be a good public speaker Here are some principles you ________ master.
4.The children_____________ (get lost) in the woods; otherwise, they would have been at the lakeside camp as scheduled.
答案:
1. mustn't
解析:考查情态动词。句意:当公共汽车开动时,乘客不得与司机交谈,因为这将把他的注意力从路上转移开来。根据句意及常识可知,此处表示“禁止,不允许”,应用情态动词mustn't。故填mustn't。
2.have fixed
解析:考查情态动词的用法。句意:既然没有人帮他,他一定是自己把门修好了。不过看起来不错。根据Since nobody gave him any help可知,must对于已经发生事情的肯定猜测,构成must have done结构,即,must have fixed。故填:have fixed。
3. must
解析:考查情态动词。句意:你想成为一名优秀的公众演说家吗?以下是一些你必须掌握的原则。根据句意可知,空格处应用情态动词,表示说话人的语气,“must”意为“必须”, 用来表示说话人强烈的建议,符合语境。故填must。
4. must have got lost
解析:考查情态动词。句意:那些男孩一定是在树林迷路了,否则的话,按计划他们本应该在湖边安营扎寨的。情态动词+have done 结构连用表示对过去的情况猜测,根据下文的意思“要不然孩子们按照安排就已经到了湖边”说明他们一定是迷路了,must have done 表示对过去肯定的猜测。故填must have got lost。
四、shall
1.用于第二、三人称的陈述句中,表示命令、许诺、警告、强制、威胁、决心等;此外,颁布法律、规定时也用shall。
You shall do as your father says.
你要按照你父亲说的那样做。
One of our rules is that every student shall wear school uniform while at school.
我们规定中的其中一项是:每位学生在校期间都要穿校服。
Each party shall respect the articles of this contract.
任何一方都要尊重合同的条款。
2.用于第一、三人称的疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方指示。
Shall the man standing outside have a try
站在门外的那个人可以试试吗
练习:用适当的词填空
1. — Will you read me a story, Mum
— Ok. You ______ have one if you go to bed as soon as possible.
2. — Tom has arrived. _________ he come in to see you —Yes, of course. Call him in.
3. ---What does the sign over there read
---“No person ______ smoke or carry alighted cigar or pipe in this area.
4. If you fall asleep in class one more time, you _______be asked to leave.
答案:
1. shall
解析:考查情态动词的用法。句意:——妈妈,你能给我读个故事吗 ——好的。如果你尽快上床睡觉,你就会听到一个故事。shall用于第二,第三人称时,表示命令,警告,允诺,威胁,法律规范。此处根据if you go to bed as soon as possible,可知,此处指的是允诺。故填shall。
2. Shall
解析:考查情态动词。句意:——Tom已经到来。他可以进来见你吗 ——是的,当然可以。让他进来。分析句子结构可知,设空处应用疑问词引导疑问句。结合句意,shall用于第一/第三人称疑问句中,表示请求许可,且位于句首,首字母大写。故填Shall。
3. shall
解析:考查情态动词。句意:——那边的牌子上写的是什么 ——“任何人不得在本地区吸烟或携带点燃的雪茄或烟斗。” shall用于第二、三人称,表示强制,用于法令、条约、规章中,意为“必须,应该”。故填shall。
4. shall
解析:考查情态动词。句意:如果你在课堂上再睡着一次,你将被要求离开。根据空后be可知,空处填情态动词或助动词,再结合句意可知,shall用于第二、三人称,表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁,此处由于第二人称,表示命令,故填shall。
五、 should & ought to
1.表示义务,常意为“应该”,用于各种人称。ought to的语气比should强烈。
Parents should/ought to take good care of their babies.
父母应该照看好他们的孩子。
2.should表示推测,意为“可能,(按道理)应该”,多指对未来合乎理想的情况或结果的一种期盼。
It’s nearly 8 o'clock. He should be here at the moment.
快八点钟了。此刻他应该在这儿了。
3.should表示惊讶、意外等,意为“竟然,居然”。
You should wear slippers in the classroom.
你竟然在教室里穿着拖鞋。
4.用在if条件句中,should表示可能性很小的一种虚拟语气。
If I should see him, I would tell him the news.
如果我见到他,我就告诉他这个消息。
练习:用单词的适当形式完成句子
1. Why are you here It's class time and you ________ be in the classroom now.
2. There________be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school.
3. She ought ________ (stop) work; she has a headache because she has been reading all day long. 4. She ought to ________ (stop) working; she has a headache because she has been reading all day long.
答案:
1. should
解析:考查情态动词。句意:你怎么在这儿?现在是上课时间,你应该在教室里。结合句意可知,此处表示“应该”,应用情态动词should。故填should。
2. shouldn't
解析:考查情态动词。句意:既然你在驾校练习了这么多,通过驾驶测试应该没问题。结合句意此处表示“(按道理讲)应该”,应用shouldn't。故填shouldn't。
3. to stop
解析:考查情态动词。句意:她应该停止工作;她头痛是因为她一整天都在看书。ought to do,表示应该做某事,故填to stop。
4. stop
解析:考查动词。句意:她应该停止工作;她头痛,因为她一整天都在看书。分析句子可知,设空处在情态动词ought to后,用动词原形stop。故填stop。
六、 will & would
1.用于各种人称,表示主语的意愿和意志
例:
He will take you home.
他愿意送你回家。
2.用于第二人称的一般疑问句,表示请求
例:
Will/Would you go with me
你愿意和我一起去吗?
3.will用来叙述目前的习惯;would表示过去的习惯
例:
He would get up early when he lived in the country.
他住在乡下时总是早起。
练习:用单词的适当形式完成句子
1. — It's so hot and uncomfortable here! Why are your windows still closed
— Oh, I'm not to blame. They ________ (open).
2. I__________ (will) allow my children to come back late. It’s too dangerous.
3. When I was small, my mom ________ read me stories at night.
4.He __________ go to the river nearby to fish on weekends when he was young.
答案:
1. won't open
解析:考查情态动词。句意:——这里又热又不舒服! 你的窗户怎么还关着?——这不是我的错。它们打不开。will可表现在的功用、能力,根据句意可知,此处表示门的功能,需要使用情态动词will,否定形式为won't。故填won't。
2. won't
解析:考查情态动词。句意:我不会允许我的孩子晚归,那太危险了。表示命令、强迫等时,用will,由句意可知,此处应用其否定形式。故填won't。
3 would
解析:考查情态动词。句意:当我小时候,我母亲常常在晚上给我读故事。would +动词原形,表示过去的习惯性的行为,意思是“过去常常”。故填would。
4. would
解析:考查情态动词。句意:他年轻的时候,周末会去附近的河边钓鱼。根据句中when he was young可知,动词发生在过去,结合语意,此处表示“过去常常做某事”,应用would do sth.。故填would。
七、 need & dare
1.实义动词
有人称和数的变化,可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句中,构成否定句或疑问句时要用助动词do,does,did。
2.情态动词
没有人称和数的变化(dare可以有过去式dared),直接接动词原形,主要用于否定句和疑问句中,构成否定句和疑问句时不用助动词。
3.另外,dare作情态动词时,还可用于条件句中;作实义动词时,dare用于疑问句或否定句,后面的to也可省略;I dare say是习惯说法,意为“我想,我认为"
练习:用单词的适当形式完成句子
1. Shopping online can save much time as you ________ go to a shop or walk around crowded shopping centers.
2. —Must I stay here
—No, you__________.
3. How__________ you fight against him
4. No one__________ say he had nothing on.
答案:
1. don’t have to/needn’t
解析:考查情态动词的否定。句意:网上购物可以节省很多时间,因为你不必去商店或在拥挤的购物中心散步。结合句中空白前后的内容可知,此处的含义为“不必,不需要”。情态动词need’t,意为“不必”;don’t have to也是此意,故填don’t have to/needn’t。
2. needn’t
解析:考查情态动词。句意:我必须呆在这里吗?-不,你不必。情态动词must的否定回答 needn’t意为“没有必要”,符合句意。故填 needn’t。
3. dare
解析:考查情态动词。句意:你怎么敢反抗他?由上下文“How________you fight against him”可知,句子是特殊疑问句,空处应用情态动词或助动词,句子表达的是,你怎么敢反抗他,所以此处应用情态动词“dare”,表示“敢”,故填dare。
4. dare
解析:考查情态动词。句意:没人敢说他什么都没穿。结合语意,空处应填情态动词dare,表示“敢”,后接动词原形形式,符合题意。故填dare。
八、“情态动词+have done”用法
1.could have done的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为表示怀疑或不肯定,其中couldn't have done 多用于语气强烈的否定,意为“过去不可能做过”。could have done在肯定句中表示“本来能做但却没做”。
The accident could have been avoided; the driver couldn’t have slowed down.
这事故本来是可以避免的;司机肯定没减速。
2.may/might have done 表示对过去行为的推测,意为“可能做过”。might 所表示的可能性比较弱,此外might have done 还可表示“本可能做而实际上未做”,含有轻微的责备语气。
You might have given him more help, though you were busy with your work.
你本来可以给他更多的帮助,尽管你工作很忙。
3.must have done 表示对过去行为的推测,意为“一定,想必做过”,语气十分肯定。
It must have rained last night, as the ground is wet.
昨晚一定下雨了,因为地面是湿的。
4.should/ought to have done 用于肯定句时,表示“本该做某事而实际上未做”;用于否定句时,则表示“不该做某事反而做了”。
—Sorry, Mum! I failed the job interview again.
—Oh, it's too bad. You should have made full preparations.
——对不起,妈妈,我这次工作面试又失败了。
——噢,太糟糕了。你本来应该进行充分准备的。
5.needn't have done表示“本来不必做某事而实际上却做了”。
I actually needn’t have bought so much food—only three people came.
我实际上不必买这么多食物——只有三个人来了。
6.had better have done 用于事后的建议,含轻微责备的口吻,意为“当时最好做了某事”。
I had better have started earlier.
我要是早点起程就好了。
7.would rather have done sth.表示“宁愿当时做某事”,其否定形式would rather not have done sth.表达相反的含义,两者都含有“后悔”之意。
I would rather have taken his advice.
我宁愿当时接受了他的建议。
8.would like/love to have done sth.表示“过去愿意做某事但未做成”。
I would love to have gone to the party last night, but I had to work extra hours to finish my report.
我昨天晚上本想去参加聚会,但我不得不加班写完报告。
练习:用单词的适当形式完成句子
1. — Tom graduated from college at a very young age.
— Oh, he ________ have been a very smart boy then.
2. You ________ have told Jim anything about it. It was none of his business.
3. — Mary's score on the test is the highest in her class.
— Really She ________ have studied very hard.
4. —I honestly don’t think I’m going to be admitted.
—Well, you never know! You ________ (make) a better impression than you think.
5. The boss ________ (go) far, for the cup of coffee is still warm and his car is still outside.
答案:
1.must
解析:考查情态动词。句意:——汤姆在很年轻的时候就从大学毕业了。——哦,他那时肯定是一个很聪明的男孩儿。表达:对过去的肯定推测,英语用must have done;根据句意可知本句是对过去的肯定推测。故填must。
2.needn't
解析:考查情态动词。句意:你不必告诉Jim关于这件事的任何东西。这与他无关。表达:本不必做某事却做了,英语用needn't have done 。故填needn't。
3.must
解析:考查情态动词。句意:——玛丽的考试分数在班上是最高的。——真的吗?她学习一定很努力。由“Mary's score on the test is the highest”可知,第二个说话人的意思是“她一定学习很努力”,“一定做过某事”是must have done,表示对过去事情十分有把握的推测,故填must。
4.may have made
解析:考查情态动词+have done表对过去的猜测。句意:—老实说,我觉得我不会被录取。—哎,谁知道!你给人的印象可能比你想象的要好。此处表示对过去的事情的猜测,应用情态动词+have done sth,表“可能已经,也许已经做了某事”。故填may have made。
5.can’t have gone/couldn’t have gone
解析:考查情态动词。句意:老板不可能走远,因为咖啡还是热的,他的车还在外面。根据句意可知,此处老板离开是表示过去的动作,同时对这一动作进行推测,因此表示对过去行为的推测,“一定没有……”英文表达为“can’t have done或couldn’t have done”。故填can’t have gone或couldn’t have gone。
九、 几组易混情态(助)动词
1)would & used to
would 表示过去反复的动作,常与every day,often frequently等连用
例:
When he was abroad,he would often read as many books as possible.
在国外时,他总是尽可能多地读书。
used to表示过去的状态、习惯,但现在已经不存在
例:
She doesn't get up so early as she used to.
她不像以前那样起得那么早了。
2)could & was able to & could have done
①could 表示过去的能力,但不代表是否做
例:
He could ride a bicycle at the age of 5.
五岁时他就会骑自行车了。
②was able to 表示过去有能力并且成功地做了,相当于managed to do sth.
例:The fire spread very quickly but everyone was able to get out.
火蔓延很快,但大家都成功地逃了出来。
③could have done 过去本有能力做某事,但没有做
3)must & have to
must多表示由于主观需要或责任感而有必要、有义务去做某事,意为:必须
例:
I must clean the room because it is too dirty.
由于房间太脏了我必须打扫。
have to表示为客观条件、环境所迫而做某事,意为:不得不
例:
He has to leave school because he can't afford his schooling.
因为他付不起学费,所以不得不辍学。
4)didn't need to do & needn't have done
didn't need to do过去没必要做某事,不强调是否做
例:
I didn't get up that early yesterday,for I didn't need to.
昨天我没那么早起床,因为没必要。
needn't have done 过去没必要做某事,但做了
例:
I needn't have got up that early yesterday but I had to because the dog barked all the time.
昨天我本不必那么早起床,但是由于狗一直叫,所以我不得不起床。
5)can't,won't,don't/doesn't
The window won't open.这扇窗户怎么都打不开。(强调动作实施者执意要打开)
The window can't open.这扇窗户打不开。(这扇窗户原来设计时就不能打开,是固定死的)
The window doesn't open.这扇窗户开不开。(强调这扇窗户是坏的,存在质量问题)
虚拟语气
一、虚拟语气用于非真实条件句中
从句谓语形式 主句谓语形式 例句
过去式(be动词用were) would/should/ could/might 动词原形 If I were you, I would seize the chance. 如果我是你,我就会抓住这个机会。
had+过去式 would/should/could/ might have+过去分词 If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed.如果你听了我的建议,你就不会失败。
①过去式 ②should +动词原形 ③were to+动词原形 would/should/ could/might+动词原形 If he shouldn't come tomorrow, we would put off the meeting. 如果他明天不来,我们就推迟这个会议。
使用虚拟语气条件句时要注意的几点:
1.当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,这种句子被称为“错综时间条件句”,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整
例:
If you had followed my advice you would be better now.
如果你听了我的建议,你现在就好一些了。(从句与过去事实相反,主句与现在事实相反)
2.在if引导的非真实条件从句中,谓语动词含were,had,should,可将if省略,但需将were,had,should提到主语之前
例:
If I were at school again, I would study harder. → Were I at school again, I would study harder.
如果我还有上学的机会,我会更加努力学习。
3.有时假设的条件并不总是通过if引导的条件从句表达,而是隐含在某些词、短语或上下文中,此种句子为“含蓄条件句”,常见的词或短语有:without,in case,but for,for fear that,otherwise等
例:
Without your help, we couldn't have finished the work ahead of time.
= But for your help, ...
=If it had not been for your help, ...
=Had it not been for your help, ...
没有你的帮助,我们不可能提前完成这项工作。
4.even if,even though也可用于虚拟语气,其引导的从句的形式与if从句在虚拟语气中的形式相同
练习:用单词的适当形式完成句子
1. I ______________ (buy) that house if I ______________ (have) enough money.
2. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball; otherwise, he _____________ (score) a goal.
3. ________ it rain, we would have to cancel the plan to go hiking tomorrow morning.
答案:
1. would buy had
解析:考查虚拟语气。句意:如果我有足够的钱,我会买下那所房子。结合语意,事实上我没有足够的钱,不能买下那所房子,与现在的事实相反,主句使用“would+动词原形”,即would buy,if引导的条件句使用一般过去时,即had。故填①would buy②had。
2. would have scored
解析:考查虚拟语气。句意:他在踢球之前犹豫了一会儿;否则,他就会进一个球。根据句意和otherwise可知,空处表示与过去事实相反,用虚拟语气,谓语动词用would have done,故填would have scored。
3. Should
解析:考查非真实的if条件句的虚拟和倒装。句意:如果下雨,我们将不得不取消明天上午去徒步旅行的计划。结合句意及would have to以及tomorrow可知空处为对将来事实的一种假设,从句谓语动词需用did/were to do/should +动词原形的形式,所以将从句还原后为If it should rain,在非真实的if条件句中如果从句谓语动词中有should/were/had的形式,则可以将if省略,将should/were/had提到句首,构成部分倒装。空处位于句首,首字母需大写。故答案为Should。
二、虚拟语气在wish,if only(=how I wish),as if后的从句中
条件 从句谓语形式 例句
从句谓语动作与主句谓语动作同时发生 过去式(be动词用were) If only/How I wish I were a flying bird! 我多希望我是一只会飞的鸟儿啊! He looks as if he were an artist. 他看上去好像是名艺术家。
从句谓语动作先于主句谓语动作发生 had+过去分词 If only I had seen the film! =How I wish I had seen the film! 我要是看过那部电影该多好啊! She speaks English so fluently as if she had stayed in America for a long time. 她说英语如此流利,好像她在美国待过很长时间似的。
从句谓语动作后于主句谓语动作发生 would+动词原形 He learns English so hard as if he would go to the U.S.A. 他如此努力学习英语,就好像他要去美国。
注意:
当句子所叙述的是真实的或极有可能发生的或存在的事实时,as if从句要用陈述语气。
例:
It seems as if it is going to rain.
天似乎要下雨。
He walks as if he is drunk.
他走起路来像是醉了。
练习:用单词的适当形式完成句子
1. He talked about the Eiffel Tower as if he ________ (see) it for himself.
2. If only she ________ (look) ahead and planned better this year.
答案:
1. had seen
解析:考查虚拟语气。句意:他谈起埃菲尔铁塔,就好像他亲眼见过似的。as if引导的方式状语从句表示所述的是不真实的或极少有可能发生或存在的情况时,应用虚拟语气;此处是表示与过去事实相反,应用过去完成时。故填had seen。
2. had looked
解析:考查虚拟语气。句意:要是她今年能展望未来,更好地计划就好了。if only表示“要是……就好了”,后面使用虚拟语气,空处使用过去完成时。故填had looked。
三、虚拟语气用在主句含“坚持、命令、建议、要求”的名词性从句
类别 名词性从句谓语动词形式 例句
一坚持:insist should+动词原形(should可以省略) He suggested that we(should)start off early the next day. His suggestion was that we(should)start off early the next day.他建议我们第二天早点出发。 It was suggested that we(should)start off early the next day. 人们建议我们第二天早点出发。
二命令:order,command
四建议:advise,suggest, propose,recommend
四要求:require,request, demand,ask
注意:suggest作“暗示,表明”讲,insist作“坚持说”讲,后面宾语从句的谓语动词不使用虚拟语气形式(should+动词原形),而使用陈述语气。
例:
The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.
他脸上的微笑暗示着他对我们的工作很满意。
The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.
那个人坚持说他从来没有偷过钱。
练习:用单词的适当形式完成句子
1. It is suggested that we ________ (go) to see the film.
2. Mr. Green demanded that Rose ______________ (leave) class before nine.
3. His request was that he________ (send) there.
4.The company refused the workers’ demand that their wages ________ (raise).
答案:
1. should go/go
解析:考查虚拟语气。句意:有人建议我们去看这部电影。分析句子可知,It是形式主语,that引导的从句是主语从句,作真正的主语,suggested表示“建议”,从句中应用虚拟语气,即谓语部分用“(should)+动词原形”结构,should可省略,故填(should) go。
2. (should) leave
解析:考查虚拟语气。句意:格林先生要求罗丝九点前离开教室。分析句子结构可知demand后的是宾语从句,应该用虚拟语气,其形式为:(should)+动词原形,其中should可省略。故填(should) leave。
3. should be sent/be sent
解析:考查虚拟语气。句意:他的要求是被送到那里去。句中request表示“要求”,that引导的表语从句要使用虚拟语气,从句的谓语动词要使用should+动词原形,其中should可以省略,send与主语he之间有逻辑上的动宾关系,应用被动语态,所以空处应用should be sent,其中should可以省略。故填should be sent或be sent。
4. should be raised/be raised
解析:考查虚拟语气。句意:公司拒绝了员工涨工资的要求。根据句子分析可知,that their wages _____(raise)做demand的同位语。demand表“要求”,后跟从句要用虚拟语气should+do,should可以省。wages与raise之间是被动关系,要用被动语态,故填(should) be raised。
四、虚拟语气用在“would rather + that从句”中
条件 从句谓语形式 例句
对现在或将来的虚拟 过去式(be用were) I'd rather they didn't hear of the news.我宁愿他们没有听到这个消息。
对过去的虚拟 had+过去分词 I'd rather I had not told him the bad news. 我宁愿没有告诉过他那个坏消息。
练习:
1. Tom says he’s coming to see me tomorrow. I’d rather he _________ (come) today.
答案:
1. came
解析:考查虚拟语气。句意:汤姆说他明天要来看我。我宁愿他今天就来吧。would rather后的宾语从句使用虚拟语气,表示与将来事实相反用一般过去时,故填came。
五、虚拟语气用在“It is(high) time + that从句”中
that 从句谓语形式:过去式或should+动词原形,且should不能省略
例句:
It is(high)time that you went/should go to school.
你们该去上学了
练习:
1. It's high time we __________ (stop) treating him like a child.
答案:
1. stopped/should stop
解析:考查虚拟语气。句意:我们不该再把他当孩子看了。It's high time (that)后面的从句要使用虚拟语气,谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形,但should不可省略。故填stopped/should stop。
六、虚拟语气用在“It is necessary等+that从句”中
在“It is necessary/important/vital/surprising/strange/natural/a pity/essential等+that从句”中,that从句的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。should表示感彩,意为:竟然。
例:
It is strange that the meeting (should) be put off till next week.
那个会议竟然被推迟到下周,真奇怪。
It is a pity that you (should) have to leave.
真遗憾你非得走。
练习:
1. It was necessary that he ________ (work) hard.
2. It is vital that enough money ________ (collect) for the project.
答案:
1. should work/work
解析:考查虚拟语气。句意:他应该努力工作是必要的。在句型it is important/ necessary/ essential...that...句型中,that引导的主语从句要用虚拟语气,谓语部分为should+动词原形,should可省。故填(should) work。
2. should be collected/be collected
解析:考查虚拟语气和被动语态。句意:为这项工程筹集足够的资金是至关重要的。It is vital that...为固定用法,表示“……是至关重要的”,it为形式主语,that引导的是主语从句,从句使用虚拟语气,谓语动词使用(should) do,money和collect为被动关系,使用被动语态。故填(should) be collected。
七、虚拟语气用在目的状语从句中
由in case,for fear that,in order that,so that等引导的目的状语从句,其谓语动词用“could/should/might/would+动词原形”表示虚拟。
例:
They left early for fear that they would meet him.
他们动身很早以免和他碰面。
I gave you a map so that you wouldn't get lost!
我怕你迷路,给过你一张地图!
练习:
1. But for the teacher's help, I _____________ (fail) in the exam last week.
答案:
1. would have failed
解析:考查虚拟语气。句意:要不是老师的帮助,我上一周的考试就会不及格。but for意思为“如果不是,要不是”,与虚拟语气连用;根据时间状语last week可知,是对过去情况的虚拟,主句谓语动词用would have done。故填would have failed。