动词的时态
目录
一、一般现在时 1
二、一般过去时 4
三、一般将来时 6
四、过去将来时 7
五、现在进行时 7
六、过去进行时 9
七、将来进行时 10
八、现在完成时 10
九、过去完成时 12
十、现在完成进行时 14
十一、动词时态的呼应 15
十二、易混时态辨析 16
16种时态
时态 一般时 进行时 完成时 完成进行时
现在 do/does am/is/sre doing has/have done has/have been done
过去 did was/were doing had done had been done
将来 will/shall do will be doing will have done will have been done
过去将来 would do would be doing would have done would have been done
一般现在时
一般现在时的形式
一般现在时主要用动词的原形表示,如果主语是第三人称单数,则在动词原形后加-s或-es,其变化规则如下:
一般情况直接加s(-s在清辅音后读 /s/,浊辅音和元音后渎/z/,ds读/dz/,ts读/ts/)
work-works /w ks/
get-gets /ɡets/
say-says /sez/
read-reads /ri dz/
结尾以-s,-x,-sh,-ch或-o结尾的加es(-es读 / z /)
discuss-discusses /d sk s z /
wash-washes /w iz/
fix-fixes / f ks z/
go-goes /ɡ z/
do-does /d z/
以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i加es(-ies读 / z /)
carry-carries / k riz/
study-studies / st diz/
try-tries /tra z/
fly-flies /fla z/
cry-cries /kra z/
以不发音色字母“e”结尾的开音节词,如果尾音是/s/、/z/时,加“s”后字母“e”发音,与所加“s”一起读作/ z /,如
close /kl s/-closes /kl s z/
特殊词例外
have-has /h z; h z/
一般现在时的用法
(1)表示现在的情况,状态或经常发生的,习惯性的,反复出现的动作。
常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always、every time、now and then(偶尔;有时;不时)、occasionally、often、seldom、never、sometimes、usually、every day、night等连用。
eg. He is a professor.
注:如果表示过去经常重复的动作,哪怕有always、often等,也要用一般过去时,要结合语境,灵活运用。
eg. When I was young,I often swam in the river.
表示客观事实、普遍真理或名言警句。
eg. Cloumbus proved that the earth is round.
Blood circulates around the human body.
Actions speak louder than words.
表示时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作(常见的用法是:飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式),用一般现在时,如:go、arrive、start、leave、stay、return、begin、come、close等动词。
eg. The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.
在时间、条件和让步状语从句中,经常用一般现在时(有时也用现在完成时)表示将来的事情。(即主将从现原则)
eg. I will call you as soon as I arrive at the airport.
If you find any mistake,please correct it.
Even if we achieve great success in our work,we will not be conceited(我们也不会自满的).
When you have finished the report,I will have waited for about 3 hours.
用于here、there开头的倒装句中,表示正在发生的动作或存在的状态。
eg. There goes the bell.(铃响了)
Here comes the bus.(公共汽车来了)
一般过去时
一般过去时的形式
一般过去时用动作的过去式表示,规则动词的变化规则如下:
一般情况在动词后加ed(-ed在清辅音后读 /t/,浊辅音和元音后渎/d/,-ted结尾读/t d/)
work-worked /w rkt/
play-played /ple d/
want-wanted / wɑ nt d/
以不发音的e结尾的动词后直接加d
hope-hoped /h pt/
like-liked /la kt/
以“元音字母+y”结尾的动词,直接加ed;以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,变y为i加ed
play-played /ple d/
stay-stayed /ste d/
study-studied / st d d/
try-tried /tra d/
carry-carried / k r d/
注:pay和say是不规则变化
pay-paid /pe d/
say-said /sed/
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,双写词尾的辅音字母再加ed
stop-stopped /st pt/
prefer-preferred /pr f d/
admit-admitted / d m t d/
permit-permitted /p m t d/
一般过去时的用法
表示过去发生的一次性或习惯性动作或状态,常与yesterday、the other day、last week、the day before yesterday等表示过去的时间状语连用
Where did you go just now (你刚才去哪儿了?)
有些句子,虽然没有过去的时间状语,但实际上指的是过去发生的动作或状态,也要用一般过去时,常见的此类动词有:think/expect/know/intend/want等,表示“本来以为”。
I thought he was an honest man.(我原来以为他是一个诚实的人)
I didn't expect to meet you here.(我没想到会在这儿遇见你)
在时间、条件、让步状语从句中,用一般过去时表示将来的动作
Mary told me that she would ring me up as soon as he arrived.
He said he wouldn't go if it rained.(他说如果下雨他就不去了)
used to表示过去的状态或经常发生的动作,而现在已经不再发生了
区别:would do也可以表示过去常常做某事,但不强调现在的状况
The river used to be clean.(这条河以前是干净的)
We used to spend our vacation in the mountains.
It is/has+been+一段时间+since从句(since从句中的谓语动词要用一般过去时)
It is/has been 3 years since he began to smoke.(自从他开始吸烟已经三年了)
It is/has been 3 years since he smoked.(自从他不吸烟以来,已经三年了)从句动词的翻译,如果是延续性动词,常翻译为相反的意思。
一般将来时
一般将来时的形式和用法
形式 用法 例句
will/shall+v 要发生的动作或存在的状态,shall通常用于第一人称,will通常用于所有人称。 Spring will come again.
He will be here in an hour.
am/is/are+going to+v 表示按计划、打算要做某事或某种迹象预示着要发生某事。 Dr.Smith is going to visit Beijing this summer.
am/is/are+about to+v 表示“立即的将来”结构,不与表示将来的具体时间状语连用。 The train is about to start.
be to+v 表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作;也可以表示职责、义务、意图、禁止等。 A meeting is to be held at 3o'clock this afternoon.
You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.
某些动词的一般现在时形式 表示火车时刻表、航班表、电影演出、作息安排等时刻表内容。 We must hurry up,the first class begins at 8 o'clock.
某些动词的现在进行时形式(一些表示动作转换的动词经常用这种形式,如:come/go/arrive/leave/begin/start等) 表示按计划、安排近期将要发生的动作 I'am leaving for Beijing next week.
过去将来时
过去将来时的形式和用法
形式 用法 例句
should/would+v 表示从过去某一时间看,将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。 He said he would be here at seven o'clock.
was/were going to+v I thought it was going to rain.
was/were about to+v The train was about to leave.
was/were to+v He was to get married next month.
现在进行时
现在进行时的形式:am/is/are+现在分词
现在分词的结构
变化规则 例词
一般情况在词尾加ing work-working(工作)
study-studying(学习)
以不发音的e结尾的动词,去e加ing write-writing(写)
take-taking(拿)
face-facing(面对)
“辅音+元音+辅音”结尾的重读闭音节词,且末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写词尾辅音字母,再加ing cut-cutting(剪)
plan-planning(计划)
begin-beginning(开始)
stop-stopping(停止)
swim-swimming(游泳)
run-running(跑)
以写结尾的动词,变ie为y,再加ing lie-lying(说谎)
die-dying(死亡)
读法:在单词原型的最后一个字母的发音上加上个ing的音就是了,前面的发音不变
sleeping p+ing“坪” running r+ing“宁” swimming m+ming“明”
现在进行时的用法
表示说话时正在进行的动作,常与now、at this moment,at present等连用。
eg. Today we are facing a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.
表示现阶段正在进行的动作(说话时未必正在做).
eg. We are making model planes these days.(这些天我们在做飞机模型)
表示赞美、厌恶遗憾等情绪,常与always、constantly、all the time、forever等连用。
eg. She is always finding fault with others.(他总是挑别人的毛病)
少数位移动词的现在进行时表示按计划、安排将要发生的事,如:come、go、leave、arrive等。
eg. The train is arriving soon.(火车马上就要到了)
有些动词不能用于进行时态。
分类 例词
感觉、感知类 look、see、hear、smell、sound、taste、feel
情感类 like、love、prefer、admire、hate、fear、adore
心理活动类 believe、doubt、want、know、forget、remember
状态类 belong、contain、love、own、stay、lie、remain、appear
过去进行时
过去进行时形式:was/were+现在分词
eg. What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night.(昨天晚上10点钟)
过去进行时的用法
表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作,常同表示过去的时间状语从句,以及at that time、at that moment、at this time yesterday、at ten o'clock yesterday等连用。
eg. All the students were writing their homework in the classroom at that time.(那时所有的学生都在教室写作业)
表示一个过去的动作正在进行时,另一个过去的动作发生了,常与when/while引导的时间状语从句连用。
eg. Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occured.(杰克正在实验室里工作,突然断电了)
将来进行时
将来进行时的形式:will/shall+be+现在分词
shall用于第一人称,will用于所有人称
eg. I'm not really sure that I will be doing in ten years from now.(我真的不能肯定十年后我在做什么)
Shall I turn on the lights (我开灯好吗?)
将来进行时的用法
表示将来某一时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作,常与一些标志性的时间状语连用,如:at this time tomorrow、at ten o'clock next Monday、this time next year等。
eg. Jack can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she will be teaching a class at that time.(简不能参加今天下午三点的会议,因为那个时间段她正在教课)
现在完成时
现在完成时的形式:has/have+过去分词,如果主语为第三人称单数用has,其余所有人称用have
eg. So far this year we have seen a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent.(今年,到目前为止,我们已经看到房价下降了5%到10%)
现在完成时的用法
表示说话时已经完成的动作,而且这个动作的结果对现在仍有影响。常连用的时间状语有:already、just、yet、never、before、lately、recently、in the last/past few days/years、up to now、till now、so far等。
eg. Great changes have taken place in China in the past few years.(在过去的几年里中国发生了巨大变化)
表示从过去某时开始延续至今的动作或状态(这时只能用延续性动词),常用的时间状语since+时间点,for+时间段、in the past/last few days/years等。
eg. I remember you were a talented pianist at college. Can you play the piano for me
—Sorry,I haven't played the piano for years.(抱歉,我好多年没有弹钢琴了)
在条件和时间状语从句中,用现在完成时代替将来完成时。
eg. Will you come to my office when you have finished your work (你完成工作后到我办公室来一下,好吗?)
“It/This is the first/second…time+that”句型中,从句用现在完成时;“It/This was the first/second…time+that”句型中,从句用过去完成时
eg. It is the first time that the boy has spoken to a foreigner.
It was the third time that he had made the same mistake.(这是他第三次犯同样的错误了)
主从句的时态要一致:主句是is,从句用现在完成时,主句是was,从句是过去完成时
have gone to与have been to的区别
“have gone to”表示“到某地去了”动作的执行者不在说话这里;
“have been to”表示“去过某地”,是回来之后再谈论去过某地的情况。
eg. Mary has gone to the library. 玛丽去图书管了(现在还没回来)。
Mary has been to Hong Kong twice. 玛丽去过香港两次(现在已经回来了)。
过去完成时
过去完成时的形式:had+过去分词。常与过去完成时连用的时间状语有:before、by then、by that time、by the end of、before last year等。
eg. By the time Jack returned home from England,his son has graduated from college.(当杰克从英格兰回到家中时,他的儿子已经大学毕业了)
注:graduate发生在return之前,即“过去的过去”,所以用过去完成时。
过去完成时的用法:
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态,即“过去的过去”。
eg. When walking down the street,I came across David,who I hadn't seen for years. (当沿着街道散步的时候,我遇见了多年未见的戴维)
用过去完成时的句式
在有hardly…when/scarcely…when/no sooner…than…(一……就……)的复合句中,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时
注:hardly/scarcely/no sooner位于句首时,主句部分倒装
eg. Hardly had the mouse seen the cat when it ran back into the cave. (老鼠一见到猫就跑到洞里去了)
He had scarcely put the phone down when the doorbell rang. (他刚放下电话,门铃就响了起来)
This/It/That was the first/second…time that sb had done sth. (这/那是某人第几次做某事)
eg. It was the first time that I had watched the movie,and I fell in love with it at once.
had hoped/wished/planned/wanted/meant/intended/expected… (本来希望/计划/想要/打算……表示未曾实现的愿望或打算)
eg. I had intended to call on you yesterday,but I had an unexpected visitor. (昨天我本来打算去拜访你,但是来了一位不速之客)
It was/had been+一段时间+since从句(since从句中的谓语动词要用过去完成时)
eg. It was three years since I had seen her. (我已经三年没见到她了)
现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时形式:has/have+been+现在分词。
该时态多用持续性动词:并常和all this time、this week、this month、all the morning、all night等连用。
eg. The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 p.m. (上午九点开始,经理就一直在告诉工人们如何改进这个项目)
现在完成进行时的用法
表示动作从过去某时间开始延续到现在,可能刚停止,也可能仍在继续。它既有现在完成时态的特征,又有进行时态的特征。
eg. We have been looking for you for an hour. (我们已经找你一个小时了)
所表示的动作有时并不是一直不停地进行,而是在断断续续地重复。
eg. I have been reading Hemingway's“Farewell to Arms”recently. (我最近一直在读海明威的《永别了武器》)
表达强烈的表扬或厌恶等情感。
eg. What have you been doing to my dictionary (看你把我的字典弄成什么样子了?)
Time has been flying so quickly! (时间过得可真快啊!)
动词时态的呼应
主将从现
所谓“主将从现”,即“主句是一般将来时,从句用一般现在时”代替将来时。(主语也可以是祈使句,情态动词+动词原形,从句也可用现在进行时,现在完成时表示将来)
经常是时间状语从句,条件状语从句,让步状语从句,引导词有:when、before、till、until、as soon as、the moment、once、every time、if、unless、whatever、whenever等。
eg. If it is fine tomorrow,we will go shopping. (如果明天天气好的话我们就去购物)
When you meet him,tell him to come to my office. (当你碰见他的时候,告诉他来我的办公室)
含有宾语从句的主从复合句时态一致问题
主句是现在时或将来时,从句时态不受影响,可以为需要的任何时态。
主句是过去时,从句要用过去的某种时态(如一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去完成进行时、过去将来时、过去将来进行时等。但是,如果宾语从句表达的是客观真理,仍用一般现在时态。)
eg.
his mother is a nurse. (他说他妈妈是一名护士)
He says that his mother was a nurse. (他说他妈妈过去是一名护士)
his mother will become a nurse. (他说他妈妈将要成为一名护士)
he would go to Beijing for further study. (他说他要去北京深造)
he had seen Jack in the park. (他说他在公园见过杰克)
He said that he had been learning French for 3 years. (他说他学法语三年了)
Yangtze River originates in Qinghai. (他说长江起源于青海)
易混时态辨析
一般过去时与现在完成时(相同点:都是谈论过去已经发生的事情)
一般过去时,单纯地谈论过去发生的事情,与现在没有联系
eg. I wrote a letter this morning. 我今天早上写了一封信(只说明写了一封信的事实)
现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或状态,但现在有联系,可能刚结束,也可能继续下去,一般不和表示过去的时间状语连用,译成汉语时可加“已经”。
eg. I have written a letter this morning. 我今天早上已经写了一封信(已经写了一封信,有继续写第二封信的可能)
比较体会:
Tom rang up three times this morning. 汤姆今天早晨打了三次电话(现在是下午或晚上)
Tom has rung up three times this moring. 汤姆今天早晨打了三次电话了(现在还是早晨)
一般过去时和过去进行时
一般过去时侧重说明发生某动作的事实。
eg. It rained heavily last night. 昨晚雨下得很大(强调下过雨,并不强调持续时间)
过去进行时侧重于强调某动作的持续过程或表示动作正在进行。
eg. It was raining cats and dogs last night. 昨晚整整一夜都在下倾盆大雨(强调没停,一直持续)
现在完成时与现在完成进行时
现在完成时在含义上着重表示动作的结果。
eg. I have read that book. 我已经读完那本书了(已读完)
现在完成进行时着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性。
eg. I have been reading that book all the morning. 我整个上午都在读那本书(还没读完)
注:Since从句中,短暂性动词正常翻译,延续性动词翻译为相反的意思
eg. It is ten years since he came here. 他来这儿已经有十年了。
It is ten years since he lived here. 他不在这里居住已经有十年了。