2023届北京高考英语二轮复习 阅读解法讲义素材
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| 名称 | 2023届北京高考英语二轮复习 阅读解法讲义素材 |  | |
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| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 人教版（2019） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2022-10-17 07:51:32 | ||
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2023高考专题讲座
--------英语阅读理解
一 、北京高考阅读理解题的特点
2022北京应用文A
Picnic Shelter Reservations
Vancouver Parks and Recreation maintains four covered picnic shelters that are available for reservation at the following parks:
●Fisher Basin Community Park
●Leroy Haagen Memorial Park
●Marine Community Park
●Marshall Community Park
Picnic shelters are available to reserve between May 1 and September 30 each year. Reservations are for the entire day with a reservation fee of $100. When not reserved, shelters are available for free. Reserve a picnic shelter by calling 360-487-7100.
Shelter Reservation Cancellation Policy
If canceled one month or more before the rental date 100% of the fee will be refunded. If canceled 1-4 weeks before the rental date, 75% of the fee will be refunded. No refunds will be granted if the reservation is canceled less than one week prior to the rental date.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: Is there a way to find out if an event is already scheduled at a park
Yes. Contact Marshall Community Center at 360-487-7100 to find out about events taking place in our parks.
Q：What amenities (设施) are included with a picnic shelter reservation
Reservations include use of all picnic tables located within the shelter and electricity (there is no electricity at Marine Park). Playground amenities and restrooms will be shared with the public.
Park Use Permits
Depending on the type of event you’re hosting, you will need to get a Park Use Permit from Vancouver Parks and Recreation. A Park Use Permit gives you permission to bring special items and equipment into the park.
21. If you cancel 3 weeks before the rental date, how much money will you get back
A. $100. B. $75. C. $25. D. $0.
22. According to the passage, Vancouver picnic shelters _________.
A. don’t allow visitors to host events
B. don’t offer picnic tables or electricity
C. are available to reserve all year round
D. can be used for free when not reserved
23. What is the main purpose of the passage
A. To explain the rules of park management.
B. To recommend shelters of different parks.
C. To introduce the functions of picnic shelters.
D. To provide information of shelter reservations.
24. Where is this passage most likely from
A. A book review. B. A news report.
C. A travel brochure. D. A science journal.
记叙文B
From sausage rolls to sweets and a coffee with a bin, there were many things that made Greg Robinson smile.
When the father-of-two, who was in his 50s, died suddenly in April 2021, his family’s life was turned upside down.
Greg ran a gift shop in his hometown of Donaghadce. Whether it was at work, walking the dog, with his local flute band or just out in his belayed town, his family said Greg made time for those in need. Now, on the week of his first anniversary, his family shared some of the things that made him smile with their community.
“We wanted to plan something together that allowed us to put our energy into something positive and give us something practical to do, which we knew would have an impact on others,” they told the reporter.
“We knew that by making others smile, we in turn would feel the benefit of that too. We have realised the importance of little things that have made us smile throughout the past year.”
As Greg loved his town and the community, all the gifts were purchased locally. Among them are vouchers (代金券) for a bakery, for some of his favourite sausage rolls, an ice-cream shop where he used to buy a quarter of sweets, and a cafe because “a wee coffee and a bun would have made dad’s face light up with excitement”.
“When someone dies, it is often the case that people are scared to mention the loved one in case it makes you sad, but the journey has taught us that this isn’t the case. The wonderful memories of dad shared by our community bring so much comfort,” his family said.
“We love those times when we hear how dad had impacted their lives, from showing kindness as a teenager at high school, to chatting away to customers in his shop,” they added.
For Greg’s children, they will be forever grateful for their dad teaching them “to focus on the positive parts of the day, looking for ways that we can express gratitude for everyday things”.
25. What do we know about Greg from the first three paragraphs
A. Greg was often ready to help others.
B. Greg had a great passion for cooking.
C. Greg earned his living by playing in a band.
D. Greg’s death had little impact on his family.
26. How did the community react after receiving the gifts
A. They gathered and comforted Greg’s family.
B. They expressed sadness about Greg’s death.
C. They were still afraid to talk about Greg.
D. They shared good memories of Greg.
27. What would be the best title for this passage
A. An Act of Kindness in Memory of Greg
B. Unusual Ways to Thank Greg’s Community
C. A Huge Celebration of Greg’s Family Reunion
D. Special Gifts to Record the Family Life of Greg
说明文C
It shouldn’t come as news to anyone that the planet is moving quickly towards a climate emergency. And fast fashion certainly plays its part in this.
Fast fashion brands, which release hundreds of new styles every week, have caused trends cycles to speed up rapidly, leading to overproduction and overconsumption. British shoppers are buying twice as much as we did a decade ago and both brands and consumers are throwing away “unfashionable” clothing more often—over 300,000 of it ends up in landfill every year. How do we solve this issue
One answer lies in the new generation of made-to-order brands making their way into the mainstream. These brands make clothes only as and when they’re ordered, and because there’s no overproduction, less unwanted stock ends up in landfills. They also promote a slower fashion model, with pieces taking between three weeks and three months to arrive once purchased. The focus is on creating special, well-made pieces for consumers to treasure for years to come.
Made-to-order fashion is nothing new. Until the mid-20th century, it was the norm. However, the 1960s brought about the dawn of fast fashion and a shift in our relationship with our clothes. The value once placed on craftsmanship and quality was replaced by the desire for low cost and volume, resulting in cut-cost production and the attitude that clothing should be cheap and disposable.
Of course, made-to-order fashion has continued to exist alongside this, though research clearly shows that fast fashion prevails (盛行). Cue a made-to-order brand bringing bespoke (定制) back to the mainstream. Spanish brand Alas features a slow business model. It takes orders each week which are then handmade and delivered in about three weeks. It also revolves around an on-demand production process that rewards consumers for “pre-planned responsible shopping.” Every week, they launch a new drop, available to pre-order for a discounted rate for a limited time. From pre-order, Alas determines how popular each new item is and calculates how many units should be produced to fulfill both pre-orders and future full-price orders, therefore reducing the overproduction of stock.
With made-to-order brands growing in popularity, it begs the question—could this be the dawn of a new, environmentally responsible era The answer is self-evident.
28. What do the first two paragraphs mainly show
A. Our strong desire for fashion.
B. The fast development of fashion industry.
C. The urgent need for a different fashion model.
D. The advantages and disadvantages of fast fashion.
29. What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 5 refer to
A. The shadow of fast fashion.
B. The value placed on quality.
C. The shift towards a green lifestyle.
D. The criticism for cheapness and quantity.
30. What does the example of Spanish brand Alas tell us
A. The reward mechanism is a must in slow fashion.
B. It takes patience and thought to buy made-to-order items.
C. The pre-order model reduces the cost of purchasing brands.
D. Consumers have a say about how their orders are produced.
31. As for the future of made-to-order fashion, the author is ________ .
A anxious B. confident
C. puzzled D. curious
议论文
（原文第一自然段）NASA will crash a spacecraft into an asteroid (小行星) to try to change its orbit, attempting to prevent humans going the same way as the dinosaurs.
（原文第二自然段）Earth is constantly being disturbed by small pieces of debris (碎片), but they usually burn up or break up long before they hit the ground. Once in a while, however, something large enough to do significant damage makes impact. About 66 million years ago, one such crash is thought to have wiped out the dinosaurs. Someday, something similar could end human beings—unless we can find a way to tackle it.
（原文第三自然段）NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (Dart) mission is the first attempt to test if such asteroid redirection is a realistic strategy: investigating whether a spacecraft can autonomously reach a target asteroid and intentionally crash into it, as well as measuring the amount of redirection. “If it works, it would be a big deal, because it would prove that we have the technical capability of protecting ourselves,” said Jay Tate, the director of the National Near Earth Object Information Center.
（原文第四自然段）The 610kg Dart spacecraft is scheduled to be launched at the target—the Didymos system—a harmless pair of asteroids consisting of a 163-metre “moonlet” asteroid called Dimorphos that orbits a larger 780-metre asteroid called Didymos (Greek for “twin”). The plan is to crash the spacecraft into Dimorphos when the asteroid system is at its closest to Earth—about 6.8 million miles away.
（原文第五自然段）About 10 days before impact, a miniaturized satellite called LiciaCube will separate from the main spacecraft, enabling images of the impact to be relayed back to bined with observations from ground-based telescopes, and an onboard camera that will record the final moments before the crash, these recordings will enable scientists to calculate the degree to which the impact has changed Dimorphos’s orbit. The expectation is that it will change the speed of the smaller asteroid by approximately 1% and reduce its orbit around the larger asteroid.
（原文第六自然段）Then, in November 2024, the European Space Agency’s Hera spacecraft will visit the Didymos systemand conduct a further close-up analysis of the consequences of this snooker (斯诺克) game, recording details such as the precise makeup and internal structure of Dimorphos, and the size and shape of the hole left by Dart. Such details are vital for transforming asteroid redirection into a repeatable technique.
（原文第七自然段）Even then, it is impossible that any single redirection strategy would be enough. “The problem is that no two asteroids or comets are alike, and how you redirect one depends on a huge number of variables. There is no silver bullet in this game. What you need is a whole folder of different redirection methods for different types of targets,” said Tate.
（原文第八自然段）So, while this may be one small step towards planetary protection, many more are likely to be necessary to avoid destruction.
综上例题北京高考文章体裁丰富，一定要有记叙文，，议论文，说明文和应用文，题材多样，会涉及到奇文轶事、家庭趣事、社会现象、自然现象、科学发现、健康与疾病，游记广告等等；
二 考试说明中规定阅读理解主要考查的能力 常用解题方法（三遍阅读法）
第一遍：浏览全文，把握文章大意
第二遍：扫读语块，搜索有效信息
第三遍：查读题项，定位正确答案
阅读理解的主要题型
1 主旨大意
（一）这种题型常见的提问方式：
(1) The best title/headline for this passage is _______.
(2) The passage (or the first paragraph) is mainly about ________.
(3) What is the main idea/topic/purpose/subject of the passage
(4) Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage
(5) The passage chiefly discusses/deals with ________.
(6) Which of the following best states the theme of the passage
(7) What topic is treated in the passage
(8) The passage makes clear that ________.
(9) Which of the following best sum up the passage
（二）怎样挖掘文章主旨
1、依照中心词确定主题。
2、抓住主题句来确定主题
（1）识别主题句与细节
①Mr.Smith raises some farm animals.
②Mr.Smith has 30 cows, about 300 hens and he keeps some pigs as well.
(2)主题句的定位（分析文章结构）
①开门见山，点出主题（主题句出现在开头）
②详细论证，总结陈词（主题句出现在结尾）
③引题过渡，引出主题（主题句出现在中间）
（三）怎样捕捉标题
文章的标题是段落中心思想的简练的表达形式。它的特点是：短小精练，多为短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随便改变语言表意的程度和色彩。那么如何迅速地捕捉标题呢？首先要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑这句话或者短语与文章主题是否有着密切的关系；其次要看它对文章的概括性或者覆盖面如何；然后还要看标题是否过大或者过小。
（四）技巧及注意事项
（1）无论它出现在题目当中哪个位置，都建议作为最后一道题去做，因为做完其它题目以后会对主旨的理解有帮助。
（2）主旨在文章中间时，遇到文章前后段意思转折，要提高警惕。
（3）首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的解答就是文章主旨。
（4）正确选项不出现细节信息，不含过分肯定和绝对意义的词，覆盖面不能过大也不能过小。
2 细节理解
（一）这种题型常见的提问方式：
(1) Which of the following is NOT included/ mentioned in the passage
(2) Which of the following (sentences /statements) is NOT true
(3) According to the passage, all of the following are true except/but _____.
(4) Choose the right order of the events given in the passage.
(5) Which of the following maps/diagrams gives the right position of…
(6) Which of the drawings below gives an idea of what …is like
(二) 常见的细节理解题型及解题方法：
1）排序题。
方法：“首尾定位法”（找出第一个动作和最后的一个动作，缩小选择范围）
2）图形辨认题
方法：“按文索图法”（找出描绘图形的句段，进行文图对照）
3）数字换算题
方法：“列表推算法”（找出与题干相关的数据列表或推算）
4）表格理解题
方法：“文表分析法”（把题干、选项与表格对照分析）
5）应用广告类事实信息题
方法：“题干定位法”（直接阅读题干，在文中找答案，不必阅读全文）
（三）技巧及注意事项
（1）命题者往往通过改变或去掉特定的修饰语（all, every, always, never, completely, altogether等），使信息范围，程度,色彩发生细微变化，从而导致考生误选。（扩缩范围干扰法）
（2）注意顺藤摸瓜，在文章中找到句子，通常不可能与阅读材料完全一样，而是换用不同的表达方式。(词义转换+语义转换)
3推理判断
（一）这种题型常见的提问方式：
(1) We can know from the passage that ______.
(2) We can infer from the (first/last) passage that ______.
(3) The passage implies that ________.
(4) The passage suggests that _________.
(5) It can be concluded from the passage that _______.
(6) The underlined sentence indicates that _______.
(7) From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ______.
（二）怎样做出推理判断
此题型是阅读理解中较难的题型，属于深层次理解题。在试卷中数量不断增多，有时会达到阅读理解试题的一半左右。它要求考生根据上下文的内在联系，充分挖掘文章的深层次内涵。做这类题时要注意：在解答推理性问题时，应清楚所要解答的问题是针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。
针对细节的推断可运用scanning方法，迅速在阅读材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。
针对主题思想作推断时，其解题的主要依据是文章的主题思想，然后再分析句子之间的逻辑关系，区分观点与例证(opinion and fact)、原因与结果(cause and effect)、主观点与次观点(main idea and supporting idea)。
（三）技巧及注意事项
(1)正确选项并非对原文的简单复述，而是作者在文章中没有提到的，没有明说的，或者可能发生的事实，勿把直接表达当作间接推理。
(2)注意文章中含义深刻或结构复杂的句子，考生对作者表达的意思能不能一下子看懂，也是命题点所在。
4作者意图（态度）
（一）这种题型常见的提问方式：
(1) The author seems to be in favor of / against ______.
(2) The author’s purpose of writing this passage is _______.
(3) The author may probably agree with/ support _______.
(4) What’s the author’s attitude /viewpoint towards _______
(5) How does the author feel about ________
(6) The author implies that _______.(7) The author gives the impression that ________.
(8) In the author’s opinion, ________.
(9) The tone of the author may be _______.
(二) 怎样揣摩作者的意图或态度
要吃透文章，就要搜索文章的关键字眼和关键句子，要熟悉各种文体，尤其要把握作者的语气，是严肃或轻松，幽默或讽刺，平和或激动，乐观或悲观等等。此外，还要注意文章中一些细节性的用词，如however, even though, but 等连接词往往和作者的态度有关。
一种方法是靠词汇的色彩来判断。
表示褒义的有：乐观的optimistic；赞美的praising;自信的confident;赞成的favorable;积极的positive;认真的serious;负责的 responsible, dutiful,令人信服的 convincing。
表示贬义的有：讽刺的ironic;厌恶的disgusted;否定的/反对的negative;怀疑的suspicious;沮丧的depressed;痛苦的bitter;悲观的pessimistic；不负责的irresponsible；无法预料的unforeseeable。
表示中性的：中立的neutral；冷淡的 indifferent；主观的subjective;客观的objective;不动感情的impassive
另一种方法是靠文章的结构特点来判断，如果一篇文章的结尾部分是并列的疑问，则作者是一种客观的态度，如果结尾部分是有问有答的形式，则作者的态度是主观的态度。如果一篇文章的结尾部分使用数据表明了一个趋势向不好的方面发展，则作者是悲观的态度。反之，作者是乐观的态度。
（三）技巧及注意事项
（1）不要把自己的态度揉入其中,也要区分作者的态度和作者引用别人的态度
(2)当作者的态度没有明确提出时,要学会根据作者使用词语的褒贬性去判断.
5 猜测词义
（一）这种题型常见的提问方式：
(1) The word “…”in the passage means______.
(2) The word “…” could be best replaced by _____.
(3) Which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to _______.
(4) The word “…” probably refers to ______.
(5) According to the passage, the word “…” is known as ______.
（二）技巧及注意事项
（1）切记：无论这个词多超纲，根据上下文都能得出其意思；无论这个词多熟悉，都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思。
（2）正确选项通常不是熟词的常规含义
（三）解题常用方法
Ⅰ针对性的解释
针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或高深的词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。这些解释提供的信息明确具体，所使用的语言通俗易懂，利用它们来猜测词义就非常简单。
1.根据定义（definition）猜测词义
如果生词有一个句子（定语从句或是同位语<同位语前常有 or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, i.g. 等>或是同位语从句）或段落来定义,或使用破折号，冒号，分号后的内容和引号括号中的内容加以解释和定义，那么理解这个句子或段落本身就是推断词义。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。
例1.Do you know what a “territory” is A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims as its own.
（[分析]由定义可推知，这里territory指的是：“动物的地盘”。
2.根据举例猜测词义。恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。
例3. The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discovers are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.
[分析]根据such as 后面列举的一系列例子，我们应该能推断出句中的epochal是指“重大的”。
Ⅱ 内在逻辑关系
1.根据对比、比较关系猜测词义
表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。句子结构：while 引导的并列句。
表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。
例4.A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.
What does the underlined word “hassle” probably mean
A.a party designed by specislists
B.a plan requiring careful thought
C.a situation causing difficulty or trouble
D.a demand made by guests
[分析]根据对比关系，这里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意义，很容易判断理解题的答案为C。
例5.Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk和loquacious 之间的比较关系，其意义相近。由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是“健谈的”。
2.根据因果关系猜测词义
例6.feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”（2005年上海卷）
The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “ ” .
A．full of respect B．too confident and rude
C．lacking in experience D．too shy and quiet
[分析]根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容（“既然你是我的上司”），我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是：“冒失的，放肆的”意思，后半句的意思是：我告诉你怎么做会是一种放肆/冒失的行为。对应的理解题答案为：B。
3.根据说明、并列、同义近义、、反义等关系猜测词义
例7.William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线），good and ill together.”
The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means .
A．simple B．mixed C．sad D．happy
[分析]句中good and ill together 更具体地说明了a mingled yarn的意义，据此我们不难推测mingled的意思是：“混合的，交织的”。
例8.Most women in China ---educated and illiterated, urban and rural, the young and old-----work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers.
[分析]后面的urban and rural, the young and old之间都有反义关系，运用这个关系可以推断illiterated为“未接受过教育的，即文盲”
Ⅲ 构词法
在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有：super-（超），inter-（在…之间），mini-（极），micro-（极微小的），re-（再，反复），sub-（底下），co-（共同），post-（后），pre-（前），trans-（转换），mis-（误），un/in/im/dis/ir/il/non-（不，非），anti-（反，防），-able（能…的），-hood（状态，时期），-ish（如……的，有点儿），-proof（防……的），-some（易于…），-wards（向），-less（不，无）
1.根据前缀猜测词义
例9.Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools
根据词根educational （教育的），结合前缀co-（共同，一起），我们便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：“男女同校教育的”意思。
2.根据后缀猜测词义
例10. It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an
uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point．
后缀 -ise/ize意思是“使成为…；使…化”，结合词根commercial（商业的），不难猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是：“未被商业化的”。
3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例11.Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well–designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（别扭的）hand positions.
Well-designed 或许是个生词，但我们分析该词的结构后，就能推测出其含义。它由well （好，优秀）和design （设计）两部分组成，合在一起便是“设计精巧的”意思。
4.猜测词性变换新词含义
例12.The other teams, disappointed, were on the bus heading home.
head本为名词，表头。由the bus和home的语境逻辑可以推断，该句head为动词，表方向，结合全句可译为“开往、驶向”。
例13.I had first known she was wrong, that her anxiety had clouded her judgment.
cloud本为名词，表云。分析语境逻辑可知，忧虑会影响一个人的判断，因此该句clouded应译为使难以……。
Ⅳ 生活常识
运用自身的生活经验及生活常识，根据上下文能读懂的部分，可以正确猜出词义。下面文字中划线单词的词义你能猜出来吗？
例14.Birds fly with their wings, and they pick up their foods, and then eat them with their beaks and they use their claws for tearing, seizing, pulling or holding objects.
句子的已知部分和我们的常识告诉我们：beaks是“喙”；claws是“爪子”。
六 阅读理解中长难句的理解
（1）找准主干，关键是主句的主谓结构，方法是先将句子的修饰成分（名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句和非谓语动词）去掉，露出主句的真面貌，然后再分析修饰部分和主句的关系。另外在一个长句中可能会出现若干个从句，如果把整个的长句从头到尾理解透，势必很难。如果把各个从句剔出来单独理解，再把大意拼凑起来，构成整个长句的意思，就可降低长句的理解难度。
（2）理清逻辑和思路。一些长句其实就是一个由主句和若干个从句组成的一个多层次的主从复合句，因而一定要搞清主句和从句之间的逻辑关系。只要把逻辑关系搞清楚了，把主句的意思和从句的意思按逻辑意义进行理解，则长难句就好对付了。 平时要注意积累表示各种逻辑关系的连词和短语， 常见的有， 表目的： so that, for the purpose that, in order that 等；表结果：so…that, such…that, that…, as a result, therefore, thus等；表条件：if, on condition that, unless等；表原因：because, since, as等。
（3）把握关键词。如果对一个长难句子一点感觉也没有,下下之策就是别把长、难句当句子看，只要能大体理解句中的关键词，也可以大体猜出了这个句子的意思。
例（1）Finally,①although some social science majors may still find it more difficult than their technically trained classmates to land the first job,② recent graduates report that ③they don’t regret their choice of study.(
(2) ①The woman at the desk gave him a bright smile②as he entered and, ③after Peter had explained what sort of room ④he was looking for, ⑤he paid two pounds for a list of about half a dozen landladies⑥who had rooms to let.
(2)当Peter进来时，坐在桌边的女士向他爽朗地笑了笑。在Peter告诉她他在找什么房子后，她让Peter交了两磅买了一份大约有六个要出租房子的女房东的名单。
以下是对2008年各省、市高考英语阅读理解中的一些有代表性的长难句的解析。
1.The response to her request for help was so huge that Poe established Kids For A Cleaner Environment (Kids F.A.C.E.) in 1989.There are now 300，000 members of Kids FACE worldwide and is the world’s largest youth environmental organization.
简析：第一句中夹杂有一个结果状语从句，又有复杂主语。主语的中心语为The response，其后的to her request for help为后置定语，第二句是由and并列的两个简单句，其中第二句中承前省略了主语kids FACE。
译文：人们对她请求帮助的反应如此强烈以至于波建立了一个为了更洁净环境的孩子的组织。现在这个组织在全世界有300，000名成员，并且它是世界上最大的青少年环保组织。
实例：72.Kids F.A.C.E is______.
A.a program to help students with writing
B.a project of litter recycling
C.a campaign launched by President Bush
D.a club of environmental protection
2.One of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer(同龄人) group.
简析：夹杂定语从句和形式宾语结构。
译文：对他来说，不关心自己的学习是一种酷的标志的原因之一是受到他的同龄人的影响。
实例： 64.Why did Tom give up studying
A.He disliked his teachers.
B.His parents no longer supported him.
C.It’s cool for boys of his age not to care about studies.
D.There were too many subjects in his secondary school.
3.The endless choice gives birth to anxiety in people’s lives.Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple. Easy access to a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in many people，ending in the shopper giving up and walking away，or just buying an unsuitable item(商品) that is not really wanted.
简析：句子中夹杂着固定短语，v-ing式作主语，复杂主语，v-ing式作结果状语以及定语从句。
实例：73.Why do more choices of goods give rise to anxiety
A.Professionals find it hard to decide on a suitable product.
B.People are likely to find themselves overcome by business persuasion.
C.Shoppers may find themselves lost in the broad range of items.
D.Companies and advertisers are often misleading about the range of choice.
4.They may think that eating lunch is the cause of the sleepiness.Or，in summer，they may think it is the heat.However，the real reason lies inside their bodies.At that time —about eight hours after you wake up—your body temperature goes down.This is what makes you slow down and feel sleepy.
简析：句中夹杂两个宾语从句，一个时间状语从句和一个what引导的表语从句。
实例：44.Why do people feel sleepy in the early afternoon according to the text
A.They eat too much for lunch.
B.They sleep too little at night.
C.Their body temperature becomes lower.
D.The weather becomes a lot warmer.
5.These brain differences also explain the fact that more men take up jobs that require good spatial skills，while more women speech skills.It may all go back to our ancestors(祖先)，among whom women needed speech skills to take care of their babies and men needed spatial skills to hunt，according to one research.
简析：第一句中包含一个that引导的同位语从句，在其中又有一个that引导的定语从句，还有一介词 + 关系代词(among whom)引导的定语从句。注意more women之后省去了与前半句中相同的take up jobs that require ...。
实例：59.Which of the following do you agree with according to the fourth paragraph
A.Young boys may be stronger than young girls.
B.More women take up jobs requiring speech skills
C.Women may have stronger feelings than men. D.Our ancestors needed more spatial skills.
6.The busier we are，the more important we seem to ourselves and，we imagine，to others.To be unavailable to our friends and family，and to be unable to find time to relax—this has become the model of a successful life.(NMET 2008湖北卷D篇)
简析：句中有“The + 比较级，the + 比较级”的结构，还有复杂的不定式结构。
实例：74.According to Paragraph 4，a successful person is one who is believed to ____ .
A.be able to work without stress
B.be more talented than other people
C.be more important than anyone else
D.be busy working without time to rest
7.The researchers said that among the problems with some earlier studies is that they often failed to take into account those people most at risk for skin cancer—people with fair skin and freckles(雀斑)，for example—are more likely to use sunscreen.As a result，it may appear that sunscreen users get cancer more often
简析：第一句的主体结构为：The research said that ...is that they failed to ...，其中第一个that引导一个宾语从句，宾语从句中又含有一个倒装结构，其中主语为that they often ...的一个主语从句，表语为among the problems with ...。破折号间内容为插入语。
实例：73.People with fair skin and freckles______.
A.seldom use sunscreen
B.are more in danger of skin cancer
C.can be free from the harm of the sun
D.often expose themselves to the sun
七 常用的解题技巧有以下几种：
1、直接解题法，即读完文章后根据自己的理解找出问题的的答案。
2、排除法，这也是解答阅读理解题的常用方法，对于那些不合情理或荒谬的选项、与短文内容相反的选项、与短文内容不相关的选项、虽在短文中出现但答非所问的选项，以及不是问题的主要因素的选项等，都可以采用排除法。
3、信息查读法，即根据题干中的关键词，在文中进行相关信息的查寻与确认，再与题干中所提供的信息进行比对，得出答案。
4、推理演绎法，即根据所读材料通过语篇的逻辑关系以及各个细节的信息和暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意，悟出作者的言外之意和弦外之音。此时切忌就事论事、以偏概全，也不能主观臆想、随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。
5、利用构词法，结合语境，对于词意猜测题进行理解和判断。
6、利用首尾法，在解决文章主旨大意题时，往往要注意文章的首、末段的首、末句。这些句子往往是文章或段落大意的所在。当然，有的文章或段落的大意需要进行综合的推断方能得出。
八 冲刺复习阶段阅读理解题备考建议
1 养成良好的阅读习惯，扩大眼幅，不要点读，减少回读，默读时不出声音，不要有伴随动作。
2 加强练习限时阅读，提高阅读速度。力争35分钟完成5篇文章。
3重视阅读技巧的培养，练习如何推理，分析，概括，如何答题，最好以高考试题为答题样本，对常考的问题做适当归纳。
4强化阅读基本功，注意平时阅读训练当中的词汇量的积累，适当练习长句分析，以便更好地理解文章句子。
5 培养良好的阅读心理素质，在考场上心情平和，充满信心，积极主动地与作者沟通，创造性的去理解文章内容；思想高度集中，尽量保持新闻记者的速度和理解的准确性。
--------英语阅读理解
一 、北京高考阅读理解题的特点
2022北京应用文A
Picnic Shelter Reservations
Vancouver Parks and Recreation maintains four covered picnic shelters that are available for reservation at the following parks:
●Fisher Basin Community Park
●Leroy Haagen Memorial Park
●Marine Community Park
●Marshall Community Park
Picnic shelters are available to reserve between May 1 and September 30 each year. Reservations are for the entire day with a reservation fee of $100. When not reserved, shelters are available for free. Reserve a picnic shelter by calling 360-487-7100.
Shelter Reservation Cancellation Policy
If canceled one month or more before the rental date 100% of the fee will be refunded. If canceled 1-4 weeks before the rental date, 75% of the fee will be refunded. No refunds will be granted if the reservation is canceled less than one week prior to the rental date.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: Is there a way to find out if an event is already scheduled at a park
Yes. Contact Marshall Community Center at 360-487-7100 to find out about events taking place in our parks.
Q：What amenities (设施) are included with a picnic shelter reservation
Reservations include use of all picnic tables located within the shelter and electricity (there is no electricity at Marine Park). Playground amenities and restrooms will be shared with the public.
Park Use Permits
Depending on the type of event you’re hosting, you will need to get a Park Use Permit from Vancouver Parks and Recreation. A Park Use Permit gives you permission to bring special items and equipment into the park.
21. If you cancel 3 weeks before the rental date, how much money will you get back
A. $100. B. $75. C. $25. D. $0.
22. According to the passage, Vancouver picnic shelters _________.
A. don’t allow visitors to host events
B. don’t offer picnic tables or electricity
C. are available to reserve all year round
D. can be used for free when not reserved
23. What is the main purpose of the passage
A. To explain the rules of park management.
B. To recommend shelters of different parks.
C. To introduce the functions of picnic shelters.
D. To provide information of shelter reservations.
24. Where is this passage most likely from
A. A book review. B. A news report.
C. A travel brochure. D. A science journal.
记叙文B
From sausage rolls to sweets and a coffee with a bin, there were many things that made Greg Robinson smile.
When the father-of-two, who was in his 50s, died suddenly in April 2021, his family’s life was turned upside down.
Greg ran a gift shop in his hometown of Donaghadce. Whether it was at work, walking the dog, with his local flute band or just out in his belayed town, his family said Greg made time for those in need. Now, on the week of his first anniversary, his family shared some of the things that made him smile with their community.
“We wanted to plan something together that allowed us to put our energy into something positive and give us something practical to do, which we knew would have an impact on others,” they told the reporter.
“We knew that by making others smile, we in turn would feel the benefit of that too. We have realised the importance of little things that have made us smile throughout the past year.”
As Greg loved his town and the community, all the gifts were purchased locally. Among them are vouchers (代金券) for a bakery, for some of his favourite sausage rolls, an ice-cream shop where he used to buy a quarter of sweets, and a cafe because “a wee coffee and a bun would have made dad’s face light up with excitement”.
“When someone dies, it is often the case that people are scared to mention the loved one in case it makes you sad, but the journey has taught us that this isn’t the case. The wonderful memories of dad shared by our community bring so much comfort,” his family said.
“We love those times when we hear how dad had impacted their lives, from showing kindness as a teenager at high school, to chatting away to customers in his shop,” they added.
For Greg’s children, they will be forever grateful for their dad teaching them “to focus on the positive parts of the day, looking for ways that we can express gratitude for everyday things”.
25. What do we know about Greg from the first three paragraphs
A. Greg was often ready to help others.
B. Greg had a great passion for cooking.
C. Greg earned his living by playing in a band.
D. Greg’s death had little impact on his family.
26. How did the community react after receiving the gifts
A. They gathered and comforted Greg’s family.
B. They expressed sadness about Greg’s death.
C. They were still afraid to talk about Greg.
D. They shared good memories of Greg.
27. What would be the best title for this passage
A. An Act of Kindness in Memory of Greg
B. Unusual Ways to Thank Greg’s Community
C. A Huge Celebration of Greg’s Family Reunion
D. Special Gifts to Record the Family Life of Greg
说明文C
It shouldn’t come as news to anyone that the planet is moving quickly towards a climate emergency. And fast fashion certainly plays its part in this.
Fast fashion brands, which release hundreds of new styles every week, have caused trends cycles to speed up rapidly, leading to overproduction and overconsumption. British shoppers are buying twice as much as we did a decade ago and both brands and consumers are throwing away “unfashionable” clothing more often—over 300,000 of it ends up in landfill every year. How do we solve this issue
One answer lies in the new generation of made-to-order brands making their way into the mainstream. These brands make clothes only as and when they’re ordered, and because there’s no overproduction, less unwanted stock ends up in landfills. They also promote a slower fashion model, with pieces taking between three weeks and three months to arrive once purchased. The focus is on creating special, well-made pieces for consumers to treasure for years to come.
Made-to-order fashion is nothing new. Until the mid-20th century, it was the norm. However, the 1960s brought about the dawn of fast fashion and a shift in our relationship with our clothes. The value once placed on craftsmanship and quality was replaced by the desire for low cost and volume, resulting in cut-cost production and the attitude that clothing should be cheap and disposable.
Of course, made-to-order fashion has continued to exist alongside this, though research clearly shows that fast fashion prevails (盛行). Cue a made-to-order brand bringing bespoke (定制) back to the mainstream. Spanish brand Alas features a slow business model. It takes orders each week which are then handmade and delivered in about three weeks. It also revolves around an on-demand production process that rewards consumers for “pre-planned responsible shopping.” Every week, they launch a new drop, available to pre-order for a discounted rate for a limited time. From pre-order, Alas determines how popular each new item is and calculates how many units should be produced to fulfill both pre-orders and future full-price orders, therefore reducing the overproduction of stock.
With made-to-order brands growing in popularity, it begs the question—could this be the dawn of a new, environmentally responsible era The answer is self-evident.
28. What do the first two paragraphs mainly show
A. Our strong desire for fashion.
B. The fast development of fashion industry.
C. The urgent need for a different fashion model.
D. The advantages and disadvantages of fast fashion.
29. What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 5 refer to
A. The shadow of fast fashion.
B. The value placed on quality.
C. The shift towards a green lifestyle.
D. The criticism for cheapness and quantity.
30. What does the example of Spanish brand Alas tell us
A. The reward mechanism is a must in slow fashion.
B. It takes patience and thought to buy made-to-order items.
C. The pre-order model reduces the cost of purchasing brands.
D. Consumers have a say about how their orders are produced.
31. As for the future of made-to-order fashion, the author is ________ .
A anxious B. confident
C. puzzled D. curious
议论文
（原文第一自然段）NASA will crash a spacecraft into an asteroid (小行星) to try to change its orbit, attempting to prevent humans going the same way as the dinosaurs.
（原文第二自然段）Earth is constantly being disturbed by small pieces of debris (碎片), but they usually burn up or break up long before they hit the ground. Once in a while, however, something large enough to do significant damage makes impact. About 66 million years ago, one such crash is thought to have wiped out the dinosaurs. Someday, something similar could end human beings—unless we can find a way to tackle it.
（原文第三自然段）NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (Dart) mission is the first attempt to test if such asteroid redirection is a realistic strategy: investigating whether a spacecraft can autonomously reach a target asteroid and intentionally crash into it, as well as measuring the amount of redirection. “If it works, it would be a big deal, because it would prove that we have the technical capability of protecting ourselves,” said Jay Tate, the director of the National Near Earth Object Information Center.
（原文第四自然段）The 610kg Dart spacecraft is scheduled to be launched at the target—the Didymos system—a harmless pair of asteroids consisting of a 163-metre “moonlet” asteroid called Dimorphos that orbits a larger 780-metre asteroid called Didymos (Greek for “twin”). The plan is to crash the spacecraft into Dimorphos when the asteroid system is at its closest to Earth—about 6.8 million miles away.
（原文第五自然段）About 10 days before impact, a miniaturized satellite called LiciaCube will separate from the main spacecraft, enabling images of the impact to be relayed back to bined with observations from ground-based telescopes, and an onboard camera that will record the final moments before the crash, these recordings will enable scientists to calculate the degree to which the impact has changed Dimorphos’s orbit. The expectation is that it will change the speed of the smaller asteroid by approximately 1% and reduce its orbit around the larger asteroid.
（原文第六自然段）Then, in November 2024, the European Space Agency’s Hera spacecraft will visit the Didymos systemand conduct a further close-up analysis of the consequences of this snooker (斯诺克) game, recording details such as the precise makeup and internal structure of Dimorphos, and the size and shape of the hole left by Dart. Such details are vital for transforming asteroid redirection into a repeatable technique.
（原文第七自然段）Even then, it is impossible that any single redirection strategy would be enough. “The problem is that no two asteroids or comets are alike, and how you redirect one depends on a huge number of variables. There is no silver bullet in this game. What you need is a whole folder of different redirection methods for different types of targets,” said Tate.
（原文第八自然段）So, while this may be one small step towards planetary protection, many more are likely to be necessary to avoid destruction.
综上例题北京高考文章体裁丰富，一定要有记叙文，，议论文，说明文和应用文，题材多样，会涉及到奇文轶事、家庭趣事、社会现象、自然现象、科学发现、健康与疾病，游记广告等等；
二 考试说明中规定阅读理解主要考查的能力 常用解题方法（三遍阅读法）
第一遍：浏览全文，把握文章大意
第二遍：扫读语块，搜索有效信息
第三遍：查读题项，定位正确答案
阅读理解的主要题型
1 主旨大意
（一）这种题型常见的提问方式：
(1) The best title/headline for this passage is _______.
(2) The passage (or the first paragraph) is mainly about ________.
(3) What is the main idea/topic/purpose/subject of the passage
(4) Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage
(5) The passage chiefly discusses/deals with ________.
(6) Which of the following best states the theme of the passage
(7) What topic is treated in the passage
(8) The passage makes clear that ________.
(9) Which of the following best sum up the passage
（二）怎样挖掘文章主旨
1、依照中心词确定主题。
2、抓住主题句来确定主题
（1）识别主题句与细节
①Mr.Smith raises some farm animals.
②Mr.Smith has 30 cows, about 300 hens and he keeps some pigs as well.
(2)主题句的定位（分析文章结构）
①开门见山，点出主题（主题句出现在开头）
②详细论证，总结陈词（主题句出现在结尾）
③引题过渡，引出主题（主题句出现在中间）
（三）怎样捕捉标题
文章的标题是段落中心思想的简练的表达形式。它的特点是：短小精练，多为短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随便改变语言表意的程度和色彩。那么如何迅速地捕捉标题呢？首先要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑这句话或者短语与文章主题是否有着密切的关系；其次要看它对文章的概括性或者覆盖面如何；然后还要看标题是否过大或者过小。
（四）技巧及注意事项
（1）无论它出现在题目当中哪个位置，都建议作为最后一道题去做，因为做完其它题目以后会对主旨的理解有帮助。
（2）主旨在文章中间时，遇到文章前后段意思转折，要提高警惕。
（3）首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的解答就是文章主旨。
（4）正确选项不出现细节信息，不含过分肯定和绝对意义的词，覆盖面不能过大也不能过小。
2 细节理解
（一）这种题型常见的提问方式：
(1) Which of the following is NOT included/ mentioned in the passage
(2) Which of the following (sentences /statements) is NOT true
(3) According to the passage, all of the following are true except/but _____.
(4) Choose the right order of the events given in the passage.
(5) Which of the following maps/diagrams gives the right position of…
(6) Which of the drawings below gives an idea of what …is like
(二) 常见的细节理解题型及解题方法：
1）排序题。
方法：“首尾定位法”（找出第一个动作和最后的一个动作，缩小选择范围）
2）图形辨认题
方法：“按文索图法”（找出描绘图形的句段，进行文图对照）
3）数字换算题
方法：“列表推算法”（找出与题干相关的数据列表或推算）
4）表格理解题
方法：“文表分析法”（把题干、选项与表格对照分析）
5）应用广告类事实信息题
方法：“题干定位法”（直接阅读题干，在文中找答案，不必阅读全文）
（三）技巧及注意事项
（1）命题者往往通过改变或去掉特定的修饰语（all, every, always, never, completely, altogether等），使信息范围，程度,色彩发生细微变化，从而导致考生误选。（扩缩范围干扰法）
（2）注意顺藤摸瓜，在文章中找到句子，通常不可能与阅读材料完全一样，而是换用不同的表达方式。(词义转换+语义转换)
3推理判断
（一）这种题型常见的提问方式：
(1) We can know from the passage that ______.
(2) We can infer from the (first/last) passage that ______.
(3) The passage implies that ________.
(4) The passage suggests that _________.
(5) It can be concluded from the passage that _______.
(6) The underlined sentence indicates that _______.
(7) From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ______.
（二）怎样做出推理判断
此题型是阅读理解中较难的题型，属于深层次理解题。在试卷中数量不断增多，有时会达到阅读理解试题的一半左右。它要求考生根据上下文的内在联系，充分挖掘文章的深层次内涵。做这类题时要注意：在解答推理性问题时，应清楚所要解答的问题是针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。
针对细节的推断可运用scanning方法，迅速在阅读材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。
针对主题思想作推断时，其解题的主要依据是文章的主题思想，然后再分析句子之间的逻辑关系，区分观点与例证(opinion and fact)、原因与结果(cause and effect)、主观点与次观点(main idea and supporting idea)。
（三）技巧及注意事项
(1)正确选项并非对原文的简单复述，而是作者在文章中没有提到的，没有明说的，或者可能发生的事实，勿把直接表达当作间接推理。
(2)注意文章中含义深刻或结构复杂的句子，考生对作者表达的意思能不能一下子看懂，也是命题点所在。
4作者意图（态度）
（一）这种题型常见的提问方式：
(1) The author seems to be in favor of / against ______.
(2) The author’s purpose of writing this passage is _______.
(3) The author may probably agree with/ support _______.
(4) What’s the author’s attitude /viewpoint towards _______
(5) How does the author feel about ________
(6) The author implies that _______.(7) The author gives the impression that ________.
(8) In the author’s opinion, ________.
(9) The tone of the author may be _______.
(二) 怎样揣摩作者的意图或态度
要吃透文章，就要搜索文章的关键字眼和关键句子，要熟悉各种文体，尤其要把握作者的语气，是严肃或轻松，幽默或讽刺，平和或激动，乐观或悲观等等。此外，还要注意文章中一些细节性的用词，如however, even though, but 等连接词往往和作者的态度有关。
一种方法是靠词汇的色彩来判断。
表示褒义的有：乐观的optimistic；赞美的praising;自信的confident;赞成的favorable;积极的positive;认真的serious;负责的 responsible, dutiful,令人信服的 convincing。
表示贬义的有：讽刺的ironic;厌恶的disgusted;否定的/反对的negative;怀疑的suspicious;沮丧的depressed;痛苦的bitter;悲观的pessimistic；不负责的irresponsible；无法预料的unforeseeable。
表示中性的：中立的neutral；冷淡的 indifferent；主观的subjective;客观的objective;不动感情的impassive
另一种方法是靠文章的结构特点来判断，如果一篇文章的结尾部分是并列的疑问，则作者是一种客观的态度，如果结尾部分是有问有答的形式，则作者的态度是主观的态度。如果一篇文章的结尾部分使用数据表明了一个趋势向不好的方面发展，则作者是悲观的态度。反之，作者是乐观的态度。
（三）技巧及注意事项
（1）不要把自己的态度揉入其中,也要区分作者的态度和作者引用别人的态度
(2)当作者的态度没有明确提出时,要学会根据作者使用词语的褒贬性去判断.
5 猜测词义
（一）这种题型常见的提问方式：
(1) The word “…”in the passage means______.
(2) The word “…” could be best replaced by _____.
(3) Which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to _______.
(4) The word “…” probably refers to ______.
(5) According to the passage, the word “…” is known as ______.
（二）技巧及注意事项
（1）切记：无论这个词多超纲，根据上下文都能得出其意思；无论这个词多熟悉，都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思。
（2）正确选项通常不是熟词的常规含义
（三）解题常用方法
Ⅰ针对性的解释
针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或高深的词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。这些解释提供的信息明确具体，所使用的语言通俗易懂，利用它们来猜测词义就非常简单。
1.根据定义（definition）猜测词义
如果生词有一个句子（定语从句或是同位语<同位语前常有 or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, i.g. 等>或是同位语从句）或段落来定义,或使用破折号，冒号，分号后的内容和引号括号中的内容加以解释和定义，那么理解这个句子或段落本身就是推断词义。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。
例1.Do you know what a “territory” is A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims as its own.
（[分析]由定义可推知，这里territory指的是：“动物的地盘”。
2.根据举例猜测词义。恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。
例3. The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discovers are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.
[分析]根据such as 后面列举的一系列例子，我们应该能推断出句中的epochal是指“重大的”。
Ⅱ 内在逻辑关系
1.根据对比、比较关系猜测词义
表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。句子结构：while 引导的并列句。
表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。
例4.A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.
What does the underlined word “hassle” probably mean
A.a party designed by specislists
B.a plan requiring careful thought
C.a situation causing difficulty or trouble
D.a demand made by guests
[分析]根据对比关系，这里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意义，很容易判断理解题的答案为C。
例5.Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk和loquacious 之间的比较关系，其意义相近。由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是“健谈的”。
2.根据因果关系猜测词义
例6.feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”（2005年上海卷）
The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “ ” .
A．full of respect B．too confident and rude
C．lacking in experience D．too shy and quiet
[分析]根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容（“既然你是我的上司”），我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是：“冒失的，放肆的”意思，后半句的意思是：我告诉你怎么做会是一种放肆/冒失的行为。对应的理解题答案为：B。
3.根据说明、并列、同义近义、、反义等关系猜测词义
例7.William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线），good and ill together.”
The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means .
A．simple B．mixed C．sad D．happy
[分析]句中good and ill together 更具体地说明了a mingled yarn的意义，据此我们不难推测mingled的意思是：“混合的，交织的”。
例8.Most women in China ---educated and illiterated, urban and rural, the young and old-----work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers.
[分析]后面的urban and rural, the young and old之间都有反义关系，运用这个关系可以推断illiterated为“未接受过教育的，即文盲”
Ⅲ 构词法
在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有：super-（超），inter-（在…之间），mini-（极），micro-（极微小的），re-（再，反复），sub-（底下），co-（共同），post-（后），pre-（前），trans-（转换），mis-（误），un/in/im/dis/ir/il/non-（不，非），anti-（反，防），-able（能…的），-hood（状态，时期），-ish（如……的，有点儿），-proof（防……的），-some（易于…），-wards（向），-less（不，无）
1.根据前缀猜测词义
例9.Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools
根据词根educational （教育的），结合前缀co-（共同，一起），我们便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：“男女同校教育的”意思。
2.根据后缀猜测词义
例10. It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an
uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point．
后缀 -ise/ize意思是“使成为…；使…化”，结合词根commercial（商业的），不难猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是：“未被商业化的”。
3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例11.Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well–designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（别扭的）hand positions.
Well-designed 或许是个生词，但我们分析该词的结构后，就能推测出其含义。它由well （好，优秀）和design （设计）两部分组成，合在一起便是“设计精巧的”意思。
4.猜测词性变换新词含义
例12.The other teams, disappointed, were on the bus heading home.
head本为名词，表头。由the bus和home的语境逻辑可以推断，该句head为动词，表方向，结合全句可译为“开往、驶向”。
例13.I had first known she was wrong, that her anxiety had clouded her judgment.
cloud本为名词，表云。分析语境逻辑可知，忧虑会影响一个人的判断，因此该句clouded应译为使难以……。
Ⅳ 生活常识
运用自身的生活经验及生活常识，根据上下文能读懂的部分，可以正确猜出词义。下面文字中划线单词的词义你能猜出来吗？
例14.Birds fly with their wings, and they pick up their foods, and then eat them with their beaks and they use their claws for tearing, seizing, pulling or holding objects.
句子的已知部分和我们的常识告诉我们：beaks是“喙”；claws是“爪子”。
六 阅读理解中长难句的理解
（1）找准主干，关键是主句的主谓结构，方法是先将句子的修饰成分（名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句和非谓语动词）去掉，露出主句的真面貌，然后再分析修饰部分和主句的关系。另外在一个长句中可能会出现若干个从句，如果把整个的长句从头到尾理解透，势必很难。如果把各个从句剔出来单独理解，再把大意拼凑起来，构成整个长句的意思，就可降低长句的理解难度。
（2）理清逻辑和思路。一些长句其实就是一个由主句和若干个从句组成的一个多层次的主从复合句，因而一定要搞清主句和从句之间的逻辑关系。只要把逻辑关系搞清楚了，把主句的意思和从句的意思按逻辑意义进行理解，则长难句就好对付了。 平时要注意积累表示各种逻辑关系的连词和短语， 常见的有， 表目的： so that, for the purpose that, in order that 等；表结果：so…that, such…that, that…, as a result, therefore, thus等；表条件：if, on condition that, unless等；表原因：because, since, as等。
（3）把握关键词。如果对一个长难句子一点感觉也没有,下下之策就是别把长、难句当句子看，只要能大体理解句中的关键词，也可以大体猜出了这个句子的意思。
例（1）Finally,①although some social science majors may still find it more difficult than their technically trained classmates to land the first job,② recent graduates report that ③they don’t regret their choice of study.(
(2) ①The woman at the desk gave him a bright smile②as he entered and, ③after Peter had explained what sort of room ④he was looking for, ⑤he paid two pounds for a list of about half a dozen landladies⑥who had rooms to let.
(2)当Peter进来时，坐在桌边的女士向他爽朗地笑了笑。在Peter告诉她他在找什么房子后，她让Peter交了两磅买了一份大约有六个要出租房子的女房东的名单。
以下是对2008年各省、市高考英语阅读理解中的一些有代表性的长难句的解析。
1.The response to her request for help was so huge that Poe established Kids For A Cleaner Environment (Kids F.A.C.E.) in 1989.There are now 300，000 members of Kids FACE worldwide and is the world’s largest youth environmental organization.
简析：第一句中夹杂有一个结果状语从句，又有复杂主语。主语的中心语为The response，其后的to her request for help为后置定语，第二句是由and并列的两个简单句，其中第二句中承前省略了主语kids FACE。
译文：人们对她请求帮助的反应如此强烈以至于波建立了一个为了更洁净环境的孩子的组织。现在这个组织在全世界有300，000名成员，并且它是世界上最大的青少年环保组织。
实例：72.Kids F.A.C.E is______.
A.a program to help students with writing
B.a project of litter recycling
C.a campaign launched by President Bush
D.a club of environmental protection
2.One of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer(同龄人) group.
简析：夹杂定语从句和形式宾语结构。
译文：对他来说，不关心自己的学习是一种酷的标志的原因之一是受到他的同龄人的影响。
实例： 64.Why did Tom give up studying
A.He disliked his teachers.
B.His parents no longer supported him.
C.It’s cool for boys of his age not to care about studies.
D.There were too many subjects in his secondary school.
3.The endless choice gives birth to anxiety in people’s lives.Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple. Easy access to a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in many people，ending in the shopper giving up and walking away，or just buying an unsuitable item(商品) that is not really wanted.
简析：句子中夹杂着固定短语，v-ing式作主语，复杂主语，v-ing式作结果状语以及定语从句。
实例：73.Why do more choices of goods give rise to anxiety
A.Professionals find it hard to decide on a suitable product.
B.People are likely to find themselves overcome by business persuasion.
C.Shoppers may find themselves lost in the broad range of items.
D.Companies and advertisers are often misleading about the range of choice.
4.They may think that eating lunch is the cause of the sleepiness.Or，in summer，they may think it is the heat.However，the real reason lies inside their bodies.At that time —about eight hours after you wake up—your body temperature goes down.This is what makes you slow down and feel sleepy.
简析：句中夹杂两个宾语从句，一个时间状语从句和一个what引导的表语从句。
实例：44.Why do people feel sleepy in the early afternoon according to the text
A.They eat too much for lunch.
B.They sleep too little at night.
C.Their body temperature becomes lower.
D.The weather becomes a lot warmer.
5.These brain differences also explain the fact that more men take up jobs that require good spatial skills，while more women speech skills.It may all go back to our ancestors(祖先)，among whom women needed speech skills to take care of their babies and men needed spatial skills to hunt，according to one research.
简析：第一句中包含一个that引导的同位语从句，在其中又有一个that引导的定语从句，还有一介词 + 关系代词(among whom)引导的定语从句。注意more women之后省去了与前半句中相同的take up jobs that require ...。
实例：59.Which of the following do you agree with according to the fourth paragraph
A.Young boys may be stronger than young girls.
B.More women take up jobs requiring speech skills
C.Women may have stronger feelings than men. D.Our ancestors needed more spatial skills.
6.The busier we are，the more important we seem to ourselves and，we imagine，to others.To be unavailable to our friends and family，and to be unable to find time to relax—this has become the model of a successful life.(NMET 2008湖北卷D篇)
简析：句中有“The + 比较级，the + 比较级”的结构，还有复杂的不定式结构。
实例：74.According to Paragraph 4，a successful person is one who is believed to ____ .
A.be able to work without stress
B.be more talented than other people
C.be more important than anyone else
D.be busy working without time to rest
7.The researchers said that among the problems with some earlier studies is that they often failed to take into account those people most at risk for skin cancer—people with fair skin and freckles(雀斑)，for example—are more likely to use sunscreen.As a result，it may appear that sunscreen users get cancer more often
简析：第一句的主体结构为：The research said that ...is that they failed to ...，其中第一个that引导一个宾语从句，宾语从句中又含有一个倒装结构，其中主语为that they often ...的一个主语从句，表语为among the problems with ...。破折号间内容为插入语。
实例：73.People with fair skin and freckles______.
A.seldom use sunscreen
B.are more in danger of skin cancer
C.can be free from the harm of the sun
D.often expose themselves to the sun
七 常用的解题技巧有以下几种：
1、直接解题法，即读完文章后根据自己的理解找出问题的的答案。
2、排除法，这也是解答阅读理解题的常用方法，对于那些不合情理或荒谬的选项、与短文内容相反的选项、与短文内容不相关的选项、虽在短文中出现但答非所问的选项，以及不是问题的主要因素的选项等，都可以采用排除法。
3、信息查读法，即根据题干中的关键词，在文中进行相关信息的查寻与确认，再与题干中所提供的信息进行比对，得出答案。
4、推理演绎法，即根据所读材料通过语篇的逻辑关系以及各个细节的信息和暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意，悟出作者的言外之意和弦外之音。此时切忌就事论事、以偏概全，也不能主观臆想、随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。
5、利用构词法，结合语境，对于词意猜测题进行理解和判断。
6、利用首尾法，在解决文章主旨大意题时，往往要注意文章的首、末段的首、末句。这些句子往往是文章或段落大意的所在。当然，有的文章或段落的大意需要进行综合的推断方能得出。
八 冲刺复习阶段阅读理解题备考建议
1 养成良好的阅读习惯，扩大眼幅，不要点读，减少回读，默读时不出声音，不要有伴随动作。
2 加强练习限时阅读，提高阅读速度。力争35分钟完成5篇文章。
3重视阅读技巧的培养，练习如何推理，分析，概括，如何答题，最好以高考试题为答题样本，对常考的问题做适当归纳。
4强化阅读基本功，注意平时阅读训练当中的词汇量的积累，适当练习长句分析，以便更好地理解文章句子。
5 培养良好的阅读心理素质，在考场上心情平和，充满信心，积极主动地与作者沟通，创造性的去理解文章内容；思想高度集中，尽量保持新闻记者的速度和理解的准确性。