上海市2023届高考英语外刊十一选十讲解与练习6（含答案）

2021.2.26 The Conservation
A. instability B. processes C. inhibit D. perceive E. strengthens F. signals G. decrease H. emotional L. balance J. adapt K. shift
Napping in the Afternoon Can Improve Memory and Alertness-Here's Why
The reasons why short naps are so beneficial for alertness and focus are not well understood. It's possible that napping helps the brain clean up sleep-inducing waste products that would otherwise (31)______brain activity, and that they replenish(补充) the brain's energy stores. Short naps may also help improve your attention by letting particularly sleepy areas of the brain recover, thereby preventing (32)________ in the brain's networks.
Longer naps are more restorative, but you may feel more drowsy after waking up.
Longer naps, on the other hand. are more restorative partly because there is time to enter multiple sleep stages, each of which supports different learning (33)______. For example, during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, the brain is almost as active as when awake. This activity in different brain regions - including those important for learning and memory - may be why REM sleep supports both long-term memory and (34)_______ memory.
During REM sleep in particular, the brain (35)_______ newly developed connections that are important for improvements in motor skills Longer sleep also reduces unimportant connections, and this (36)______ can improve how quickly and effectively the brain works as a whole.
Non-REM sleep - the sleep stage we spend most of our time in -contains both slow brain waves and sleep spindles. The sleep spindles are periodic burst-like (37)_____ between different brain areas, which are believed to reactivate and consolidate memories. Both the slow brain waves and the spindles increases plasticity-the brain's ability to learn and (38)______ to new experiences.
Although napping has many positive short-term effects, they are not recommended for people who suffer from insomnia(失眠). Because naps (39)_______ sleepiness, they may make it harder to fall asleep when going to bed in the evening. Naps should also be avoided in situations where optimal performance are needed instantly afterwards, as it may take some time to fully wake up.
Other research has shown that frequent napping was related to high BMI and high blood pressure. Napping was more common in (40)_______ workers, retired people, and smokers, and in people with genes related to sleep disorders or obesity. To what degree napping was harmful or beneficial for these groups remains unknown, but it's clear that napping is more common in groups who have disturbed sleep or need more sleep.
If you're finding that your attention span is wavering in the afternoon while working from home, perhaps try squeezing a nap into your lunch break. Short naps are great at improving alertness and attention - and if you have time for a longer nap, this can support memory and learning
参考答案31-40CABHEIFJGK
31.C【解析】结合上文提及的It's possible that napping helps the brain clean up sleep- inducing waste products...可知, 此处表述的是有可能是小睡帮助大脑调整睡眠(状态)和补充大脑的能量储存--否则，会包含抑制大脑活动废物，结合句中的otherwise可知该空要表达一个相反的意思，故可推知此处句意为“否则这些废物会抑制(inhibit)大脑活动”故选C。inhibit v抑制:禁止。
32.A【解析】结合上文提及的Short naps may also help improve your attention by letting particularly sleepy areas of the brain recover 可推知，此处讲述的是关于小睡片刻对于人的注意力的积极影响，又结合引导词therebypreventing可推知此处防止的是坏的结果的出现，而且这个结果与注意力有关，即此处句意为“从而防止大脑网络的不稳定(instability)”，故选A。instabilityn.不稳定，不稳固;不坚决，反复无常。
33.B【解析】结合下问题提及的Forexample, during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep,
the brain is almost as active as when awake 和 Non-REM sleep - the sleep stage we spend
most of our time in - contains both slow brain waves and sleep spindles 以及其相关内容可知，此处解释长时间的小睡更有助于恢复体力的原因是因为"部分原因是有时间进入多个睡眠阶段，每个睡眠阶段都支持不同的学习过程(processes)”，故选B。processes n过程;工序;做事方法;工艺流程;v加工;处理。
34.H【解析】根据句子结构分析，此处缺少修饰memory的形容词，结合相关选项可推知，cmotional 是选项中唯一的形容词，故选H。emotional adj.感情的:有感染力的:情绪激动的。
35.E【解析】结合句子结构分析，此处缺少动词，结合上下文以及该句主语the brain可推知此处动词运用第三人称单数形式，结合选项和上下文进行分析，strengthens更符合意，故选E。strengthens v加强，巩固。
36.I【解析】根据句子结构分析，此处缺少主语，故该空需要填入名词，又结合上文提及的关于Longer naps的相关描述，可推知此处句意为“长时间睡眠也会减少不重要的联系，这种平衡(balance)可以提高大脑作为一个整体的工作速度和效率”，故选I。balancen均衡，平衡(能力);天平;v比较，权衡。
37.F【解析】结合上下文可知此处讲述的是关于both slow brain waves and sleep spindles的功能，又根据下文提及的which are believed to reactivate and consolidate memories可推知sleep spindles被认为可以重新激活和巩固记忆，它与大脑区域以及记忆有关，即可推知此处句意为“睡眠纺锤波是大脑不同区域之间的周期性突发信号(signals)”，故选F。signals n信号:标志:指示灯:v发信号:发号:示意。
38.J【解析】根据句子结构分析，此处为动词不定式做后置定语修饰ability，该空需要填入动词原形，又根据Both the slow brain waves and the spindles increases plasticity-the brain's ability to learn 可知该空处所填的词与learn词义应该相近，结合选项可推知adapt更符合文意，此处句意为“大脑学习和适应(adapt)新体验的能力。”，故选J。adaptv(使)适应/适合:改编。
39.G【解析】结合句子结构分析，此处缺少动词，又根据下文提及的they may make it harder to fall asleep when going to bed in the evening 可知，此处句意为“小睡可以减少(decrease)睡眠”，故选G。decrease v&n减少。
40.K【解析】结合下文提及的retired people, and smokers, and in people with genes related to sleep disorders or obesity可知，此处讲述的是关于“打盹存在的群体”，该空处需要填写的是修饰workers的词语，结合选项进行分析可推知此处最有可能是“倒班工人”，shift最符合文意，故选K。shifty转移:变换:改变(观点):换(档) n转移:轮班。
翻译
短暂的小睡对警觉性和注意力如此有益的原因并不十分清楚。有可能是小睡帮助大脑调整睡眠(状态)和补充大脑的能量储存--否则，会包含抑制大脑活动废物。短暂的小睡也可能有助于提高你的注意力，让大脑中特别困倦的区域恢复，从而防止大脑网络的不稳定。
较长的小睡更能恢复体力，但你醒来后可能会感到更加昏昏欲睡。
另一方面，较长的小睡更具恢复性，部分原因是有时间进入多个睡眠阶段，每个阶段都支持不同的学习过程。例如，在快速眼动(REM)睡眠期间，大脑几乎与清醒时一样活跃。不同大脑区域的这种活动一-包括那些对学习和记忆很重要的区域一-可能是快速眼动睡眠支持长期记忆和情感记忆的原因。
特别是在快速眼动睡眠期间，大脑加强了新开发的连接，这对运动技能的改善很重要。较长的睡眠时间也减少了不重要的连接，这种平衡可以改善大脑作为一个整体工作的速度和效率。
非快速眼动睡眠--我们大部分时间所处的睡眠阶段一-包含慢脑波和睡眠主轴。睡眠主轴是不同大脑区域之间的周期性爆发式信号，据信它能重新激活和巩固记忆。缓慢的脑电波和主轴都会增加可塑性一一大脑学习和适应新经验的能力。
虽然午睡有许多积极的短期效果，但不建议患有失眠症的人使用。因为午睡会减少睡意，它们可能会使晚上睡觉时更难入睡。在需要立即取得最佳表现的情况下，也应避免午睡，因为可能需要一些时间才能完全醒来。
其他研究表明，经常打盹与高体重指数和高血压有关。打盹在轮班工人、退休人员和吸烟者以及有睡眠障碍或肥胖症相关基因的人中更常见。午睡对这些群体的有害或有益程度仍是未知数，但很明显，午睡在睡眠紊乱或需要更多睡眠的群体中更常见。
如果你发现你的注意力在下午在家工作时摇摆不定，也许可以尝试在午休时挤时间小睡一下。短暂的小睡在提高警觉性和注意力方面非常好——如果你有时间进行长时间的小睡，这可以支持记忆和学习。
2022.7.8 华盛顿邮报
Shinzo Abe, former Japanese leader, is shot at campaign event
A. shots B. confirmed C. unconscious D. campaigning E. unforgivable F. influential G. defensive H. suspect I. attack K. sought J. suspending
Former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe was shot at a campaign event Friday, Japanese officials said, shocking a nation where firearms laws are among the world’s strictest and gun violence is rare.
Party officials cited in Japanese media said Abe was (1)_____, and public broadcaster NHK reported that the 67-year-old was showing no vital signs. He had been giving a speech in Nara east of Osaka ahead of elections for Japan’s upper house of parliament on Sunday.
At least two (2)______ were heard. A (3)_______ was arrested on-site for attempted murder and a gun was seized NHK said. Police later identified the suspect as a man in his 40s named Tetsuya Yamagami, from Nara according to local media.
Footage aired on NHK showed Abe giving a speech, then a plume of smoke forming behind him as he collapsed. Officials ran to apprehend the shooter, who appeared to be positioned behind Abe.
Abe was admitted to the Nara Medical University Hospital, and government sources cited in media reports said the former leader was in critical condition. Local media, citing police sources, described Abe’s status as a “cardiopulmonary arrest.” a term often used in Japan before death is officially (4)______.
Videos posted on social media from the campaign event showed a chaotic scene with Abe, unmoving, lying on the ground as attendees yelled for an ambulance.
Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary Hirokazu Matsuno confirmed that Abe was shot around 11:30 a.m. Friday and said the government is working to confirm his condition. “Such violence cannot be permitted.” Matsuno said adding that cabinet members (5)_______ for this weekend’s election have been asked to return to Tokyo.
Officials from the ruling Liberal Democratic Party condemned the (6)______. “This is truly a(n) (7)_______ act of political terrorism,” said Sanae Takaichi, chairwoman of the party’s Policy Research Council and 2021 prime ministerial candidate.
Abe resigned as prime minister in 2020, citing health reasons, but remains (8)______ in the LDP.
As Japan’s longest-serving leader, he oversaw a period of relative stability as prime minister from 2012 to 2020raising Japan’s global image and emphasizing a strong alliance with the United States, even as former U. S. President Donald Trump tested long-standing relationships with allies.
Abe focused on reviving Japan’s stagnating(停滞) economy through a package dubbed“Abenomics," and (9)______ to expand Japan’s military defenses. He tried to modify the country’s pacifist postwar constitution, which was controversial, and continued to push the country toward greater (10)_______ postures even after he left office.
CAHBD IEFKG
译文：
日本官员说，日本前首相安倍晋三星期五在一次竞选活动中被枪杀，震惊了这个枪支法是世界上最严格的国家之一，枪支暴力是罕见的。
日本媒体援引该党官员的话说，安倍已昏迷，公共广播公司（NHK）报道称，67岁的安倍没有任何生命体征。在周日日本国会上院选举之前，他一直在大阪以东的奈良发表演讲。
至少听到两声枪响。公共广播公司（NHK）说，一名嫌疑人因谋杀未遂在现场被捕，并缴获了一支枪。据当地媒体报道，警方随后确认嫌疑人是一名来自奈良的40多岁男子，名叫山田铁也。
公共广播公司（NHK）电视台播放的视频显示，安倍发表了讲话，随后，当他倒下时，身后形成了一股浓烟。官员们赶忙逮捕了枪手，枪手似乎被安置在安倍身后。
安倍被送入奈良医科大学医院，媒体报道引用的政府消息称，这位前领导人目前情况危急。当地媒体援引警方消息称，安倍的状况是“心肺复苏”，这是日本在正式确认安倍死亡之前经常使用的一个术语。
社交媒体上发布的竞选活动视频显示，当与会者叫喊救护车时，安倍一动不动地躺在地上，场面一片混乱。
日本内阁官房长官松野博和证实，安倍在星期五上午11:30左右被枪杀，并说日本政府正在努力确认他的病情。“这种暴力是不允许的，”松野说，并补充说，本周末竞选的内阁成员已被要求返回东京。
执政的自民党官员谴责了这次袭击。“这确实是一种不可原谅的政治恐怖主义行为，”该党政策研究委员会主席、2021首相候选人萨奈·高一说。
安倍于2020年以健康为由辞去首相职务，但在自民党中仍有影响力。
作为日本任期最长的领导人，他在2012年至2020年担任首相期间保持了相对稳定，提升了日本的全球形象，并强调了与美国的强大联盟，尽管美国前总统唐纳德·特朗普正在考验与盟友的长期关系。
安倍专注于恢复日本停滞不前的经济，通过一个被称为“安倍经济学”的一揽子计划来刺激经济，并寻求扩大日本的军事防御。他试图修改该国战后的和平宪法，这是有争议的，并继续推动该国向更大的防御姿态，甚至在他离任后。