2023届高三英语二轮复习定语及定语从句学案-（含答案）
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| 名称 | 2023届高三英语二轮复习定语及定语从句学案-（含答案） |  | |
| 格式 | docx | ||
| 文件大小 | 235.3KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 人教版（2019） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2022-10-18 22:50:50 | ||
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文档简介
学案导学 定语及定语从句
[思维导图]
导学说明：
1. 先让学生们自学15分钟，在让他们提出自己的疑问，然后在进行答疑。
2. 训练题，先做，核对答案，最后讲解！
Ⅰ. 定语
1．修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。
2．定语可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词或定语从句等充当。
3．定语有前置和后置两种情况，如短语结构、从句等作定语时，常置于被修饰词之后。
The beautiful girl is her daughter.(形容词和形容词性物主代词作前置定语)
那个漂亮的女孩是她的女儿。
The building being repaired is our library.(非谓语动词作后置定语)
正在修复的那幢楼是我们的图书馆。
Ⅱ. 定语从句
一、必须掌握的定语从句的3个概念及2种分类
（概念1）1．定语从句（概念1）
在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.
那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。(定语从句作后置定语)
定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
（概念2）2．先行词：被定语从句所修饰的词或句子叫先行词，作先行词的可以是：
(1)一个词(通常是名词，也可以是代词)
This is the place which is worth visiting. 这是值得参观的地方。
He laughs best who laughs last. 谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。
(2)一个短语
Many life’s problems which were solved by asking family members，friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.
许多以前可以通过询问家庭成员、朋友或者同事就能解决的生活问题，是现在的大家庭无力解决的。
(3)一个分句
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people have realized how diverse languages could be.
希腊人认为，语言结构和思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点是在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。
(4)一个完整的句子
I found an old man lying on the ground and I took him to hospital in a taxi immediately，which was why I was late that morning.
我发现一个老人躺在马路上，我乘出租车立即把他送到了医院，这就是那天上午我迟到的原因。
（概念3）3．关系词: 引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系词有三大作用：代指先行词，引导定语从句，在从句中作句子成分。
4．分类
（分类1）(1)限制性定语从句：它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。（划重点： 定从典型考点）
Do you know the girl who just came in 你认识那个刚刚进来的女孩吗？
The time when I first met Mr. White was a very difficult period of my life. 我第一次遇见怀特先生的时候是一个我一生中非常困难的时期。
（分类2）(2)非限制性定语从句：它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句一般不用that引导。（划重点： 定从典型考点）
The old woman，who lives on her own, has a cat for company.这个老妇人一个人住，养了一只猫陪伴她。
He whispered to me the news, which was really amazing.他低声告诉我这个消息，它真令人惊叹。
二、正确使用关系词
1．关系代词
关系代词 先行词 句法功能
who 人 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语
whom 人 宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
whose (＝of whom/of which) 人或物 定语
that 人或物 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
which 物 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
as 人或物 主语、宾语
Those who are interested in the film can contact me.对该电影感兴趣的可与我联系。
My daughter, whose job requires her to do a lot of travelling，is always away from home.我的女儿总不在家，她的工作需要经常出差。
[名师指津] 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。（划重点： 定从典型考点）
Tom is one of the engineers who are sent abroad.汤姆是被派往国外的工程师之一。
Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution.汤姆就是唯一提出解决方案的那位工程师。
2．两组关系词的区别
(1)4种只用that而不用which的情况：
①先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时，关系代词通常只用that。
Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself 你有什么要为自己说的吗？
②先行词被序数词、形容词最高级， the only，the very，the last等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。
This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。
This is the only thing that we can do now.这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。
③先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which。
The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。
④当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也作表语时。
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.上海不再是过去的那座城市了。
(2)which与as引导非限制性定语从句的3点区别
which as
位置上 只能放在先行词的后面 位置灵活，可位于句首、句中，也可置于句末
搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see，hear，know，expect，remember等
意思上 意为“这一点” 表示“正如……，正像……的那样”
She married again, which was unexpected.她再婚了，这是始料未及的。
She married again, as we expected.正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。
[名师指津] as引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：such＋名词＋as(像……一样的，像……之类的)；such(pron.)＋as(像……一样的，像……之类的)；the same＋名词＋as(和……同样的)。划重点： 定从典型考点）
We have found such materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。
I have the same book as he has.我和他有同样的书。
3．关系副词
关系副词 先行词 句法功能
when 时间 时间状语
where 地点 地点状语
why 原因 原因状语(只引导限制性定语从句)
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。
The Voice of China has set up a big stage for young people with a talent for music, where some have stood out among them. 《中国好声音》为有音乐天赋的年轻人建立了一个大舞台，在这个舞台上一些人从中脱颖而出。
The reason why he failed in the exam was that he didn’t study hard.他考试失败的原因是他学习不努力。
[名师指津] 当先行词为表示抽象地点的名词situation，case，stage，point等，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where引导定语从句。如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时则用关系代词which/that。（划重点： 定从典型考点）
They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.
他们已经到了必须分手的地步。
4．“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句
构成 句法功能 用法指津
名词(代词)＋介词＋关系代词 主语 可转化为“whose＋名词”结构
数词(形容词最高级)＋of＋关系代词 主语 数词还可以用some，many，most，each等不定代词替换
介词(短语)＋关系代词 状语 关系代词只能用which或whom且不能省略，但可与关系副词互换
介词＋关系代词＋名词 状语 关系代词常用which 和whose
介词＋关系副词 状语 有时为了表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from或to
Recently，I bought an ancient vase, the price of which was very reasonable.最近，我买了一个古董花瓶，它的价格很合理。
He has ten cousins, the youngest of whom is very clever.他有十个表兄弟，最小的那个很聪明。
The poor man has no house in which he can live.那个穷人没房子住。
Lily might possibly come, in which case I’ll ask her. 莉莉可能会来，要是那样的话我就去问她。
There is a big window in my room, from where I can see the railway station.我的房间有一个大窗户，透过它我可以看到火车站。（划重点： 定从典型考点，这个点要知道，一般不会考到！）
（划重点： 定从典型考点）“缺什么，补什么”，准确选用关系词
1. 如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少主语，限制性定语从句中用who/that；非限制性定语从句用who
①“It takes a lot for any student, ” Whaley explains, “especially for a student who/that is learning English as their new language, to feel confident enough to say, ‘I don’t know，but I want to know.’”(2019 I卷)
②Bechtel, who(不使用that) works in downtown West Palm Beach，has lunch with coworkers sometimes，but like many of us，too often works through lunch at her desk. (2019 II卷)
2．如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少宾语，限制性定语从句中用who/that/whom；非限制性定语从句用whom。
①The professor who/that/whom (whom) you are waiting for has come.你正在等的教授已经来了
②The person, whom/who you just talked to, is Mr. Li
3．如果先行词指物，定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，限制性定语从句中用which/that；非限制性定语从句用which。
①Football is a game which/that is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。
②During the rosy years of elementary school（小学）, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status.(2019I卷)
4．如果先行词指时间或地点，定语从句中缺少时间状语或地点状语，定语从句中用when/where; 如果从句中缺少的是主语或宾语，则用that/which。
A. I know a place where we can have a picnic. 我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。
I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.我永远忘不了我们一起度假的日子。
This is the reason why he was dismissed. 这就是他被解雇的原因。
B. I know a place which/ that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. 我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方。
I will never forget the days which/ that/ - we spent together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子
This is the reason which/that/- he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. 这就是他向我解释的他没有参加会议的原因。
5．不论先行词指人还是物，只要关系词在定语从句中作定语就用whose。
①I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。
②He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。
③I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。
6．如果先行词指人，“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系词用whom，如果先行词指物，“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系词用which。
①The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。
②Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。
③This is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。
学案导学的反馈
同学们通过学案导学自学完定语从句后，存在很多疑问和曲解，我收集后归纳整理如下：
一涉及到非限制性定语从句，同学们就用which
长难句中先行词的定位
相同先行词的情况下为什么用不同的关系词
何为抽象意义上的地点名词，常用的有哪些
关系副词可以写为介词加关系代词，该介词如何确定
关系词whose的用法
定语从句的考点在单句改错和单句语法填空中很好把握，在语篇中如何正确把握该考点
如何分析含有定语从句的长难句
能不能用简单易记的方法记住那几组词的区别
“缺什么，补什么”中怎样分析所缺的成分
针对同学们的疑惑，我通过以下方式排异解答：
先用口诀式：
定语从句真奇妙，关系代副来引导
定语从句分两种，是否限定看逗号
Which指物who指人，地点where时间when
That人、物均可用，why前面是reason
关系若是表所属，whose用法不可无
关系代词不一般，介词经常用在前
此时不必用that，who whom which才安全
“高，代，序”时只用that莫遗憾！
再在真题演练中去解难答疑。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)
答案：that/which
[根据句子结构可知，此处是定语从句的关系代词，在定语从句中作主语，其先行词是study，故填that/which。]
2．Many westerners who/that come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out. (2018·浙江高考)
答案：who/that
[先行词指人，故用who/that 引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语。]
3．But Sarah，who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)
答案: who
[分析句子结构可知，此处应是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是Sarah，故用关系代词who。]
4．Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring(戒指) probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, where it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it. For Pahlsson, its return was a wonder. (2017·浙江高考)
答案: where
[根据句子结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为“the garden”，在从句中作地点状语，故要用关系副词where引导。]
5．But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. (2016·全国卷Ⅰ)
答案: when
[先行词是表示时间的“the mid-1980s”，且从句中缺少时间状语，故填关系副词when。
6．Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius(孔子), who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks. (2016·全国卷Ⅲ)
答案: who
[分析句子结构可知，此句是非限制性定语从句，先行词指人，且空格处在从句中作主语，故填who。]
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．They also had a small pond which they raised fish. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)
答案: which前加in或which→where
[根据句子结构可知，they raised fish是定语从句，其先行词是pond，在定语从句中应该作介词in的宾语，或者用关系副词where作状语。]
2．In their spare time，they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house. (2017·全国卷Ⅱ)
答案: that→which
[which可以引导非限制性定语从句，that不可以。]
3．Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments. (2017·全国卷Ⅲ)
答案: they→that/which
[分析句子结构可知，things作其后定语从句的先行词，并在从句中作主语，故关系代词为that或which。]
4．The dishes what I cooked were Mom’s favorite.(2016·四川高考)
答案: what→that/which或去掉what
[分析句子结构可知，dishes后跟的是定语从句，what不能引导定语从句，应用that/which引导。引导词在定语从句中作cooked的宾语，可以省略，因此也可以把what去掉。]
学案导学的反思：
在淡化语法教学的高考改革下，各种语法教学并没有花大量的时间，但是语法又渗透于整个考试卷的题型中。因此，在时间紧，教学任务中的情况下，利用学案导学是很不错的方法。首先，利用学案给学生一个系统的思维导图，是学生对该语法脉络分明，构建知识结构网络图。其次，通过学案，学生立刻明白该语法考什么，怎么考，并在实际运用中融会贯通。但是，学案的设计一定要精益求精，拖沓冗长的学案反而会搞乱学生的思维。所以学案导学后教师的总结性讲解是很有必要的。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．In the following years，there were fewer drop-outs and more college graduates in my village, --------- I am proud of even today.(2019·衡水模拟)
2．Being in a big, busy building in a country --------I could not speak the language made me nervous, but as I found my way, I gained confidence. (2019·六盘山模拟)
3．The report has also drawn criticism，with some scientists arguing that the data on --------it is based is not wide and representative enough to generate a single number for the decline of wildlife worldwide. (2019·重庆模拟)
4．After some time, when both of you have renewed your confidence in each other, go back to the time -------- you nearly fell apart.(2019·邢台模拟)
5．Badaling is the most famous of the five sections -------- lie near Beijing and can be accessed easily. (2019·淄博模拟)
6．Beijing Opera has a history of 200 years, ------- origin can be seen as old local operas，especially Anhui Opera. (2019·天一大联考)
7．The teen, --------is black and only speaks some basic Chinese，has been praised by teachers since he picked up the music as a kindergartener. (2019·菏泽模拟)
8．In addition, due to people’s awful impression of the smoking people, the habit will limit our social network, ----------will finally lead to loneliness. (2019·衡阳模拟)
9 --------is widely accepted, in the Middle East Arabs greet each other by touching noses，but this is not a polite way of greeting in other cultures. (2019·常德模拟)
10．The products, several of ---------have been recently introduced, seem to be well accepted.(2019·武汉模拟)
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．I wanted to swim in the river, which some women villagers were washing clothes. (2019·石家庄模拟)
2．Then Mr. Green read some views of the play, that said it was a terrible one. (2019·邢台模拟)
3．I kept running until I got to a bookstore which I could wait until the rain stopped and at the same time I could read my favorite books. (2019·巴彦淖尔模拟)
4．First, I’d like to express our sincere thanks to all the teachers and host families which have given us a lot of help both in life and in study. (2019·成都模拟)
5．Mistakes are the best teachers which guide us through difficulties. (2019·成都模拟)
6．Firstly，list all the tasks which must be done and decide which one requires immediate attention.(2019·沈阳模拟)
7．On the other hand, I can see the singers’ stories, who are so inspiring. (2019·宜昌模拟)
8．It’s a really beautiful school in our city, that many flowers and trees have been planted. (2019·林州模拟)
9．We asked one of the workers what it was, and he told us it was an animal care center, there the sick animals got treated. (2019·洛阳模拟)
10．It is hard to be mean to someone is being nice. (2019·南昌模拟)
Ⅳ.短文改错
The Lantern Festival this year fell on February 11th.On that day after school，I hurried back to home to join in the preparation of the big family dinner. Grandparents taught me how to make sweet dumplings while Dad and Mom made dish. Then comes the dinner time. We all agreed that home－made dumplings tasted many sweeter. We chatted happily，enjoy the family togetherness. After the dinner，we went to the park，where was built 100 years ago，to appreciate the beautiful lanterns. Two huge dragon lanterns especial amazed us and we couldn’t help flash our cameras. Walking in the park and admiring the beautiful moon，we felt we were so luckily to have each other as a family and valued the time when we spent together. What a fantastic Lantern Festival!
[思维导图]
导学说明：
1. 先让学生们自学15分钟，在让他们提出自己的疑问，然后在进行答疑。
2. 训练题，先做，核对答案，最后讲解！
Ⅰ. 定语
1．修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。
2．定语可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词或定语从句等充当。
3．定语有前置和后置两种情况，如短语结构、从句等作定语时，常置于被修饰词之后。
The beautiful girl is her daughter.(形容词和形容词性物主代词作前置定语)
那个漂亮的女孩是她的女儿。
The building being repaired is our library.(非谓语动词作后置定语)
正在修复的那幢楼是我们的图书馆。
Ⅱ. 定语从句
一、必须掌握的定语从句的3个概念及2种分类
（概念1）1．定语从句（概念1）
在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.
那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。(定语从句作后置定语)
定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
（概念2）2．先行词：被定语从句所修饰的词或句子叫先行词，作先行词的可以是：
(1)一个词(通常是名词，也可以是代词)
This is the place which is worth visiting. 这是值得参观的地方。
He laughs best who laughs last. 谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。
(2)一个短语
Many life’s problems which were solved by asking family members，friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.
许多以前可以通过询问家庭成员、朋友或者同事就能解决的生活问题，是现在的大家庭无力解决的。
(3)一个分句
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people have realized how diverse languages could be.
希腊人认为，语言结构和思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点是在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。
(4)一个完整的句子
I found an old man lying on the ground and I took him to hospital in a taxi immediately，which was why I was late that morning.
我发现一个老人躺在马路上，我乘出租车立即把他送到了医院，这就是那天上午我迟到的原因。
（概念3）3．关系词: 引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系词有三大作用：代指先行词，引导定语从句，在从句中作句子成分。
4．分类
（分类1）(1)限制性定语从句：它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。（划重点： 定从典型考点）
Do you know the girl who just came in 你认识那个刚刚进来的女孩吗？
The time when I first met Mr. White was a very difficult period of my life. 我第一次遇见怀特先生的时候是一个我一生中非常困难的时期。
（分类2）(2)非限制性定语从句：它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句一般不用that引导。（划重点： 定从典型考点）
The old woman，who lives on her own, has a cat for company.这个老妇人一个人住，养了一只猫陪伴她。
He whispered to me the news, which was really amazing.他低声告诉我这个消息，它真令人惊叹。
二、正确使用关系词
1．关系代词
关系代词 先行词 句法功能
who 人 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语
whom 人 宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
whose (＝of whom/of which) 人或物 定语
that 人或物 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
which 物 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
as 人或物 主语、宾语
Those who are interested in the film can contact me.对该电影感兴趣的可与我联系。
My daughter, whose job requires her to do a lot of travelling，is always away from home.我的女儿总不在家，她的工作需要经常出差。
[名师指津] 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。（划重点： 定从典型考点）
Tom is one of the engineers who are sent abroad.汤姆是被派往国外的工程师之一。
Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution.汤姆就是唯一提出解决方案的那位工程师。
2．两组关系词的区别
(1)4种只用that而不用which的情况：
①先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时，关系代词通常只用that。
Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself 你有什么要为自己说的吗？
②先行词被序数词、形容词最高级， the only，the very，the last等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。
This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。
This is the only thing that we can do now.这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。
③先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which。
The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。
④当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也作表语时。
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.上海不再是过去的那座城市了。
(2)which与as引导非限制性定语从句的3点区别
which as
位置上 只能放在先行词的后面 位置灵活，可位于句首、句中，也可置于句末
搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see，hear，know，expect，remember等
意思上 意为“这一点” 表示“正如……，正像……的那样”
She married again, which was unexpected.她再婚了，这是始料未及的。
She married again, as we expected.正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。
[名师指津] as引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：such＋名词＋as(像……一样的，像……之类的)；such(pron.)＋as(像……一样的，像……之类的)；the same＋名词＋as(和……同样的)。划重点： 定从典型考点）
We have found such materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。
I have the same book as he has.我和他有同样的书。
3．关系副词
关系副词 先行词 句法功能
when 时间 时间状语
where 地点 地点状语
why 原因 原因状语(只引导限制性定语从句)
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。
The Voice of China has set up a big stage for young people with a talent for music, where some have stood out among them. 《中国好声音》为有音乐天赋的年轻人建立了一个大舞台，在这个舞台上一些人从中脱颖而出。
The reason why he failed in the exam was that he didn’t study hard.他考试失败的原因是他学习不努力。
[名师指津] 当先行词为表示抽象地点的名词situation，case，stage，point等，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where引导定语从句。如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时则用关系代词which/that。（划重点： 定从典型考点）
They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.
他们已经到了必须分手的地步。
4．“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句
构成 句法功能 用法指津
名词(代词)＋介词＋关系代词 主语 可转化为“whose＋名词”结构
数词(形容词最高级)＋of＋关系代词 主语 数词还可以用some，many，most，each等不定代词替换
介词(短语)＋关系代词 状语 关系代词只能用which或whom且不能省略，但可与关系副词互换
介词＋关系代词＋名词 状语 关系代词常用which 和whose
介词＋关系副词 状语 有时为了表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from或to
Recently，I bought an ancient vase, the price of which was very reasonable.最近，我买了一个古董花瓶，它的价格很合理。
He has ten cousins, the youngest of whom is very clever.他有十个表兄弟，最小的那个很聪明。
The poor man has no house in which he can live.那个穷人没房子住。
Lily might possibly come, in which case I’ll ask her. 莉莉可能会来，要是那样的话我就去问她。
There is a big window in my room, from where I can see the railway station.我的房间有一个大窗户，透过它我可以看到火车站。（划重点： 定从典型考点，这个点要知道，一般不会考到！）
（划重点： 定从典型考点）“缺什么，补什么”，准确选用关系词
1. 如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少主语，限制性定语从句中用who/that；非限制性定语从句用who
①“It takes a lot for any student, ” Whaley explains, “especially for a student who/that is learning English as their new language, to feel confident enough to say, ‘I don’t know，but I want to know.’”(2019 I卷)
②Bechtel, who(不使用that) works in downtown West Palm Beach，has lunch with coworkers sometimes，but like many of us，too often works through lunch at her desk. (2019 II卷)
2．如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少宾语，限制性定语从句中用who/that/whom；非限制性定语从句用whom。
①The professor who/that/whom (whom) you are waiting for has come.你正在等的教授已经来了
②The person, whom/who you just talked to, is Mr. Li
3．如果先行词指物，定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，限制性定语从句中用which/that；非限制性定语从句用which。
①Football is a game which/that is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。
②During the rosy years of elementary school（小学）, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status.(2019I卷)
4．如果先行词指时间或地点，定语从句中缺少时间状语或地点状语，定语从句中用when/where; 如果从句中缺少的是主语或宾语，则用that/which。
A. I know a place where we can have a picnic. 我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。
I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.我永远忘不了我们一起度假的日子。
This is the reason why he was dismissed. 这就是他被解雇的原因。
B. I know a place which/ that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. 我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方。
I will never forget the days which/ that/ - we spent together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子
This is the reason which/that/- he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. 这就是他向我解释的他没有参加会议的原因。
5．不论先行词指人还是物，只要关系词在定语从句中作定语就用whose。
①I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。
②He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。
③I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。
6．如果先行词指人，“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系词用whom，如果先行词指物，“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系词用which。
①The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。
②Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。
③This is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。
学案导学的反馈
同学们通过学案导学自学完定语从句后，存在很多疑问和曲解，我收集后归纳整理如下：
一涉及到非限制性定语从句，同学们就用which
长难句中先行词的定位
相同先行词的情况下为什么用不同的关系词
何为抽象意义上的地点名词，常用的有哪些
关系副词可以写为介词加关系代词，该介词如何确定
关系词whose的用法
定语从句的考点在单句改错和单句语法填空中很好把握，在语篇中如何正确把握该考点
如何分析含有定语从句的长难句
能不能用简单易记的方法记住那几组词的区别
“缺什么，补什么”中怎样分析所缺的成分
针对同学们的疑惑，我通过以下方式排异解答：
先用口诀式：
定语从句真奇妙，关系代副来引导
定语从句分两种，是否限定看逗号
Which指物who指人，地点where时间when
That人、物均可用，why前面是reason
关系若是表所属，whose用法不可无
关系代词不一般，介词经常用在前
此时不必用that，who whom which才安全
“高，代，序”时只用that莫遗憾！
再在真题演练中去解难答疑。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)
答案：that/which
[根据句子结构可知，此处是定语从句的关系代词，在定语从句中作主语，其先行词是study，故填that/which。]
2．Many westerners who/that come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out. (2018·浙江高考)
答案：who/that
[先行词指人，故用who/that 引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语。]
3．But Sarah，who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)
答案: who
[分析句子结构可知，此处应是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是Sarah，故用关系代词who。]
4．Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring(戒指) probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, where it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it. For Pahlsson, its return was a wonder. (2017·浙江高考)
答案: where
[根据句子结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为“the garden”，在从句中作地点状语，故要用关系副词where引导。]
5．But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. (2016·全国卷Ⅰ)
答案: when
[先行词是表示时间的“the mid-1980s”，且从句中缺少时间状语，故填关系副词when。
6．Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius(孔子), who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks. (2016·全国卷Ⅲ)
答案: who
[分析句子结构可知，此句是非限制性定语从句，先行词指人，且空格处在从句中作主语，故填who。]
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．They also had a small pond which they raised fish. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)
答案: which前加in或which→where
[根据句子结构可知，they raised fish是定语从句，其先行词是pond，在定语从句中应该作介词in的宾语，或者用关系副词where作状语。]
2．In their spare time，they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house. (2017·全国卷Ⅱ)
答案: that→which
[which可以引导非限制性定语从句，that不可以。]
3．Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments. (2017·全国卷Ⅲ)
答案: they→that/which
[分析句子结构可知，things作其后定语从句的先行词，并在从句中作主语，故关系代词为that或which。]
4．The dishes what I cooked were Mom’s favorite.(2016·四川高考)
答案: what→that/which或去掉what
[分析句子结构可知，dishes后跟的是定语从句，what不能引导定语从句，应用that/which引导。引导词在定语从句中作cooked的宾语，可以省略，因此也可以把what去掉。]
学案导学的反思：
在淡化语法教学的高考改革下，各种语法教学并没有花大量的时间，但是语法又渗透于整个考试卷的题型中。因此，在时间紧，教学任务中的情况下，利用学案导学是很不错的方法。首先，利用学案给学生一个系统的思维导图，是学生对该语法脉络分明，构建知识结构网络图。其次，通过学案，学生立刻明白该语法考什么，怎么考，并在实际运用中融会贯通。但是，学案的设计一定要精益求精，拖沓冗长的学案反而会搞乱学生的思维。所以学案导学后教师的总结性讲解是很有必要的。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．In the following years，there were fewer drop-outs and more college graduates in my village, --------- I am proud of even today.(2019·衡水模拟)
2．Being in a big, busy building in a country --------I could not speak the language made me nervous, but as I found my way, I gained confidence. (2019·六盘山模拟)
3．The report has also drawn criticism，with some scientists arguing that the data on --------it is based is not wide and representative enough to generate a single number for the decline of wildlife worldwide. (2019·重庆模拟)
4．After some time, when both of you have renewed your confidence in each other, go back to the time -------- you nearly fell apart.(2019·邢台模拟)
5．Badaling is the most famous of the five sections -------- lie near Beijing and can be accessed easily. (2019·淄博模拟)
6．Beijing Opera has a history of 200 years, ------- origin can be seen as old local operas，especially Anhui Opera. (2019·天一大联考)
7．The teen, --------is black and only speaks some basic Chinese，has been praised by teachers since he picked up the music as a kindergartener. (2019·菏泽模拟)
8．In addition, due to people’s awful impression of the smoking people, the habit will limit our social network, ----------will finally lead to loneliness. (2019·衡阳模拟)
9 --------is widely accepted, in the Middle East Arabs greet each other by touching noses，but this is not a polite way of greeting in other cultures. (2019·常德模拟)
10．The products, several of ---------have been recently introduced, seem to be well accepted.(2019·武汉模拟)
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．I wanted to swim in the river, which some women villagers were washing clothes. (2019·石家庄模拟)
2．Then Mr. Green read some views of the play, that said it was a terrible one. (2019·邢台模拟)
3．I kept running until I got to a bookstore which I could wait until the rain stopped and at the same time I could read my favorite books. (2019·巴彦淖尔模拟)
4．First, I’d like to express our sincere thanks to all the teachers and host families which have given us a lot of help both in life and in study. (2019·成都模拟)
5．Mistakes are the best teachers which guide us through difficulties. (2019·成都模拟)
6．Firstly，list all the tasks which must be done and decide which one requires immediate attention.(2019·沈阳模拟)
7．On the other hand, I can see the singers’ stories, who are so inspiring. (2019·宜昌模拟)
8．It’s a really beautiful school in our city, that many flowers and trees have been planted. (2019·林州模拟)
9．We asked one of the workers what it was, and he told us it was an animal care center, there the sick animals got treated. (2019·洛阳模拟)
10．It is hard to be mean to someone is being nice. (2019·南昌模拟)
Ⅳ.短文改错
The Lantern Festival this year fell on February 11th.On that day after school，I hurried back to home to join in the preparation of the big family dinner. Grandparents taught me how to make sweet dumplings while Dad and Mom made dish. Then comes the dinner time. We all agreed that home－made dumplings tasted many sweeter. We chatted happily，enjoy the family togetherness. After the dinner，we went to the park，where was built 100 years ago，to appreciate the beautiful lanterns. Two huge dragon lanterns especial amazed us and we couldn’t help flash our cameras. Walking in the park and admiring the beautiful moon，we felt we were so luckily to have each other as a family and valued the time when we spent together. What a fantastic Lantern Festival!