2023届高考英语二轮复习名词 学案(含答案)

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名称 2023届高考英语二轮复习名词 学案(含答案)
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版本资源 人教版(2019)
科目 英语
更新时间 2022-10-18 22:56:52

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名词
考点1 名词的数
1.可数名词的复数
(1)规则变化
情况 方法 例词
一般情况 加-s students,teachers, doctors,tables
以s,x,ch, sh结尾 加-es glasses,dishes,boxes,watches,但stomach复数形式直接加s,即stomachs
以辅音字母 +y结尾 变y为i 再加-es families,babies, armies,bodies
以元音字母 +y结尾 加-s boys,toys
以f或fe 结尾 多变f或fe 为v,再加-es thieves,wives,knives,shelves,lives
少数加-s beliefs,proofs,roofs,chiefs
以o结尾 通常加-s radios,videos,zoos, tobaccos
有的加-es heroes,potatoes,tomatoes
【名师指津】
①以-o结尾的下列名词要加-es:“黑人英雄爱吃土豆、西红柿”,即Negroes,heroes, potatoes,tomatoes。
②以-f或-fe结尾的名词需要把f或fe去掉,加-ves:“为了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成两半”,即selves,lives,thieves,wives,knives,leaves,shelves,wolves,halves。
(2)不规则变化
自身变化 的名词 child孩子→children,man男人→men,tooth牙→teeth, foot脚;英尺→ feet,mouse老鼠→mice,phenomenon现象→phenomena,medium传播媒介→media
单复数同 形名词 Chinese中国人;sheep 绵羊;deer鹿;series 系列;means 方式;works 工厂;fish 鱼;fruit 水果等。其中fish,fruit表示种类时,可加复数词尾,即fishes,fruits
合成名词 son-in-law→sons-in-law,passer-by→passers-by, story-teller→story-tellers
Every possible means has been tried, but none has worked.每一种可能的方式都已经被尝试了,但是没有起作用的。
 单句语法填空
①Later,they learned to work with the seasons (season),planting at the right time and,in dry areas, making use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.(2020·浙江卷语法填空)
②Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes (cause).(2018·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)
③Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook.Making Chinese dishes(dish) is seen as especially troublesome.(2018·浙江卷语法填空)
④This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界)as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects(effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.(全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)
⑤She has turned down several invitations (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.(全国卷Ⅲ语法填空)
2.不可数名词(物质名词和抽象名词)
(1)只用作不可数名词的名词:advice,furniture,fun, information,news,weather,progress,wealth等。
(2)抽象名词具体化:抽象名词与a(an)连用,淡化了抽象概念,转化为具体的动作、行为或类别等概念。
单词 抽象名词意义 具体化名词意义
success 成功 成功的人或事
pleasure 乐趣 令人高兴的事
beauty 美;美丽 美丽的人或事物
comfort 安慰;慰藉 令人感到安慰的人或事物
danger 危险 危险的人或因素
delight 高兴 令人高兴的事
failure 失败 失败的人或事物
surprise 惊奇 令人惊奇的事情
shock 震惊 令人震惊的事情
pride 骄傲 令人骄傲的人或事情
Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.
你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。
考点2 名词所有格
1.-’s所有格:①and连接的并列名词表示各自的所有关系时,要分别在并列名词后加-’s 或’;表示共同的所有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加-’s或’。 ②表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时,名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。
Tom’s and Jim’s rooms汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间
Tom and Jim’s room汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间
at the barber’s在理发店
2.of所有格:无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系;名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。
the content of the novel小说的内容
the name of the girl over there那边那位女孩的名字
3.双重所有格:“名词+of+名词所有格”或“名词+of+名词性物主代词”。
a play of Shakespeare’s 莎士比亚的一个戏剧
a photo of mine我的一张照片
 补全句子
①Can you give__me__some__advice(给我一些建议) on how to drive a car
②We can go to the library or surf the Internet for various/all__kinds__of__information(各种各样的信息).
③The__windows__of__the__house(房子的窗户) were broken during the big storm.
考点3 动词、形容词与名词之间的词形转换
1.动词转化为名词的后缀
后缀 例词
-ion/ -tion/ -sion/ ation correct→correction改正 celebrate→celebration庆祝(活动) attract→attraction吸引;有吸引力的人或事物 conclude→conclusion结论;结束 discuss→discussion讨论;论述 decide→decision决定 admit→admission承认;准许加入 permit→permission允许,许可 invite→invitation邀请 explain→explanation解释 graduate→graduation毕业 expect→expectation期望
-er/ -or sail→sailor海员,水手 drive→driver司机;驾驶员 gather→gatherer收集者,采集者 teach→teacher老师 announce→announcer广播员 conduct→conductor指挥;售票员
-ment punish→punishment惩罚 achieve→achievement成就 argue→argument辩论;论据 treat→treatment对待;治疗 equip →equipment装备;设备 govern→government政府 astonish→astonishment惊奇
-ance/ -ence appear→appearance出现;外貌 guide→guidance指引;指导 perform→performance表演;表现 exist→existence存在;生存 prefer→preference偏爱 refer→reference参考,查阅
-ure/ ture fail→failure失败;倒闭 press→pressure压力 depart→departure离开;出发 mix→mixture混合(物)
-ing hear→hearing听力,听觉 begin→beginning开始 build→building建筑
-y recover→recovery恢复,痊愈 discover→discovery发现 scare→scarey害怕
2.形容词转化为名词的后缀
后缀 例词
-age short→shortage
-cy efficient→efficiency效率 fluent→fluency流利 accurate→accuracy准确性 private→privacy隐私
-dom free→freedom自由 wise→wisdom明智;智慧
-ence different→difference差异 silent→silence沉默 evident →evidence 证据
-ness weak→weakness虚弱;弱点 kind→kindness仁慈,友好 careless→carelessness粗心大意
-th strong→strength力气;优势 warm→warmth温暖;热情
-y/-ty/-ity safe→safety安全 disable→disability缺陷;伤残 responsible→responsibility责任 honest→honesty诚实 difficult→difficulty困难
 单句语法填空
①Historical accuracy (accurate) is important but so is entertainment.(2020·新高考卷Ⅰ语法填空)
②Filled with __curiosity (curious), the artist packed his bags and left.(2020·全国卷Ⅲ语法填空)
③Chinese New Year is a celebration (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.(2020·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)
④When they were free from work,they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting competition (compete)to watch,together with the story behind it.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ语法填空)
⑤Waba stressed that as an educator__(educate) it is right to go above and beyond for their students in this tough time.(2020·山东省潍坊市高三二模)
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.It was a great pleasure for the family to move to a house with a very big garden.
2.A new collection(collect) of photos brings an unsuccessful Antarctic voyage back to life.
3.Handle the most important tasks first and you’ll feel a real sense of achievement (achieve).
4.Recent studies(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.
5.I had to decline Jack’s invitation(invite) to his birthday party because it conflicted with an important conference.
6.Going to Cambridge University is a dream of mine, for it is one of the top universities (university) in the world.
7.Some __organizations/organisations (organize) have begun working hard to save them.(2021·南宁市高三毕业班适应性测试)
8.Reading a book can open the door to a wonderful new world of magic and discovery(discover), which is why people all around the world love to read.(2021·深圳市高三第一次调研)
9.They were tourists__(tour) from the inland of the country, and had never seen an American before.(2021·许昌市高三第三次质量检测)
10.Although I have said “Thank you” to them several times, I still think it is not enough to express my deep appreciation(appreciate).(2021·皖南八校高三第三次联考)
Ⅱ.语法填空
A high school history teacher once told us,“If you make one close friend in school,you will be most lucky.1.____________ true friend is someone who stays with you for life.” Experience showed that he was right.Good 2.____________ (friend) are just not easily formed.
To most of us,friendships are thought very important,but we need to have the kinds of friendships we want.Are they to be close or kept at arm’s 3.________ (long) Do we want to share ourselves or do we want to walk on the surface For some people,many friendships on the surface are quite enough and that’s all right.But at some point we need to make sure that our expectations are the same as our 4.____________ (friend) expectations.The sharing of 5.____________ (person) experience is the surest way 6.____________ (deepen) friendships.But it must be undertaken slowly and carried on only if there are signs of interest and action in return.
What are some of the 7.____________ (difficult) in forming friendships The greatest is to expect too much too soon.Deep relationships take time.Another main difficulty is the 8.____________ (selfish) to think one “owns” the other,including his time and attention.Similarly,friendships need actions in return.In other words,you must give as much as you take.Finally there is a question of taking care of each other.9.____________ you spend reasonable time together,talking on the phone,writing 10.____________ (letter) or doing things together,friendships will die away.
【语篇解读】 本文主要讲如何加深友谊(how to deepen friendships)。
1.A [由语境可知,此处指类别,泛指“一个”真正的朋友,故填不定冠词a,另在句首要大写。]
2.friendships [在句中作主语,用名词形式;根据谓语动词are formed可知,主语应为复数形式,故填friendships。]
3.length [在名词所有格后,要用名词形式。keep sb at arm’s length意为“不使自己太靠近某人;与某人保持距离”。]
4.friends’ [根据语境,应当指“我们的朋友的”,故填friends’。]
5.personal [在名词前作定语,用形容词形式。]
6.to deepen [在way后用不定式作定语。]
7.difficulties [此处用difficulties指具体困难。]
8.selfishness [在冠词后要用名词。]
9.Unless [根据“you spend...”和“friendships will die away”两个句子的逻辑关系可知,应填unless引导条件状语从句。]
10.letters [名词作宾语。因为是可数名词,且没有限定词,故用复数。]
Ⅲ.写作运用
根据汉语提示补全短文,并注意名词的使用
Dear Sir or Madam,
1.I’m__one__of__your__customers (我是你的一个顾客).I ordered a set of books on your website two weeks ago, but I didn’t receive them until yesterday.2.And__to__my__disappointment (令我失望的是),the books were so poorly packed up that 3.the__cover__of__one__book__was__torn__(其中一本书的书皮破损了).4.To__make__things/matters__worse(更为糟糕的是), it was not a complete set, as I found one book missing.
I’ m sorry to have received such poor service, and I hope that you either return my money 5.or__deliver__a__new__set__of__books__to__me__ (或者给我派送一套新书).Besides, I’d like to be informed of the process of your dealing with my complaint.
Looking forward to your reply.