高考英语【考前技能篇3】 完型填空的解题技巧
文档属性
| 名称 | 高考英语【考前技能篇3】 完型填空的解题技巧 |  | |
| 格式 | zip | ||
| 文件大小 | 110.4KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2022-10-19 16:58:20 | ||
图片预览
文档简介
【考前技能篇3】
完形填空的解题技巧
1．词不离句、句不离篇原则
做题时避免见空填空，即看到一个空格，直接看选项进行选择，失误率会大大增加。完形填空强调单词、短语在语境(句子层面、段落层面，篇章层面)中的应用。填第一空时，务必读到第二空，很多时候两个题空之间出题者往往给了很多暗示和线索，依次类推。
2．无关词排除原则
文章一般都有非常明确的中心主线，结构很紧凑，正确选项一般都是紧扣文章的中心主线，一些看上去明显和文章主线毫无关系的选项，可以排除在外。
3．末段紧扣主题原则
文章的末段通常是本文内容的升华，或是主旨大意的概括，或是作者思想境界的提升等，总之与主题密切相关，与文章主题无关或相左的选项可以排除。
一、思维导图
二、5 大方法速判句内层次题
句内层次题的解题信息分布在本句内，在读懂文意的前提下，利用本句的一些信息凭借语感即可顺利选出答案。对于此类题目，考生可以边读边填，将原文信息尽量复原。
方法1 利用习惯搭配和固定结构解题
[例] [2020·全国卷Ⅱ]It was just after sunrise on a June morning. “Nicolo，” whose real name cannot be __41__ to the public because of Italy's privacy laws, 42.finished working the whole night at a factory in Turin.
41．A.attached B．allocated
C．exposed D．submitted
分析：本题可以利用习惯搭配解题。根据下文的“because of Italy's privacy laws”可知主人公的真名是隐私的、不可透露的。由此可知正确选项。
方法2 利用生活常识和文化背景解题
完形填空的语篇中往往渗透着诸如文化科学、历史地理、风俗民情等方面的知识。考生在做题时，若能积极地调动自己掌握的文化背景知识和生活常识，巧妙地加以运用，特别是注意中西文化的差异，将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，从而轻松地做出正确判断。
[例] [2021·全国卷乙]And there you have it. To many people, __59__ lives is part of the job but styling hair is an extra and should be rewarded.
59．A.risking B．changing
C．saving D．building
分析：第59题考查语境和常识推断。对许多人来说，挽救(saving)生命是医护人员工作的一部分，但是做头发是额外的(extra)事，应当得到酬谢。risk“冒险”；change“改变”；build“培养，发展”。
方法3 利用对应成分分析法解题
完形填空文章的上下文之间以及句子内部之间往往有着一定的逻辑关系，它使句子的各个成分之间形成一定的对应关系。考生可以根据这种逻辑关系找出与未知填空相对应的已知成分，将它作为线索，通过它推断出未知填空的答案。
[例] [2021·浙江卷]．..However，within fifteen minutes of 39.arriving，my worries had gone. Everyone was so __40__ and like-minded that it was very 41.easy to feel at home.
40．A.confident B．friendly
C．energetic D．curious
分析：本题可以利用对应成分分析法解题。
Everyone was so __40__ and like-minded that it was
形容词 并列连词 形容词
very 41.easy to feel at home.
从上述分析可以看出，第40题与“like-minded”形成对应关系。因为有and这一并列连词，并且and前后意思应该一致，由此可知正确选项。
方法4 利用逻辑关系解题
此方法是通过分析未知填空前后文与已知信息之间的逻辑关系来确定答案，主要应用于完形填空的两类题型：一是考查连接词和起连接词作用的短语；二是考查上下文的逻辑关系。
[例] [2020·山东高考模拟卷]I am willing to 32.stay__up here for as long as it takes, __33__ I honestly hope it won't be 34.too__long before I can put my feet on the ground below and stand in a forest that will never be 35.logged.
33．A.but B．though
C．because D．so
分析：本题可以利用转折关系解题。空前提到“我愿意待在树上”，空后说“我不希望待在树上太长时间”，由此可知，前后语义为转折关系。
方法5 利用语境暗示分析法解题
上下文语境具体体现为：全文的中心主线和主题、作者的态度倾向和评价、上下文语篇衔接、句际和段际关系。在句内层次题中，我们通常可以通过上下文语境暗示，即根据已知信息，推导出正确答案。
[例] [2021·全国卷乙]She was__49__for everything that the medical and nursing team had done for her. On her day of discharge，we shared in her50.delight at her recovery. As she was 51.leaving she was eager to say 52.goodbye to each of us in the nursing team.
49．A.grateful B．thoughtful
C．sorrowful D．fearful
分析：本题可通过语境暗示解题。根据下文中“everything that the medical and nursing team had done for her”可推知，她感激医护人员为她做的一切。thoughtful“周到的，体贴的”；sorrowful“悲伤的”；fearful“担心的，害怕的”
三、4大技巧稳抓句组层次题
句组层次题是比句内层次题稍难一级的题目，其解题信息分布在空格前后的一组意群之中，解题时需瞻前顾后，综合意群信息解答。即本句信息不足填，空格前后再找信息源。
技巧1 利用语义复现解题
复现是一种语义衔接手段，它通过原词、同义词或近义词、反义词、上义词、下义词、同源词或同根词等重复出现来表达某一概念，使整篇文章上下连贯，有机地衔接在一起。因此，考生可根据文章的具体情况，理解文章的结构和语境，利用文章中的语义复现来选择正确的答案。
1．原词复现
[例] [2020·全国卷Ⅰ]One day they'll 47.wake__up and discover that everything they've always known about windows is a __48__．
I wonder if 49.parents should always tell the truth no matter the 50.consequences. I have a very strong 51.fear that the lie we're telling is doing 52.spiritual__ damage to our children.
48．A.dream B．lie
C．fantasy D．fact
分析：本题可以利用原词复现解题。由下文的“ I have a very strong 51.fear that the lie ...”并结合语境可知正确选项。
2．同义复现
[例] [2021·3月天津卷]For most people, having things stolen feels like an offence. Robbie Pruitt admitted that he got __16__ when he discovered the theft of his mountain bike last September. But soon enough, his 17.emotions took a turn. After letting go of his anger and frustration, he found himself on a road to sympathy 18.instead.
16．A.amazed B．mad
C．curious D．frightened
分析：本题可以利用同义复现解题。根据下文的“After letting go of his anger and frustration”可知此处和“anger”“ frustration”是同义词，由此可知正确选项。
3．反义复现
[例] [2021·新高考Ⅰ卷]Our 48.roles in the factory were simple：Place cakes on a moving belt. Attach icing (糖霜) ears. Apply icing eyes and nose. 49.Remove bunny from the belt. This was __50__ than it sounds. 51.Slow__down a bit and the cakes pile up. As I told my parents at dinner that first night，it was all a little more high- pressure than I'd 52.expected.
50．A.harder B．better
C．longer D．cheaper
分析：本题可以利用反义复现解题。尽管前文提到了“Our 48.roles in the factory were simple”，根据下文中的“the cakes pile up”“a little more high- pressure”可知，作者想表达实际上作者他们的工作并不像听上去那么简单， harder与simple构成反义复现。
4．代词复现
[例] [2016·全国卷Ⅰ]Once fire and emergency people arrived, Larry and the other man 56.backed__off and let them go to work. Then, Larry asked the __57__ if he was needed or 58.free to go. They let him and the other man go.
57．A.woman B．police
C．man D．driver
分析：本题可以利用代词复现解题。根据语境和下文中的“They”可知，拉里问是否还需要他，问的对象肯定是这些急救人员。下文中的代词“They”是复数，四个选项中只有police是集合名词，表示复数，也符合常识。
技巧2 利用作者态度或感彩关联解题
在完形填空中，我们一定要在快速阅读文章的过程中，仔细找出能够反映作者态度和感彩的重要词汇，它们往往是名词、形容词、副词或动词。这些词汇通常是我们做题时重要的参照线索，可以帮助我们快速确定某些题目的正确答案。
[例] [2021·浙江卷1月]My job was to 45.build a stairway out of rock. This 46.meant climbing up and down the side of a mountain inhabited (栖息) by mountain lions，although I should say they were only heard，never 47.seen.
Three days later，a beautiful stairway came into being. The __48__ of knowing that my 49.work will be on that mountainside for years to come is massive.
48．A.satisfaction B．ambition
C．expectation D．intention
分析：本题可以利用作者态度或感彩关联解题。根据划线处后半句“my 49.work will be on that mountainside for years to come is massive”，“了解我的工作成果(work)将会在未来数年都在这个山坡上”，作者对自己的工作有十足的满足感，故用satisfaction“满足，满足感”。
技巧3 利用逻辑关系解题
在句组层次题中，利用逻辑关系解题同样是一种重要的方法。
[例1] [2021·天津卷3月]In addition to 31.practical skills, Pruitt's lessons teach teamwork, encourage self-worth, and promote feelings of community. __32__， the kids have gained a sense of accomplishment.
32．A.Otherwise B．However
C．Somehow D．Meanwhile
分析：本题考查连接词，可以利用逻辑关系解题。根据语境可知，此处表示与此同时，孩子们也获得了成就感。otherwise“否则，不然”；however“但是”；somehow“以某种方式”；meanwhile“与此同时”。
[例2] [2020·新高考山东卷]When he was 16, Molai began to notice something 23.disturbing happening around his home. A flood had hit the area earlier that year and the 24.damage it caused had driven away a number of birds. __25__， the number of snakes had declined as well.
25．A.Besides B．However
C．Therefore D．Otherwise
分析：本题可以利用逻辑关系解题。空前提到“鸟的数量减少了”，空后提到“蛇的数量也减少了”，此处表示语意上的递进。
技巧4 利用语境暗示分析法解题
在句组层次题中，有些题目我们往往也需要通过上下文的语境暗示来解题，即根据已知信息，推导出正确答案。
[例] [2021·全国卷甲]Burchill was 41.staying at the hotel on business and planning to 42.visit some friends in the area. They had asked him to 43.bring some pepperoni (辣香肠) from back east. So he __44__ a suitcase full of pepperoni.
44．A.filled B．locked
C．abandoned D．lost
分析：本题可以利用语境暗示分析法解题。根据上文“They had asked him to 43.bring some pepperoni (辣香肠) from back east”，可推知Burchill应该是装了一手提箱的辣香肠带给朋友，此题选A符合上下文语境。
完形填空的解题技巧
1．词不离句、句不离篇原则
做题时避免见空填空，即看到一个空格，直接看选项进行选择，失误率会大大增加。完形填空强调单词、短语在语境(句子层面、段落层面，篇章层面)中的应用。填第一空时，务必读到第二空，很多时候两个题空之间出题者往往给了很多暗示和线索，依次类推。
2．无关词排除原则
文章一般都有非常明确的中心主线，结构很紧凑，正确选项一般都是紧扣文章的中心主线，一些看上去明显和文章主线毫无关系的选项，可以排除在外。
3．末段紧扣主题原则
文章的末段通常是本文内容的升华，或是主旨大意的概括，或是作者思想境界的提升等，总之与主题密切相关，与文章主题无关或相左的选项可以排除。
一、思维导图
二、5 大方法速判句内层次题
句内层次题的解题信息分布在本句内，在读懂文意的前提下，利用本句的一些信息凭借语感即可顺利选出答案。对于此类题目，考生可以边读边填，将原文信息尽量复原。
方法1 利用习惯搭配和固定结构解题
[例] [2020·全国卷Ⅱ]It was just after sunrise on a June morning. “Nicolo，” whose real name cannot be __41__ to the public because of Italy's privacy laws, 42.finished working the whole night at a factory in Turin.
41．A.attached B．allocated
C．exposed D．submitted
分析：本题可以利用习惯搭配解题。根据下文的“because of Italy's privacy laws”可知主人公的真名是隐私的、不可透露的。由此可知正确选项。
方法2 利用生活常识和文化背景解题
完形填空的语篇中往往渗透着诸如文化科学、历史地理、风俗民情等方面的知识。考生在做题时，若能积极地调动自己掌握的文化背景知识和生活常识，巧妙地加以运用，特别是注意中西文化的差异，将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，从而轻松地做出正确判断。
[例] [2021·全国卷乙]And there you have it. To many people, __59__ lives is part of the job but styling hair is an extra and should be rewarded.
59．A.risking B．changing
C．saving D．building
分析：第59题考查语境和常识推断。对许多人来说，挽救(saving)生命是医护人员工作的一部分，但是做头发是额外的(extra)事，应当得到酬谢。risk“冒险”；change“改变”；build“培养，发展”。
方法3 利用对应成分分析法解题
完形填空文章的上下文之间以及句子内部之间往往有着一定的逻辑关系，它使句子的各个成分之间形成一定的对应关系。考生可以根据这种逻辑关系找出与未知填空相对应的已知成分，将它作为线索，通过它推断出未知填空的答案。
[例] [2021·浙江卷]．..However，within fifteen minutes of 39.arriving，my worries had gone. Everyone was so __40__ and like-minded that it was very 41.easy to feel at home.
40．A.confident B．friendly
C．energetic D．curious
分析：本题可以利用对应成分分析法解题。
Everyone was so __40__ and like-minded that it was
形容词 并列连词 形容词
very 41.easy to feel at home.
从上述分析可以看出，第40题与“like-minded”形成对应关系。因为有and这一并列连词，并且and前后意思应该一致，由此可知正确选项。
方法4 利用逻辑关系解题
此方法是通过分析未知填空前后文与已知信息之间的逻辑关系来确定答案，主要应用于完形填空的两类题型：一是考查连接词和起连接词作用的短语；二是考查上下文的逻辑关系。
[例] [2020·山东高考模拟卷]I am willing to 32.stay__up here for as long as it takes, __33__ I honestly hope it won't be 34.too__long before I can put my feet on the ground below and stand in a forest that will never be 35.logged.
33．A.but B．though
C．because D．so
分析：本题可以利用转折关系解题。空前提到“我愿意待在树上”，空后说“我不希望待在树上太长时间”，由此可知，前后语义为转折关系。
方法5 利用语境暗示分析法解题
上下文语境具体体现为：全文的中心主线和主题、作者的态度倾向和评价、上下文语篇衔接、句际和段际关系。在句内层次题中，我们通常可以通过上下文语境暗示，即根据已知信息，推导出正确答案。
[例] [2021·全国卷乙]She was__49__for everything that the medical and nursing team had done for her. On her day of discharge，we shared in her50.delight at her recovery. As she was 51.leaving she was eager to say 52.goodbye to each of us in the nursing team.
49．A.grateful B．thoughtful
C．sorrowful D．fearful
分析：本题可通过语境暗示解题。根据下文中“everything that the medical and nursing team had done for her”可推知，她感激医护人员为她做的一切。thoughtful“周到的，体贴的”；sorrowful“悲伤的”；fearful“担心的，害怕的”
三、4大技巧稳抓句组层次题
句组层次题是比句内层次题稍难一级的题目，其解题信息分布在空格前后的一组意群之中，解题时需瞻前顾后，综合意群信息解答。即本句信息不足填，空格前后再找信息源。
技巧1 利用语义复现解题
复现是一种语义衔接手段，它通过原词、同义词或近义词、反义词、上义词、下义词、同源词或同根词等重复出现来表达某一概念，使整篇文章上下连贯，有机地衔接在一起。因此，考生可根据文章的具体情况，理解文章的结构和语境，利用文章中的语义复现来选择正确的答案。
1．原词复现
[例] [2020·全国卷Ⅰ]One day they'll 47.wake__up and discover that everything they've always known about windows is a __48__．
I wonder if 49.parents should always tell the truth no matter the 50.consequences. I have a very strong 51.fear that the lie we're telling is doing 52.spiritual__ damage to our children.
48．A.dream B．lie
C．fantasy D．fact
分析：本题可以利用原词复现解题。由下文的“ I have a very strong 51.fear that the lie ...”并结合语境可知正确选项。
2．同义复现
[例] [2021·3月天津卷]For most people, having things stolen feels like an offence. Robbie Pruitt admitted that he got __16__ when he discovered the theft of his mountain bike last September. But soon enough, his 17.emotions took a turn. After letting go of his anger and frustration, he found himself on a road to sympathy 18.instead.
16．A.amazed B．mad
C．curious D．frightened
分析：本题可以利用同义复现解题。根据下文的“After letting go of his anger and frustration”可知此处和“anger”“ frustration”是同义词，由此可知正确选项。
3．反义复现
[例] [2021·新高考Ⅰ卷]Our 48.roles in the factory were simple：Place cakes on a moving belt. Attach icing (糖霜) ears. Apply icing eyes and nose. 49.Remove bunny from the belt. This was __50__ than it sounds. 51.Slow__down a bit and the cakes pile up. As I told my parents at dinner that first night，it was all a little more high- pressure than I'd 52.expected.
50．A.harder B．better
C．longer D．cheaper
分析：本题可以利用反义复现解题。尽管前文提到了“Our 48.roles in the factory were simple”，根据下文中的“the cakes pile up”“a little more high- pressure”可知，作者想表达实际上作者他们的工作并不像听上去那么简单， harder与simple构成反义复现。
4．代词复现
[例] [2016·全国卷Ⅰ]Once fire and emergency people arrived, Larry and the other man 56.backed__off and let them go to work. Then, Larry asked the __57__ if he was needed or 58.free to go. They let him and the other man go.
57．A.woman B．police
C．man D．driver
分析：本题可以利用代词复现解题。根据语境和下文中的“They”可知，拉里问是否还需要他，问的对象肯定是这些急救人员。下文中的代词“They”是复数，四个选项中只有police是集合名词，表示复数，也符合常识。
技巧2 利用作者态度或感彩关联解题
在完形填空中，我们一定要在快速阅读文章的过程中，仔细找出能够反映作者态度和感彩的重要词汇，它们往往是名词、形容词、副词或动词。这些词汇通常是我们做题时重要的参照线索，可以帮助我们快速确定某些题目的正确答案。
[例] [2021·浙江卷1月]My job was to 45.build a stairway out of rock. This 46.meant climbing up and down the side of a mountain inhabited (栖息) by mountain lions，although I should say they were only heard，never 47.seen.
Three days later，a beautiful stairway came into being. The __48__ of knowing that my 49.work will be on that mountainside for years to come is massive.
48．A.satisfaction B．ambition
C．expectation D．intention
分析：本题可以利用作者态度或感彩关联解题。根据划线处后半句“my 49.work will be on that mountainside for years to come is massive”，“了解我的工作成果(work)将会在未来数年都在这个山坡上”，作者对自己的工作有十足的满足感，故用satisfaction“满足，满足感”。
技巧3 利用逻辑关系解题
在句组层次题中，利用逻辑关系解题同样是一种重要的方法。
[例1] [2021·天津卷3月]In addition to 31.practical skills, Pruitt's lessons teach teamwork, encourage self-worth, and promote feelings of community. __32__， the kids have gained a sense of accomplishment.
32．A.Otherwise B．However
C．Somehow D．Meanwhile
分析：本题考查连接词，可以利用逻辑关系解题。根据语境可知，此处表示与此同时，孩子们也获得了成就感。otherwise“否则，不然”；however“但是”；somehow“以某种方式”；meanwhile“与此同时”。
[例2] [2020·新高考山东卷]When he was 16, Molai began to notice something 23.disturbing happening around his home. A flood had hit the area earlier that year and the 24.damage it caused had driven away a number of birds. __25__， the number of snakes had declined as well.
25．A.Besides B．However
C．Therefore D．Otherwise
分析：本题可以利用逻辑关系解题。空前提到“鸟的数量减少了”，空后提到“蛇的数量也减少了”，此处表示语意上的递进。
技巧4 利用语境暗示分析法解题
在句组层次题中，有些题目我们往往也需要通过上下文的语境暗示来解题，即根据已知信息，推导出正确答案。
[例] [2021·全国卷甲]Burchill was 41.staying at the hotel on business and planning to 42.visit some friends in the area. They had asked him to 43.bring some pepperoni (辣香肠) from back east. So he __44__ a suitcase full of pepperoni.
44．A.filled B．locked
C．abandoned D．lost
分析：本题可以利用语境暗示分析法解题。根据上文“They had asked him to 43.bring some pepperoni (辣香肠) from back east”，可推知Burchill应该是装了一手提箱的辣香肠带给朋友，此题选A符合上下文语境。