(共34张PPT)
构词法
前缀后缀与转化
高效记单词必备
二、 转化( Conversion )
转化法是由一种词类转化为一种或几种词类的构词法。这种构词法词形没有改变,转化后的单词在意义上通常与原单词意义有密切联系。
(即,一般拼写不变,但词性发生了变化,有时读音也会改变)
二、 转化( Conversion )
1.名词转化为动词
water水→浇水 hand手→交给 face脸→面对
2.形容词转化为动词
slow慢的→放慢 warm暖的→使温暖
3.名词转化为形容词
key钥匙→关键的 noble贵族→高贵的
4.动词转化为名词
drink喝→饮料 study学习→书房
动词转化成名词
He has about the same build as his brother.
他的体型和他哥哥差不多。
He won two games; the other two were draws.
他赢了两局,另外两局打平了。
Don’t dog the guests.
2. A dictionary is a must to an English learner.
3. Women have an equal say in this matter.
4. They downed five enemy planes in the battle.
5. Don’t trouble trouble till trouble troubles you.
6. But me no buts.
7. A brook snakes east.
Please translate the following sentences into Chinese.
8. Can I have a read of your paper
9. He failed his finals.
10. She was a very forward young lady.
11. Spring draws near.
Please translate the following sentences into Chinese.
三、派生( Derivation )
由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成另一个词.加在词根前面的构成部分叫前缀,它一般不改变原词的词性,只改变词义。加在词根后面的构成部分叫后缀,它一般改变原词的词性,同时也改变词义。前缀和后缀是构词的要素,具有一定的作用和意义,记住常用的前缀和后缀及含义是掌握派生法的关键 。
3.派生( Derivation )
3.1 前缀
3.1.1 常用前缀
1)可改变词类的前缀
a-加在名词前构成形容词或副词
asleep, aboard, aside, ashore, ablaze
be-加在名词或形容词前构成动词
befriend, belittle, behead(砍……头,斩……首), bedim(使…….模糊不清), bewitch(使者迷,使心醉)
em-加在名词等前构成动词
embark(上船,飞机等)
embed(埋置,把嵌入)
embody(使具体化,体现)
empower(授权,批准,使能够)
embitter(加苦味于,加重痛苦)
en-加在名词前构成动词
endanger(危害,危及,使遭到危险),
encourage
enrage(激怒),
enforce
enslave
en-加在形容词前构成动词
enrich
enlarge
ennoble(使崇高)
endear(使受喜爱)
enable
out-加在名词或形容词等前构成动词
outnumber
outpace
outwit (智胜,以计谋击败)
outsmart(智胜,比……更聪明)
2 )表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-,ab-等,在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。
fair→unfair
possible→impossible
agree→disagree
dis-
dislike disbelieve distrust
disobey displease disapprove
disappear disconnect discontent
disorder discomfort disrespect
否定意义的前缀
de-
decolonize
de-emphasize
dehydrate
decentralize
demilitarize
deform
degrade
否定意义的前缀
il-
illegal
illogical
illiterate(无知的,文盲的)
illimitable(无限的,无边无际的)
illegible(字迹模糊的,不清的)
im-
impatient impolite impossible
immature immortal improper
impractical
in-
incapable informal inadequate
independent inability injustice
insecurity inadmissible
inconsiderate
m,p,b
ir-
irresponsible,
irresistible
irregular,
irresponsive
non- 无,非,不
non-smoker
non-stop
non-violent
non-specialist
non-profit
non-resident
non-economic
non-finite
non-natural
un-
unsafe, unconscious, uncomfortable
untidiness, unwillingness
unwillingly, unofficially
undress, unbutton, untie, unlock, unpack
unexpected, unfinished, unprepared
unchanging, unhesitating
练习一: 填入一个否定前缀完成下列单词
1. ____removable 2. ____formal 3. ____practical
4. ____sensible 5. ____mature 6. ____logical
7. ____regular 8. ____appropriate 9. ____effective
10.____elastic 11. ____rational 12. ____normal
13. ____workable 14. ____written 15. ____usual
16. ____thinkable 17. ____human 18. ____relevant
19. ____editable 20. ____mobile 21. ____legal
22. ____coherent 23. ____tangible 24. ____mortal
25. ____violent 26. ____agree 27.____satisfactory
28. ____famous 29. ____experience 30. ____secure
练习一: 填入一个否定前缀完成下列单词
1. irremovable 2. informal 3. impractical
4. insensible 5. immature 6. illogical
7. irregular 8. inappropriate 9. ineffective
10.inelastic 11. irrational 12. abnormal
13. unworkable 14. unwritten 15. unusual
16. unthinkable 17. in/nonhuman 18. irrelevant
19. uneditable 20. immobile 21. illegal
22. incoherent 23. intangible 24. immortal
25. non-violent 26. disagree 27. unsatisfactory
28. infamous 29. inexperience 30. insecure
3)一些表示特定意思的前缀
bi- 双,二
bicycle
bilingual
bilateral
bimonthly
bio- 生物的
biology biological biologist biochemical biotechnology
centi- 百分之一的
centimeter centigram(厘克), centiliter(厘升), centigrade(百分度的)
3)一些表示特定意思的前缀
co- 共同
co-author co-worker
co-chairman co-founder
co-pilot(副驾驶员) co-operate
co-exist co-edit
counter- 反, 逆
counter-attack counter-strike
counter-revolution counter-measure
counter-claim counterplot
3)一些表示特定意思的前缀
all- 纯,全是;各个
all-wool all-steel all-female all-new
all-age all-season all-purpose all-weather
anti- 反,抗
anti-fascist anti-racist anti-war
anti-abortion anti-pollution anti-inflation
antibody antidote
3)一些表示特定意思的前缀
double- 双;哄骗
double-decker(双层结构)
double-breasted(双排纽扣的)
double-edged(双刃的)
double-bed;
double-cross(欺骗,出卖)
double-think(矛盾想法)
double-talk(欺人之谈)
double-dealer
3)一些表示特定意思的前缀
down- 往下;恶化
downhill downwards downriver
downstairs downcast(垂头丧气的)
downfall(下降,垮台) downturn(下转)
down-hearted(消沉的)
ever- 一直,不断;越来越
ever-present
everlasting
ever-widening
ever-growing
evergreen
ever-stronger
ever-bolder ever-greater ever-faster
3)一些表示特定意思的前缀
ex- 以前的
ex-president ex-husband ex-lover ex-wife
extra- 特别的,超;以外的
extra-bright
extra-strong
extra-large
extra-thin
extraordinary
extra-curricular
extra-martial
3)一些表示特定意思的前缀
fore- 前部的;预见
foredeck(前甲板)
forehead
foreleg
forearm
foresight(先见,预见)
foretell
forecast
foresee
3)一些表示特定意思的前缀
free- 自由的
free-flowing
free-moving
free-drop
free-flight
free-trade
full- 完全;全部,整个
full-scale
full-speed
full-grown
full-strength
full-time
3)一些表示特定意思的前缀
half- 半
half-asleep
half-finished
half-circle
half-moon
half-empty
half-sister
hand- 用手的,手提的
hand-made hand-wash hand-operated,
handwritten handbook
3)一些表示特定意思的前缀
hydro- 水力的
hydro-power, hydro-electric, hydro-energy,
hydroplane
ill- 不好的;不适宜的
ill-luck ill-health ill-will
ill-humor ill-tempered ill-bred
ill-timed ill-informed ill-educated
ill-chosen
3)一些表示特定意思的前缀
mal- 不良的
malnutrition
maladjusted
mal-treatment
maladministration
malformed
malfunction
man- 由人,人; 对人
man-made man-devised manpower mankind
man-killer man-eating manhunt manslaughter
inter- 之间的;相互的
international,
inter-city inter-racial intercontinental
interchange interact interlink interrelate
mid- 中间,中部
midday mid-summer mid-night midair
mid-century mid-ocean mid-Europe
mini- 小的,微型的
minicab minibus mini-computer mini-skirt
mis- 错误地
misjudge
misuse
misunderstand,
misprint
mismatch
mismanagement
new- 新近
newborn
newfound
new-wedded
new-baked