(共21张PPT)
高中词汇教学 (一)
Word-formation (构词法)
一: 转化法
二:合成法
三:缩略法(截短法)
四:混合法
五:派生法(最重要)
一: 转化法:
1: 名词转化为动词
1)意思没有变化,例如:I think we'd better finish the talk now.
2)意思有一定变化,例如:He is a man of strong build.
3)构成短语,例如:Let's have a look first.
Make a study of…
Carry out a survey
Have a rest/ break
2.名词转化为动词 (此类别较多,再另开一节课)
1)表示物体的,如:Have you booked the ticket
pen a letter; pocket the money ; I was sandwiched between them.
2)表示身体部位的,如:Hand in your papers please.
elbow the way through the crowd; head for; tail sb; eye sb;
3)表示一类人的,如:She nursed her husband back to health.
He offered to partner me to carry out the survey.
4)抽象名词,如:We breakfasted together.我们在一起吃了早餐。
3.形容词转化为动词
少数形容词可以转化为动词。
例如:We will try our best to better our living conditions.
dirty adj.脏的-v.弄脏 slow adj.慢的-v.放慢;减慢
right adj.正确的-v.纠正 dry adj.干的-v.变干
free adj.自由的-v.解放;使自由 wrong adj.错误的-v.弄错
Eg: At last the plane righted itself and flew on.
The ice on the roads slowed us down.
The bus slowed to a halt.
Use the towel to dry your hands.
He felt deeply wronged.
4.副词转化为动词
有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如:Murder will out. 恶事终必将败露
5.形容词转化为名词
1)表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词,如:
The girl in black appears very beautiful.
2)一些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数,如:
We don't belong to the rich, but we don't belong to the poor, either.
1.合成代词
(1)代词宾格+self herself 她自己
(2)物主代词+self myself我自己
(3)形容词+名词 anything 任何东西
二:合成法
2.合成介词
(1)副词+名词 inside 在···里面
(2)介词十副词 within在·····之内
(3)副词十介词 into 进入
(1)名词+名词
silkworm(蚕) newspaper(报纸)
bedroom(卧室) footprint(脚印)
glasshouse(温室) afternoon(下午)
(2)名词+动名词
sun-bathing(日光浴) handwriting(书法)
sight-seeing(观光)
pain-killer daybreak黎明 sleep-walk梦游
(3)形容词+名词
shorthand(速记) hotline(热线)
blackboard(黑板) gentleman(绅士)
3.合成名词
(4)动名词+名词
waiting-room(候车室) sleeping-pill(安眠药)
writing-desk(写字台) reading-room(阅览室)
(5)动词+名词
pickpocket(扒手) post office(邮局)
typewriter(打字机) playground(操场)
break-water(防波堤)
(6)动词+副词
get-together(联欢会) break-through(突破)
take-off(起飞) lookout(岗哨)
(7)副词+动词
downfall(垮台) overthrow(推翻)
outbreak(爆发) income(收入;所得)
(8)其他构成形式的合成名词
well-being(健康 快乐) good-for-nothing(无用之人)) she-wolf(母狼) he-goat editor-in-chief(总编辑)
by-product(副产品)
touch-me-not(含羞草) self-improvement(自我完善)
self-criticism(自我批评) flying-fish(飞鱼)
one-off 一次性的 high-quality高质量的 light-green浅绿色的
4.合成形容词
(1)数词+名词
a five-year plan 五年计划 first-class products一级品
one-way 单行的 second-hand goods二手货
a four-word idiom 四字成语
(2)数词+名词+ed
a three-legged bench三条腿的凳子 a one-eyed camel一只眼的骆驼 five-storeyed 五层的
(3)数词+名词+形容词
two-year-old两岁的 1,000-metre-long 1000米长的
(4)名词+现在分词
peace-loving 热爱和平的 meat-eating 食肉的
grass-eating 食草的 English-speaking 说英语的
history-making 创造历史的
(5)名词+过去分词
heart-broken 伤心的 man-made 人造的
state-owned 国有的 water-covered 被水覆盖的
(6)形容词+名词+ed
absent-minded 漫不经心的 blue-eyed蓝眼睛的
good-tempered 好脾气的 kind-hearted 和善的
(7)形容词十现在分词
bad-looking 相貌丑陋的 fine-sounding 动听的
easy-going 容易相处的 good-looking 相貌好看的
ordinary-looking相貌一般的
(8)形容词十名词
short-term 短期的 part-time兼职的
high-class 高级的 large-scale 大规模的
(9)副词十现在分词
hard-working 努力工作的 far-reaching 深远的
ever-lasting 永恒的
(10)副词+过去分词
well-developed 高度发达的 well-known 著名的
well-trained 训练有素的
(11)其他构词形式的合成形容词
all-round全面的 face-to-face面对面的
snow-white 雪白的 thank-you感谢的
out-of-date过时的 see-through透明的
light-blue浅蓝色的 ever-green 常青的
fast-food 专门提供快餐服务的 downhill下坡的
3.合成动词及其他合成词类:
(1)名词+动词 sleep-walk 梦游
(2)形容词+动词 white-wash粉刷
(3)副词+动词 overthrow 推翻
4.合成副词
(1)形容词+名词 hotfoot 匆忙地
(2)形容词+副词 everywhere 到处
(3)副词+副词 however尽管如此
(4)介词+名词 beforehand 事先
(5)介词+副词 forever 永远
三:【截短法(缩略法)】
1.截头
telephone→phone airplane→plane
2.去尾
mathematics→maths examination→exam kilogram→kilo laboratory→lab taxicab→taxi// cab
3.截头去尾
influenza→flu refrigerator→fridge prescription→script
foot ( feet )→ ft hour → hr
4. 保留开头一个字母,如:
British Broadcasting Corporation → BBC
National Basketball Association → NBA
The United States = the US
四 【混合法(混成法)】
英语构词还可以将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词,前半部分表属性,后半部分表主体。这样的英语构词法就是混合法。
news broadcast→newscast 新闻广播
television broadcast→telecast 电视播送
smoke and fog→smog 烟雾
photo and graphy→photography摄影,摄影术;
Graphy (a type of art or science; a form of writing or drawing)
geography; calligraphy; biography
helicopter airport→heliport直升飞机场
Brunch = breakfast + lunch
五:派生 :
是通过在词根上加前缀或者后缀构成一个新词。
前缀(prefix)+ 词根(stem)+后缀(suffix)
Sruct- 词根
Structure n.
Construct v.
Construction n.
Constructive adj.
Reconstruct v.
Reconstruction n.
Reconstructive adj.
Instruct v.
Instruction n.
Instructive adj.
Destruct v.
Destruction n.
Destructive adj.